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The reliability and performance of technological equipment largely depends on timely and reliable diagnostics of less durable assembly units, which include rolling bearings. An effective tool for determining state of the mechanical rotational systems on rolling bearings is vibration diagnostics. The variety vibration diagnostic method which are used on practise is due to the complexity extracting an informative component for estimation and predicting the state of rolling bearings from the general vibration signal of the study unit. The article is dedicated information content study of narrow frequency ranges of the vibration signal operation bearing assemblies paper machines and their use as diagnostic parameters for vibration diagnostics of rolling bearings. The paper presents the analysis results of vibration diagnostics existing methods of bearing assemblies of the technological equipment and establishes the determination defects in rolling bearings by changing the vibration level on the characteristic frequencies components of the vibration spectrum and the bypass spectrum provides more specific information about the nature damage of the bearing and its operation. On the processing experimental data base i.e. the average vibration velocity spectra signal taken from the bearing assembly paper machine, we offer a relative indicator for current state bearing estimation and its state prediction progress, which helps to make a decision on the suitability or unsuitability bearing.

The article highlights that in the space of modern design and artistic and creative education, in particular decorative and applied arts, the importance of paper is growing as both a creative material for modelling and for creating artistic products, and at the same time, the paper is simultaneously one of the most accessible art materials both from the viewpoint of ease of use and cost, and paper craft is an important basis for students' perception and creation of more complex artistic forms of professional art. It is noted that despite various editions, this disparity does not allow fully revealing paper-making as a conceptual whole – in the diversity of its connections with project culture, creative laboratory and design methodology in design. The purpose of the article is to reveal paper-making in the space of decorative and applied arts as well as to identify its theoretical and methodological foundations and to substantiate the role of paper-making in modern design for the formation of students' creative thinking alongside the formation of their artistic and pedagogical skills. These methods were applied and used to reveal the problem: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization); scientific and specific: historical, artistic, pedagogical, psychological and approaches: systemic-structural, structural-functional, comparative, with the help of which the opinion regarding the phenomenon of paper-making is generalized, its essential content is clarified in the plane of decorative and applied arts, in modern design, and methodical methods are specified principles to the problem regarding the development of creative thinking of students specialized in artistic and pedagogical mastery. In the main content, it is noted that on the basis of methodological provisions and basic principles of traditional craftsmanship, the creative and essential foundations for decorative and applied arts are manifested, which ensures the formation of components of artistic competence and, at the same time, requires the use of students’ creative and figurative thinking. The idea of the key figurative-essential basis for paper-making is provided and it is noted that mastering the specifics of artistic imagery forms students' aesthetic ideas as well as a valuable act of understanding the world. It is highlighted that "paper plastic" also reflects the specificity of the author's approach to the study of compositional, constructive, structural and technological regularities of the work with material. In the content of the Methodological recommendations for conducting practical lessons, it is emphasized that the result should reflect the student's mastery – from the initial sketch through full-scale sketches to the design of the idea in the material. It is justified that in addition to the traditional methodical principles of education, there is a need to use certain art technologies. It is emphasized that the implementation of the developed "Conceptual Technology" in the teaching space of paper-making contributed to the decision-making process regarding the means of creating an artistic image. In the conclusions, it is noted that paper-making as a type of activity occupies an intermediate position between learning and playing and meets the conditions that ensure the effectiveness of the development of creative activity. Learning and practical work in the technique of papier-mâché using papier-mâché is important for the formation and development of abstract, associative, combinatorial, logical thinking, in the process of learning "paper-mâché" the creative thinking of students is formed and the skills of stylization and generalization are acquired, which involves the acquisition of practical experience for figurative reproduction. In the perspective of further research, it is important to consider the need to research, develop and create a model for the development of the future designer’s artistic and creative competence.

Subject and Purpose. Results are presented of the solar corona investigations performed with the world famous Ukrainian radio telescopes. The work has been aimed at offering a consistent review of recent achievements in observations of a variety of low-frequency radio emissions from the Sun. Methods and Methodology. The studies of the quiet (thermal) and sporadic (burst-like) radio emissions from the Sun have been carried out with the decameter-wavelength radio telescopes UTR-2, GURT and URAN-2. Specific features of the low-frequency solar radio emissions from a variety of sources are presented, with characterization of the optimized techniques that were applied in each case for evaluating physical parameters of the corona in the areas of decameter-wavelength radio wave generation. Results. The analysis of temporal, frequency and spatial characteristics of solar radio emissions has allowed suggesting a number of models for the coronal electron density distribution, and evaluating magnetic field strengths in the corona. Also, our experimental results have proven to be consistent with the observational data obtained in different frequency ranges and with the use of both ground based and space-borne instruments. Conclusions. The radio observations performed with Ukrainian radio telescopes have permitted studying, with high temporal, frequency and spatial resolutions, solar radio frequency emissions from various localized sources. Along with the large effective area and high sensitivity of the antennas, this permits application of a wide range of methods and tools aimed at detecting and analyzing solar bursts, of both strong and weak intensity, against the background of terrestrial interference of natural or artificial origin.

In this work, four waste paper composites were studied in terms of several photon interaction parameters over the energy region from 0.015 to 15.0 MeV. The waste paper and natural rubber (WP/NR) composites of different densities ranging from ρ = 0.894 to 1.16 gm⋅cm-3 were used for shielding radioactive rubble at different time period stages. Some additives were also used including high-abrasion furnace black, paraffin wax, B4C, as well as magnetite. The deduced parameters of photon interaction: equivalent atomic number Zeq, exposure buildup factor and energy absorption buildup factor have been studied as a function of incident photon energy, WP/NR elemental composition, and for penetration depths, up to 40 mean free path. The Zeq numbers have shown slight variation over the selected incident energy range and buildup factors were found to be modest at low and high photon energy meanwhile their values increase widely over the intermediate energy region. In addition, kerma relative to air for photon energies from 1 to 20 MeV were computed and show dependence upon equivalent atomic numbers. In this work, it was clear that filled samples offer better shielding capabilities than unfilled ones. The obtained data could be useful for radiation physicists and scientists in estimating the γ-irradiation received after applying such shields.

Purpose. To substantiate the breakdown mechanism of capacitor paper on the basis of numerical-field models with segmented cross-sections of cylindrical volumes of air and water, and also use the proposed models to determine the breakdown strength of air in micron-sized gaps under normal conditions. Methodology. The model bases on a finite element solution to an electrostatic problem in a volume of capacitor paper consisting of cellulose and pores with air and water. First, the possible scenarios for the growth of breakdown in capacitor paper are analyzed and to the conclusion is made, that complete breakdown developed from a partial breakdown in the air cavity. A brand of capacitor paper is chosen in such a way that when its thickness changed, the breakdown strength of the electric field changed over a wide range. Then, for the paper with the lowest average electric field intensity the possibility of explaining the complete breakdown by the breakdown of air segments on the basis of the Paschen dependence is checked. Further points of the obtained dependence by constructing models of papers of the same brand and a different thickness under the assumption of the similarity of electrostatic fields are determined. As such a criterion, the constancy of the equivalent effective permittivity are taken. Results. The dependence of the breakdown strength of the air in the range of 1.36...5.54 μm under normal conditions is determined. The obtained relationship is between the Peschot and Taev curves. Originality. For the first time, the possibility of indirectly estimation the breakdown strength of an insulating material using an electrostatic field model is indicated. Practical value. The proposed method for the numerical calculation of the breakdown voltage of air inclusions in the presence of water inclusions in the thickness of solid insulation can be applied to other types of solid thin-layer insulation.

The article is devoted to the press coverage of the development of the educational process in Kyiv in the Central Rada period. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the lack of a comprehensive research of the educational environment in Kyiv in this period with the use of periodicals. The daily Kyiv editions «Nova Rada» and «Kyivlyanyn» have been used as a source base. Being different in terms of materials, methods of presenting information, style of writing and ideological orientation, these news papers covered different issues of education in the city. Qualitative and quantitative analysis, namely content analysis, which is a formalized method of interpreting texts, allows to increase the information content of such an inexhaustible source as the press. In the context of this research, the qualitative and quantitative analysis is useful to study advertising and reference sections of news papers, determined by the consistency and relative homogeneity of the content, with the goal of stating the frequency of indication. With the help of news paper publications, the changes that took place in Kyiv education have been revealed, the factors that influenced its democratization and Ukrainization have been clarified, and the challenges faced by participants in the educational process during 1917 and early 1918 have been identified. The possibility of reconstruction of everyday life of Kyiv students, schoolchildren and teachers with the help of periodicals has been proved. The impact of revolutionary changes on the Kyiv educational environment has been studied through the prism of everyday life, and their consequences for the functioning of educational institutions have been assessed. On the basis of advertisement on the pages of the press, the conditions of admission to higher and secondary schools, the specifics of education, the social and gender component of potential entrants, the introduction of mixed education have been determined.

The paper presents the research results on the properties of the pulp coniferous and deciduous wood composition in its original state and paper made from it, proposes a mechanism to increase the waterfast and waterproof food packaging paper by surface treatment with a composition based on polyamidepichlorohydrin with polyvinyl alcohol and urea. The study was conducted in order to ensure an increase in the consumer properties of packaging paper, since when packaging materials encounter food products, their structure can change under the influence of moisture, steam, and gas. Polyamidaminepichlorohydrin was used as the main component of the composition for paper processing, as functional additives: polyvinyl alcohol and urea. The above-mentioned starting materials are environmentally friendly, since foreign inclusions in food packaging materials would pose a serious danger to human health and life, as well as to the brand image of the product in which they would be detected. It was proved that high waterfastness and waterproofness, as well as the necessary level of barrier, protective and operational properties of packaging material for food products cannot always be obtained by introducing a significant amount of polyamidaminepichlorohydrin, so the paper investigated the mechanism of interacting cellulose fibers of paper with polyamidaminepichlorohydrin, and also proved the possibility of its use to obtain packaging paper with a given set of properties. It was found that the consumption of up to 4–6% polyamidaminepichlorohydrin provides the main increase in the mechanical strength of packaging paper, both in wet and dry conditions. The resulting waterfast and waterproof material can be used for food packaging.

Background. The development of technologies for obtaining materials from plant raw materials, the use of which improves the consumer properties of cardboard and paper products and does not pollute the environment with harmful substances from synthetic polymers, is an urgent problem of our time. Objective. The purpose of the paper is to obtain pulp and nanocellulose from reed stalks by environmentally friendly methods and apply nanocellulose to improve the quality parameters of paper for packaging food products on automatic machines. Methods. To obtain pulp from reed stalks with a minimum residual content of lignin and minerals, two processing stages were used: alkaline extraction and organosolv cooking at a temperature of 97 ± 2 °C. Nanocellulose was obtained by the oxidation of organosolv reed pulp with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) in the TEMPO / NaBr / NaClO system, which is more environmentally friendly than acid hydrolysis. The resulting nanocellulose was applied to paper samples from waste paper and sulphate unbleached pulp at a consumption from 1 to 3 g/m2. Results. Organosolv pulp was obtained from reed stalks with a residual lignin content of 0.53 % and an ash content of 0.045 %, which was used to obtain nanocellulose. The resulting nanocellulose particles have a transverse size in the range of 5–20 nm, a length of up to several micrometers, and the tensile strength of nanocellulose films is up to 60 MPa. It is shown that the application of nanocellulose to the surface of the samples increases the breaking strength and breaking length, and reduces the surface absorbency of paper. It was determined that with a nanocellulose consumption of up to 3 g/m2, paper samples have indicators that meet the requirements of the standard for paper for packaging food products on automatic machines. Conclusions. The use of nanocellulose from reed stalks as a hardening substance for paper production will allow replacing environmentally harmful polymer additives and up to 50 % of more expensive softwood pulp with waste paper, while maintaining paper quality indicators at the level of standard requirements.

In recent years, concrete in the construction industry has rapidly increased worldwide, including developing countries like India. The raw materials required to produce such a quantity require huge depletion of natural resources. On the other hand, disposal of paper waste, fly ash, and plastic waste is one of the biggest problems faced by many countries, including India, the amount of waste collected and recycled is less compared to disposal quantity. The use of these wastes in concrete reduces the disposal of waste in nature. In this experiment work, the use of these wastes in the concrete has been studied. Preliminary tests like specific gravity, fineness modulus, and water absorption have been carried out on the materials. Various mix designs are prepared by partial replacement of cement with fly ash and paper pulp, and sand is completely replaced with the quarry dust, and coarse aggregate is replaced with shredded plastic waste to create sustainable concrete. A comparative study on the properties like slump cone, the weight of the cubes, compressive strength and split tensile strength, and feasibility of such concrete has been carried out. Results indicated that the weight of cubes started to decrease with the addition of waste. Compressive strength and split tensile strength show that the strength started to fall with the addition of plastic. The cost of concrete decreased with the addition of waste. 5 % of plastic waste in concrete and 3 % of paper pulp, and 5 % of fly ash is considered the optimal replacement percentage.

One of the most energy-intensive processes is the drying process. Therefore, an important task is to reduce heat consumption for drying. Various ways to improve the drying devices of paper and cardboard machines are identified. The main disadvantages of these improvements are given. The limiting factor of heat transfer from water vapor to paper is established. The dependence of thermal resistance on the thickness of the condensate layer is given. The authors have developed a new design for condensate drainage. The developed design allows installing movable siphons without replacement of steam inlet heads of the old type (for fixed siphons) with their insignificant modernization and cutting of an annular groove inside the drying cylinder. This will ensure a minimum level of condensate and eliminate the possibility of suction of steam into the condensate return system. Additionally, this will reduce thermal resistance, heat loss, and reduce energy consumption for paper drying as a whole.

New Ukrainian and world realities set new tasks for the higher educational establishments, which are related to the search for new, modern methods that allow to increase the effectiveness of training. Currently, topical are the issues of not only professional but also the personal development of the student forming the priority in the implementation of educational activities in universities, preparation for future professional activities, as well as for successful interaction in society. The concept of «individual social competence» is an important factor in creating a system of educational process which takes into account aspects of professional development, and at the same time the peculiarities of the formation of the student personality. The author analyses the concept of «competence», considers the key competences for lifelong learning, identified by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, including social competence, studies the scientific achievements of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, including G. Gedviliene, H. S. Han, K. M. Kemple, U.P. Kanning, M. Horenburg, G.W. Ladd, H. K. Ma, K. Monahan, M. Monnier, O.V. Varetska, N.I. Hlebova, D.V. Hubareva, O.I. Hura, M.O. Doktorovych, I.B. Zarubinska, O.O. Subina, V.M. Shakhrai. They explored different aspects of social competence of different age categories. The author concludes that, despite different interpretations, all scientists agree that social competence is an acquired skill, it can be formed and developed throughout life. It was also determined that the developed social competence determines the status of the individual in society, it affects the success in professional activities. The high level of social competence allows a person not only to be realized in professional activities, but also to influence the processes in society, which in turn determines its stability. The author’s definition of the concept of «individual social competence» is given in the paper; the author concludes that social competence is an integrated ability that contains other competencies: spiritual, civic, communicative, linguistic; the concept of social competence is closely related to professional competence, without the successful interaction of the individual with society it is impossible to acquire the skills and abilities inherent in a qualified specialist. Thus, an important task for modern higher education is the formation and development of social competence of students, which is the key to successful implementation of the future specialist in professional activities. The educational process should be aimed at forming a system of knowledge about interaction in society, understanding the system of social values, ability to cooperate in society, the ability to communicate constructively, because only a socially competent person can.

Maintaining of the proper predetermined paper pulp consistency on the different stages of the paper or cardboard manufacturing process significantly affects on quality and self cost of manufactured articles. The improvement of precision and repeatability of the paper pulp viscosity and consistency measurements is relevant to paper industry. Objective of the work is to improve the industrial-type paper pulp rotational consistometer. A new method for measurement of paper pulp concentration by means of a rotational viscometer was suggested which enables determining the flow consistency index K and flow behavior index n in the Ostwald-de Waele power law. The influence of the following torques on the measurement results is eliminated thanks to the new method: the friction torque in the seal of the sensitive element, the friction torque in the bearings of the shaft and the torque created under the influence of the flow with distorted flow speed profile. This is achieved by measuring the torque which acts on the sensitive element approaching the selected frequencies of sensitive element rotation both from the lower and higher frequencies. The mean torque value is calculated based on the obtained values. The measurements are conducted for two sensitive element rotation frequencies adjusted in advance. The frequency of sensitive element rotation is changed by means of a frequency converter. It is shown that by using two different rotation frequencies of the sensitive element of a rotational viscometer it is possible to define the flow consistency index and the flow behavior index. Paper pulp viscosity and consistency is defined on the basis of these two indexes. It is also suggested to average the results of viscous friction torque measurement approaching the rotation frequency of the viscometer sensitive element to the working frequency chosen for measurement from the lower and higher frequency ranges. By averaging the results of such measurement the friction torques in sealing and bearings supporting the sensitive element shaft are compensated. By changing the rotation direction of the sensitive element and by further averaging the obtained results it is possible to eliminate the influence of the asymmetrical distribution of paper pulp flow speed in the pipeline. This improves accuracy of the paper pulp consistency measurement.

Background. Development of technology for obtaining peracetic pulp from oat straw and its use in the production of one of the paper mass types. Objective. Determination of peracetic cooking technological parameters’ optimal values for oat straw peracetic cellulose quality indicators. Methods. The oat straw cooking was carried out with peracetic acid at 95 ± 1 °C from 90 to 180 min for hydromodulus 8:1 and 7:1, using a sodium tungstate catalyst. To determine the oat straw peracetic cellulose mechanical indexes, laboratory samples of paper weighing 70 g/m2 were made. Results. Technological parameters’ optimum values (temperature, cooking duration, hydromodulus, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid concentration) for the oat straw delignification process were established. It is shown that the sodium tungstate catalyst addition to the cooking solution at a rate of up to 1 % of the plant raw material weight helps to reduce the lignin content in cellulose to 15 %. A diagram of the cellulose yield dependence on its residual lignin content for various methods of non-wood plant material species delignification is constructed. The high efficiency of the peracetic method for obtaining cellulose from non-wood plant raw materials, in particular from oat straw, has been confirmed. It is determined that the obtained peracetic cellulose from oat straw has high mechanical indexes. Conclusions. Oat straw peracetic cellulose can be used for the production of paper and cardboard mass types, in particular wrapping paper.

In this work the peculiarities of reading comprehension from electronic, audio devices and hard copies were studied through comparative analysis of the learning accuracy and electrical activity of the brain when reading or listening to the text. Eighty students took part in the research. They were offered 2 passages of text from fiction and popular-scientific literature for reading, presented in a form of an e-book, MP3-format and in a printed copy. The level of comprehension and assimilation of the read material was checked by testing based on the content of the text immediately after reading and in 2 weeks. The comparative EEG analysis did not reveal significant differences in the spectral power of the studied ranges when reading a paper book and e-book. Differences were found when listening to audiobooks comparatively to reading. In general, the effectiveness of text learning does not depend on the way of its presentation, however, sex and individual traits of a person, such as preferred learning style and extraversion level, are more important.

In the paper, the historiography of the problem is examined. The critique of the privet paper money which was circulating in the Ukrainian lands in 1917–1921 is conducted. The characteristics of such critique are shown and its distinctions from the critique of the state paper money are identified. The external signs of the bonds’ obverse and reverse are analyzed. The heraldic, emblematic, iconographic, sphragistics, neographic, filigree, ornamental, chronological and metrological elements of the Ukrainian privet paper money appearance are investigated and the role of these features is identified. The emblems, seals, imprints, signatures, series, numbers, dates are pointed out to be the most informative signs of the privet paper money. So, in the article, the great significance of the sphragistics, neographic and chronological data is underlined. By means of the text analysis, the issuers of bonds are identified. The critique of the bonds’ external features also showed the reasons for emission, the emitters’ guarantees and the scale of the privet paper money circulation.

Lipoedema is a chronic progressive disorder of adipose tissue leading to an enlargement of lower extremities. It is considered to be rare; however, the prevalence of the disease is underestimated because it is commonly misdiagnosed as obesity or lymphedema and the general awareness is poor. The etiology of the disorder is considered to be multifarious, including genetic inheritance, hormonal imbalance and microcirculation alterations. Diagnosis is mainly based on medical history and physical examination. Management of lipoedema is focused on reducing the symptoms, improving the quality of life and preventing further progression of the disease. The aim of this paper is to raise the awareness of the disease and provide appropriate clinical guidance for the assessment of lipoedema. We searched through the PubMed/MEDLINE database and took into consideration all of the results available as of 6September, 2020 and outlined the current evidence regarding lipoedema epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management. Better understanding of lipoedema is crucial for establishing an early diagnosis and a proper treatment, which in turn will reduce the psychological and physical implications associated with the disease.

Oil extracted from mobile phone waste recharge scratch cards paper by thermal pyrolysis was investigated. The oil was characterized by its physical, chemical, and functional groups present. The physicochemical characteristics of the oil determined are density 900 kg/m3, viscosity 1.5 mm2s-1, acid value 1.122 mgKOH/g, saponification value 98.175 mgKOH/g and iodine value 22.84 gI2 /100g. The pour point and flashpoints are -15 °C and 90 °C respectively. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed the presence of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, alkenes alkanes, ethers, and phenol. This indicates that the oil has industrial applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, and biodiesel production.

A visual test method has been proposed for the evaluation of the gold content. It is based on the linear dependence between the length of the colored zone on an indicator paper and gold(III) concentration. Indicator paper was covered by a polymer film and was in contact with the solution tested along one edge during analysis. It was impregnated by 3-phenyl-2,6-dimercapto-1,4-thiopyrone or by precipitate of its complex with copper(II). Besides Cu(II) can be replaced by the Au(III) ion tested in the composition of this complex. The concentration ranges for Au(III) determination were equal to 0.02−2 mg·L−1 or 4−590 mg·L−1, respectively, in the presence of excess of the transition and noble metals. It was demonstrated the effectiveness of the dynamic preconcentration of Au(III) for the subsequent colorimetric determination on paper filter for the concentration range 0.005–0.3 mg·L−1 (DL 0.02 mg·L−1) by using a sample volume of 10 mL. The developed procedures were successfully utilized for the determination of gold in synthetic mixtures, in auriferous quartz (RSD < 5%), and in ore from Zyryanovsk’s mine (Kazakhstan) with RSD < 8%.

Introduction. An important problem in power transformers resource prognosis is the formation of moisture dynamics trends of transformer insulation. Purpose. Increasing the accuracy of power transformer insulation resource assessment based on accounting of moisture dynamics in interrelation with temperature dynamics. Working out of moisture dynamics model in paper insulation-transformer oil system in conjunction with thermodynamic model, load model and technical maintenance model. Methodology. The mathematical models used for describe the moisture dynamics are grounded on nonlinear differential equations. Interrelation moisture dynamics model with thermodynamic, load and technical maintenance models described by UML model. For confirming the adequacy of model used computer simulation. Results. We have implemented the model of moisture dynamics in power transformers insulation in interrelation with other models, which describe the state of power transformer in operation. The proposed model allows us to form detailed trends of moisture dynamics in power transformers insulation basing on monitoring data or power transformers operational factors simulation results. We have performed computer simulation of moisture exchange processes and calculation of transformer insulation resource for different moisture trends. Originality. The offered model takes into account moisture dynamics in power transformers insulation under the influence of changes of the power transformers thermal mode and operational factors. Practical value. The offered model can be used in power transformers monitoring systems for automation of resource assessment of oil-immersed power transformers paper insulation at different phase of lifecycle. Model also can be used for assessment of projected economic efficiency of power transformers exploitation in projected operating conditions.

Annotation: In the article the paper of three copies of Krakow editions of Polish Herbal 1595 by Marcin of Urzędów, from Lazar printing house is analyzed. In the copies of the edition seven different types of paper were found. This paper was produced by six paper-mills nearby Krakow, and it is typical for Krakow paper market of that time. Paginal location of watermarks, their quantitative and percent composition are defined. Also the exploration includes leaves of one of the copies In 74, restored in 19th century. Instead of missed leaves the paper of the first part of 16th , 17th and 18th century was used to complete the copy.

Introduction. The moral and physical deterioration of medium voltage power cables with phase and zone paper-impregnated insulation requires implementation of quality systems and reliable nondestructive electric diagnostic. Informative indicator of the insulation is the time decay curve of the charging current. It reflects the processes of accumulation of space charges (absorption). The measurements are carried out the 15th since the second direct voltage supply, then – on the 30th and the second on the 60th second. The ratio of the parameters measured in these times gives the dimensionless criteria – absorption coefficients. Three measurements are made at different times, provide a more complete picture of the state of insulation than the measurement of the value of steady leakage (conduction-through), adopted in conventional prevention trials. Purpose. Research and testing methods of diagnostics of power cables with paper-impregnated insulation by absorption and phase characteristics of the belt insulation based on the total measurements. Methodology. A procedure for determining the individual characteristics of phase and zone paper-impregnated insulation based realized on the use of the equivalent circuit of a three-core cable in the metal shell and solved of an over determined system of linear algebraic equations by least squares. Results. The proposed method allows determining the absorption characteristics of the individual phase and zone insulation medium voltage power cables in the overall metal shell at a direct voltage. Individual characteristics reflect the characteristics of cables and allow a greater degree to assess the degree of aging of each of the components of paper-impregnated insulation. Originality. Regardless of the cable connection diagrams probing electric field grabs as the phase, and zone insulation. The cumulative nature of the measurement leads to the fact that the differences in the properties of insulation components are smoothed: the aggregate results of the measurements do not differ for the different schemes of the same type. The individual characteristics of isolation, defined on the basis of the proposed method are more differences than total, indicating that non-symmetrical modes of operation of the cable. Practical value. The values of individual characteristics power cables 6 kV are 3 times more total, because of what their direct measurement may be a problem. The total resistance of several insulation spaces connected in parallel, behind the individual. Smaller values of insulation resistance are measured more easily, especially on short samples cables.

In the optics of attention was the story of the Japanese writer Komatsu Sake "Paper or hair", written in 1963. According to the content, the loss of paper changed the usual way of life of people, becoming a source of existential fears. As we believe, the artistic narrative anticipates the events of our time associated with the spread of the coronavirus infection COVID-19. An artistic description of the situation by a Japanese writer, a phenomenological immersion in reality and theoretical reflections by M. Heidegger's work on the existential of fear helped to reconstruct the psychological States of people in the context of a pandemic and to identify the structure of fear. In modern life, fear manifests itself in three aspects: before-than fear, fearfulness and about-than fear. As a result of the all-embracing nature of fear, the fearogenicity of being is born, which violates the stability of the individual's existence, its being in, dwelling in, and mastering with. The above leads to the individual's awareness of the direction of life towards death, which forces him to adapt to new conditions. As a support of the personality in its opposition to fear, we can call hope and effective manifestations that perform the role of care.

The article examines the scientific work of one of the prominent representatives of the 20th century Azerbaijani piano performing school, Honored Art Worker, Professor Nigar Usubova (1914–1994). N. Usubova devoted an important part of her life to pedagogical activity, raising a generation of talented pianists. She made an exceptional contribution to the development of the Azerbaijani piano school and the definition of its future directions. N. Usubova’s pedagogical principles are reflected in her dissertation work and methodical manual. As it is known, N. Usubova studied in the class of A. Goldenweiser and wrote these scientific works under the guidance of the prominent pianist. An important part of these scientific works is devoted to the study of A. Arensky’s piano creative activity. Here, the musician touched upon the features of the composer’s piano performing, as well as the characteristic features of his music. The research also provides performing characteristics of the works analyzed and covering various genres. The purpose of the research is to study the fundamental results and main performing principles in the scientific works dedicated to A. Arensky’s piano creative work by Nigar Usubova, a brilliant representative of the Azerbaijani piano school of the twentieth century. In these scientific research works, N. Usubova touched upon the features of the prominent composer’s piano creative work, performing principles, circle of images; moreover, analyzed the form, genre, tone and other aspects and conducted research on the background of characteristic features of Russian music. We would like to bring to your attention that N. Usubova’s scientific works have not been published. This raises the scientific significance and relevance of the topic more. These scientific works are the first research work dedicated to the study of A. Arensky’s piano music in the Azerbaijani science of music. The research methodology is based on analytical and theoretical analysis, as well as on the source research method (work with archival materials). The main principle is the study and analysis of the fundamental results obtained by N. Usubova in the study of piano music by A. Arensky The scientific novelty of the research is that for the first time the scientific works of the outstanding pianist Nigyar Usubov are studied, their scientific significance, as well as the issues reflected in those works, are revealed. We would like to bring to your attention that these scientific works reflect N. Usubova’s method of approach to A. Arensky’s piano pieces as a pianist. For this reason, these scientific works are a valuable recommendation for every pianist who turns to A. Arensky’s piano creative work. Conclusions. Nigar Usubova is the author of two scientific works and her scientific creative activity is devoted to the definition of performing features of A. Arensky’s piano creative work. Each of these scientific-methodical works was written under the guidance of a prominent representative of the Russian piano school, pedagogue A. Goldenweiser. In these works, N. Usubova worked on A. Arensky’s creative work in a comprehensive and detailed way. According to the author, A. Arensky’s piano creative work is characterized by the clarity of form and texture, the richness of melodic material, which brings him closer to Tchaikovsky’s chamber music. Although the composer prefers miniature forms in his piano creative work, it is also possible to find virtuoso pieces, etudes, scherzos and capriccios. These works, in particular, influenced the formation of S. Rakhmaninov’s and A. Scriabin’s creative activity. The main characteristic features here are polyphonism, polymelodism and polyrhythmics of the piano texture. Simultaneously, N. Usubova thoroughly studied the influence of Western European composers on the formation of A. Arensky’s creative activity.

The article addresses the filigrees on the paper of Krakow edition of Martin Siennik’s "Herbarium" of 1568 printed in the typography of N. Scharfenberg, five exemplars of which were found in the collection of VNLU. We have determined the filigrees quantity and percentage ratios, frequency of their detection, dynamics of paper change in a book and paper similarity in all the exemplars. Paper analysis of "Herbarium" exemplars proved that they were printed only on Krakow paper with the filigrees of local mills. It has also allowed us to ascertain the time of additional printing of two exemplars pages. Extra pages for one exemplar were printed in the late 16th century, for the other - in the 19th century. The first additional printing was conducted in the typography of N. Scharfenberg, the other, probably, was initiated by the book owner, a scientist and a bibliophile, the Duke Montresor. The filigrees study of Martin Siennik’s “Herbarium” demonstrated that they were printed on the paper similar to that of the Cyrillic edition of the Evangel of 1569 printed in Zabludow by Ivan Fedorov and Pavlo Mstyslavets. Therefore, most of the paper of the second edition was of Krakow origin

The article deals with the research methods of librarian documents paper properties, which characterize its durability most accurately. It is explained why the diversity in paper composition determines special properties of paper. The article features a conventional method of paper durability determination based on the study of paper properties during artificial aging in a high temperature thermostat. The authors provide information on physical and chemical properties of photographs and the research of photographs aging process, which takes place in librarian fonds as well. The necessity of fonds preservation regulatory regimes is accentuated as they help to slow the aging process of paper of the documents of all kinds. Modern conservation technologies enhancing the durability of librarian documents paper are described in the article as well

Admission Dysfunctions of the lumbosacral spine are among the most common problems related to the movement of contemporary society throughout the world, and its incidence increases with age. In recent years, increased interest in the issues fascia, which until recently was neglected in the etiology of low back pain. One of the therapeutic options that can be applied in the case of chronic pain syndrome lumbar-sacral spine techniques are easing myofascial (ang. Myofascial release, MFR), which is one of the latest methods in the field of manual medicine. Objective of the work The aim of the work was overview AD recently published study on the effectiveness of techniques easing myofascial pain in chronic lumbar-sacral spine. Material and methods To find the current investigate research (publications of the last 5 years) dedicated to MFR in the treatment of chronic pain, lumbar-sacral spine searched the following databases: PubMed, PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), ScienceDirect and Academic Search Premier. The following keywords: myofascial release, myofascial release therapy, myofascial pain, chronic low back pain. Results 9 qualified to review the studies investigating the effect of loosening myofascial pain and range of motion, functional limitations, muscles, as well as the quality of life in people with chronic pain lumbosacral spine. Conclusions The results of this review show that there is little research on the MFR employs treat ailments low back pain lumbar - sacral. Based on the studies included in this review can be concluded that the MFR can be an effective treatment for back pain lumbar - sacral, but there is a need for further research with a well-developed research procedure that will allow the standardization of this therapeutic method.

The conducted study has shown problems with electronic documents already in the moment of their accession, as well as arrangement and description, storage and providing access to them in the archive. It turned out that, unfortunately, electronic documents are treated only as an addition to paper versions of materials. The study uses method of document analysis (including electronic document), as well as a survey – a questionnaire. The object of the study was a private papers of Professor Stanisław Gorgolewski.

Done correlation analysis of interconnection between the characteristics of protected against forgery paper (roughness parameters and fractal dimension) and optical characteristics of imprints (optical density, color difference), which enabled the prediction of the optical characteristics of impressions and taking into account the differences of optical characteristics in watermark areas and outside them. In this work experimental data of researches physical and technical characteristics, parameters of roughness and fractal dimension of samples of a banknote paper, and also characteristics of the protected paper with water signs are used. The relationship between the characteristics of the surface of the paper and the quality of the optical characteristics of the imprints is best observed when constructing graphical relationships between the relevant indicators. Dependence is established for each banknote paper sample. The calculation of quadratic deviations of experimental data showed a correlation between the characteristics of the surface of the paper and the parameters of optical density (D). Graphic dependencies are approximated by regressive equations with the definition of correlation coefficients. On the basis of the analysis of the obtained results and regression equations, interconnection of the characteristics of the surface of the banknote paper, the ink, the amount of ink on the imprint, which correlates with the optical characteristics, allows us to establish control and quality control. It was found that with increasing values of Ra there is a decrease in the optical density of the imprint and an increase in the optical density of its back (ie, interlacing). With an increase in the optical density of the paper to the lumen, an increase in the optical density of the imprint and a decrease in the optical density of the back of the imprint is observed. There is a tendency to increase the optical density of the imprint and decrease the optical density of the back of the imprint with the increase in the thickness of the paper. The obtained experimental data confirmed theoretical calculations. The error between the experimental data and theoretical calculations is 5–10 %. The advantage of this work is that, under the conditions of multi-series production of banknote products, it is possible to control the quality indices of the imprints for a larger number of materials, compared with the regulated standards.

The problems of the creation of the basic reasons of Ukrainian nation’s political identity in the context of cultural and political dimension have been revealed in the article. It has been found that Cyril and Methodians understood the reasons of political division, which had historical and spiritual background. It has been shown that members of Cyril and Methodiy’s company tried to determine the variations of directions in the development of national and political unity and to determine the Ukrainian national - cultural priorities. They argued that the Ukrainian mentality had been formed on the basis of the following dominant principles: respect to the family, esthetical love to their native land, rational and ethical attitude and respect to human life. It has been indicated, that Cyril and Methodians had proven the idea about the state of the national culture, which had transformed into the global culture through Russian culture, although Ukrainian and Russian culture had perceived differently the importance of global processes. Big attention has been paid to the fact that free Ukrainian people had the experience of struggling for the affirmation of present national character, they did not want to form unions that would destroy freedom. The achievements of Ukrainian national freedom have been described primarily in the implementation of the “freedom” of the individual. Statements of the human freedom being the need of self-expression inside the individual freedom by means of obtaining a sign of social freedom have been suggested. It can be provided when collectivism has no pressure on the will of the individual and cannot influence its intellectual potential. The emphasis has been referred to the fact that the psychology of self-defense is based on Ukrainian cultural achievements being the part of its national identity. The forms of language development, the construction of temples, traditional rituals of rural life have been developed. The “live” power laid in national and cultural achievements of Ukrainians as they borrowed the values from other cultures and adapted to their minds. This happened due to the fact that national culture was formed as a specific element of the current world culture and withstand the pressure of “great power.” It has been noted that Ukrainians contributed to the development of Russian culture, they dissolved this so-called Little Russian mentality in the Russian public sphere and popularized Ukrainian spirit. The impact of ideas of European Slavophiles Decembrists, Ukrainian philosophers to the attitudes of Cyril and Methodius has been reviewed. Theoretical and methodological basis to analyze the maturing political identity formed work of contemporary philosophers, political scientists, cultural studies, where they were identified and developed fundamental categories methodology regarding patterns of political thinking Ukrainian nation.

Taking into consideration the necessity of the production of the resource-saving and ergonomic book and magazine covers under conditions of the recent highly competitive environment of the printed products distribution and the consumer pricing, the analysis of the conducted research identified the relation the changes in the indexes of strengthen capacity of single- and two-ply binding materials samples as well as pasted ones. These findings have applied relevance while selecting the covering components for their production with minimized economic indicators. The results of experimental researches revealed the differences in the efforts of the destruction of single and double samples: the variation is from 1.91 % (for coated paper weighing 150 g/m2) to 41.77 % (for coated paper weighing 300 g/m2). It is assumed that the covers, constructively production of a double sheet of binding material, wear out during prolonged use and the effects of destructive operational factors in proportions of the approximate experimental results obtained for each of the materials used. The research of the same type of binder materials on the strength of the stretching of the samples revealed the difference in the impact of binder glue on strength indicators. Analysis of the graphs of strength indicators reproduces a gradual increase in the digital characteristics of the strength of samples of coated paper in relation to the increase in the weight of paper and a sample of chrome-ersatz paper made from waste paper, as well as the impact of different types of adhesives on strength indicators, which creates a partial information base for their expedient use. The total influence of the structure of materials and adhesives on which glued sheets of paper and cardboard showed the maximum strength values during stretching in glued samples of coated paper weighing 350 g/m2, coated paper weighing 300 g/m2 and a 0.3 mm thick chrome-ersatz paper, glue-bonded polyvinyl acetate dispersion.

Filtering profile is one of the important stages of evaluation of the surface profile of the paper. The term ‘filtration’ should be understood as the methods (electrical, optical, mechanical, mathematical) to select the necessary information from the general profile of the surface. The impact of interference, especially emanating from the environment is inevitable when recording profiles. Above that, to level completely the device error of the test sample it is necessary to spend a large amount of time. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a mathematical model for the filtration of roughness of the surface paper profile. Goal of the research: to develop a technique for digital processing of paper surface profilographs to the further identifying the relation between the paper parameters and quality of the prints. The mathematical approach based on Gaussian filter and the analysis of profilograms obtained by the contact and optical methods of profilometry were used. It was developed software on the basis of Free Pascal software package as well. In order to provide the experimental investigations, profilograms of surfaces of various types of paper obtained in previous studies using a profilometer with an inductive converter, model 296 were used. Software for filtering the roughness of the surface profile of unprinted or printed paper using Gaussian filter, which allows to receive profilograms, eliminating in the profile the factors such as obstacles and errors caused by random vibrations, as well as to calculate the relevant roughness indexes, and to identify in the future the interaction with the quality of the prints on this paper.

The research’s efficiency the raster dot in the printing process is considered in the article. Changes in the color form quality depend to a large extent on the printing machine technical specifications and the ability to control them. Objectively, the color estimated characteristic on the form is the raster elements relative area. To predict the raster dot’s value, we need to conduct a large scale of experiments to provide reliable information and get the most beneficial results. Mathematical models based on factor planning of experiments allowing predict the raster dot’s unwinding magnitude in the printing process and determine the possible interaction of the roughness parameters the printing cylinder surface, its microhardness, the ink layer thickness and pressure in the printing process, and also allow to control the form quality parameters. This method is the most common type of first-order plans, the realization occurs because of finding the researched function for all possible combinations of factors variation levels. An important condition of experiment planning is a quality source of information, namely observance of all aspects of the theory of planning: the exclusion of systematic errors; conducting experiments according to the plan and methodology; carrying out repeated experiments in identical conditions; use of the results of these experiments; during the experiments, the selection of objects took place at random, which offset systematic mistakes. We obtained the average a priori ranked number of factors that affect the unpacking of the raster point, by the expert estimation method, as well as the boundaries of the changes in these factors, the methods and the accuracy of their measurement. Planning a multifactorial experiment allowed us to obtain a model for calculating the raster point on coated paper and adequately describe the interdependence of certain controlled factors.

Refinement of the aging integral formula is proposed. A com-puter model of insulation wearing out is developed using refined formula. Computer simulation of power transformer insulation wearing out over the next ten years of life is carried out.

This paper discusses the latest data on the production of selected paper and paperboard, plastic, glass, wood and metal packaging. During the study period 2016-2020/2021, there was an increase in the production of selected paper and paperboard packaging compared to 2016. There has been an increase in the production of paper sacks and bags, cartons made of paper or paperboard other than corrugated and cartons made of paper or paperboard. Among plastic packaging, the production of plastic bags and sacks played a significant role and has been growing steadily since 2016. The production of glass packaging (clear glass bottles with a capacity of less than 2.5 liters for beverages and food) increased between 2016 and 2021. Flat pallets were the dominant product among wood packaging in 2020. The decline in box pallet production was significant not only relative to 2019, but also relative to 2016. In the group of metal packaging with a capacity not exceeding 300 liters, the highest production was recorded for barrels and similar containers for any material (excluding gas), made of aluminium. It reached 93228 tonnes in 2020 and was 2.4% higher than in 2019. The packaging market in Poland and worldwide has been gradually increasing its value over the past years. The production of packaging in Poland in the coming years should grow dynamically, although not as fast as before. Undoubtedly, today the biggest challenge for the packaging industry is the rising prices of raw materials, which can negatively affect the profitability and liquidity situation of manufacturers. In particular, the prices of plastics have gone up considerably, but the costs of pulp, metals, wood and glass are also increasing, so the raw material pressure is now affecting the entire packaging industry

Purpose: comparative analysis of the manifestation of morphological and functional indicators of taekwondo athletes aged 14–15 years. Material and Methods: The study involved 60 taekwondo athletes aged 14–15 years. Athletes’ qualification 1-2 category. At least 5 years of experience in Taekwondo WTF. The assessment of morphological and functional indicators of taekwondo athletes was carried out at the age of 14 and 15 years. Research methods: analysis and generalization of scientific, methodological and special literature, information on the Internet; anthropometric methods; index method; methods of mathematical statistics. Results: The average body weight of taekwondo athletes aged 14-15 increased by 16,5%, and body length by 4,7%. The indicator of chest excursion increased by 4,8%, carpal dynamometry indicators of the left hand increased by 15,2%, the right hand - by 15,3%. 33,6% of 15-year-old athletes are underweight in terms of body mass index, 2,9% are overweight; 14 year olds: 21,56% underweight, 13,7% overweight. Athletes aged 14–15 have a normosthenic body type. According to the constitution of the physique, 7,84% of 14 year old athletes have a strong physique, 15,68% have a good physique, 5,88% have an average physique, 27,45% have a weak physique, 43,15% have a very weak one. 12,12% of 15-year-old taekwondo athletes have a strong physique, 24,24% have a good physique, 9,1% have an average physique, 24,24% have a weak body, and 30,3% have a very weak body. 13,7% of 14-year-old taekwondo athletes have good physical development, 3,9% - average, 76,4% - weak 15-year-old athletes: 17,6% - good physical development, 14,8% - average, 67,6% - weak. Conclusions: The study of morphological and functional indicators is one of the important criteria for the training of taekwondo athletes, the use of indices allows you to move on to relative indicators, that is, to standardize anthropometric indicators and supplement them. This will contribute to the rational selection of means and methods of training athletes, taking into account their personal characteristics. Our research can be used in monitoring the functional state of athletes involved in taekwondo WTF.

The existence of tax havens is an integral phenomenon of the modern stage of the world economy development. They compete with each other on the basis of tax rates, privacy level, quality and speed of the service offered. Determining the impact of tax havens is now a rather pressing issue, deepening which has largely contributed to leakages of information, particularly the Panama Papers. However, the leaks of information from tax havens are not sufficiently covered in the research of both domestic and foreign scholars. The article is aimed at examining the impact of tax havens and the Panama Papers information leak on the world economy. The definition of tax havens and their scale in modern conditions of globalization economy is considered. In the systematization of scientific works the relatively different leaks of information from tax havens were compared and the largest of them was identified. The essence of the activities of Mossack Fonseca, the company that was the victim of the data leak, is disclosed. The dynamics of registered offshore companies within the framework of the Panama Papers leak are substantiated. With the help of a mathematical model, the authors computed a trend vector of movement of the number of companies, which are using the services of offshore zones. As a result of regression trend analysis, it was defined that the number of companies registered by Mossack Fonseca tends to grow (an average of 292 units annually). This indicates that, despite the publication of classified information, the popularity of tax havens continues to increase. The main intermediary countries, which are most popular in tax speculation, are provided. It is determined that the simplicity of formalization and registration of companies, the lack of control over subsidiaries of multinational business groups are key attributes of the activities of tax havens that contribute to their use to avoid paying income taxes and money laundering. The consequences caused by the activities of tax havens and information leaks from them have been formulated. The most important among them are: sanctions provisions and monitoring of offshore activities.

Packaging materials can arise from a wide range of sources and are commonly used for food, medicine, household appliances, and items to enclose or protect products during distribution, storage, sale, delivery, and use. The choice of material (paper, plastic, glass, wood, metal, multi-layer or other packaging) to be used depends on the type and properties of product, the purpose of packaging, and the price. The aim of the investigation is to analyse the morphological composition of packaging waste collected separately in Kaunas (Lithuanian) private households and to evaluate its recycling possibilities. The mixture of paper, plastic, and metal packaging waste was analyzed in the winter and spring (one time per month) in the waste management company JSC "Kauno švara".

The purpose of the work is to implement a complex of conservation measures for particularly valuable documents of the V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine, which includes microbiological and material examinations to ensure their long-termstorage. The research methodology consists in the application of instrumental, statistical and applied methods, so it allows to trace the actual physical condition of the material basis of valuable and rare documents as fully as possible and to implementstabilization operations to guarantee the preservation of these collections. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the optimal combination of non-destructive microbiological and material examination of the condition of especially valuable library documents of the V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine as a basic component for the development and implementation of modern conservation measures specifically for the examined documents in the defined conditions. Conclusions.The conservation measures developed on the basis of the conducted examinations ingeneral include the selection of modern methods and necessary materials to restore the documents and minimize the speed of the aging processes of their material base, as well as technically and competently ensure the scientific restoration of separate copies. It is also expected to optimally combine traditional methods of restoration of valuable documents with introduction of innovative technologies: phase storage, neutralization of excessive acidity with modern antioxidants, as well as creation of electronic insurance and reader copies in accordance with the demand of time.

The objective а study of the aging processes of library documents on various types of paper that have been in an emergency compared to documents that have not ex-perienced a negative technological load. The research methodology consists in the application of instrumental, mathematical and applied methods, which allows to most fully reveal the tasks and prospects of further storage of documents on traditional media that have undergone negative environmental influences. The scientific novelty of the work is to expand ideas about the features of long-term storage of documents on tra-ditional media that have been in extreme conditions. For the experiments, the types of paper that were used as the material basis of the documents subjected to the greatest extreme technogenic load - excessive wetting, freezing, and drying - were selected as model samples. This is rag paper of the 17th - 18th centuries, newsprint of the middle of the 20th century, printing paper No. 1 of the middle of the 20th century. with cer-tain physicochemical and capillary hygroscopic properties. The operational properties of these model paper samples were determined by mechanical strength indicators: frac-ture strength at repeated kinks, destructive force and tensile strength, because it is these indicators that most accurately characterize the processes of natural aging of the mate-rial. Conclusion. Providing targeted recommendations for categories of documents on traditional media that have undergone anthropogenic load depending on the type of paper, the degree and nature of the impact of negative factors in an emergency. Also relevant are ways of protecting binding materials in an emergency, because the frameis often the first to experience the consequences of its negative impact. For a positivesolution to the problem of ensuring the safety of documents on traditional media that have undergone anthropogenic load, it remains relevant to implement all possible varie-ties of preventive conservation as a guarantee of the effective safety of library collections.

The role of macrophages in chronic periodontitis (CP) is essential, but not well understood. The purpose was a thematic analysis of the literature on contribution of M1/M2 macrophage subpopulations to the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis, and methodology for macrophages study in order to define directions and approaches for further investigations. Our own research findings as well as papers for the topic by searching the electronic databases (the Google Scholar, PMC, PubMed) were analyzed. M1 macrophages can contribute to CP exacerbation, systemic inflammation enhancement, destruction of periodontal ligament, and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. M2 macrophages are able both to develop tolerance influenced by LPS of periodontopathogens, and to enhance proinflammatory abilities. Experimental depletion of macrophages using clodronate liposomes can prevent the bone resorption. Influences on M1/M2 in CP with the purpose of treatment are not adequately investigated. Polarization of macrophages is regulated by a wide spectrum of recognizing receptors, cytokines, specific signaling pathways and genetic programs, some of which are used as phenotype markers of certain macrophages. The unique molecules for M1/M2 are absent. Phenotypic markers of M1 and M2 show overlap, so markers combinations are used depending on a purpose and type of macrophages or profile/combination of expressed genes. The article lists markers used in various studies for M1/M2 identification. Conclusions. Most of the data on the role of M1/M2 in CP was obtained using monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro and in animal models. This paper highlights the important role of M1 and M2 subpopulations of macrophages in the pathogenesis of CP in humans. The identification of predominant macrophage phenotypes remains elusive, as well as consequences of influences on them. Immunohistochemical methods are indispensable for human studies at the present stage due to availability of biopsy. A prospect for further scientific research is to study the role of M1 and M2 macrophages in CP pathogenesis in humans.

The paper covers the activity performed at V.O. Sukhomlynskyi State Scientific and Pedagogical Library of Ukraine, which functions as a coordination, Хемчян І. Науково-методичне забезпечення діяльності мережі освітянських бібліотек ISSN 2224-9516 Наукові праці Національної бібліотеки України імені В. І. Вернадського. 2019. Вип. 56 scientific and methodological centre within the system of education libraries under the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine during the period from 2000 to 2019. Here are the main directions of scientific and methodical work performed in the library: methodical study of changes taken place in certain libraries as well as the system of education libraries in general; development of conceptual, organisational, administrative, regulatory and methodological documents; providing specialists of education libraries with methodological and advisory assistance (including remote help) on library work; expert-diagnostic visits to education libraries for the purpose of library management consulting; creation of the system of methodical publications covering all areas of activity performed by education libraries; maintaining the functioning of the system of education libraries as a single system; introduction of library innovations in the work of education libraries; improvement of professional skills of the specialists of education libraries using different forms and methods; providing access to information resource on librarianship, bibliography studies, bibliology, documentation studies, and information activity in order to meet the professional needs of librarians, educators, and students; scientific cooperation with leading libraries of other systems, departments, institutions, and organisations, regardless form of ownership (including foreign establishments), etc. In the future, the scientific and methodical work of V. O. Sukhomlynskyi State Scientific and Pedagogical Library of Ukraine will be focused on searching for, systematising and transforming progressive knowledge in the field of library science, and on generating new ideas that will further the innovative development of education libraries.

Background. Waste paper recycling is characterized by deterioration in the content of fiber mass on the fourdrinier wire of a paper-making (cardboard-making) machine, which leads to the fiber content increase in the pit water and to an increase in losses of the source fiber raw material with waste water. Objective. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the influence of amphoteric polymer resins (APR) on the fiber content effectiveness on the fourdrinier wire and the pit water contamination degree. Methods. According to standard techniques, the degree of fiber content and water turbidity, which arises in the paper and cardboard production during the formation on the paper-making machine fourdrinier wire, is determined. Results. The graphs of the dependence of the pit water turbidity on the APR consumption for different milling degree for MS-5B-2 and МС-8В-3 waste paper grades have been constructed. The high efficiency of the APR influence on the fiber content degree on the PPM wire is confirmed. The optimal values of technological parameters (milling degree and APR consumption) for the estimation of the APR impact on the pit water quality have been established. It is shown that the most effective APR among the investigated chemical auxiliaries is UltraRez 200, and the optimum consumption of all APR is 4 kg/ton of paper. The investigated APR are located by the effectiveness increasing of the APR influence on the degree of fiber content and the pit water turbidity reduction in the following series: Luresin KS – Eka WS 325 – Kymene 25X-Cel – UltraRez 200 – Fennostrengt PA21. Conclusions. The use of APR allows achieving a high degree of fiber retention on the wire up to 97 % and reduces 50–85 % of the pit water turbidity, reduces the loss of the source fibrous raw material, reduces the fresh water consumption and increases the efficiency of paper and paperboard production from waste paper.

Казакевич Г.М. Видеть разрешенное: фотография и цензура в Российской империи. Целью исследования является рассмотрение истории становления государственного регулирования оборота фотографических изображений в Российской империи и выявление особенностей его применения на практике. Для описания основных механизмов госу- дарственной политики России в отношении фотографического дела использованы традиционные принципы и методы исторического исследования, такие как историзм, системность, критический анализ источников и т. д. Выяснение влия- ния цензурной политики на повседневные практики фотографов-профессионалов и фотолюбителей осуществляется с помощью подходов микроистории. Новизна исследования объясняется постановкой актуальной проблемы и отсутстви- ем подобных работ в историографии. В статье отмечено, что цензурное ведомство было призвано контролировать созда- ние, тиражирование и распространение фотографий и фоторепродукций с целью ограничения доступа населения к изоб- ражениям, угрожающим, по мнению властей, общественной морали, государственному устройству, интересам православ- ной церкви и правящей династии. Автор приходит к выводу, что, будучи крайне строгой с формальной точки зрения, цензурная политика не способна была решить возложенные на нее государством задачи. На практике, механизм контроля действовал неэффективно и лишь создавал дополнительную бюрократическую волокиту, что и привело, в конечном ито- ге, к его частичной ликвидации.In the late 19th – early 20th cc. the Russian imperial authorities were concerned with the fast expansion of the photography. As a result, the public administra- tion undertook efforts to get the new technology under the censor- ship control. The aim of the article is to reveal the theory and practice of the governmental regulation of photography in the Rus- sian empire. Basing on the wide range of archival sources, the author uses traditional methods of the historical study to describe the photography censorship in Russia and employs the approach of microhistory to find out how the censorship affected the everyday life of professional and amateur photographers. The lack of the studies devoted to the relationship between the public authorities and photography in the Russian empire determines the scientific novelty of the paper. From the early 1860ties, both private persons who owned cameras and commercial photographic studios were placed under surveillance of the inspector of publishing facilities and bookstores. Professional photographers were obliged to put their names on all images they produced and keep an account of all their clients. Any photographic activity outside the studio required a special permis- sion of the local authorities. Only members of the photographic societies were allowed to take pictures everywhere in Russia (with an exception of military objects and borderlands) having no certifi- cate from the local governor’s office. Taking and publishing pic- tures of the ruling dynasty members and their residences required a special permission as well. The censorship controlled sharing of the photographic reproductions of the fine art works. The paintings, which (from the censor’s perspective) either propagated revolution- ary and separatist ideas or threatened the reputation of the monar- chy and Orthodox Church, were prevented from exhibiting. The local authorities used to confiscate the photographic reproductions of such paintings. As far as erotic materials were banned com- pletely, the censors paid special attention to any photographic im- ages depicting nudity. The author comes to conclusion, that despite the regulations were strict, the whole system of the state control over the photography was rather ineffective. Having no single law defining benchmarks for evaluating the pictures or even a list of the images banned throughout an empire, the censors used to act selec- tively. Furthermore, in big cities, such as Kyiv, they were too busy to control dozens of photographic studios and amateur photogra- phers. As a result, both photographers and local civil servants ig- nored most of the regulations.

Introduction. High-voltage insulation systems always have some background level of the partial discharges, which does not have any significant effect on the life of the electrical insulation design. At the same time, partial discharges destroy high-voltage insulation, leading to a carburization zone around the defect. This is the «hidden» period of development of the defect. The development of a defect zone, sooner or later, leads to an arc breakdown of the entire insulating gap. Purpose. The substantiation of the efficiency of detection of technological defects in high-voltage solid insulation of electrical insulating structures according to the characteristics of partial discharges. Methodology. The conditions for the occurrence of partial discharges in the thickness of the polymer insulation are considered. The possible values of the voltage of the beginning of partial discharges are determined for a model of a cylindrical air gap near the conductor of a power cable. It is shown that with the same applied voltages to high-voltage insulation, in the latter case, air inclusions of smaller thickness are activated in comparison with a flat structure. Practical value. The efficiency of detection of technological defects in solid composite case insulation of the stator winding of turbo- and hydrogenerators is shown. Based on the comparison of the amplitude of the pulses of partial discharges of positive and negative polarity, the estimated location of the technological defects in the insulation has been established.

The analysis of the three measurement methods of leaf blade area of young bi-axis apple trees on rootstock 54-118 was made. High accuracy of the measurement results by a method of area calculation within a leaf contour on millimeter graph paper (31, 21 cm2) and with help of a method of computer sight using application “Petiole” on Smartphone with operational system Android (31, 28 cm2) was established. The gravimetric method and the use of mobile application “Petiole” appeared to be the most productive as to time consumption to carry out the operation

The article reviews various methods of documents protection against the destroying effect of micromycetes. The methods considered have been in use since the third decade of the 20th century. The authors provide information on the search of new disinfectants from the list recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. In particular, these include nipagin and a new product "Valeus-D" (analog of the investigated earlier Polidez). The received results of study of minimal concentrations of Valeus-D disinfectant alcohol and water solutions having effect on microscopic fungi are analyzed. Data on the influence of nipagin, "Valeus-D" and 70% ethanol on resistance to fungi, chemical and physicomechanical characteristics of model samples of four types of paper (rag, typographical, offset, newsprint) are compared. The experiments’ results indicate, that 1% nipagin, 2% and 4% "Valeus-D"(pH 9) render the highest resistance to fungi. It is revealed, that 70% ethyl alcohol and 1% nipagin had the least influence on the physicomechanical properties of model samples of paper. Accentuated is the need to continue pilot studies of the use of other modern effective disinfectants and other types of paper

The article is based on researches of scientific materials that were put into print by other authors. The frequent disadvantages of texts are studied and grouped. Methodological recommendations are prepared with the information purpose. These recommendations will be useful for authors-beginners during preparation of their scientific texts (articles, conference papers) and will improve quality of an author’s materials.

Accounting and finance are intricately intertwined with the global quest for environmental sustainability by applying accounting and finance tools for carbon reduction initiatives. Clean energy financial investment is one of the many alternative tools through which accounting contributes to carbon reduction. Accordingly, this paper analysed the impact of separate and integrated clean energy investment alternatives on carbon reduction. Data on clean energy financial investment and carbon emission per capita were collected from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Our World in Data archives, respectively. Data was analysed by using multiple pooled OLS to evaluate the impact of individual clean energy financial investments on carbon reduction and the impact of integrating the various clean energy financial investment alternatives on carbon reduction separately. Findings show that individual clean energy financial investments may not separately offer desired carbon reduction, hence, albeit some negative coefficients, individual clean investments showed no significant impact on carbon reduction. However, furthering the test by pooling all the clean energy financial investment alternatives shows a significant negative effect of clean energy financial investment on carbon reduction at a P-value of 0.05. This shows that an integration of different alternatives of clean energy financial investment may offer an enhanced reduction of carbon emission, which outweighs the effect of relying on a single clean energy investment alternative. The findings offer significant insight for policy makers’ future strategies towards a combination of multiple clean energy financial investments. Furthermore, the findings from this paper are a further testament that accounting and finance are connected with the global quest for environmental sustainability through the application of accounting and financial investment tools in conducting clean energy financial investment.

Objectives This paper focuses on recognising and addressing the challenges of ADHD in early childhood girls. The paper aims to fill a gap in the scientific literature by focusing on the specificity of ADHD in girls, which differs from symptoms in boys. It also aims to raise awareness of the issue of ADHD among parents and teachers and to provide practical therapeutic guidance and educational support that is tailored to the needs of girls with ADHD. Material and methods The source materials for this publication will be various monographs and articles by special educators. The collected material will allow the analytical-critical method to synthetically realise the indicated aim of the work. Results Parents should learn to anticipate potential conflict situations, to exclude them or to plan in such a way that the child can cope with them. It is the parents' task to plan the day in such a way as to introduce a ritual and a daily routine of repetitive activities. Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder need to acquire skills to deal with conflict, emotional labile, anxiety and stress. Conclusions Often undiagnosed girls suffer alone together with their disorder. Close cooperation between parents and teachers is an indispensable element in the treatment of ADHD. A child with ADHD should be allowed to participate in the educational and educational process. It is important to get to know the peer group so that girls with ADHD can learn to recognise themselves and their own reactions and abilities.