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Ovaj rad opisuje različite pogone tvornice za proizvodnju i preradu papira DS Smith. To su pogon za proizvodnju i preradu starog papira, proizvodnju kartonske ambalaže i pogon za proizvodnju električne i toplinske energije. U pogonu za proizvodnju i preradu papira navedeni su i opisani strojevi: (papir stroj 2 i papir stroj 3) koji sudjeluju u cijelom procesu prerade starog papira u papirne role. Na Wellpap stroju se od papirnih rola proizvode kartonske ploče. Strojevi (Bobst masterflex 160, Bobst 1600, Martin 924, Signode/Octopus) služe za tisak, štancanje i pakiranje kartonske ambalaže. Navedeni su postupci opskrbe, distribucije električne energije i svrha pojedinih elemenata kao što su generatori, transformatori i diesel-agregat. Naglašena je svrha zaštite i signalizacije u sustavu. Cijeli sadržaj je popraćen odgovarajućim slikama i shemama koje služe za približavanje slike rada pogona. This paper describes the various facilities of the DS Smith paper mill. These are the plant for production and processing of waste paper, the production of cardboard packaging and the plant for the production of electricity and thermal energy. In the plant for the production and processing of paper, the following machines are listed and described: (paper machine 2 and paper machine 3) which participate in the entire process of processing waste paper into paper rolls. Cardboard panels are produced from paper rolls on the Wellpap machine. Machines ((Bobst masterflex 160, Bobst 1600, Martin 924, Signode/Octopus) are used for printing, stamping and packaging of cardboard packaging. The procedures for supply and distribution of electricity and purpose of individual elements such as generators, transformers and diesel-generators are listed. The purpose of protection and signaling in the system is emphasized. The entire content is accompanied by appropriate pictures and diagrams that serve to bring the picture of the operation of the drive closer.

Cilj istraživanja Cilj ovog presječnog istraživanja bio je ispitati je li format diplomskih radova obranjenih na integriranom Studiju dentalne medicine Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu u skladu s IMRaD strukturom izvornih znanstvenih članaka s obzirom na dužine glavnih cjelina u tekstu diplomskog rada – Uvoda, Metoda, Rezultata i Rasprave. Materijali i metode Iz digitalnog akademskog arhiva i repozitorija DABAR prikupljeno je 150 diplomskih radova obranjenih na integriranom Studiju dentalne medicine Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu u razdoblju od 2016. do 2021. godine. Dužine cjelina diplomskih radova (Uvod, Ciljevi istraživanja, Metode, Rezultati, Rasprava, Zaključak, Sažetak na hrvatskom jeziku, Sažetak na engleskom jeziku) iskazane su brojem riječi, a dužina IMRaD strukture zbrojem riječi Uvoda, Metoda, Rezultata i Rasprave. Podatci su analizirani opisnom statistikom i linearnom regresijom (jednostavna i višestruka). Rezultati U prosjeku po godini je obranjeno 25 diplomskih radova (25 ±1,88) pri čemu najviše u 2019. godini (31 rad), a najmanje u 2018. godini (18 radova). Prema granama dentalne medicine, najzastupljenije su bile teme iz Oralne medicine, Endodoncije i restaurativne dentalne medicine, Protetike te Dječje i preventivne dentalne medicine (105 radova, 70%) pri čemu je bilo najviše diplomskih radova s temama iz Oralne medicine (32 rada, 21,33%). S dužinom IMRaD strukture najjače korelira dužina Uvoda (R = 0,819; R2 = 0,671), potom Rezultata (R = 0,768; R2 = 0,589), dok su dužine Rasprave (R = 0,592; R2 = 0,351) i Metoda (R = 0,197; R2 = 0,039) slabo ili nikako povezane s dužinom IMRaD strukture. U prosjeku, Uvod zauzima malo manje od polovice prostora unutar IMRaD strukture (48,08% ± 11,69%) kod svih pregledanih diplomskih radova. Zaključak Format diplomskih radova obranjenih na integriranom Studiju dentalne medicine Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu nije u skladu s IMRaD strukturom izvornih znanstvenih članaka s obzirom na nesrazmjerno dug Uvod unutar IMRaD strukture., Objective The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether the format of diploma theses defended in the undergraduate Study of Dental Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, is compatible with the IMRaD structure of original research papers, considering the relative length of IMRaD sections - Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion. Materials and methods 150 diploma theses, defended between 2016 and 2021 from undergraduate Study of Dental Medicine at The School of Medicine University of Split between 2016. and 2021, have been collected from The Digital Academic Archives and Repositories DABAR. The length of each section of the thesis (Introduction, Research Objectives, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Summary in Croatian and English) was expressed as the number of words. The length of the IMRaD structure was calculated as the total word count of Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion sections. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and linear regression. Results On average, 25 theses were defended per year (25 ±1.88). The majority of theses were clinical research reports, with topics in oral pathology, endodontics and restorative dentistry, prosthodontics, and pediatric dentistry (105 theses, 70%) being the most common. The highest correlation with the length of the IMRaD structure in theses was observed for the Introduction (R = 0.819; R2 = 0.671), followed by the Results (R = 0.768; R2 = 0.589), whereas weak and no correlation were observed for the Discussion (R = 0.592; R2 = 0.351) and Methods (R = 0.197; R2 = 0.039), respectively. On average, the Introduction occupied almost half of the length of the IMRaD structure (48.08% ± 11.69%). Conclusion The format of diploma theses defended in the undergraduate Study of Dental Medicine at The School of Medicine University of Split is not compatible to the IMRaD structure of the original research papers, as the introduction is disproportionately long compared to other sections of the IMRaD structure.

U okviru teorije narativne persuazije nastoji se istraživanjima publike ustanoviti koji čimbenici, proizišli iz određenih odlika fikcionalne priče, osnažuju potencijal utjecaja te priče na vjerovanja, stavove ili postupke (njezin „persuazivni potencijal“). Političke serije „kvalitetne televizije“ postaju sve značajniji sukreator političke kulture pa nam je namjera bila u okviru teorije narativne persuazije ispitati persuazivni potencijal ove skupine serija. Cilj istraživanja bio je analizirati istaknutosti i povezanosti pet persuazivnih čimbenika koji nisu do sada zajedno promatrani u istraživanjima persuazije putem serija. To su: percipirani realizam, identifikacija, emocionalna uključenost, evaluacija priče i zainteresiranost (do sada slabije istraživana). U Hrvatskoj smo proveli kvantitativno anketno istraživanje metodom grude snijega. Kao stimulus poslužila nam je serija „Novine“. Od ukupno 522 ispitanika, 309 ispitanika je gledalo „Novine“ i sudjelovalo u glavnom istraživanju persuazivnih čimbenika. Ostale smo sudionike, u cilju pomoćnog istraživanja, ispitivali o razlozima negledanja serije. Rezultati glavnog istraživanja pokazuju izraženost svih persuazivnih čimbenika te snažne i umjerene pozitivne povezanosti među njima. Time ukazuju na visoko izražen persuazivni potencijal političkih serija „kvalitetne televizije“. Istraživanje je proširilo ranije uvide o istaknutosti i povezanosti elementa zainteresiranosti za priču i elementa pozitivne evaluacije priče. Interes za priču i njezina evaluacija snažno su međusobno pozitivno povezani i duboko afektivne prirode. Rezultati sugeriraju i da su gledateljeva zainteresiranost za priču i pozitivan dojam o njoj usko pozitivno povezani s drugim persuazivnim čimbenicima. Vezano za njihovu povezanost s percipiranim realizmom priče, uočena je nešto slabija povezanost s vanjskim nego s unutarnjim realizmom. Narativne strategije i dramaturška snaga same serije stoga će biti od nešto veće važnosti za njihovo osnaživanje, nego li prepoznavanje činjenične vanjske sličnosti sa stvarnim svijetom. Manje od polovice ispitanika „Novine“ je pratilo isključivo tijekom emitiranja na linearnoj televiziji. To sugerira da rejtinzi linearnih emitiranja ne odražavaju masovnost prijema serije u Hrvatskoj., Within narrative persuasion theory, audience research seeks to establish which factors, derived from certain elements of a fictional story, strengthen the potential influence of that story on beliefs, attitudes, or behaviours (its ‘persuasive potential’). Quality TV political series are becoming an increasingly important co-creator of political culture. Therefore, we intended to examine the persuasive potential of this type of TV series within the narrative persuasion theory. The research aimed to analyse the prominence and correlation of five persuasive factors that have not been observed together in TV series persuasion research yet. These factors are perceived realism, identification, emotional involvement, story evaluation, and interest (less researched thus far). We conducted a quantitative survey based on snowball sampling in Croatia. The stimulus was the TV series The Paper. Out of 522 respondents, 309 respondents watched The Paper and participated in the main study of persuasive factors. For additional study, we asked other participants about their reasons for not watching the series. The results of the main study suggest the prominence of all persuasive factors as well as strong and moderate positive correlations between them. They thus point to the highly pronounced persuasive potential of Quality TV political series. The research expanded earlier insights on the prominence and correlations of the interest factor and positive evaluation factor. Interest and evaluation are exceptionally mutually positively correlated and deeply affective. Furthermore, the results suggest that the viewers’ interest and positive evaluation of the story are closely and positively correlated to other persuasive elements. Regarding correlations of the factors with the story’s perceived realism, the correlations with external realism are weaker than those with internal realism. Therefore, the series’ narrative strategies and inner strength will be somewhat more important for their empowerment than recognising the factual similarity with the outside world. Less than half of the respondents watched The Paper weekly on linear TV, which suggests that linear TV ratings do not reflect the total reception of The Paper in Croatia.

Predstavnici znanstvenih disciplina, uključujući i sociologe, trebaju biti refleksivni prema svom radu i prema vlastitim istraživačkim aktivnostima. Metodologija, kao jedan od aspekata tih aktivnosti, predstavlja skup pravila o korištenju različitih metoda i tehnika istraživanja. Autor ove disertacije krenuo je od pretpostavke da je moguće identificirati obrasce korištenja različitih metodoloških pristupa u sociologiji te da istraživači trebaju proučavati širi društveni kontekst da bi mogli utemeljeno objasniti pojavljivanje različitih obrazaca korištenja metodoloških pristupa. Slijedom navedenog, da bi se objasnio predmet istraživanja, u ovoj se disertaciji daje pregled teorijskih koncepata iz sociologije znanosti i sociologije znanja te iz refleksivne sociologije. Predmet istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji može se opisati kao proučavanje promjena u metodološkim obilježjima istraživačkih radova u hrvatskoj sociologiji od 60-ih godina prošlog stoljeća pa sve do danas, uključujući i analizu društveno – političkog konteksta u kojem su proučavana obilježja nastajala. Da bi se dobila opširnija slika o istraživanoj problematici, korištene su metode dvaju metodoloških pristupa. Prva metoda predstavljala je kvantitativnu analizu sadržaja istraživanih radova, koja je dala uvid u karakteristike metodoloških obilježja samih radova. U drugoj metodi, korišteni su polu – strukturirani intervjui koji su provedeni na uzorku sociologa, zaposlenih u znanstveno – istraživačkim institucijama. U intervjuima se raspravljalo o društveno – političkom kontekstu u kojem su istraživani radovi objavljeni. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su da je došlo do promjena u metodološkim obilježjima radova u promatranom razdoblju, odnosno da je došlo do porasta u kompleksnosti korištene metodologije u hrvatskoj sociologiji te da su opisi te metodologije s vremenom postajali sve detaljniji. U drugom dijelu istraživanja, identificirana su i objašnjena četiri potencijalna faktora pomoću kojih se može opisati društveno – politički kontekst, s naglaskom na 90-e godine prošlog stoljeća. Ti faktori su sljedeći: političke promjene, institucionalne promjene, generacijske promjene i vanjski utjecaji na razvoj sociologije na ovom području. Iako se ne može tvrditi da su identificirani svi elementi na temelju kojih se može jednoznačno objasniti veza između četiriju spomenutih društvenih faktora i promjena u metodologiji, može se dobiti osnovni uvid u njihov odnos, čime se otvara plodonosan prostor za daljnje diskusije i istraživanja na temu ove disertacije. It can be considered important that members of scientific disciplines, including sociologists, have a reflection on their work and their research activities. Methodology as one aspect of these activities is a set of rules on the use of different research methods and techniques. The author of this dissertation started from the assumption that it is possible to identify patterns of use of different methodological approaches in sociology and that some broader context is needed to explain their occurrence. Regarding the theoretical framework of this dissertation, concepts from the sociology of science and knowledge and concepts from social theory about reflexivity were used to explain the research subject. Theoretical concepts from the sociology of knowledge and the sociology of science were used to explain and define the research subject in this dissertation. Also, concepts from these disciplines were used to explain what it means for a sociological community to have a scientific tradition that depends on the broader social context that needs to be explained. As for the concepts from the sociological theory of reflexivity, they were used to explain why it was important to conduct the research about the topic from this dissertation and which factors needed to be taken into account when explaining it. The main subject of this dissertation can be described as observing the changes in the methodological characteristics of research papers in Croatian sociology from the 1960s to the present time. Another subject of this dissertation was to explain the connection between the observed changes in the methodology of the analyzed research papers and the socio – political context in which these changes took place. To obtain a broader picture of the investigated problem, methods from two methodological approaches were used. The first method was a quantitative analysis of the content of the observed scientific papers and on this basis, an insight into the characteristics of the methodological characteristics of these papers was obtained. A total of 2526 papers were analyzed, of which 702 were estimated to be primarily sociological papers. For the second method, semi – structured interviews were conducted with a group of sociologists employed by research institutions. A total of 17 participants from 8 different scientific research institutions positioned in Zagreb, Osijek, and Zadar participated in the interviews. The discussion in the interviews was about the socio – political context in which the analysed papers were published. Specifically, five thematic blocks were represented in the interviews: (1) the state of sociology during the observed period; (2) the socio – political context during the 1990s, which could have influenced the development of sociology; (3) discussion about the results obtained in this dissertation; (4) discussion about the implications of the results; (5) and discussion about the guidelines for the future development of sociology. The research confirmed that there were changes in the methodological features of the papers. In the observed period, there was an increase in the complexity of the methodology used in Croatian sociology. Also, the descriptions of the used methodology were becoming more detailed. This means that in the observed period, more and more different methodological approaches and statistical tests began to be used. Both quantitative and qualitative solutions to research problems began to be part of the methodology used in the papers. Also, the authors of the research papers have progressed from the use of primarily descriptive statistics on their data and began to use different tests from the corpus of bivariate and multivariate statistics. Regarding the progress on the detail of the methodological descriptions, the authors of the research papers began to provide more and more new pieces of information about the procedures they used in their research. Based on this finding, the first hypothesis from this dissertation was confirmed. In the second part of the research, four potential factors that can serve to describe the socio – political context were identified and explained. These factors are political changes as the main factor; institutional changes; generational changes; and international influences on the development of sociology in this area. Based on the results it can be concluded that identified socio – political factors may have had an impact on the increased number of research papers and the greater thematic diversity of these papers during the observed period. Also, it is necessary to conclude that no completely clear link was found between these factors and the development of more complex methodologies in the observed papers. These results only partially support the second hypothesis. It can be considered that all the results from this dissertation represent a fruitful space for further research and discussions on this or similar topics.

Vlastiti pogon u Koprivnici je Tvrtka otvorila, odnosno pokrenula tijekom 1992. godine, te tada započela s proizvodnjom ambalaže u industrijskoj zoni ovoga grada, prema poslovnom modelu koji je bio temelj poslovanja i u samom sjedištu poduzeća u Danskoj. Tvrtka je danas poduzeće koje se promatra kao vodeći stručnjak na tržištu po pitanju proizvodnje ambalaže od lijevanih vlakana, a svoj uspjeh temelji na održivoj i snažnoj strategiji. Izuzev toga, ističe se i kao vodeći proizvođač tehnologije za proizvodnju ambalaže. Logistički sustav Tvrtke je glavni segment koji će biti analiziran u ovome radu, te sve ono što je direktno povezano s njim. On se sastoji od ukupno pet logističkih procesa, a to su redom: obrada narudžbi, upravljanje zalihama, pakiranje, skladištenje i transport. Posebna pozornost će biti, dakako, kao jednom od logističkih procesa, posvećena skladištenju, jer je on središnje tematika ovog rada. Proces skladištenja se sastoji od nekoliko potprocesa, za čije se izvođenje koristi različita skladišna oprema. Za samo skladište je bitna dobra organizacija, odnosno raspored koji omogućava brz protok materijala u čitavom opskrbnom lancu Tvrtke. Organizacija samog skladišnog poslovanja ovisi o brojnim čimbenicima, kao što su npr. veličina skladišta, vrsta skladišta, stupanj mehanizacije, stupanj automatizacije, sposobnostima i iskustvu zaposlenika, itd. The company opened its own facility in Koprivnica in 1992, and then started producing packaging in the industrial zone of this city, according to the business model that was the basis of the business at the company's headquarters in Denmark. Today, the company is seen as a leading expert on the market in the production of cast fiber packaging, and its success is based on a sustainable and strong strategy. Apart from that, it stands out as a leading manufacturer of technology for the production of packaging. The logistics system of the Company is the main segment that will be analyzed in this paper and everything that is directly related to it. It consists of a of five logistics processes, namely: order processing, inventory management, packaging, storage and transportation. Of course, as one of the logistics processes, special attention will be devoted to storage, because it is the central topic of this paper. The storage process consists of several sub-processes, for the execution of which different storage equipment is used. For the warehouse itself, good organization is essential, that is, a layout that enables a quick flow of materials throughout the Company's supply chain. The organization of the warehouse business itself depends on numerous factors, such as, for example, the size of the warehouse, the type of warehouse, the degree of mechanization, the degree of automation, the skills and experience of the employees, etc.

Tradicija zapisivanja ljudskog znanja seže u daleku povijest. Prije papira neki od glavnih materijala za zapisivanje ljudskog znanja bili su kamen, drvo, papirus, pergamena i sl., koji su korišteni kod starih civilizacija poput Sumerana i Egipćana. Izumom papira u Kini u 2. st. prije Krista i njegovim dolaskom u Europu preko Arapa nekoliko stoljeća poslije mijenja se način zapisivanja znanja, a veliku je ulogu papir odigrao i u povijesti tiskarstva. Jedni od prvih mlinova u Europi razvili su se u Italiji koja je zbog toga bila jedan od najvećih izvoznika papira i njime opskrbljivala velik dio Europe (posebno je poznat po kvalitetnom papiru bio grad Fabriano koji se ističe i vodenim znakovima (filigranima) koje utiskuje u svoj papir). U Hrvatskoj se proizvodnja papira razvija krajem 17. i u 18. stoljeću. Danas se upotrebljavaju raznolike vrste papira, i, iako je digitalno doba u punom zamahu, papir i dalje ostaje glavni materijal za zapisivanje znanja i medij za razmjenu informacija. Tradition of writing down human knowledge has a long history. Before paper some of the most used writing materials were stone, wood, papyrus, parchment etc., which were used by the ancient civilizations such as Sumerians and Egyptians. Discovery of paper in China in 2nd century B.C and its arrival in Europe via Arabsa few centuries later changed the way of writing human knowledge, and paper played a significant role in the history of printing. Some of the first paper mills in Europe developed in Italy, and because of that Italy was the greatest exporter of paper for the needs of whole Europe (the city of Fabriano was especially known for its excellent quality paper with watermarks that were pressed into paper). The production of paper in Croatia starts in 17th and 18th century. Many different kinds of paper are in use today and, even if the digital era is in full swing, paper still stays the most important writing material and medium for knowledge exchange.

Recikliranje (oporaba) je postupak kojim se omogućava ponovna uporaba otpada u proizvodnom procesu. Obuhvaća preradu već korištenih materijala u nove proizvode pa se na taj način potencijalno korisni materijali ne bacaju, već se koriste u novoj proizvodnji. Recikliranje se temelji na relativno jednostavnom načelu: otpad treba promatrati kao sirovinu, čime se istovremeno smanjuje potreba za novim prirodnim dobrima, kao i količina otpadne tvari koju treba negdje odložiti. Zaštita okoliša skup je aktivnosti i mjera za sprečavanje opasnosti za okoliš, nastanka šteta i/ili onečišćivanja okoliša, smanjivanja i/ili otklanjanja šteta nanesenih okolišu te povrata okoliša u stanje prije nastanka štete. Svojim završnim radom pokušala sam djeci predočiti probleme vezane uz okoliš kojih oni još nisu svjesni. Kroz provedene aktivnosti nastojala sam im pokazati postupak recikliranja papira i način na koji se dobiva novi papir bez zagađivanja okoliša. Ispitivanje sam provela na uzorku od 5 djece i 5 njihovih roditelja. Djeca su iz srednje odgojne skupine DV „Jelenko“ u Osijeku. U radu s djecom uvjerila sam se da djeca imaju neka znanja o otpadu, a ja sam ih dodatno uputila u važnost recikliranja otpada. Potom sam putem komunikacije s djecom i dodatnom aktivnošću pokazala kako oni sami mogu doprinijeti očuvanju okoliša. Smatram bitnim navesti da se djeca u vrtiću već u toj dobi trebaju upoznavati s tematikom otpada jer se odmalena uče dobrim navikama kao što je tako postupanje s otpadom, odnosno papirom. Recycling is a process that allows the reuse of waste in the production process. It includes the processing of used materials into new products, so that potentially useful materials are not thrown away, but are used in new production. Recycling is based on a relatively simple principle: waste should be observed as a raw material, which at the same time reduces the need for the use of new natural resources, as well as the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of somewhere. Environmental protection is a set of activities and measures for the prevention of environmental hazards, the occurrence of damage and / or environmental pollution, the reduction and / or elimination of damage to the environment and the return of the environment to the state before the damage occurred. With my final thesis, my aim was to present to the children environmental problems of which they are not yet aware. Through implemented activities I tried to show them the process of paper recycling and how to get new paper without polluting the environment. I conducted the study on a sample of five children as well as their parents. The children are from the middle educational group in Kindergarten "Jelenko" in Osijek. While working with the children, I was convinced that children do have some knowledge regarding waste, and I additionally instructed them regarding the importance of recycling waste. Then, through communication and additional activity with the children, I showed them how they themselves can contribute to the preservation of the environment. I think it is important to state that children in kindergarten should be introduced to the topic of waste at this age, because they acquire good habits from an early age, and therefore learn how to deal with waste as well as paper waste.

Superkondenzatori se ističu velikom specifičnom snagom koju mogu isporučiti što im daje prednost pred ostalim elektrokemijskim spremnicima i pretvornicima energije. Glavni nedostatak im je mala količina energije koja se može uskladištiti u usporedbi s galvanskim člancima. S druge strane, galvanski članci pak posjeduju malu specifičnu snagu. Iz tog razloga pažnju privlače hibridni superkondenzatori, odnosno asimetrični superkondenzatori gdje je jedna elektroda napravljena od materijala s kapacitivnim ponašanjem odnosno grafena, a druga od materijala kod kojeg se odvija faradejska reakcija odnosno od cinka. U ovom radu provedena je priprema grafenskog papira koji je korišten u izradi dva hibridna superkondenzatora: Zn pločica/rGO papir hibridni superkondenzator te rGO papir-Zn/rGO papir hibridni superkondenzator. rGO papir je okarakteriziran XRD metodom, FTIR spektroskopijom te je ispitana njegova električna provodnost. Pri tome je dokazano da je uspješno provedena elektrokemijska redukcija GO. Metode kojima su ispitane karakteristike hibridnih superkondenzatora su ciklička voltametrija (CV), elektrokemijska impedancijska spektroskopija (EIS) te kronopotenciometrija (CP). Kod oba superkondenzatora su dobiveni strujni vrhovi koji pokazuju da dolazi do taloženja/otapanja cinka. Zn pločica/rGO papir hibridni superkondenzator pokazao je specifični kapacitet od 44,48 F/g pri struji od 0,36 A/g, specifičnu energiju od 12,11 Wh/kg i specifičnu snagu od 1,26 kW/kg, dok je kod rGO papir- Zn/rGO papir hibridnog superkondenzatora zabilježen specifični kapacitet od 47,83 F/g pri struji od 0,83 A/g, specifična energija od 13,02 Wh/kg te specifična snaga od 10,13 kW/kg. Supercapacitors are characterised by high power density that is an advantage of supercapacitors over the batteries. The main disadvantage of supercapacitors is the small amount of energy that can be stored. For this reason, hybrid supercapacitors attract significant attention. Hybrid supercapacitors contain one electrode made of a capacitive material such as graphene, and the other electrode made of a material in which faradaic reaction takes place such as Zn. In this work, the graphene paper was used in order to assemble two hybrid supercapacitors: Zn plate/rGO paper hybrid supercapacitor and rGO paper-Zn/rGO paper hybrid supercapacitor. rGO paper was characterized by XRD method, FTIR spectroscopy and its electrical conductivity was determined. It was proven that the electrochemical reduction of GO was successfully carried out. Methods used to examine the characteristics of hybrid supercapacitors were cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronopotentiometry (CP). For both supercapacitors were obtained characteristic current peaks, which indicate that zinc deposition/dissolution takes place. Zn plate/rGO paper hybrid supercapacitor showed specific capacitance of 44.48 F/g at the constant current of 0.36 A/g, specific energy of 12.11 Wh/kg and specific power of 1.26 kW/kg, while rGO paper- Zn/rGO paper hybrid supercapacitor showed specific capacitance of 47.83 F/g at the constant current of 0.83 A/g, specific energy of 13.02 Wh/kg and specific power of 10.13 kW/kg.

U radu je izvedena analiza tokova vode u različitim postrojenjima za proizvodnju celuloze, papira i kartona. Utvrđeno je da ova postrojenja imaju iznimno veliku potrošnju vode, čak i do 40 000 m 3 na dan uz iznimno visoka opterećenja suspendiranim tvarima (do 5 000 mg/dm 3 ), KPK vrijednosti (do 2 000 mg/dm 3 ) i BPK 5 vrijednosti (do 700 mg/dm 3 ). Obrada ovakvih voda je nužna prije ispusta u sustav javne odvodnje, a posebice prilikom ispusta u površinske vode. Primjenom procesa pročišćavanja primarnim taloženjem, koagulacijom, flokulacijom, flotacijom i sekundarnom obradom moguće je ovakve vode pročistiti do zakonom propisanih vrijednosti. Značajno manja količina vode se koristi u proizvodnji kartona što ukazuje na potrebu prikupljanja i recikliranja otpadnog papira, čime se znatno smanjuje upotreba svježe vode, korištenje kemikalija i osigurava zaštita okoliša. Analizom rezultata kakvoće obrađene otpadne vode tvornice kartona utvrđeno je da dobivene vrijednosti prelaze one propisane zakonom. Pokazatelji kakvoće otpadne vode iz tvornice celuloze i papira pokazuju da se ovakve vode mogu ispustiti u sustav javne odvodnje. The analysis of the water streams in different plants for cellulose, paper and cardboard production has been examined. These plants have extremely high water consumption, even up to 40 000 m 3 per day with extremely high loads of suspended solids (up to 5 000 mg/dm 3 ), COD values (up to 2 000 mg/dm 3 ) and BOD 5 values (up to 700 mg/dm 3 ). The wastewater treatment of these streams is obligatory before their discharge into the sewage systems, particularly in case of discharge into the surface water streams. Treatments with the primary sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, flotation and secondary treatment, are suitable for achieving parameters subscribed by law. Significantly less water consumption is needed in the cardboard production, which indicates the need for collecting and recycling paper waste which would significantly reduce the use of fresh water and chemicals, as well as ensure environmental protection. The analysis of the quality of treated wastewater from cardboard production shows that the obtained values exceed those prescribed by the law. Indicators of the quality of wastewater from cellulose and paper production show that such water can be discharged into the public sewage system.

Baza podataka iz područja molekularne biologije ima izrazito puno. Postoji tendencija okupljanja baza, a time i informacija na jednom mjestu. Navedeno će pridonijeti boljoj preglednosti znanja što može izravno utjecati na kvalitetu istraživačkih radova. Također, iz različitih laboratorija diljem svijeta dolaze podatci o najnovijim otkrićima. Iz tog razloga izrazito je važno pratiti promjene i znanstvena istraživanja temeljiti na najnovijim spoznajama. Rad prikazuje načine pretraživanja informacija u najznačajnijim biološkim bazama podataka: GenBank, UniProtKB, InterPro, PubMed i Europe PMC. Za temu istraživanja odabran je ljudski inzulin koji pripada porodici inzulina, porodici za koju su vezana mnoga znanstvena otkrića i istraživanja. Za pretraživanje o ljudskom inzulinu odabrana je baza UniProtKB jer na jednom mjestu nudi poveznice prema izvorima informacija odnosno prema publikacijama u bazama PubMed i Europe PMC čime je omogućeno postizanje ciljeva istraživanja koji uključuju: bibliometrijsku analizu publikacija čija otkrića grade zapis o ljudskom inzulinu u bazi UniProtKB te s bibliometrijskog aspekta vrednovanje časopisa u kojima su navedene publikacije objavljane. Analizama na razini publikacija dobiven je uvid o: doprinosu pojedinih zemalja i regija u izgradnji spoznaja o ljudskom inzulinu na molekularnoj razini; autorstvu, koautorstvu i suradnji u znanstvenim radovima o ljudskom inzulinu; provedenim istraživanjima o ljudskom inzulinu na molekularnoj razini. Bibliometrijskom analizom znanstvenih časopisa prikazano je na koji način napraviti dublju analizu numeričke vrijednosti h-indeksa te je naglašena važnost iste. Istraživanjem su ujedno dobivene informacije koje časopise iz prirodnog područja odabrati u svrhu napredovanja u znanstvenom i akademskom sustavu. There are many bases in the field of molecular biology. There is a tendency to gather databases and information in one place. This will contribute to a better transparency of knowledge, which can directly affect the quality of research papers. Also, data on the latest discoveries comes from different laboratories around the world. For this reason, it is extremely important to monitor changes and base scientific research on the latest knowledge. The paper shows ways to search for information in the most important biological databases: GenBank, UniProtKB, InterPro, PubMed and Europe PMC. Human insulin, which belongs to the insulin family, was chosen for the research topic, because many discoveries and researches are related to this family of proteins. For the search on human insulin, the UniProtKB database was chosen because it offers links to sources of information in one place, i.e. to publications in the PubMed and Europe PMC databases, which enables the achievement of the research goals, which include bibliometric analysis of publications on human insulin in the UniProtKB database and, from a bibliometric aspect, the evaluation of journals in which mentioned publications published. Analyzes at the level of publications provided insight into: the contribution of individual countries and regions in the development of knowledge about human insulin at the molecular level; authorship, co-authorship and collaboration in scientific papers on human insulin; conducted research on human insulin at the molecular level. The bibliometric analysis of scientific journals shows how to do a deeper analysis of the numerical value of the h-index, and its importance is emphasized. The research also provided information on which journals from the natural field to choose in order to progress in the scientific and academic system.

Osnivanje Komunističke partije Jugoslavije i začeci komunističke ideologije na jugoslavenskim prostorima mogu se pripisati utjecajima Oktobarske revolucije i pojedincima koji su širili komunističke ideje. Budući da je KPJ djelovala u dvije faze, legalnoj i ilegalnoj, u ovom radu obrađuju se obje s posebnim naglaskom na ilegalnoj koja je bila dugotrajnija. Sintezom relevantne znanstvene literature i korištenjem lista Proleter kao povijesnog izvora, rad istražuje ilegalno djelovanje KPJ u međuraću s naglaskom na razdoblje izlaženja ovog glasila. Rad kroz poglavlja tematski donosi okolnosti koje su utjecale na razvoj KPJ, pregled političkih i društvenih promjena u Europi 1930-ih, rastućeg fašizma, Velike čistke, konflikata koji su vodili u novi veliki rat. Evolucija KPJ u međuratnom razdoblju uzrokovana je njezinom adaptacijom na novonastale promjene koje se događaju unutar partije i države, ali i u svijetu i Kominterni koja rukovodi glavnim odrednicama njezine ideološke borbe. The founding of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and the beginnings of communist ideology in Yugoslavia can be attributed to the influence of the October Revolution and individuals who spread communist ideas. Since the CPY operated in two phases, legal and illegal, this paper deals with both, but with a special emphasis on the illegal phase, which lasted longer. By synthesizing the relevant academic literature and using the paper Proleter as a historical source, the thesis investigates the illegal activities of the CPY in the interwar period with an emphasis on the period of publication of this newspaper. The thesis through the chapters thematically presents the circumstances that influenced the development of the CPY, an overview of political and social changes in Europe in the 1930s, growing fascism, the Great Purge, conflicts that led to a new great war. The evolution of the CPY in the interwar period was caused by its adaptation to the new changes taking place within the party and the state, but also in the world and the Comintern, which controls the main determinants of its ideological struggle.

Motivacija za pisanje ovoga rada je želja za prikupljanjem, vrednovanjem, organiziranjem i objavljivanjem sadržaja koji će dati pregled područja te koristiti stručnoj i znanstvenoj zajednici u daljnjemu radu. Građa za bibliografiju radova s područja košarke objavljenih u Hrvatskoj do 2019. : znanstveni i stručni članci se bavi znanstvenim i stručnim člancima kao rezultatima stručnog i znanstveno-istraživačkog rada na području košarkaške igre u Hrvatskoj od početaka zabilježenih sustavnih istraživanja 1970-tih zaključno s 2018. godinom. Uvodna poglavlja daju sažeti pregled osnova bibliografije i košarkaške igre. Bibliografski popis donosi isključivo kategorizirane znanstvene i stručne radove u dva niza: Znanstveni i stručni članci u časopisima i Znanstveni i stručni radovi u zbornicima sa skupova, s ukupno 384 bibliografske jedinice. Zapisi sadrže osnovne elemente bibliografskog opisa, redani su kronološki, a unutar godišta abecedno prema autorskoj odrednici. Pomoć u pristupu i pretraživanju popisa osiguravaju tri kazala: kazalo autora, predmetno kazalo i kazalo časopisa. Izvori za sastavljanje bibliografije su većinom sekundarni što ostavlja mjesta za daljnja istraživanja i dopunjavanja. Stručna i znanstvena istraživanja košarkaške igre u Hrvatskoj posebno su se intenzivirala nakon osamostaljenja države te su danas sustavna, interdisciplinarna i relativno opsežna. Ova bibliografija je doprinos uređivanju i organiziranju informacija s ovoga područja što bi trebalo olakšati pristup bibliografskim izvorima u budućem znanstveno-istraživačkom radu. Vjerujem da će ona biti sastavni dio moga autorskog projekta cjelovitog popisivanja raznolike bibliografske građe objavljene u Hrvatskoj s temom košarkaške igre koji će biti objavljen uskoro. The motivation for writing this paper is based upon a desire to collect, evaluate, organize and publish content providing an overview of the scope, eventually being used by the field of expert and scientific community in their further works. Materials for the Bibliography of Papers in the Field of Basketball Published in Croatia by 2019 : scientific and expert articles is dealing with the mentioned content as a result of a previous research work in the field of basketball in Croatia dating back from the beginning of the systematic researches in the 1970's until 2019. The introductory chapters present a summary overview of the basics of bibliography, as well as the basics of basketball as a sport. The bibliographic list provides only categorized scientific and expert papers presented in two series: Scientific and Expert Articles in Journals and Scientific and Expert Papers in Proceedings (contenting the total of 384 bibliographic records). The records contain the basic elements of the bibliographic description, they are chronologically lined up within the year alphabetically according to the author headings. Access and search help provide three indexes: an author index, a subject index and a journal index. Bibliography sources are mostly ones of secondary nature, leaving space for further research and supplementation. Expert and scientific research of basketball in Croatia have intensified especially after the independence in the 1990's and become systematic, interdisciplinary and relatively extensive today. This bibliography is a contribution to the editing and organiziting information from this scope which should facilitate access to bibliographic sources in future scientific research work. I believe it will be an integral part of my authoring project which includes comprehensive bibliography of a various materials published in Croatia on the subject of basketball to be released shortly.

U ovom radu govori se o važnosti i prednostima otvorenog pristupa informacijama te su analizirani brojčani podaci o pohranjenim završnim radovima u digitalnim repozitorijima hrvatskih veleučilišta na Nacionalnom repozitoriju završnih i diplomskih radova ZIR. Svrha analize jest utvrditi koliko je otvoreni pristup takvim radovima zastupljen na veleučilištima te koja vrsta pristupa je najzastupljenija., In this paper, focus is on importance and advantages of open access to informations. Also, analysis of number and type of access to final papers in polytechnics digital repositories on National repository ZIR is made, with intention to determine in what amount open access is present in those digital repositories and which type of access to papers is the most used.

Jedna od najvećih zbirki Hrvatskoga školskog muzeja jest Zbirka radova učenika i nastavnika, koja danas ima preko 10 000 muzejskih predmeta. Važan dio Zbirke čini likovno stvaralaštvo naših učenika, učitelja i profesora. Prikupljeni likovni radovi najvećim su dijelom rezultat sustvaranja javnosti, učenika, učitelja, škola i djelatnika Muzeja. Još od svojega osnutka 1901. Hrvatski školski muzej sistematično i planski prikuplja građu bilo da je riječ o donacijama građana, ustanova ili raznim aktivnostima Muzeja, primjerice organiziranju likovnih natječaja na važne i popularne teme, ciljanim izložbama ili dobro osmišljenim pedagoškim akcijama. Muzej motivira svoje posjetitelje, korisnike i cjelokupnu javnost da pomognu sačuvati svakodnevicu, trenutak u kojem se živi i stvara, za buduće naraštaje. Što je rezultat takva pristupa, što se njime uspjelo prikupiti i sačuvati, prikazat će se ovim radom., One of the largest collections of the Croatian School Museum is the Collected Students’ and Teachers’ Papers, which now includes over 10 000 museum items. Artistic creations of our students, teachers and professors are an important part of the collection. Works of visual art were mostly collected through the joint efforts of the public, students, teachers, schools and Museum employees. Ever since it was established in 1901, the Croatian School Museum has systematically and dedicatedly collected different materials, including donations received from individuals and institutions, and pursued various activities, for example the organization of art contests addressing important and popular topics, dedicated exhibitions, and well-designed educational campaigns. The Museum motivates its visitors, users and the entire public to help preserve this daily life, the moment of living and creating, for future generations. This paper will present the result of such approach and what it helped collect and preserve.

U radu je prikazana izvedba papirnatog galvanskog članka prikladnog za uporabu u papirnatim mikrofluidičkim analitičkim napravama. Izrađeni galvanski članak sastojao se od grafitne katode izrađene crtanjem po papiru mekom grafitnom olovkom i aluminijske anode izrađene od samoljepljive aluminijske folije. Rad članka temeljio se na oksidaciji aluminijske anode i redukciji ABTS radikala, in situ generiranog u članku, oksidacijom ABTS-a s vodikovim peroksidom u prisutnosti željezova(II) ftalocijanina kao katalizatora. Sve komponente potrebne za rad konstruiranog galvanskog članka, uključujući i vodikov peroksid u formi urea peroksida, unaprijed su pohranjene u članku u obliku krutina pa je za pokretanje članka dovoljno u njega dodati mali volumen vode. Pri optimalnim uvjetima, konstruirani galvanski članak u stanju je davati struju od približno 0,1 mA, uz napon od 1 V, tijekom perioda od otprilike 30 minuta, što ga čini prikladnim za napajanje potencijalnih papirnatih mikrofluidičkih analitičkih naprava s integriranim elektroničkim sklopovima za obradu signala i prikaz rezultata mjerenja. In this work, a paper-based galvanic cell suitable for application in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices is described. The galvanic cell comprises of a graphite cathode fabricated by drawing on the paper with a soft graphite pencil and an aluminium anode, fabricated from self-adhesive aluminium foil. Operational mode of the cell was based on the oxidation of the aluminium anode and the reduction of the ABTS radical, generated in situ, inside the cell, by oxidizing ABTS with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron(II) phthalocyanine as a catalyst. All of the components required for the operation of the constructed galvanic cell, including hydrogen peroxide in the form of urea peroxide, were stored in advance inside the cell in the form of powdered solid, so the operation of the galvanic cell can be initiated simply by adding a small volume of water into the cell. Under optimal conditions, the constructed galvanic cell produced an electric current of approximately 0.1 mA and a voltage of 1 V, during a period of around 30 minutes, which makes it suitable for powering of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices with integrated electronic circuits for signal processing and displaying measurement results.

„Spol“ i „rod“ se još uvijek doživljavaju kao sinonimi, no među njima postoje jasne distinkcije, pa tako za razliku od spola koji se odnosi na biološke karakteristike s kojima se rodimo, rod predstavlja društvene, kulturološke i povijesne razlike te uloge i očekivanja koje društvo pripisuje ženama i muškarcima. Jedna od najzanimljivijih tema za sociologiju je rodna nejednakost, a proučavajući ovu relaciju povijesno, uviđa se kako su muškarci i žene oduvijek bili nejednaki i to na štetu žena, kojima je uz podređeni položaj bila namijenjena i privatna sfera te briga o djeci i kućanstvu. Iako se može reći da smo još uvijek društvo s patrijarhalnim vrijednostima, Hrvatska je svoje putovanje prema društvu jednakosti započela paralelno s početkom pregovora za ulazak u Europsku uniju, donoseći razne zakone o ravnopravnosti spolova i suzbijanju diskriminacije, ali i osnivanjem Ureda za ravnopravnost spolova Vlade RH i Pravobranitelj/ice za ravnopravnost spolova. Pomoću istraživačkih metoda bibliometrijske analize i analize sadržaja razmatra se zastupljenost članaka unutar znanstvenih časopisa u odnosu na godine objavljivanja, ali i istražuju se tematska područja, u odnosu na područja kojima se bavi sociologija spola i roda. Ukupno je analizirano 93 članka ili 4% svih objavljenih radova u vremenskom razdoblju od dva desetljeća izdavaštva, tj. od 2001.-2021. godine. Analizom sadržaja je uočen jako mali broj radova usmjerenih k teorijskim definicijama spola i roda te pitanju reprodukcije, dok se najčešće piše o temama koje se vežu uz tržište rada, majčinstvo, očinstvo i rad u kući, zatim pitanja seksualnosti, transrodnosti i queer identiteta te feminizma, feminističke kritike znanosti i postmodernizma, "Sex" and "gender" are still perceived as synonyms, but there are clear distinctions between them, so unlike gender, which refers to the biological characteristics we are born with, gender represents social, cultural and historical differences and roles and expectations which society assigns to women and men. One of the most interesting topics for sociology is gender inequality, by analyzing this historical relationship, it is understood that men and women have always been unequal, against women to whom in addition to their subordinate position, were also assigned the private sphere and the care of children and the household. Although we can say that we are still a society with patriarchal values, Croatia began its journey towards social equality in parallel with the beginning of negotiations for entry into the European union, passing various laws on gender equality and combating discrimination, as well as establishing the Office for Gender Equality of the Government of the Republic of Croatia and Ombudsperson for gender equality. Using the research methods of bibliometric analysis and content analysis, the representation of articles in scientific journals is considered in relation to the year of publication, but thematic areas are also investigated, in relation to the areas dealt with in the sociology of sex and gender. A total of 93 articles or 4% of all published works were analyzed in the time period of two decades of publishing, i.e. from 2001.-2021. years. The analysis of the content revealed a very small number of works focused on theoretical definitions of sex and gender and the issue of reproduction, while most often it is written about topics related to the labor market, motherhood, fatherhood and work at home, then issues of sexuality, transgender and queer identity, and feminism, feminist critiques of science and postmodernism

Pravilna prehrana je veoma važna za zdravlje, kod narušenog zdravstvenog stanja je još važnija jer utječe na tijek bolesti i sam ishod iste. Hranjenje spada u 14 osnovnih ljudskih potreba, te je uloga medicinske sestre vrlo bitna kako bi pružila određenu vrstu i količinu pomoći da bi osnovna ljudska potreba bila zadovoljena. Gastrično hranjenje spada u najčešći oblik enteralnog hranjenja. Enteralno hranjenje je važno u stanjima kada je gastrointestinalni trakt očuvan i u funkciji jer apliciranjem hrane doprinosimo boljoj apsorpciji svih važnih nutrijenata. Indicirano je kod pacijenata koji duže od 4 tjedna nisu u mogućnosti uzimati hranu peroralnim putem. Perkutana endoskopska gastrostoma je sigurniji je oblik hranjenja, jeftiniji i ekonomičniji. Ne zahtjeva kirurško zbrinjavanje, manje je invazivna metoda te nema potrebe za općom anestezijom čime se smanjuje rizik od neželjenih komplikacija. Za razliku od nazoenteričnih sondi (nazogastrična sonda, nazoduodenalna i nazojejunalna) koje se obično postavljaju kod kratkotrajnog enteralnog hranjenja u pacijenata kod kojih su očuvani refleksi dišnih puteva, perkutana ednoskopska gastrostoma se postavlja kod pacijenata koji pate od umjerene do teške malnutricije. Prije samog postavljanja PEG sonde i primjene enteralne prehrane potreban je multidisciplinirani pristup, njega sačivanjavaju tim gastroenterologa-endoskopičara koji su odgovorni za postavljanje gastrostome, medicinske sestre, nutricionisti te članovi obitelji. U nekim slučajevima od velike koristi mogu biti i tim psihologa. Cilj postavljanja gastrostome je da se pacijentu osigura nutritivna vrijednost te samim time smanji stopa mortaliteta i rizik nastanka neželjenih komplikacija., Proper nutrition is very important for health, it is even more important in case of impaired health because it affects the course of the disease and its outcome. Feeding is one of the 14 basic human needs, and the role of the nurse is very important in order to provide a certain type and amount of help to satisfy the basic human need. Gastric feeding is the most common form of enteral feeding. Enteral feeding is important in conditions when the gastrointestinal tract is preserved and functioning, because by applying food we contribute to a better absorption of all important nutrients. It is indicated for patients who are unable to take food orally for longer than 4 weeks. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is a safer, cheaper and more economical form of feeding. It does not require surgical treatment, it is a less invasive method and there is no need for general anesthesia, which reduces the risk of unwanted complications. Unlike nasoenteric tubes (nasogastric tube, nasoduodenal and nasojejunal), which are usually placed during short-term enteral feeding in patients with preserved airway reflexes, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is placed in patients suffering from moderate to severe malnutrition. Before the placement of the PEG tube and the application of enteral nutrition, a multidisciplinary approach is required, which is maintained by a team of gastroenterologists-endoscopists who are responsible for the placement of the gastrostomy, nurses, nutritionists and family members. In some cases, a team of psychologists can be very useful. The goal of placing a gastrostomy is to provide the patient with nutritional value and thereby reduce the mortality rate and the risk of unwanted complications. percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, enteral feeding, nurse, nutrition

Termokromne boje su materijal čija je uporaba u porastu, a glavne komponente često su im pseudoestrogeni bisfenol A i benzofenon. Za identifikaciju i kvantifikaciju ovih spojeva u termokromnim bojama razvijena je tekućinskokromatografska metoda obrnutih faza s UV-detekcijom. Tri od analiziranih petnaest uzoraka boja sadržavali su bisfenol A s masenim udjelima oko 2 %, a dva uzorka benzofenon s masenim udjelima od 0,34 % i 0,66 %. Termokromna boja koja sadrži bisfenol A i koju je moguće tiskati u laboratorijskim uvjetima otisnuta je na različite vrste papira. Razvijena je tekućinskokromatografska metoda za određivanje bisfenola A u termokromnim otiscima na papiru ekstrakcijom metanolom. Maseni udio bisfenola A u papirima bio je od 0,126 mg g‒1 do 0,778 mg g‒1. Otisci termokromne boje koja sadrži bisfenol A podvrgnuti su anaerobnoj razgradnji u tlu čime su simulirani uvjeti razgradnje na deponiju otpada. Razvijena je tekućinskokromatografska metoda s UV-detekcijom kojom je određen maseni udio bisfenola A u tlu u vremenu od 14 do 150 dana razgradnje papira i procijenjena brzina njegova raspada. Tijekom anaerobne ragradnje maseni udio bisfenola A u termokromnim papirima smanjio se do vrijednosti bliske granici određivanja metode od 0,0025 mg g‒1. Maseni udio bisfenola A u tlu tijekom anaerobne razgradnje se povećavao i nakon 150 dana razgradnje bio je od 3,21 ng g‒1 do 35,1 ng g‒1. Thermochromic inks, materials increasingly used, may contain pseudo-estrogens bisphenol A and benzophenone as main ingredients. To identify and quantify these compounds, reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method with UV-detection was developed. Three out of 15 analyzed samples contained bisphenol A in mass fractions of about 2 %. Two samples contained benzophenone with mass fractions of 0,34 % and 0,66 %. Thermochromic ink that contains bisphenol A and was applicable in laboratory conditions was printed on various types of papers. Liquid chromatographic method for determination of bisphenol A extracted in methanol was developed. Mass fraction of bisphenol A in papers was from 0,126 mg g–1 to 0,788 mg g–1. Prints of thermochromic ink containing bisphenol A were subjected to anaerobic degradation in soil to simulate the conditions at a landfill site. Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method with UV-detection was developed to determine mass fraction of bisphenol A in soil at time intervals from 14 to 150 days, and the rate of its degradation was estimated. During the anaerobic degradation, mass fraction of bisphenol A in papers decreased to value close to detection limit of the method of 0,0025 mg g–1. Mass fraction of bisphenol A in soil increased during the anaerobic degradation, and after 150 days ranged from 3,21 ng g–1 to 35,1 ng g–1.

Zahvaljujući današnjim brojnim tehnološkim dostignućima, fokus istraživanja (bio)kemijskih senzora usmjeren je prema realizaciji nosivih analitičkih uređaja. Nosivi (bio)kemijski senzori su alati koji omogućavaju kontinuiranu i neinvazivnu analizu sadržaja bioloških fluida (npr. znoj, suze, slina, međustanična kapljevina ili dah) kao i detekciju određenih supstanci u okolišu nositelja senzora. Optički (bio)kemijski senzori su vrsta (bio)kemijskih senzora pomoću kojih se dolazi do željene informacije pomoću interakcije s elektromagnetskim zračenjem. U literaturi se često spominju pod ključnom riječi „optode“, zbog velike sličnosti s njihovim elektrokemijskim ekvivalentima-elektrodama. Problemi kao što su odabir pogodnih materijala, izvor napajanja te vjerodostojnost prikupljenih podataka za analizu glavni su razlog komercijalne nedostupnosti nosivih kemijskih senzora. U zadnje vrijeme, sve je veći interes za korištenjem papira i tekstila kao supstratnih materijala. Dostupnost, pristupačnosti te niska cijena papira sasvim su opravdani razlozi za odabir takvog supstrata. S druge strane, tekstilni senzori su s praktičnog stajališta najinteresantniji kako bi se već nalazili integrirani u odjevnim predmetima. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati dobro utvrđeni mehanizam ion-selektivnih optoda na različitim supstratima. Pripravljeni su senzori za kalij na bazi valinomicina i lipofiliziranog Nile Blue indikatorskog bojila, te je provedena njihova analitička karakterizacija s potencijalnom primjenom u analizi sadržaja znoja. U okviru ovog istraživanja, kromatografski papir se pokazao kao najbolji supstrat. Eksperimentalni rezultati ispitivanja optoda na kromatografskom papiru su pokazali da dinamičko područje obuhvaća preko tri reda veličine (10^-1 M - 10^-4 M K+) koje je zadovoljavajuće za praktičnu primjenu s obzirom na činjenicu da se prosječna koncentracija kalijevih iona u znoju nalazi upravo u tom intervalu. Treba naglasiti da je upotrebljivost ovih senzora limitirana zbog poznatog problema s ispiranjem osjetilnih komponenti senzora što pokazuju rezultati karakterizacije; obnovljivost, ponovljivost i stabilnost. Ovako pripravljene papirne kalij-selektivne optode bi se mogle koristiti za predviđenu aplikaciju u obliku jednokratnih test-traka. Numerous advancements in today’s technology had impact on research of (bio)chemical sensors. Focus has been shifted towards realization of wearable analytical devices. Wearable (bio)chemical sensors are analytical tools that provide the opportunity for continuous and non-invasive analysis of body fluid content (such as sweat, tears, saliva, interstitial fluid or breath), as well as the ability to detect substances in the environment of their user. Optical (bio)chemical sensors represent the subclass of (bio)chemical sensors where interaction with electromagnetic radiation is employed in order to extract useful information. They are most commonly named “optodes” in the literature, due to great similarity with their electrochemical equivalents-electrodes. Certain problems such as choosing appropriate materials, external power sources and credibility of harvested data still represent the challenge that needs to be resolved in order to start commercial production of wearable (bio)chemical sensors. A growing interest in using paper and textile as substrate materials has been observed. Availability and affordability of low-cost paper are main reasons to choose this material. On the other hand, textile-based sensors would be most practical due to simple integration with existing clothing material. The ultimate goal of this thesis was to investigate the mechanism of ion-selective optodes on different substrates. Potassium-selective optodes based on valinomycin carrier and lipophilized Nile Blue indicator dye were fabricated with potential application in analyzing the sweat content. Fabrication of sensors was followed with their analytical characterization. Experimental results have shown that chromatography grade paper seems to be the most appropriate substrate material, considering the investigated mechanism. Such paper-based optodes were characterized in greater detail, exhibiting dynamic range that covers over three orders of magnitude (10^-1 M - 10^-4 M K+), making them suitable for predicted application. Average potassium concentration in human sweat lies within that range. It should be emphasized that the usability of these sensors is limited owing to the well-known leaching problem, where sensing components are being washed out of the system. Characterization parameters such as repeatability, reproducibility and stability have clarified that apparent problem. Paper-based potassium-selective optodes investigated in this research could therefore be used for predicted application as single-use, disposable paper strips.

Wireless chemical sensors are increasingly finding use as analytical devices in healthcare diagnostics, wearable sensing (sweat analysis) and in the rapidly emerging area of the Sensor Internet of Things (SIoT). In such wireless scenarios, the application of fluorescence-based sensors is lagging behind other types of transduction mechanisms. In this work a new low-cost and highly portable wireless fluorimeter for optical chemical fluorescence intensity measurements is presented (bill-of-materials approximately €20). The fluorimeter is programmed and communicates wirelessly with mobile devices or personal computers by radio-frequency identification (RFID) or near-field communication (NFC). This novel mobile analytical system is highly adaptable for use with different fluorescent sensor chemistries and analytes. The fluorimeter has been evaluated in the laboratory in two sets of proof-of-concept experiments: firstly fluorimetry in solution, where the fluorescence intensities of fluorescein were recorded, and secondly chloride sensing via a paper-immobilised quinine sulphate fluorescent indicator. The latter represents the first demonstration of wireless (radio-frequency) fluorescence-based chloride sensing. Satisfactory analytical performance was achieved in the entire range of sweat chloride concentrations. The wireless fluorimeter system presented here could make a significant contribution to several emerging areas of mobile chemical sensor research, including wearable sensors for healthcare and sport, mobile point-of-sample diagnostics as well as more generally for the Sensor Internet of Things.