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Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores whether the succession of generations can be an impetus that changes prevailing patterns of interpretation within teaching staff. Following Karl Mannheim, I argue that social patterns of interpretation are shaped by generation-specific experiences. One then would expect changes in the patterns of interpretation within teaching staff to take place continuously, as older members are replaced by younger ones. But due to particular dynamics within the labour market, over the last two centuries, always one specific birth cohort was prevailing among teachers (in Germany). At the end of its career, it was replaced by a younger cohort within a short period. This might mean, typical patterns of interpretation changed within a short period as well. This idea is tested by two examples. They suggest it is correct for a homogeneous group of teachers. However, within other social groups of teachers in other geographical areas different patterns of interpretation can be found simultaneously. Considering the teaching profession as a whole it would thus be problematic to assume uniform, generation-specific patterns of interpretation that changed at uniform points in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is supposed to be a contribution to contemporary discussion about creating “the others” as a populist strategy. One can say that the role of the most important “the others” in modern Czech history has been played by the Germans (as a nation) and/or by Germany (as a political unit). On the case of Czech President Miloš Zeman, the goal of this paper is to show the process of creation “the others”. The main questions of this text are: “Are the Germans the object of othering by Miloš Zeman? If yes, what are his arguments for creating this enemy of the Czech people?” This paper stands as a content analysis of dataset consist of all speeches, interviews, and articles by Miloš Zeman from his whole first presidential term in office. The main findings of this analysis are related to the reframing of the image of the Germans as a source of danger for the Czech people. Originally, Miloš Zeman used to speak mostly about the problems related to the so-called “Sudeten question”. However, this argumentation has been changed and Miloš Zeman has been speaking especially about the negative role of Germany during “immigration crisis” and immigration politics of Angela Merkel during the last years. Islam and immigration seem to be discoursively strong topics able to replace former importance of some other issues (the insignificant number of immigrants and especially Muslims in the country notwithstanding). Zeman often uses the historical images of Nazism to delegitimize Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the question of whether property may be used for an assembly without the owner's permission. These problems arise mainly with respect to assemblies taking place at airports, stations or shopping malls, which are owned by a private entity but these premises fulfil public functions. The problem is examined from the perspective of Czech law, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and German theory and practice, since this issue has been discussed in Germany for several years. The research shows that the right of property is not unlimited and, under specific conditions, an assembly can take place at the property even without the owner's permission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art / Umění is the property of Institute of Art History of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tunel is the property of Ceska Tunelarska Asociace ITA-AITES, z.s and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper aims to explain the development of the perception of national identity of the Christian Democratic Party (CDU), the strongest German political party in the past few decades. The paper focuses on election manifestos for the 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2005, and 2009 elections. For this purpose, each manifesto is examined according to up to five analytical categories -- such as values, nation, Europe, threats, and society. These categories explore the party's perception in a wider context instead of focusing only on direct references to national identity. The analysed period was divided into three phases with an emphasis on the internal crisis between the years 1998 and 2002. The crisis influenced policy priorities; therefore the perceptions of elements belonging to national identity were changed in order i) to gain victory in the general elections in 2002 and 2005, and ii) to reflect properly the state of German society. Therefore, significant policy shifts were made. These policy changes show how the party successfully integrated societal demands and preferences over the past decade. Thank to this, the CDU incorporated both conservative and liberal elements. This is evident in the case of incorporating liberal elements such as homosexual partnerships while, at the same time, actively stressing the importance of defending national interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tunel is the property of Ceska Tunelarska Asociace ITA-AITES, z.s and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study shows both coexistence and confrontation between Czech minority and German majority in musical life of a small town of Litoměřice which is situated on the route from Prague to Dresden in the agricultural and fruit-growing area alongside the River Labe. At the turn of the 20th century the town was the seat of the Catholic bishopric as well as several regional and district offices, schools and monasteries. The main pillars of its musical life there were music and cultural societies Leitmeritzer Gesang- und Musikverein (1858) and Měšťanská beseda (Burghers' Club, 1862) which had been associated with music activities of the choir of St. Stephen's Cathedral and other churches, music schools, municipal theater (since 1822) as well as military bands of infantry regiments stationed in the nearby Terezín. There are mentioned in the text some significant events (festival of the Deutscher Sängerbund in Böhmen, 1883, visit of Emperor Franz Josef I. in 1901 and others) and is given a characterization of a standard musical season. The paper is partly based on research into so far unexplored archival material deposited in the State Regional Archives Litoměřice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article focuses on the issue of the militant feminist group Red Zora. Red Zora made their first appearance in 1973 and the last one in 1995. This group attacked predominantly patriarchal institutes, companies, and persons representing and building up a male sexist society, which is seen by the radical feminist group as an oppression and exploitation women worldwide. They have conducted campaigns against porn traders, sex shops, international traders of women etc. The goal of this paper is to explain actions of Red Zora by using the perspective of feminism. Concrete theories of feminism which were used were radical and marxist types of feminism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the "state of the art" of municipal and local politics research in Germany. The main objective is to describe and analyze good practice in German sub-regional politics research and to demonstrate its main distinctive features. The paper provides a general overview of current approaches to sub-regional politics research existing mainly in the framework of political science with strong connections to other disciplines (such as law or sociology) and a strong tendency to form a multidisciplinary approach. Our analysis deals with the following: a description of the main research institutions and distinguished scholars in the field, a discussion of prevailing topics, and a study of the most cited publication outcomes since the year 2000. The paper also examines the main differences between Czech and German research in the field of municipal and local politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Orbis Scholae is the property of Charles University Prague, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Waste Forum is the property of Czech Environment Management Center (CEMC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The text sums up the conclusions of the author's sociolinguistic investigations conducted (particularly in the form of questionnaires) in years 1996–2001 and published in the monograph Sprachverhalten und ethnische Identität. Sorbische Schüler an der Jahrtausendwende (Language Attitudes and Ethnic Identity. Sorbian Students at the Turn of the Millennium) in 2005. Investigations were carried out at many Sorbian schools in Upper Lusatia and were aimed at ethnic awareness of the students, their choice/use of Sorbian or German, attitude to both languages, and reception of culture among young Sorbs aged 11–19. The author is mainly focused on the Sorbian Grammar School in Bautzen (Budyšin in Sorbian). In order to make the generalisation of the acquired outcomes possible, analogical surveys were also conducted at lower secondary schools in the villages of Crostwitz/Chrós?icy, Ralbitz/Ralbicy, Panschwitz-Kuckau/Pan?icy-Kukow, Räckelwitz/Worklecy, Radibor/Radwor, and in the municipality of Bautzen/Budyšin. The findings presented, analyzed and interpreted in the paper can, to a great degree, be in general applied to the present-day young Sorbian population as a whole. Simultaneously, they yield data for possible comparisons with the situation of other minority ethnic groups in Europe (e.g. the Welsh, the Romansh, Breton…). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to integrate the results of several studies on the representation of masculine generics in German into a theoretical framework. Although the results are consistent in showing the male bias of masculine generics, they are based on different experimental procedures and stimulus variations, and that makes the cognitive processes involved hard to compare. Assuming that reading results in the construction of situation models and that gender-related memory content is activated through a fast, undirected resonance process it is possible to determine a common cognitive basis. Possible causes of gender-related resonance are identified and their influence on situation models is discussed. The theoretical base allows the formulation of general statements on how gender-related information influences language processing. Furthermore, it has practical implications for how to implement a gender-fair language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is concerned with activities of German institution from Mainz Stiftung Lesen. Author's aim is to present the last of its surveys (2008) against a background of other publications and activities that Stiftung Lesen has rendered. As for results, the survey was organized in relationship to two main topics: reading of minority national groups in Germany and reading within Internet. Results show that reading still represents a key competence, even for such activities as dealing with Internet and other media. One can witness no competition between these two media, but rather an attempt how to organize their roles and cultural cooperation anew. Once again, the book is not dying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pediatrie pro Praxi is the property of SOLEN sro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on Industry 4.0 (a project of automated and digitized production), the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution is set to bring about a new economy and revolutionary societal changes. However, inflationary overuse of terms 4.0 may cause that they become empty. The concept of 4.0 has particularly psychological and propagandistic importance when the West, after the Great Recession, gains an optimistic vision and a slogan that is easy to remember. "Hype 4.0" is strongly reminiscent of the bubble of new economics (and new economy) of the 1990s. Impacts of the following stage of mass digitization and robotization of, in particular, industrial production are hyperbolized these days. What remains problematic from the perspective of political economy is not only the question of whether this is industrial revolution number four. Is it truly a qualitative civilization change? Using the criterion of epochal innovations of the highest order, the breakthrough of 4.0 technologies remains debatable. With the current digital, global and local, transformation, it would be more precise to talk about another (namely gradual, evolutionary) stage of the information, digital or scientific and technical revolution. This does not mean that an adequate reaction to processes 4.0 is not an important challenge for the Czech Republic. The opposite is true, given the nature of the economy, with the connection to Germany. National initiative Průmysl 4.0 can be seen as a measure of how to respond to the German project called Industrie 4.0 while not losing competitiveness. In the broader sense, platforms 4.0 can be ranked among new forms of theories of capitalism transformation, including visions of post-capitalism transformed by digitization and sharing. Concept 4.0 uses widely catchwords of theories of information, knowledge, digital, network economy, or, more precisely, post-industrial, superindustrial, information, digital, knowledge, network or post-capitalist society. The development and application of new technologies are crucial from the perspective of the innovative theories of long Kondratieff waves. Open questions still include the onset of the fifth K-wave and other waves together with the modification of the entire instruments of industrial long waves in the postindustrial of the 21st Century. Since about 2018, the 4.0 bubble has been bursting and (hyper) globalists have been pushing for a green phase. Technologies 4.0 and 5.0 are being pushed in a green direction - greening and digitization are presented as the world's salvation. The Corona crisis can be interpreted as the collapse of neoliberal globalization. The salvation of the collapsing globalism is to become the reformatting vision of the world, in the form of the Great Reset project linked to inclusive capitalism, where the system is to be transformed into stakeholder capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pravnik is the property of Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of State & Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The history of the media may be analyzed in rather different ways. The present article first presents approaches customarily used by media and communication sciences in the past and goes on to discuss novel approaches to media history and recent findings of the historical sciences. The authors favor placing less emphasis on the contents of selected media and their individual development and more on how the media fit into social history, since almost every topic, at least as far as the modern age is concerned, has aspects relevant to media history. Only rarely, however, have these aspects been analyzed in political, cultural or social history, research into historical gender relations, the history of towns or cities or the history of transnational relations. Possible results of this latter approach are listed predominantly for developments since the late nineteenth century in the German environment, for which there are much more studies than there are for Eastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a translation and preliminary evaluation of selected curses written on lead tablets discovered in the joint temple of the Great Mother and Isis in the German town of Mainz. They belong in the category of prayers for justice and the most remarkable features or information we can obtain from them are especially the facts that: (1) they invoke, quite unexpectedly, the Great Mother and Attis, whose presence on curse tablets had been previously either only very rarely attested (in case of Attis) or completely unknown (in case of the Great Mother); (2) the relatively early dating of these tablets (75-125 CE), together with the use of very deferential epithets in addressing Attis and allusions to mysteric components, might lead to a reconsideration of the traditional opinion that the deification of Attis should be placed in the reign of the Antonine dynasty or even later; (3) they use colorful persuasive analogies and proleptic expressions probably attesting a very good knowledge of the Attis myth and rituals taking place during the March festival of this god in Rome or in Ostia and thus making the traditional demarcation between magic and religion problematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the substitutions and deformations of human faces in the Ashkenazi Hebrew illuminated manuscripts in the 13th and 14th centuries of Germany. It says that facial deformations are predominantly represented by Jewish characters while birdlike or animal faces are being used as a typical substitution. It adds that the insight of medieval Jewish scholars on the images biblical prohibition for the faces' substitutions and deformations are also discussed.

The documented three coins, until now unrecorded among the finds from the Hradiště near Stradonice, extend the range of Celtic coin types that were imported to this oppidum from the west. The first one, an unusual stater of the Kellner IB type, is important in the Czech area since most of the coins from the Regenbogen-Schusselchen group found at the Stradonice oppidum are subaerates. The second specimen, a quarter-quinar, probably belonging to the quinars of the so-called Prague type, is an extremely rare coin which can be classified as belonging to this group based on the image of a stylized horse on the reverse. These coins were probably brought to the Stradonice oppidum from the Thuringian area in present-day Germany. The third and last small silver coin of the 'mit strengem Gesicht' type represents a rather unique issue imported to the Czech territory from the area of southern Germany and, together with the above-mentioned coins, it attests to the trade contacts maintained by the population of the Hradiště oppidum with merchants from the territories of today's Germany from the middle of the 2nd to the middle of the 1st centuries B.C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Numismatické / Numismatic Papers is the property of National Museum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2010, an unusual contemporaiy forgery of the white coin struck under Ferdinand I (Fig. 1) was found to the east of the Klínec village (Praha-západ district). The coin was made of the copper sheet with a small lead additive and silver-plated using stiver amalgam. It copied the white coins produced in Silesian Breslau in 1558-1561 (Fig. 2). Relatively high quality of the die in combination with elementary mistakes in marginal legend is stunning. It is impossible to eliminate the fact that the forger used his closely unspecified contacts with an unknown die-engraving workshop which supplied the Breslau mint with dies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new unlisted variety of the white coin struck under Ferdinand I of Hahsburg is presented. The coin with its marginal legend can he typologically classified as a new variety of the V.a type. The specimen shows all typical features characteristic for the mentioned type: the so-called crawling lion and five-petalled flower at the beginning of the marginal legend. Based on the iconographical form of the lion, the coins of the type V. are attributed to the Breslau mint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper describes the pharmacist's role in Germany during the health-service reform and shows his prospects within pharmacological therapy and his role in contemporary modern society. However, emphasis is placed on the out-patient provision of drugs. The development of the recent years clearly indicates the effects of the health-service reform on all concerned in German health services. For this reason the present paper has been extended to include the description of the current social and health guidelines for health services. Moreover, it also describes the individual stages of the health-service reform in Germany between 1989 and 1997. The theoretical part was supported by patient's opinion polls. With examples of 500 interviewees from Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, patient habits were surveyed regarding drug consumption, compliance, self-treatment, and drug information as well as the patient's expectations of the pharmacist. Depending on the growth of scientific knowledge in health services and on the need for medical care, the pharmacist's role has to undergo continuous changes, worldwide. Due to the analysis and scrutiny of the transformation of German health services--for Germany has a state health insurance in traditional solidarity--the present paper gives a prediction concerning further development, and, above all, the necessary changes in the pharmacist's work in the framework of health services to be carried out. Generally it is possible to say that the obtained knowledge has general validity which other countries can make use of while considering their local conditions.

The two parts of the paper present a brief account of the life, work, time and social impact of the great surgeon Theodor Billroth. The first part deals with Billroth's scientific development and main parts of his life-long work. The second part presents Billroth as a universal genius who was engaged in the cultural and social life of his time and thus opened the road for surgery.