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The current concept of wastewater management and treatment in the European Union complies with the requirements of Directive 91/271/EEC on urban wastewater treatment, established in 1991 with a primary focus on limiting excessive organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in treated water. At that time, the reuse of treated water was not considered. Not surprisingly, attempts were made to remove as much carbon as possible in the form of CO2. The removal of nitrogen compounds by denitrification results in the formation of N2, which is then released into the atmosphere. When removing phosphorus compounds, the aim is to incorporate as much phosphorus as possible from the water into the sludge of the wastewater. This also ignores the fact that treated water can be a very valuable resource. In regions, particularly those with advanced agriculture, where wastewater from treatment plants pollutes the environment, adopting an appropriate approach could address summer water shortages, reduce CO2 emissions into the air, and reduce reliance on artificial fertilisers. The key prerequisite for any use of treated wastewater is adequate microbiological purification and the absence of hazardous substances. This paper analyses the effluent characteristics of some examples of wastewater treatment plants along the Slovenian Adriatic coast, and evaluates the possibilities of reusing the treated water. The results are correlated with the wastewater treatment efficiency data from the town of Rovinj (Croatia), which provides the reuse of treated wastewater for municipal purposes.

Copyright of Kemija u Industriji is the property of Croatian Society of Chemical Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Paediatric and geriatric populations, as well as other special patient populations with swallowing problems, require patient-tailored dosage forms. One promising dosage form for these specific populations is orodispersible films. When preparing orodispersible films using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as the film-forming polymer and glycerine as the plasticizer, it is essential to determine the optimal mixing time and mixing speed of the casting solution to achieve the desired transparency/opacity of the orodispersible films. In this paper, the primary focus is on mixing time and mixing speed, and determining how these two parameters can influence optical characteristics. All tested parameters are supported by FTIR analysis. The obtained results show that either a mixing speed of 7000 rpm on a high-shear mixer for 15 min or a mixing speed of 9000 rpm for 5 min can produce films with optimal optical characteristics.

Approximately one-third of municipal solid waste is biodegradable waste, necessitating its urgent processing into compost or biogas. Indoor composting of biowaste has recently received increased attention due to its economic, environmental, and social benefits, offering a significant contribution to sustainable waste management and circular economy. Instead of disposing of biowaste in landfills, compost is produced as a useful organic soil improver, fertiliser or bio-based product. This study analyses the physicochemical parameters of biowaste and the obtained pre-compost during the Bokashi treatment, considering the effects of different inoculants, occasional mixing of biowaste, and exposure to air. The pretreatment of biowaste was compared based on pH, electrical conductivity, temperature and height of the compost mass, moisture, dry matter, volatile matter, carbon and nitrogen content, and C/N ratio. Collected leakages were analysed for volume, pH, electrical conductivity, and turbidity. In addition, the obtained pre-composts underwent further maturation in two soil types, and the same physicochemical parameters were monitored. Finally, FTIR spectroscopy was employed to analyse the initial biowaste, final pre-compost masses, and the collected leakages. There is no significant difference between the pre-composts and also between the leakages. The results indicate that Bokashi treatment of biowaste with Inoculant 1 efficiently yielded a higher carbon and nitrogen content in the final pre-compost, and produced a lower volume of compost leakage. This paper highlights the Bokashi method’s efficiency in facilitating indoor biowaste treatment.

This paper presents a literature review on the processing of used lithium-ion batteries in both industry and research. On an industrial scale, lithium-ion batteries are primarily processed through pyrometallurgical methods, leading to incomplete utilisation of lithium cells. On the other hand, the hydrometallurgical route of recycling lithium-ion batteries poses challenges, such as large-scale discharging or inert gas pretreatment, largely due to explosion hazards. Modern methods of lithium-ion battery recycling are oriented toward refining the leach liquor through solvent extraction methods using D2EHPA and Cyanex 272, to recover Co, Mn, and Ni. The final Li product is obtained through Na2CO3 precipitation.

Service-learning represents an innovative pedagogy that integrates academic learning with community service to address environmental issues based on experiential learning principles. This innovative pedagogy enhances higher education learning outcomes by fostering active engagement, real-world context, interdisciplinary insight, skills development, and civic engagement among students. The merging of service-learning contributes to a profound understanding of the subject matter, its practical applications, and personal and professional growth. This paper provides an overview of the implementation of service-learning in the STEM field, with a primary focus on the decade-long involvement of the Faculty of Chemistry and Technology in environmental protection projects. Through collaboration with the non-governmental organisation Sunce and partners from the University of Split, this initiative, led by environmental experts, has introduced a novel approach to higher education, facilitating knowledge expansion, skill improvement, and expertise development for both students and academic staff. The impact has been substantial, with the University of Split attaining the 21st position globally on the “World Universities with Real Impact” list for ethics in 2021, largely attributable to these service-learning projects. Service-learning has been integrated into the SEA-EU initiative, furthering its development at the University of Split, and establishing it as a pioneer in this field. Institutionalising service-learning in higher education requires the establishment of dedicated courses, integration into existing programmes, and the allocation of resources for academic staff, community partners, and students. Successful implementation requires a collaborative, iterative process involving careful planning, preparation, and assessment, ensuring that students benefit from meaningful opportunities to apply course content to real-world challenges while positively impacting the community.

This article discusses construction waste and its management in the territory of Croatia. In order to better understand the concept of waste, the first part of this paper discusses its origin, characteristics, and categorisation. In addition, it mentions special categories of waste defined within Croatian borders. All members of the European Union are encouraged to adopt a circular economy approach to manage these various types of waste. Furthermore, the article emphasises the necessity to construct legal landfills in addition to building management centres, recycling yards, and transfer stations, in order to reduce the formation of wild landfills, which result from irresponsible waste disposal. The second part of the article provides a detailed description of construction and demolition waste. In addition to the types of occurrences and the associated degree of hazard, a categorisation system is used. This system includes records and key numbers, and allows finding the appropriate species in the database with the corresponding key number. Modern technology has made it possible to recycle all types of waste, including construction waste, into secondary raw materials. Proper management is essential to achieve this goal. The first step involves prevention, diversion or conversion of waste into a resource. When these options are not possible, one of the recovery processes should be employed. Managing Construction Waste also provides a comprehensive explanation of recycling, which is given significant attention. The article concludes with an overview of the Republic of Croatia’s system for managing construction waste, which lags behind more developed countries, as well as offers examples of best practices and possible improvements.

The occurrence and concentrations of fluoride in surface and groundwater depend on pH, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, and geochemical composition of aquifers. However, in many countries, elevated fluoride concentration values are the result of fluoride-contaminated wastewater discharges. Because of fluoride pollution and the health problems that it causes, the World Health Organization (WHO) has set a maximum permissible fluoride content in drinking water of 1.5 mg l−1. There are different ways of removing elevated concentrations of fluoride from water, such as coagulation and precipitation, membrane processes, electrochemical treatments, ion-exchange and its modification, but the adsorption process is generally accepted as the cheapest and most effective method for removing fluoride from water. Organic waste is increasing every day, especially in developed countries, and is generated in both industries and households. One of the ways to reduce such waste is the production of adsorbents for water defluorination. Adsorbents, most often prepared as activated carbon, can be obtained from various materials such as egg shells, fruit and vegetable peel, various leaves, stems, trunk bark, grain shells, legume shells, and many others. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the latest research on the use of adsorbents obtained from organic waste materials in order to remove elevated concentrations of fluoride from water.

The chemical complexity of organic contaminants (drugs, agrochemicals, and dyes) requires new, more advanced ways to remove them from water compared to the conventional treatment methods used. One such method is photocatalytic degradation. In this paper, the mechanism of degradation of harmful organic compounds using semiconductor materials with photocatalytically active properties in the presence of UV or visible radiation will be explained. Methods and selection of components for the preparation of the latest developed photocatalysts, their stability, as well as the percentage of organic contaminant removal will be discussed. The discussion will also cover the advantages and drawbacks of photocatalytic methods, as well as future research in this area.

Copyright of Social Sciences & Humanities Studies / Društvene i Humanističke Studije (DHS) is the property of Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Tuzla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, different metallic materials (alloys of Fe, Al, and Zn) were investigated as sacrificial anodes during electrocoagulation (EC) for the treatment of compost leachate. Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array design was applied to investigate the four controllable factors (different metallic material, initial pH value, stirring speed, and contact time) on decrease of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and electrodes mass loss. COD decrease reached values in the range of 75.72–92.97 %. The Taguchi optimisation results showed that the most effective factor for decrease of COD is the duration of the experiment, while the electrode material was for electrodes mass loss. The zinc electrode showed the lowest potential for use in the EC process for treatment of compost leachate, while the Al and Fe electrodes could be used in an acid or slightly acidic environment. The following decreasing order of energy consumption was recorded: Zn > Al > Fe. The measured values of metal electrode mass loss exceeded the theoretical values calculated using Faraday’s law in EC experiments with Al electrodes, while in experiments with Fe and Zn electrodes, those differences were insignificant.

The importance of the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzyme in the preparation of lignocellulosic raw materials for production in biorefineries has been confirmed in numerous investigations. Therefore, LPMO enzymes were investigated to explore the enzyme-substrate interaction with the aim of successful biomass conversion in biorefinery processes. After reductive activation of LPMOs active site, they cleave the substrate and prepare it for biomass degradation by hydrolytic enzymes. In this paper, the role of LPMO in lignocellulosic biomass conversion is described based on the recent studies of: LPMO enzyme structure, LPMO substrate preferences, and the LPMO reaction mechanism. These findings are important for the selection of suitable bioprocess conditions with the aim of LPMO activation/stabilisation in biorefinery production processes.

The predictability of the adsorption capacity of the multicomponent adsorption system was modelled using Support Vector Machine (SVM). Two SVM models were built and compared. In the first model, the SVM method was used with an already built-in optimisation algorithm. However, in the second model, the SVM method was used by means of a very recent and efficient optimisation algorithm: the Dragonfly Algorithm (DA). The models’ accuracy was evaluated by three well-established statistical metrics (root mean squared error RMSE, determination coefficient R2, and correlation coefficient R). The used data were collected from previous experimental papers published in literature containing all kinds of pollutants, such as heavy metal ions, dyes, and organic compounds, and different natural/synthetic adsorbents. The dataset contained five important variables with 1023 points; the variables were divided into four inputs (molecular weight, equilibrium concentrations of adsorbate, specific area of adsorbent, and temperature), and one output (adsorption capacity at equilibrium). The data were divided using the holdout function into two subsets (80 % for training set, and 20 % for test set). The programming stage was carried out using MATLAB software. The results showed that the optimised DA-SVM model with RBF-Gaussian kernel function had good ability for global search combined with high prediction accuracy, with R2 = 0.997, R = 0.998, and RMSE = 2.539. The obtained model can be used to predict the efficiency of the adsorption system, and provides a tool for process optimisation responding to changes in operating conditions. A new graphical user interface (GUI) was developed with MATLAB GUI to estimate accurately the desired responses by using the best DA-SVM model.

Institutional repositories are online platforms for gathering, archiving, dissemination and long-term preservation of an institution’s scientific output. Archiving full-text papers into the institutional and other open access repositories (OAR) is one way of achieving open access to scientific informa tion, the so-called “green” OA. In 2006 the idea of implementing an institutional repository at the Ruđer Bošković Institute Library was initiated and one year later, the project had started, parallel with the subproject of digitizing RBI’s documentary materials. 4 Various open source solutions were tested, among which EPrints software was chosen as the most suitable to RBI’s needs. The first documents were archived in March 2011, and on October 18, 2012, the official version of the repository was published under the name Full-text Institutional Repository of the Ruđer Bošković Institute – FULIR. The goal of FULIR is to gather, archive, disseminate and preserve, for the long term, the whole scientific production and documentary materials of the Institute in digital form, as well as provide open access to archived materials where possible. It is possible to archive all kinds of materials in FULIR, such as articles published in journals, conference proceedings, books, book chapters, dissertations, but also various kinds of unpublished materials such as posters and presentations from conferences or lectures, reports, audio and video records and datasets. FULIR is based on the principle that the scientists themselves archive their materials, but in this initial phase, the librarians are also assisting the scientists in archiving new items. The repository allows different access rights to archived materials and a depositor may define to whom (all users/only registered users (RBI staff)/only repository administrators), and when (immediately or after a cer tain embargo period) full-texts of archived materials will be available. Repository administration is conducted by the librarians, who also provide a helpdesk service for scientists with depositing and copyright issues. On the depositing side of the repository, FULIR has implemented plugins for automatic checking of copyright issues for archiving articles published in journals by automatic searching of SHERPA/RoMEO database and displaying relevant information to users. There is also the possibility of importing records from other databases, such as arXive or PubMED through items ID’s. There are various search and browse possibilities available in FULIR for users, whereof a full-text search is worth mentioning. Statistical plugin (IRStats2 – Beta – version 0.0.4) is also implemented, as well as altmetric plugin (Altmetric – version 1.0.5). FULIR is fully compatible with OpenAIRE infrastructure and as such is the first OA repository in Croatia enabling RBI scientists to satisfy the conditions of European Commission for archiving full-texts of published papers financed under the Horizon 2020 program in OpenAIRE compatible OAR. Future plans for FULIR are related with further work on interoperability issues with the Croatian Scientific Bibliography – CROSBI, to enable pushing and pulling records from one system to another. There is also the need to educate the scientists about the advantages of OA and the importance of archiving full- text documents into institutional repositories, as well as educating them about copyright issues. Helping other Croatian institutions in implementing their own OAR, possibly through centralized infrastructure on the national level is also one of forthcoming activities where experience gathered with FULIR will be of the utmost importance.

One of the possible options for carbon footprint reduction in ammonia production is energy intensification of the natural gas reformer furnace. This paper addresses how process modelling and simulation concepts can be combined with proven methods such as minimum energy consumption analysis and heat exchanger networks to identify and optimise the main bottlenecks in natural gas reformer furnaces. The main outcome is finding the best possible reconstruction options for natural gas savings and related CO2 reduction. The applied method delivered an overall reduction of natural gas of 834 m3 h–1 or 0.51 GJ with accompanying carbon footprint reduction of 0.026 t CO2 per ton of NH3 produced. A large part of EU’s ammonia producers will be able to reach net zero emissions by 2050 by following the policy initiatives of the “Green Deal” thanks to this case study. In addition, it provides the basis for the further execution of other possible non-conventional retrofit measures.

This paper presents a review of density measurements for binary systems containing 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (mesitylene) with a variety of organic compounds at atmospheric pressure. Literature data of the binary systems were divided into nine basic groups by the type of contained organic compound with mesitylene. The excess molar volumes calculated from the experimental density values have been compared with literature data. Densities were measured by a few experimental methods, namely using a pycnometer, a dilatometer or a commercial apparatus. The overview of the experimental data and shape of the excess molar volume curve versus mole fraction is presented in this paper. The excess molar volumes were correlated by Redlich–Kister equation. The standard deviations for fitting of excess molar volume versus mole fraction are compared. Found literature data cover a huge temperature range from (288.15 to 343.15) K.

This paper is devoted to the bioconjugates of ferrocene with naturally occuring amino acids/peptides - mostly dealing with authors' results accompanied, to a lesser degree, by the relevant literature data. Chapter 2 deals with natural peptides and peptidomimetics, mainly focusing on α-helix and β pleated sheet (as the most important elements of peptide secondary and tertiary structure), and artificial β-sheets nucleated by non-amino acid turn inducers. Chapter 3 describes peptides generated from ferrocenecarboxylic acid and ferroceneamine, as well as with the bioconjugates of heteroannulary substituted ferrocene-1,1'-dicarboxylic acid (Fcd) and ferrocene-1,1'-diamine (Fcda). Chapter 4 elaborates authors' papers about peptides based on 1'-aminoferrocene-1-carboxylic acid (Fca). Chapter 5 is devoted to the new monosubstituted Fcd and Fcda conjugates with amino acids, while Chapter 6 describes our publications in the field of very topical peptidomimetics - ferrocene ureidopeptides and β peptides. Conformational analysis of the newly prepared ferrocene bioconjugates in solution and solid state was performed by means of spectroscopic methods (CD, IR, 1D- NMR, 2D-NMR, v. r. NMR, and temperature and concentration dependent NMR) and DFT calculations.

The invention of azithromycin (1, Figure 1), the active pharmaceutical ingredient of the antibiotic Sumamed (Croatian brand name by PLIVA; Zithromax by Pfizer in the USA) belongs among the great achievements in the history of science in Croatia. From the viewpoint of commercialization of research results, it may have been one of the greatest. In addition to contributing to science and to medicine, azithromycin has also brought about an improvement in the quality of life on the global level. Owing to its exceptional therapeutic properties, it has come to be one of the most successful antibiotics worldwide. Marking the 30th anniversary of the azithromycin Yugoslav patent application, this paper gives an overview of the research that led to its discovery and comes with a list of papers and patents through which the drug has been made known to the public (Table 1, Figures 4 and 6). The invention was due to the scientists from the Research Institute of the pharmaceutical company PLIVA in Zagreb, Croatia, D. Sc. S. Đokić, M. Sc. G. Kobrehel, D. Sc. G. Lazarevski, and D. Sc. Z. Tamburašev (Figure 3). Azithromycin became the first representative of the new class of 15-membered macrolides known as azalides after the introduction of nitrogen in the macrocycle of erythromycin A (2, Figure 1). Its synthesis involved several steps (Figure 2): oximation of erithromycin A, Beckmann rearrangement of erythromycin A oxime with aromatic sulphochlorides, reduction of the produced erithromycin A iminoether, and final methylation of the nitrogen introduced in the macrocycle of erythromycin A. Because of inadequate analytical support in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the precise structure of the LD product (Figure 5) in the Beckmann rearrangement step of azithromycin synthesis was confirmed only later as 7 and not 6 as assumed (Figure 5). Today, azithromycin is known under the common chemical name of 9-deoxo-9a-aza-9a-methyl-homoerythromycin A. This paper also deals with the negotiations and signing of a contract between PLIVA, Croatian pharmaceutical company, the patent holder, and Pfizer, one of the world largest pharmaceutical companies in the field of proprietary research. The dihydrate form of azithromycin is also discussed. The azithromycin (i.e. Sumamed and Zithromax) story, which dates from the second half of the last century, can be considered as the first and foremost example of successful knowledge and technology transfer in Croatia ever. On their web pages, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) reports the PLIVA azithromycin story as a case study and excellent example of proactive licensing strategy. For the discovery of azithromycin, in addition to receiving numerous awards, in the year 2000, PLIVA's scientists D. Sc. S. Đokić and M. Sc. G. Kobrehel, together with the representatives from the US-based Pfizer, were granted the honorable titles of "Heroes of Chemistry 2000" by the American Chemical Society (ACS), a non-profit association of American chemists and chemical engineers, and the largest association of scientists in the world. This high award is rightly taken to be also recognition of the achievement of PLIVA's entire team working on azithromycin. The success of azithromycin has placed PLIVA among the few pharmaceutical companies in the world that have developed their own blockbuster drug, and has entitled Croatia to join a small group of nations that have developed a new antibiotic.

In the process of raw water treatment for use in the petrochemical industry, one of the most important treatments is the filtration process with process sand filters. A by-product of the filtration process of raw water is wastewater. The wastewater results from the technological process of backwashing process sand filters. Wastewater from backwashing sand filters is unsuitable for further use, since it is contaminated with residual suspended matter and chemical compounds that are added in the process of raw water clarification. To reduce the environmental impact of such wastewater and improve overall system processing of raw water, this paper presents the technological treatment of wastewater from backwashing process sand filters. The selected technological process with subsequent sedimentation of suspended matter from the wastewater enables it to be returned into the process stream. This paper also presents a wastewater treatment system, which consists of a concrete sedimentation tank, pumps, pipelines, and flocculator for the final acceptance of the wastewater. The treatment system of wastewater from backwashing process sand filters includes the wastewater from backwashing sand filters for the filtration of the clarified water after clarification of the raw water, sand filters for the filtration of the cooling water and sand filters for filtration of clarified water prior to ion decarbonatisation. The overall technological process is efficiently sized and fully automated. The treatment of wastewater from backwashing process sand filters allows the successful and continuous return of the water in a volume flow, Q, from 80 m3h-1 to 85 m3 h-1, with no negative impact on the clarification of raw water. The constructed technological solution resulted in 12-percent less use of raw water from the Pakra accumulation lake, as well as 50-percent less discharge of the wastewater into natural watercourses.

The foundation of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1861 and the role of bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer is described. The first 16 members of the Academy and all its presidents are listed. Only one chemist so far has been president of the Academy; this was Gustav Janeček. The changes in the Academy's structure and name since its foundation are discussed. The present name - Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts - was used from 1941 to 1945 and since 1991. All full member chemists of the Academy are listed. The scientific journal Rad, published by the Academy since 1867, is briefly presented. Four papers by Dragutin Eeh, published in Rad from 1878 to 1882, are discussed since they are the first papers reporting original research in chemistry in Croatia. All papers by Gustav Janeeek published in Rad are also presented. All Janeeek’s doctoral students are mentioned with the titles of their theses and dates of doctoral degree.

This paper deals with a bibliometric analysis of journal Kemija u industriji for the period 2000–2009. The results of the analysis show that the journal is still dealing with the problem of publishing scientific papers, which was also detected in a previous similar analysis (M. Jokia et al. (2002)). Furthermore, in 82.1 % of categorized papers at least one author is from Croatia, while in 88.4 % at least one author is from neighboring countries (Croatia and other ex-Yugoslavia countries). This data reveals the strong national and regional orientation of the journal, which can be related with the language of publishing (mostly Croatian – 76.4 %), as well as with one of the basic functions of the journal according to its mission, which is to develop and improve chemistry and engineering terminology and nomenclature in the Croatian language. Journal citation analysis is based on the citation data gathered from the bibliographic and citation databases Scopus and Web of Science (WoS). Still, according to the specific bibliometric journal indicators(Impact Factor (IF), SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) and Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP)), the analysis shows that Kemija u industriji could find its place among other related world journals.

In high pressure processing, foods are subjected to pressures generally in the range of 100 – 800 (1200) MPa. The processing temperature during pressure treatments can be adjusted from below 0 °C to above 100 °C, with exposure times ranging from a few seconds to 20 minutes and even longer, depending on process conditions. The effects of high pressure are system volume reduction and acceleration of reactions that lead to volume reduction. The main areas of interest regarding high-pressure processing of food include: inactivation of microorganisms, modification of biopolymers, quality retention (especially in terms of flavour and colour), and changes in product functionality. Food components responsible for the nutritive value and sensory properties of food remain unaffected by high pressure. Based on the theoretical background of high-pressure processing and taking into account its advantages and limitations, this paper aims to show its possible application in food processing. The paper gives an outline of the special equipment used in highpressure processing. Typical high pressure equipment in which pressure can be generated either by direct or indirect compression are presented together with three major types of high pressure food processing: the conventional (batch) system, semicontinuous and continuous systems. In addition to looking at this technology’s ability to inactivate microorganisms at room temperature, which makes it the ultimate alternative to thermal treatments, this paper also explores its application in dairy, meat, fruit and vegetable processing. Here presented are the effects of high-pressure treatment in milk and dairy processing on the inactivation of microorganisms and the modification of milk protein, which has a major impact on rennet coagulation and curd formation properties of treated milk. The possible application of this treatment in controlling cheese manufacture, ripening and safety is discussed. The opportunities for its application within the meat processing sector are also discussed, particularly the specific effects of high pressure on the colour, texture, nutritive value and functional properties of fresh and processed meat. This paper also considers the possibilities of implementing high-pressure technology in fruit and vegetable processing with the aim to maintain microbiological safety, nutritive value, “fresh-like” appearance and antimutagenic properties. The intention of this paper is to broaden the knowledge of experts and technologists regarding implementation possibilities of high pressure, as one of the emerging technologies in the various food-processing sectors. Given the trend of growing consumer preferences for fresh-like, additive-free and microbiologically safe food, high pressure processing is likely to find its future application in food processing for niche products with added value.

In this paper, six novel mathematical models based on semi-empirical calculus are proposed and applied to characterise the oven-drying process of cement mortar composites reinforced with cellulosic fibres (CMCRCFs). The drying experiments were carried out on four levels of oven-drying temperatures (70, 85, 105, and 120 °C), with four different cellulosic fibres content (0, 5, 10, and 20 %). Obtained results were compared to those derived by regression analysis of six most typically used mathematical drying models (Newton, Page, Page modified1, Page modified2, Handerson Pabis, and Logarithmic) in addition to six proposed models. The regression accuracy of the drying process was evaluated by the coefficient of determination (R2), low mean square error (MSE), low root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Additional criteria were used to ensure more validity of the selected models. The obtained values indicate a highly accurate fit of the proposed model MR9, meaning that the proposed model can clearly interpret the experimental drying data and predict the dry state of CMCRCFs.

Emulsions are traditionally prepared with the application of high shear forces generated by the use of static mixers, homogenisers, or ultrasound. The resulting emulsions are sensitive to change of process conditions. The application of high forces and temperatures can significantly affect the constituents of the emulsions and their final stability. Microfluidic technology seems to be a very efficient alternative to classic emulsification methods. The dimensions of microdevices in combination with continuous processes offer a great advantage over classic batch emulsification processes carried out on a larger scale. The small dimensions of the microdevices allow easy transport of equipment, better control and safety of the process, and intensified mass and energy transfer. The mixing time in microdevices is reduced to a few milliseconds because the molecules in the microchannels have a short diffusion path. In this paper, an overview of emulsification processes, the advantages of use of microfluidics in emulsification, and future perspectives of microemulsification are presented.

The aim in this work was to investigate the change in microstructure, phase transformation temperatures, and thermal properties due to the quenching of the investigated Cu-Al-Mn and Cu-Al-Mn-Ti alloys in ribbon form. This paper presents the results of microstructure analysis and thermal properties of Cu-Al-Mn and Cu-Al-Mn-Ti shape memory alloys produced in ribbon form by melt spinning technique. The microstructural analysis was carried out before and after quenching. After casting of the investigated alloys, annealing at 900 °C for 30 min was performed, followed by water quenching. The microstructural analysis was carried out by optical and scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer and by X-ray diffractometer. Thermodynamic calculation of a ternary Cu-Al-Mn system in equilibrium condition was performed using Thermo-Calc 5 software. Phase transformation temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and electrical resistance measuring. The results of microstructural analysis show the presence of martensite microstructures before and after quenching in the Cu-Al-Mn alloy, while in the Cu-Al-Mn-Ti alloy martensite microstructure exists only after quenching. Phase transformation temperatures decreased after quenching and titanium addition.

Presented in this paper are the principles and the starting point for construction of an encyclopaedic dictionary of Croatian terminology in analytical chemistry, as well as in analytics, a recent scientific field. Consequently, the choice, construction and extent of lexical units for the encyclopaedic dictionary will be determined by adequate scientific and professional criteria. Principles and methods determined and presented in this paper can aid in writing Croatian analytical dictionary and support the efforts in systemizing and encyclopaedic presentation of terms that are of particular significance for analytics. The described principles take into account terminological and linguistic demands. The paper stresses the need for revision of current and non-systemized terminology, adjustment of unavoidable internationalisms to Croatian linguistic standards, and, as analytical chemistry is a science of chemical measurements, adjustment of terminology to existing Croatian standards in metrology and other related areas.

Ultrasound is a sound frequency in the range between 18 and 100 kHz that is above hearing of the human ear. High power ultrasound means application of intensities higher than 1 W cm–2 (usually in the range between I=10–1000Wcm–2). High power and low frequency ultrasound (f = 20 to 100 kHz) is considered as “power ultrasound” because its application causes cavitation and is applied in the food industry. High power ultrasound is applied for degassing of liquid food, for induction of oxidation/reduction reactions, for extraction of enzymes and proteins, for inactivation of enzymes and induction of nucleation for crystallization. Ultrasound is anticipating heat transfer; it is used for emulsifying, sterilization, extraction, degassing, filtrating, drying and induction of oxidation. Conventional hot air drying is a very energy- and cost-intensive process. Drying is a simultaneous operation of heat and mass exchange that is followed by phase changes. Application of different pretreatments, like osmotic dehydration, ultrasound and ultrasound assisted osmotic dehydration has shown different effects on fruits and vegetables. When the high intensity acoustic energy is passing through solid material, it causes several fast and successive compressions and rarefactions with speeds that depend on the frequency applied. Thus, material is exposed to a series of exchangeable squeezing and relaxations, very like continuous squeezing and releasing of the sponge. This mechanism known as "rectified diffusion" is very important in acoustic drying and migration of water. Application of ultrasound as a pretreatment has shown great influence on reducing afterward hot air drying thereby reducing total drying time. It is also shown that pretreatment before drying facilitates better mass transfer and water diffusivity than osmotic dehydration. Quality of the product after drying is better because ultrasound pretreatment is applied at room temperature thus reducing deteriorating alterations and nutritive loss of compounds in fruits and vegetables.In this paper, the basic theory of ultrasound has been described. In the figures, the range of sound by frequency is described, as is the amplitude of ultrasound and its effect on the material also l, the wavelength and attenuation coefficient have been explained. The most common usage of power ultrasound as probe type of high intensity ultrasound set system with piezoelectric transducer have been introduced as a system for ultrasound drying. When the ultrasound wave passes through material the basic effect occurs. It is called cavitation and is divided generally in two types: stable and transient cavitation. Also, when imploding cavitation bubble causes elevated temperatures and pressures several chemical reactions can happen. In the figure one can see the visualisation of sonochemical reactions that occur around the decomposed bubble. Several reactions of decomposition, polymerisations, formation of aggregates, breaking of aggregates, bonding,breaking of bonds, formation of radicals, hydroxyl radicals etc. The main aim of this paper was to introduce the new non-thermal pre-treatment or direct treatment of ultrasound probe, or set of probes in the drying of vegetables and fruits. The basic target of the paper was to improve the knowledge of experts in the food industry and technologists in the chemical and other industries to learn of the possibility of implementing new techniques in their facilities. One can observe the modern scheme of the system for drying of materials with direct contact and also the example of the ultrasound treatment of fruits, water diffusivity in fruit and total processing time of applying ultrasound. The most important thing is to conduct the drying process in the best way to reduce treatment time, and to optimize the system. The most commonly used mathematical models for determination of drying kinetics have been pointed out. The lack of information is about energy input, and the total quality of dried fruits and vegetables and for that purpose in the future several scientific projects need to be conducted to surely claim the benefit of ultrasound accelerated drying of foodstuffs.

Inadequate industrial waste management in Croatia is reflected in the non-sanitary waste disposal, low recycling levels, negligible share of waste processing technologies, insufficient control of its flows, etc.Generated industrial wastes are most frequently disposed of at producers’ own, mostly illegal landfills. There are many such landfills on the Croatian territory, and the disposed types of waste often include those that can be hazardous and represent a considerable source of environmental pollution.Past waste management in all industrial branches can be characterized in this way, which at the same time may result in the harmful impact on human health and the environment. It also represents economic loss due to low utilisation of material and energy potential of some industrial wastes. The metallurgical industry collects its production waste separately. Only a part of the generated waste is returned to the production process and some waste is occasionally used by other industries as secondary raw materials, but the largest part of it ends at producers' own landfills on site. Hazardous wastes (dust containing heavy metals, waste oils etc.) are mostly disposed of in a controlled and lawful manner. Past handling of metallurgical waste was unacceptable both from the environmental and economic point of view. Therefore a systematic resolving of this important issue was initiated at the beginning of this decade. Sisak Steelworks galvanized steel pipes in the hot-dip galvanizing procedure by immersing in molten zinc. Between 1970 and 2000 Sisak Steelworks produced approximately 900 000 tonnes of galvanized pipes this way and generated around 70 000 m3 of neutralisation sludge, which was subsequently disposed of in the landfill on site. The paper presents the results of examination of physical-chemical properties of neutralisation sludge generated as waste material in the process of neutralisation of waste sulphate acid bath used in Sisak Steelworks for pickling of steel pipes before hot galvanizing. The results obtained by search electronic microanalysis of sludge samples led to identification of particles of average diameter ranging from d ~1 to 200 µm of predominantly angular in shape. Qualitative search electron microanalysis of sludge samples identified the presence of Ca, Fe, S, O and C. Furthermore, the analysis of the distribution of these elements in sludge samples and the analysis of cluster shapes of individual elements have shown that they correspond completely, which indicates that they occur together in the observed sample particle. This indicates that the sludge sample contained compounds of the Ca–S–O and Fe–O type and their exact bonding form is defined by the x-ray diffraction technique. The identified phases appearing in all samples and their fractions are: CaSO4 · H2O – gypsum;CaSO4 · 0,5 H2O – basanite and Fe3O4 – magnetite. Results of quantitative chemical analysis of sludge samples and their fractions obtained by colour separation indicate that the samples mostly contain calcium (w = 15.55–17.33 %), sulfur (w = 13.38–15.63 %), iron (w = 9.48–11.04 %), followed by Al (w = 5.00–5.26 %), K, Ti, Mn, Zn, Cr, Sr, Ni, Co, Pb and Zn – all in concentrations below 0.1 %. Examination of physical-chemical properties of eluates thereof has proven that there is no risk of admixtures present in this waste and the sludge can be disposed of on the ground in compliance with legal regulations.The obtained results provide grounds for the conclusion that the basic component of the analysed neutralisation sludge is gypsum (w ~ 85%). Referring to the good agro-technical practice of agriculturally developed countries, it is justified to consider its possible application for calcification ofagricultural soil. The purpose of this paper was to identify the physical-chemical properties of this type of waste and use its valuable components to find new options for its use in other branches of economy and to stop its uncontrolled accumulation in the environment, improving thus the management of this and similar types of non-hazardous industrial waste.

An account of Professor Karlo Weber's life is given. He was born January 25th, 1902 in Mramorak (Vojvodina) and died September 1st, 1978 in Zagreb. He studied chemistry and physics in Graz and Freiburg and obtained his Ph. D. at the University of Graz in 1926. The first part of his career from 1927 to 1945 Weber spent at the Department of Chemical Technology, Technical Faculty. His advancement from assistantship to full-professorship was not smooth. After May 8th, 1945, Weber barely saved his life and on September 5th, 1945 was formally dismissed from the Technical Faculty. He was out of a job, but soon was employed in the bookstore Juraj Križanić first as a staff-member and then as a salesman. Weber was dismissed from this job on June 30th, 1946. Two weeks later, he joined the Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Zagreb. He again started at the bottom of the hierarchy as a low-paid lab-assistant, but being a very able researcher he advanced relatively quickly to the position of full research professor in 1960.Weber was a physical chemist whose main research interest were chemical kinetics, photochemistry and optical phenomena (luminescence, fluorescence, photography). The more important part of his research work was published while he was at the Department of Chemical Technology. In the Department of Forensic Medicine, Weber encountered research different kind of problems – problems from forensic medicine and toxicology. This change in research environment did not prevent Weber in his productivity, he published 159 research papers, more than 70 technical papers, and 4 monographs. Among them especially prominent is Inhibitorwirkungen – Eine Darstellung der Negative Katalyse in Lösungen (Ferdinand Enke-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1938.), which was the first monograph on the subject.Under his supervision, 13 M. Sc. theses and 24 Ph. D. theses were produced. Data for the Ph. D. theses are given (although incomplete). Weber is remembered as an excellent chemist, and a patient and friendly teacher.

This paper describes the problem of paraffin deposition during production, transportation and processing of crude oil and gas condensate. The troublesome paraffin stands for normal hydrocarbons ranging from approximately C18-C38, mixed with small amounts of branched paraffin, monocyclic paraffin, polycyclic paraffin, and aromatics. The amount of paraffin found in crude oils as described in the literature, varies from less than 1 to more than 50 percent. The solubility of paraffin depends on chemical composition, temperature and pressure. Paraffin precipitates at an equilibrium temperature and pressure defined as the cloud point. The paraffin deposits often begin on surfaces cooler than the liquid. The viscosity is increased by the presence of paraffin crystals and if the temperature is reduced sufficiently, the crude oil/gas condensate will become very viscous(pour point). The crude oil/gas condensate viscosity behaves in a Newtonian manner until wax crystals begin to form and, after lowering the temperature, behaves in a non-Newtonian manner.Many options are available to counter the problems caused by paraffin wax deposition. These include various mechanical, thermal and chemical means (for example, steam heating, blending with lighter cutter stocks and treating with chemical additives). A preferred option would be to use wax modifier additives, commonly known as pour point depressants. Crystal modifiers are copolymers from these groups: copolymers of ethylene vinyl acetate, poly alpha-olefins, alkyl fumarate- vinyl acetate copolymers of C18-through C22 methacrylates and copolymers of maleic anhydride esters. The mechanism of paraffin deposition and prevention is described. The additives modify the size and shape of the crystal and inhibit the formation of large wax crystal lattices. With efficient additives, crude oil/gas condensate behaves in a Newtonian manner at low temperature.A section of the paper describes the influence of chemical structure and molecular weight of the flow improver additives for crude oils and gas condensates prepared by the authors of this review article. The additives are based on methacrylic long chain alkyl ester homopolymers or copolymers with vinyl carboxylic acids or vinyl aromatic monomers. The quality of the prepared additives as pour point depressants and rheology improvers was proved by applying them to crude oil from INA fields Števkovica, Obod and Deletovci as well as gas condensate fields Molve, Kalinovac, Stari Gradac, Gola, and Hungarian gas condensate field Barcs. The best results were obtained with the copolymers of methacrylic long-chain alkyl esters with functional monomers.

A brief account of Professor Božidar Rogina's life is given. He was born on December 21, 1901 in Ivanjska near Bjelovar and died of a heart attack on January 20, 1967 in Zagreb. He graduated high school in 1919 in Zagreb and the same year entered the Department of Chemical Engineering of Technological College in Zagreb, but the following year (1920) Rogina moved to Prague, where in 1923 he obtained his degree in chemical engineering at the Technological College. He obtained his Ph. D. in 1931 at the University of Zagreb.Professor Rogina started his career in 1925 at the Institute of Hygiene in Zagreb, where he stayed until 1952. That year he moved to the Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry, which in 1959 was divided into two independent faculties: The Faculty of Agronomy, and the Faculty of Forestry. He stayed until he died at the Faculty of Agronomy where he had been the head of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Professor Rogina had also been a member of the board that in 1956 proposed the first structure of the Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, later (in 1980) the Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology. Professor Rogina's research mainly pertained to the area of analytical chemistry of foodstuffs, while he published only 8 scientific and professional papers: 3 in the Arhiv za hemiju i farmaciju (Archive of Chemistry and Pharmacy), 3 in the Kemija u industriji (Chemistry in Industry), one paper in the Farmaceutski glasnik (Pharmaceutical Gazzette) and one in the Analyst (London). Only this last paper on the micro-determination of iodides had been cited in international literature. All his papers, but one, were published whilst Professor Rogina was at the Institute of Hygiene. When he became a university professor, he had been busy with lectures, preparing lecture notes for students and offering consulting services to the food industry. Professor Rogina held lectures at several higher educational institutions and faculties. He gave lectures in chemistry, biochemistry, chemistry and technology of foodstuffs, and food engineering. Professor Rogina's lectures were always presented in a interesting way. He examed students in a very friendly manner not asking questions outside of his lectures and lecture notes.

In this paper, a review of reactions with benzotriazole as synthetic auxiliary is given. In contrast to most other azoles, benzotriazole reacts with phosgene in molar ratio 1:1 yielding carboxylic acid chloride (BtcCl, 1), which readily reacts with nucleophiles giving reactive compounds. These products can be easily transformed into carbamates, ureas, semicarbazides, carbazides, sulfonylureas, sulfonylcarbazides, nitroalkanic acid esters, etc. In addition, benzotriazole was used in the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds: benzoxazine, kinazoline, triazinetrione, hydantoin and oxadiazine derivatives. The reaction of chloride 1 with amino acids enabled the use of benzotriazole in peptide chemistry, with triple role of benzotriazolecarbonyl group as N-protecting, N-activating, and both N-protecting/C-activating group. N-(1-benzotriazolecarbonyl)-amino acids 25 are starting compounds in the synthesis of various amino acid, di- and tripeptide derivatives, hydantoic acids and hydroxyureas.Benzotriazole was also applied in the preparation of polymer-drug and thiomer-drug conjugates, polymeric prodrugs with drugs covalently bound to the polymeric carriers. Such macromolecular prodrugs may offer many advantages compared to other drug delivery systems such as increased drug solubility, prolonged drug release, increased stability. It is also possible to accumulate the drug at the site of the pathological process and to minimize its toxicity. In this paper, the binding of drugs from various therapeutic groups (mostly nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs) to polymersof polyaspartamide type by the benzotriazolide method is described.

The Department of organic chemistry was founded on October 1st, 1922 as part of the Chemical Engineering Department of the High Technical School in Zagreb. The first-appointed professor of organic chemistry was Ivan Marek, formerly the professor at the School of Trade in Zagreb. The High Technical School with all its departments was soon (1926/27) incorporated into the University of Zagreb and became the nucleus of the Technical Faculty. The management of the faculty was fully aware of the necessity to engage the best scientists in the field as faculty professors. As far as organic chemistry was concerned, there was no better choice in the mid 1930's, than to invite young but already recognized organic chemist Dr. Vladimir Prelog to join the staff and to succeed professor Marek, who retired in 1935. Dr. Prelog did not hesitate to accept the invitation and was eager to continue his scientific work in an academic laboratory in Zagreb. At the time of the invitation, Dr. Prelog was engaged in a small laboratory synthesizing special samples of rare chemicals to be sold through the chemical store "Dřiza" in Prague. There he was provided the modest opportunity to carry on his own research, and together with Rudolf Lukeš and Emil Votoček, published a number of papers concerning organic synthesis and chemistry of natural products. Elected in Zagreb for the lectureship of the assistant professor in organic chemistry, Prelog started teaching as early as in the summer semester of 1934/35. The ingenious and bright lecturing of young professor Prelog inspired his students, and many of them were attracted to organic chemistry. On the other hand, the working conditions in the disposable laboratory of the Organic Chemistry Department were too modest to accept a number of students. The budget was so small that it only covered tuition, while there was no research fund at the faculty. Luckily, Dr. Prelog did not hesitate to accept an offer for scientific co-operation from the small but prosperous pharmaceutical company "Kaštel" in Zagreb. On behalf of the agreement, Prelog and his department obtained funds to fit up the laboratory and to start very prosperous research in the synthesis and studies of pharmaceutically interesting compounds. With his assistants, students and other collaborators, Prelog started research of cinchona bark alkaloids, preferentially oriented to the synthesis of quinine. For example, Prelog's method of double intramolecular alkylation to synthetize the quinuclidine moiety of quinine was patented by "Kaštel". With R. Seiwerth he developed the first useful synthesis of adamantane. Prelog's group started research in the field of sulphonamides and commercial success of "Streptazole" stimulated the development of the research laboratories within "Kaštel". The collaboration in the research continued in fields of other chemotherapeutics, analeptics, spasmolitics, barbiturates etc. Within the period 1935-1941, Prelog published 48 scientific papers and 8 patents. In less than seven years, his results enormously influenced the entire organic chemistry in Zagreb till nowadays. Under the confused and uncertain circumstances caused by the beginning of World War II, Prelog left Zagreb in 1941 and continued his extraordinary scientific career at the ETH in Zürich.During the war (1942-1945) the tuition and the Department were run by Dr. Rativoj Seiwerth, former collaborator and first assistant to V. Prelog. In almost unbelievable conditions, the young assistant, then assistant professor (since January 1943), R. Seiwerth fully succeeded in continuing most activities founded by Professor Prelog. After the war (1945), R. Seiwerth was forced to resign. Nevertheless, soon after R. Seiwerth continued his research work, firstly in the Institute for Industrial Research in Zagreb (1946-1952), and later in the Research Institute of "Pliva" in Zagreb. He retired in 1980.In post-war conditions (1945/46), the activity of the Technical Faculty and its Organic Chemistry Department was restored. The tuition and leading of the Department were offered to Dr. Viktor Hahn, former student and Prelog's collaborator since 1936. The influence of Professor V. Hahn on the development of the Technical Faculty and the Department of Organic Chemistry in the period 1945-1970 (V. Hahn ceased on May 17, 1970) was enormous. Thanks to the well-established research and tuition in the Department, his former students and colleagues have successfully continued the work until today.

During the development of intelligent systems inspired by biological neural system, in the last two decades the researchers from various scientific fields have created neural networks for solving a series of problems from pattern recognition, prediction, diagnostic, software sensor, modelling and identification, control and optimization. In this paper a review of neural network application in the field of chemical engineering with emphasis on identification and process control is given.The neural networks have been proven usefull in the applications which include complex chemical and biochemical reactions. In such a processes use of standard methods of process modelling and control structure are frequently not suitable. The ability of neural network to model dynamics of nonlinear process makes them an important tool for implementation in model-based control. Due to intensively theory development and many practical applications, there are numerous neural network structures and algorithms.In this paper neural networks are categorized under three major control schemes: model-base predictive control, inverse model-based control, and adaptive control. The major applications are summarized. It reveals prospect of using neural networks in process identification and control.The future of neural network application lies not only in their explicite use, but in cross connecting to other advanted technnologies as well. Fusion of neural networks and fuzzy logic in the form of neural-fuzzy network is one of the possibilites. Other important field is hibrid modelling and identification methods which supplement simplified mechanistic models. Software sensors and their application, especially in controlling of bioprocesses, present a very promising field.

The Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology (FCT), University of Split was founded in 1960 as the Split Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Zagreb. The faculty members have published many scientific papers; however, Current Contents has covered only 242 of these papers. The annual production of papers published from 1966 to 2005 and covered by the Current Contents is presented by columns (Fig.1). In the last five years (2001-2005), 85 papers with FCT address have been published in journals of CC-category. The 85 papers considered in this study were published by 86 authors, of which 47 are from FCT, 29 are from other institutions in Croatia, while 10 are from abroad. The average number of authors per paper is 3.10. Last year (2005), the faculty members published more papers (20) than in the first fifteen years (16). The undergraduate and graduate education programs of the FCT in chemistry and chemical technology are organized in two departments: the Department of Chemistry, and the Department of Engineering and Technology. This paper includes lists of journals publishing two or more papers of both departments; the scientific production of the FCT and its departments, as well as the joint production of the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Engineering & Technology.Distribution of journals in different scientific units according to Current Contents in also presented.Most of the FCT's scientific production (47 papers) has been published in journals covered by the Current Contents edition: Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences.

Decarbonisation means reducing or ideally eliminating the greenhouse gas emissions by evaluating all processes in a system from a “low-carbon” perspective. This review describes the current state of the fertiliser industry, and the options and recommendations for its decarbonisation. Decarbonisation of the fertiliser industry can be achieved with the developing technologies in terms of raw materials, energy usage, and operating conditions in the fertiliser production processes. Low-carbon fertilisers can be realised with the improvements that can be made in the life cycle of the fertiliser, from the derivation of the raw materials to the formation of the final products. Today, many decarbonisation studies with new technologies that can be created in ammonia production, which is the most energy-intensive process in the fertiliser industry, are at the research stage. This paper reviews the use of hydrogen source in ammonia production and achieving biomass gasification or electrolysis with low carbon footprints, reducing greenhouse gas emissions in nitric acid production, integrating carbon capture and storage technologies into the fertiliser processes, and increasing the efficiency of low-carbon agricultural practices.