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Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the change in olfactory function after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and related influencing factors. Methods Clinical data were collected from 176 patients with CRS who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery in our hospital from February 2019 to October 2021, and according to the improvement in olfactory function at 3 months after surgery, they were divided into good improvement group with 143 patients and poor improvement group with 33 patients. The two groups were compared in terms of the changes in olfactory function score and objective score before surgery and at 3 months after surgery, and the correlation between preoperative olfactory function score and objective score was analyzed. For the factors with significant differences in the univariate analysis, the multivariate logistic regression model was used to further investigate the independent risk factors for postoperative olfactory function. Results Both groups had significant changes in T&T olfactory score, VAS olfactory score, Lund-Mackay score, and Lund-Kennedy score after treatment (t=2.334,3.943,χ2=8.624,5.568,P

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of eosinophils and regulatory T cells in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps. Methods: 100 patients with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps admitted to our hospital from March 2020 to March 2023 were selected as the research subjects. They were divided into the chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps group, 100 patients with simple chronic sinusitis who came to our hospital for treatment during the same period were selected as the chronic sinusitis group, and 100 healthy volunteers who came to our hospital for physical examination during the same period were selected as the control group. Compare the expression levels of eosinophils and regulatory T cells among three groups of subjects, and establish receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of eosinophils and regulatory T cells in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps. Subsequently, 100 patients with sinusitis and nasal polyps were followed up for 1 year after surgical treatment. The prognosis was evaluated based on the recurrence of the patients and divided into two subgroups. 21 patients who recurred within 1 year after surgery were divided into a poor prognosis group, and 79 patients who did not recur were divided into a good prognosis group. The general clinical situation, expression levels of eosinophils and regulatory T cells in the two groups were compared, and the expression levels of eosinophils and regulatory T cells were analyzed The prognostic predictive value of regulatory T cells in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps. Results: The number of eosinophils (EOS) was higher in the chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps group than in the chronic sinusitis group and the control group, and the level of regulatory T cells (Tregs) was lower than in the chronic sinusitis group and the control group (P<0.05); the diagnostic efficacy of EOS and Tregs on chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps was determined by plotting ROC curves. The diagnostic efficacy of EOS and Tregs on chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps was determined by plotting ROC curves, and the results showed that the combination of EOS and Tregs was more effective than a single test in the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps(P<0.05); There was no significant difference between the good prognosis group and the poor prognosis group in terms of gender, age, BMI, smoking history, alcohol consumption history, interleukin-35 (IL-35), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression levels (P>0.05). The differences in disease duration, combined asthma, combined allergic rhinitis, tissue lymphocyte percentage, interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), number of EOS, and Tregs expression levels between the good prognosis group and the poor prognosis group were significant(P<0.05); Logistic regression analysis showed that combined asthma, tissue lymphocyte percentage, number of EOS, and Tregs were independent factors influencing the prognosis of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps(P<0.05). Conclusion: Eosinophils and regulatory T cells not only have important value in the clinical diagnosis of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps, but also can predict the prognosis of patients with chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps. Therefore, in clinical practice, patients with an increase in EOS and a decrease in Tregs should promptly improve treatment measures to prevent the occurrence of poor prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics, treatment regimens, and outcomes of IgG4-related sinusitis in order to improve clinicians' knowledge of the disease. Methods A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on 3 cases of IgG4-related sinusitis admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to January 2023. Their clinical manifestation, results of laboratory tests, radiological findings, surgical methods, postoperative pathologic results, treatment and managements, and outcomes during follow-up were analyzed, and relevant literature was also reviewed. Results Among the 3 patients, there were 1 male and 2 females, at an average age of 63 (53 to 71) years, with a course of disease for 1~5 years. The main symptoms included nasal congestion, ear fullness, eyelid lumps, cervical lymphadenopathy and enlarged submandibular gland. Serum IgG4 level was elevated to 3.2~4.7 g/L. Sinus CT scans confirmed sinusitis with nasal polyps. No involvement of organs other than the head and neck was observed in radiological examination. All 3 cases underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery and polypectomy. Post-surgical pathology confirmed IgG4-related sinusitis. Other treatments included nasal steroids and nasal lavage conventionally. Recurrence of the disease was noted 3~10 months postoperatively, then 30~40 mg/d prednisone acetate was given orally as induction therapy for 1 month, which effectively controlled the conditions in all cases. The dose of prednisone acetate was gradually reduced to 5 mg/day for long-term maintenance. One patient took oral immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil in combination. All 3 patients were followed up for 14~32 months, and no further recurrence was observed. Conclusion IgG4-related sinusitis shows similar clinical characteristics as chronic sinusitis, and pathologic observation is essential for its diagnosis. Its preferred treatment is steroid therapy, particularly low-dose long-term as maintenance, is key to preventing recurrence. Combined steroid and immunosuppressant therapy can more effectively control the condition of disease.

Copyright of Journal of China Medical University is the property of Journal of China Medical University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of China Medical University is the property of Journal of China Medical University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and chronic sinusitis in patients with bronchiectasis. Methods A total of 119 patients with bronchiectasis were selected. Upon admission, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D （25（OH）D）, serum total IgE and the proportion of eosinophil were detected, and sinus CT scan （Lund-Mackay score） was performed. According to whether the serum 25（OH）D level was less than 20 ng/mL, all patients were divided into the vitamin D deficiency group （< 20 ng/mL） and normal group （≥20 ng/mL）. The incidence of chronic sinusitis in patients with bronchiectasis was statistically compared between two groups. Lund-Mackay score in bronchiectasis patients complicated with sinusitis was compared between two groups. Moreover, the correlation between serum 25（OH）D level and Lund-Mackay score in bronchiectasis patients complicated with sinusitis was analyzed. Results Among 119 patients with bronchiectasis, 69 cases developed vitamin D deficiency and 50 had normal vitamin D levels; 71 of them were complicated with sinusitis, accounting for 59.7%, and 48 patients had no sinus abnormality. Compared with the normal group, the incidence of chronic sinusitis were significantly higher in the vitamin D deficiency group （both P < 0.05）. Among 71 bronchiectasis patients complicated with chronic sinusitis, Lund-Mackay score in the vitamin D deficiency group was considerably higher than that in the normal group （P < 0.05）. In bronchiectasis patients complicated with chronic sinusitis, serum 25（OH）D level was negatively correlated with Lund-Mackay score （P < 0.05）. Conclusion In bronchiectasis patients, vitamin D deficiency is correlated with the incidence and progression of chronic sinusitis.

Copyright of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies is the property of Editorial Department of Practical Pharmacy & Clinical Remedies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is a common chronic inflammatory disease with significant tissue remodeling, but the mechanism of remodeling remains unclear. Studies have shown that Type（T） 2 inflammatory network plays a crucial role in tissue remodeling and nasal polyp formation. Clinical trials have been carried out for several biological targets, and a number of potential therapeutic targets have received increasing attention. This paper will summarize the research progress of T2 inflammatory response involved in nasal polyp tissue remodeling to provide ideas for further exploring the mechanism of nasal polyp tissue remodeling., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Glucocorticoids（GC） are widely used in the clinical treatment of autoimmune inner ear diseases, sudden sensorineural hearing loss, Meniere's disease, sinusitis and other otolaryngology diseases. However, GC resistance remains a major factor contributing to the poor efficacy of clinical treatments. The mechanism of GC resistance is still unclear. This paper reviews the related mechanisms of GC resistance from the perspectives of GC receptor factors and non-GC receptor factors. Additionally, it summarizes the latest research progress on GC resistance in otolaryngological diseases, with the aim of identifying effective clinical alternative treatment options for reversing GC resistance in the future., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare is the property of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice is the property of Journal of Clinical Nursing in Practice (Editorial Board, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Male infertility is a complex clinical syndrome. Any disease that interferes with male reproductive function may lead to male infertility, which complicates the etiological diagnosis of male infertility in clinical practice. There are similar ultrastructures between the cilia of respiratory system epithelium and the flagellum of male sperm. The dysfunction of cilia and flagellum will affect the clearance function of respiratory tract mucosa and sperm movement. In addition, some of genetic defects can also lead to abnormal function of respiratory system and male reproductive system. Three kinds of respiratory diseases affecting male fertility were primary ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis and Young′ s syndrome. This review introduceds the main clinical characteristics of these diseases and analyzed the differences between the clinical manifestations of respiratory system and reproductive system, which will strengthen the understanding of these diseases. It is suggested that clinicians should routinely inquire about the history of respiratory system for patients with severe asthenospermia, and about the reproductive problem for those patients with recurrent respiratory tract infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the influence of humanistic model of nursing on postoperative symptom relief and comfort of patients with chronic sinusitis. Methods A total of 140 patients undergoing surgical treatment for chronic sinusitis in Liaocheng People's Hospital from February 2018 to January 2020 were divided into a control group and an observation group by random number table method, with 70 cases in each group. The patients in the control group received routine nursing care, and the patients in the observation group received humanistic nursing care on the basis of the control group. Postoperative pain, complications and nasal mucosa recovery time were compared between the two groups. Results The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS ) of the observation group on the 1, 2, and 3 days after operation were lower than those of the control group (all P < 0. 05 ). The total complication rate of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (P <0. 05 ). The degree of dry mouth in the observation group was better than that in the control group (P < 0. 05 ). The recovery time of nasal mucosa of the observation group was shorter than that of the control group (P < 0. 05 ). Conclusion Humanistic care can effectively relieve the postoperative pain of patients with chronic sinusitis, reduce the complication rate and promote early recovery of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Imaging Science & Photochemistry is the property of Imaging Science & Photochemistry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To explore the expression and importance of Piezo1, E-cadherin, and Vimentin in nasal polyps patients. Methods: Thirty-five patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery under general anesthesia were streamed into 20 cases of nasal polyps（NP group） and 15 cases of simple septoplasty without any sinus disease（Control group）. Immunofluorescence staining and Western Blot were applied to detect the protein level of Piezo1, E-cadherin, and Vimentin in NP tissues and nasal polyp-derived primary human nasal epithelial cells（pHNECs）. Also, BEAS-2B cell lines were treated with human TGF-β1 protein to establish epithelial mesenchymal transition（EMT） model in vitro and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to calculate Piezo1 and above biomarkers in the model. Results: Compared with control group, Piezo1 and Vimentin showed higher level while E-cadherin was lower in NP tissues and pHNECs.In EMT model in vitro, Piezo1 and Vimentin were demonstrated higher expression with decreased level of E-cadherin. Conclusion: The tendency of Piezo1 is consistent with the mesenchymal-related biomarker Vimentin, going against with epithelial-related biomarker E-cadherin, implying its involvement with EMT process in nasal polyps., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective To investigate the psychosocial status in the patients with chronic sinusitis complicating or non-complicating nasal septum deviation in order to provide help for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods The clinical data and psychosocial questionnaire investigation in 102 cases of chronic sinusitis conforming to the study criteria in the otorhinolaryngology head & neck surgery department of this hospital from June to July 2018 were collected. The 90 item symptom self assessment scale and statistical analysis were completed. One hundred and twenty cases were divided into the deviation group (n = 44) and non-deviation group (n—58) according to whether having the nasal septum deviation; which were divided into the elderly group (n — 24) and young and middle aged group (n = 78) according to male ≥ 60 years old and female ≥55 years old. Results The total mean score of the scale in 102 patients with sinusitis was significantly higher than that of the national norm, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The interpersonal sensitivity factor, hostility factor, paranoid factor, total average score, proportion of mild damage in interpersonal sensitivity factor and paranoid factor in the deviation group were higher than those in the non-deviation group;the factors of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and interpersonal sensitivity in the elderly group were significantly higher than those in the young and middle-aged group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Chronic sinusitis may cause mental disorders;complicating nasal septum deviation may cause psychological damage in the aspects of sensitive interpersonal relationships, hostility, paranoia and so on, which should be paid attention to in clinical diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To retrospectively analyze the etiology of sphenoid sinusitis secondary to endoscopic transnasal skull base surgery, summarize the characteristics of diagnosis and treatment, and evaluate the prognosis. Methods Clinical data of 24 cases of sphenoid sinusitis secondary to endoscopic transnasal skull base surgery from June 2005 to December 2017 were collected. Endoscpic extended sphenoidectomy was performed to remove the lesion. Nasal CT, MRI, nasal endoscope, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Lund - Kennedy score were used to evaluate the prognosis of patients. Results Clinical symptoms of those patients included headache (21 cases, 87.50%), nasal obstruction (11 cases, 45.83%) and runny nose (9 cases, 37.50% ). Preoperative nasal sinus imaging examinations showed extensive hyperosteogenesis of sphenoid sinus walls and/or discontinuous bone substance of sella turcica, and moderate enhancement of mucosa of sphenoid sinus walls. Intraoperative endoscopic display showed edema, polyp and scar formation of mucosa in posterior ethmoidal sinus and sphenoid sinus. There were significant differences between preoperative and postoperative VAS scores, such as headache (F = 118.961, P = 0.000), nasal obstruction (F = 3.519, P = 0.035) and runny nose (F = 30.563, P = 0.000), and Lund - Kennedy score (F = 26.064, P = 0.000). VAS scores in headache (P = 0.000, for all) and runny nose (P = 0.000, for all) and Lund - Kennedy score (P = 0.000, for all) 3 months and one year after surgery decreased significantly in comparison with before surgery. Conclusions Insufficient surgical field for endoscopic transnasal skull base surgery, inappropriate and unreasonable use of artificial materials can lead to severe sphenoid sinus inflammation and more severe symptoms such as headache, nasal obstruction and runny nose. An extended sphenoidectomy should be adopted under endoscope and the lesions and artificial repair materials must be cleaned, so as to improve the symptoms and achieve mucosal epithelization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To explore the influence of Wuhuang decoction lavage on the expression of IT-8 and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in sinus secretions of fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) after operation. Methods A randomized controlled trial was used ,60 FRS patients after nasal endoscopic surgery,who were received in the hospital from January 9th 2013 to September 30th 2016,were divided into the treatment group and the control group according to the random number generated by computer,30 cases in each group. The patients in the treatment group were lavaged with 100 mL Wuhuang decoction through sinuses,once a day for 4 weeks as a period; the patients in the control group were lavaged with fluconazole injection,the frequency and the dosage were the same as the treatment group. The expression of IT-8 and ICAM-1 in sinuses secretion before and 1 month after treatment were determined, moreover the efficacy was evaluated by endoscopic examination 6 months after operation. Simultaneously,5 healthy participants from the school were enrolled as the healthy control group,the expression of IT-8 and ICAM-1 were detected in 1 mC recycling residual in nasal cavity after lavaging with 100 mh normal saline. Results The difference had statistical significance (p

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2013.11.014

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of endoscopic sinus surgery in the treatment of sinusitis and nasal polyps and its effect on nasal ventilation and olfactory function. Methods: 80 patients with sinusitis and nasal polyps were selected in our hospital from January 2014 to June 2016, who were randomly divided into observation group and control group, each group of 40 cases. The control group was treated with traditional enucleation, while the observation group was treated with endoscopic sinus surgery. The clinical efficacy, the symptom scores, nasal airway resistance and olfactory function score before treatment and 3 months after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: The total effective rate of the observation group was 95.00%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group 77.50%(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge, olfactory dysfunction, pain and total symptom score between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05), nasal congestion, purulent nasal discharge,olfactory dysfunction, pain and total symptom score between the two groups at 3 months after treatment were lower than before treatment, and nasal pus, smell disorder, pain and total symptom scores of the patients in the observation group were lower than the control group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in nasal airway resistance and olfactory function score between the two groups before treatment and 3 months after treatment(P>0.05), nasal airway resistance, olfactory function score of patients in two groups at 3 months after treatment were lower than before treatment, and the observation group was lower than that of the control group(P<0.05). Conclusion: Endoscopic sinus surgery for sinusitis and nasal polyps is helpful to improve the clinical symptoms, promote the olfactory function and recovery of nasal ventilation, which is an effective method for treatment of sinusitis and nasal polyps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the correlated factors of fungal rhinosinusitis and to analyze its clinical features. Methods: A group of 150 patients with fungal rhinosinusitis treated by surgery and another group of 150 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis in our hospital were selected and their clinical data were analyzed and compared retrospectively. The multiple factor Logistic regression analysis and square test were used to analyze the clinical data of all the patients. The correlated factors and the clinical features of fungal rhinosinusitis were investigated. Gomori methenamine silver staining which was special for fungi was used to classify the pathological types of 150 patients with fungal rhinosinusitis. Results: Age（x1）, the course of the disease（x2）, haem-nasal discharge（x3）, headache（x4）, unilateral/bilateral sinus lesion（x5） and calcified plaque in CT scan（x6） were set as the concomitant variables respectively, and then we established the Logistic regression predictive equation for fungal rhinosinusitis, which was y=-8.714+1.201 x1+0.497 x2+4.576 x3+1.188x4+2.697x5+4.118 x6, P=exp（y）/[1+exp（y）]. The P value meant the probability of suffering fungal rhinosinusitis. Compared with chronic rhinosinusitis, the clinical features of fungal rhinosinusitis were female, over 40 years old, the course of disease <3 years, headache, haem-nasal discharge, unilateral sinus lesion and calcified plaque in CT scan（P<0.05）. Among the 150 patients with fungal rhinosinusitis, 46 cases were chronic invasive and 104 were non-invasive. Conclusions: The clinical features of fungal rhinosinusitis can be predicted by using the suitable logistic predictable equation and they are significant for the diagnosis of fungal rhinosinusitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the curative effect of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in treatment of sinusitis and nasal polyps. Methods: 350 cases of patients with sinusitis and nasal polyps were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The control group (164 cases) was given comprehensive treatment. The observation group (186 cases) was given functional endoscopic sinus surgery combined with comprehensive treatment. The effect of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in treatment of sinusitis and nasal polyps was evaluated by efficacy. IL-1. IL-8 level and SF-36 scores before treatment. 3 months after treatment. Results: After surgery and medicine treatment, the effective rate of observation group was higher in observation group than that of the control group (P<0.05). Before treatment, there were no statistical significance in IL-1. IL-8 level between two groups (P>0.05). 3 months after treatment, the IL-1 and IL-8 level were decreased in two groups. The IL-1 and IL-8 level of observation group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). Before treatment, there was no statistical significance in SF-36 scores. 3 months after treatment, the SF-36 scores were increased in two groups (P<0.05). The physical pain and health scores of observation group were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). And the other 6 scores were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusions: The functional endoscopic shuts surgery has a good effect on sinusitis and nasal polyps, it could reduce the inflammatory reaction, improve the quality of life, s worthy of clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of glucocorticoid sinus stents implanted 2 weeks after functional endoscopic sinus surgery（FESS） for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps（CRSwNP）. Methods: CRSwNP patients with similar bilateral lesions were randomly divided into two groups, with a stent group of 25 patients and a control group of 24 patients. Patients in the stent group had glucocorticoid sinus stents implanted into the bilateral ethmoid sinuses 2 weeks after FESS, while the control group underwent postoperative debridement only. Follow-up assessments occurred at postoperative weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. Patients were asked to assess their sensation of nasal symptoms using a 10-point visual analog scale. Efficacy was assessed by endoscopic evaluations. Sinus obstruction, crusting/coagulation, polyp formation, middle turbinate position, adhesions, mucosa epithelialization, and postoperative intervention were assessed as efficacy outcomes. GraphPad Prism 9 was applied for statistical analysis. Results: At 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively, the stent group showed significant improvement in VAS scores of nasal congestion and runny nose compared with the control group（ P <0.05）. No significant difference was observed in the VAS scores of head and facial stuffiness, loss of smell, or nasal dryness/crusting between the two groups（ P >0.05）. Compared with the control group, the stent group had a lower rate of polypoid formation at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. At postoperative week 12, the rate of mucosal epithelialization in the ethmoid cavity was significantly higher in the stent group. During the follow-up, the frequency of postoperative intervention was significantly lower in the stent group than in the control group（ P <0.05）. Besides, a lower incidence of middle turbinate lateralization was found in the stent group at 8 and 12 weeks postoperatively. At 8 weeks postoperatively, the stent group had a percentage of adhesion lower than that of the control group（all P <0.05）. Conclusion: Implantation of glucocorticoid sinus stents after FESS can maintain sinus cavity patency, improve the inflammatory status of the operative cavity, reduce postoperative interventions, and promote benign regression of the operative cavity., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of biyuantang syndrome differentiation plus subtraction in the treatment of chronic sinusitis and its effect on the symptoms and pain of patients. Methods: 117 patients with chronic sinusitis admitted to our hospital outpatient from june, 2016 to june, 2018 were selected and randomly divided into the control group and the observation group. In the control group, 58 cases were treated with conventional western medicine, while 59 cases in the observation group were treated with Biyuantang. The clinical effects, clinical symptoms and improvement of pain were compared between the two groups. Results: After treatment, the effective rate of observation group was 89.83%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (70.69%, P<0.05), while the symptom score of observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). In addition, the VAS score of observation group after treatment was (0.74+0.13), which was also significantly lower than that of the control group (1.52+0.30) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Biyuantang can significantly improve the clinical symptoms, reduce the pain feeling and improve the clinical efficacy of patients with chronic sinusitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of functional endoscopic sinus surgery（FESS） and radical endoscopic sinus surgery（RESS） in eosinophilic chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps（EosCRSwNP）. Methods: A total of 44 patients diagnosed with EosCRSwNP in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital from July 1st, 2020 to August 1st, 2021 were included, the percentage of eosinophils in leukocytes in all patients included was more than 3.05%. The patients were randomly divided into FESS group and RESS group according to random number table. The visual analogue scale （VAS） score, Lund-Kennedy score and sino-nasal outcome test-22 （SNOT-22） were compared between the two groups before operation, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after operation. Results: At 1 year after operation, the scores of the two groups were significantly improved compared with those before operation, and the differences were statistically significant （ P <0.01）. There were significant differences in nasal endoscopic score, VAS score and SNOT-22 score between the two groups（ P =0.01, P =0.03, P =0.03）. The recurrence rate of RESS group was 26.09%（6/23） and that of FESS group was 61.90%（13/21）, and the difference was statistically significant（ P =0.04）. Conclusion: Both RESS and FESS can improve nasal symptoms and promote olfactory recovery in EosCRSwNP patients, but RESS has more advantages in reducing recurrence and improving the prognosis of patients., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective To assess clinical efficacy of comprehensive treatment on chronic sinusitises (CRS) with neutrophils infiltration and eosinophilic infiltration as pathological features. Methods A total of 256 CRS patients whose symptoms had not been improved after surgery (visual analog scale＞6，3 months after surgery) were included in this study. Different comprehensive treatments were given to the patients according to the different types of cell infiltration. The visual analog scale (VAS), Lund—Kennedy and nasal histopathological examination were observed in patients after treatment. Results After different comprehensive treatments, the VAS and Lund-Kennedy were improved in patients with eosinophils infiltration, but the number of eosinophils was not reduced. The VAS, Lund-Kennedy and the number of neutrophils had significantly improvement in patients with mainly neutrophils infiltration. Conclusion According to different immune pathological characteristics, patients of CRS should be given different comprehensive treatments. There is a obvious efficacy for patients with neutrophil infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of lateral wall resection of middle turbinate combined with the endoscopic sinusitis surgery. Methods: 160 patients who were undertaken the endoscopic sinusitis surgery were selected and randomly divided into the control group and the observation group. The patients in the control group were treated by the open surgery, while the patients in the observation group were conducted by the lateral wall resection of middle turbinate besides the control's. Then the average frequency of postoperative dressing, the rate of total efficacy, the SNOT-20 score and the adverse reactions after the treatment of the patients in the two groups were observed and compared. Results: The average frequencies of post-operative dressing of the control group were significantly higher than that of the observation group (P<0.05); The rate of total efficacy in the control group was 72.50% which was lower than 92.50% in the observation group with statistically significant differences (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in SNOT-20 score between the two groups before the treatment (P>0.05); The SNOT-20 score of the observation group after treatment was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference about the adverse reactions in the two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion: Endoscopic sinus surgery has significant clinical efficacy and safety on the treatment of lateral wall resection in the middle turbinate, so it is worthy of clinical promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the expression of type Ⅱ inflammatory-related cytokines in nasal secretions of patients with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps（ECRSwNP）, and to preliminarily explore the role of type Ⅱ inflammatory cytokines in nasal secretions in predicting ECRSwNP. Methods: A prospective analysis was made of 91 patients with CRSwNP who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery in Peking University Third Hospital from November 2020 to June 2021. All the selected patients had their SNOT-22 score, Lund-Mackay score and blood eosinophilia collected before surgery. Percentage and absolute value; the nasal secretions of patients were collected before operation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the typeⅡinflammatory cytokines（IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, IL-33, Eotaxin-3, periostin）, intraoperative nasal polyp tissue was collected for eosinophil count. According to the proportion of eosinophils in the tissue≥10%, they were divided into ECRSwNP group and nECRSwNP group. The clinical baseline data and type Ⅱ inflammatory cytokines were compared between the two groups, and the related factors of ECRSwNP were evaluated by univariate logistic regression analysis. The receiver operating characteristic（ROC） curve was used to evaluate the predictive potential of each clinical index. Results: The SNOT-22 score, Lund-Mackay score, blood eosinophil percentage and absolute value in the ECRSwNP group were higher than those in the nECRSwNP group（ P <0.05）. In the nECRSwNP group（ P <0.01）. Logistic regression analysis found that IL-5, Eotaxin-3 and blood eosinophil percentage were risk factors for ECRSwNP（ P <0.05）. ROC analysis found that IL-5, Eotaxin-3 and blood eosinophil percentage had predictive diagnostic value（ P <0.01）, among which blood eosinophil percentage had the greatest predictive value（AUC=0.756）. The prediction model composed of Eotaxin-3, SNOT-22 score, sinus CT Lund-Mackay score, blood eosinophil percentage and blood eosinophil absolute value had better prediction effect on ECRSwNP（AUC=0.873）. Conclusion: Type Ⅱ inflammatory cytokines IL-5 and Eotaxin-3 in nasal secretions may be involved as biomarkers for early diagnosis of ECRSwNP., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

With the development of studies on the endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis （CRS） and the biomarkers of nasal secretions, the studies of CRS endotypes based on nasal secretion have become more abundant. This paper summarizes the endotypes classification of CRS, the collection methods of nasal secretion and the nasal secretion biomarkers related to the endotypes of CRS, in order to provide a reference for establishing the corresponding endotypes of CRS based on the nasal secretion biomarkers., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective To investigate the computed tomography (CT) and clinical characteristics of patients with extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type ( ENKTL) as well as the reason of misdiagnosis. Method The CT and clinical findings of 25 patients with nasal type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma were retrospectively reviewed, and the reasons of misdiagnosis were analyzed to avoid it. Results Of the 25 patients, 9 of 15 patients who had a sinus CT were misdiagnosed for sinusitis before admitted to our hospital. According to the extent of tumors, 16 patients showed localized type, the localized lesions were found in the anterior nasal cavity in 14 cases and in posterior part in 2 cases. On the basis of its properties, CT showed that soft tissue density tumor filled the nasal cavity, and spread along the nasal mucosa, enhanced CT showed mild to moderate heterogeneous enhancement. For localized types, bone mass showed no obvious change; for diffuse type, bone mass destruction can be showed along the middle of nasal cavity. For localized type patients, the lesions showed homogeneous density lesion in 5 cases and inhomogeneous density in 9 cases, only 2 cases showed bone change. For diffuse type patients, the lesions showed homogeneous density lesion in 5 cases and heterogeneous enhancement after enhanced CT in 4 cases. 4 cases extended to septum and orbit and hard palate and pterygopalatine fossa. Conclusion Computed tomography (CT) and clinical findings have specific manifestation which suggest the diagnosis in nasal type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma patients. But for localized type cases and early stages patients, no obvious specificity can be showed by imaging findings of CT and clinical symptom. Only by CT combined with clinical symptoms we can diagnose it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic sinusitis （CRS） is one of the most common nasal diseases, and FSDP is a risk factor for CRS. The variation of the frontal recess cell obstructs the frontal sinus drainage pathway, which makes the frontal sinus surgery more difficult and a higher recurrence rate than other sinus surgeries. Therefore, before surgery, a thin-slice CT scan is performed on the patient to fully evaluate the anatomical structure and drainage pathway of the frontal sinus, and to understand the variation of FSDP cell is crucial for accurate opening of the frontal sinus. In this paper, A case of large supra bulla frontal cell infection was summarized and analyzed. The anatomical structure of the frontal recess was fully understood by preoperative radiographs, the spatial relationship between the cells was identified, and the appropriate surgical plan was developed, which was beneficial for the surgeon to accurately open the frontal cortex during surgery and avoid postoperative recurrence., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To analyze the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of acute sinusitis related orbital cellulitis in children. Methods: The data of 51 cases with acute sinusitis comorbid with orbital cellulitis in Tianjin Children's Hospital from April 2016 to March 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the extent of infection, the patients were divided into two groups:pre-septal orbital cellulitis（7 cases） and post-septal orbital cellulitis（44 cases）. The general clinical characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory examination and treatment were compared between the two groups. Among them, 23 cases（6 in pre-septal orbital cellulitis group and 17 in post-septal orbital cellulitis group） were cured by medicine treatment; 28 cases were cured by surgical treatment after failure of medicine treatment. Results: There was no significant difference in age, gender and medical history between the two groups. Redness, swelling, heat and pain in eyelid was the most common clinical manifestations of orbital cellulitis in children, followed by fever, headache, runny nose, eye fixation, and vision loss. WBC count and neutrophils percentage were significantly higher in post-septal orbital cellulitis group. All children were followed up for 3 months to 3 years， 1 case was lost to follow-up， 50 cases had no recurrence and recovered well. Conclusion: Orbital cellulitis is a common and rapid developing complication of sinusitis in children. Early diagnosis and effective anti-infection treatment are very important for prognosis. Orbital CT plays an important role in the determination and evaluation of this complication. When conservative treatment is ineffective, surgical drainage in time can reduce the occurrence of serious ocular sequelae., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To explore the relationship between pathogens in the olfactory cleft area and olfactory disorders in patients with upper respiratory inflammation (URI) during the prevention and control of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods: A total of 234 URI patients including acute upper respiratory infection, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), allergic rhinitis (AR) were continuously selected from September 2020 to March 2021 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital and 98 healthy adults were enrolled as controls. The secretions from the olfactory cleft of all subjects were collected with nasal swabs under nasal endoscopy. Multiple real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction detection method was used to detect nucleic acids of 33 types of respiratory pathogenic microorganism. Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test was performed on all patients with URI. URI patients with olfactory dysfunction were followed up for 9 (8, 10) months ( M ( Q 1 , Q 3 )). SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Among the 98 controls, 9 (9.18%) were positive for pathogenic microorganisms, including 1 (1.02%) rhinovirus, 1 (1.02%) parainfluenza virus type 3, 3 (3.06%) enterovirus, 1 (1.02%) staphylococcus aureus and 3 (3.06%) Moraxella catarrhalis. Among the 234 URI patients, 111 (47.44%) had olfactory disorders and 123 (52.56%) had normal sense of smell. In the olfactory disorder group (111 cases), 38 cases (34.23%) were positive for pathogenic microorganisms, and 4 cases (3.60%) were mixed infection, including 11 cases of rhinovirus (9.91%), 5 cases of coronavirus 229E (4.50%), 2 cases of coronavirus OC43/NL63 (1.80%), 3 cases of parainfluenza virus type 1 (2.70%), 2 cases of enterovirus (1.80%), 1 case of influenza B virus type BV (0.90%), 11 cases of Staphylococcus aureus (9.91%), 7 cases of Moraxella catarrhalis (6.31%), and 1 case of Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.90%). In the normal smell group (123 cases), 18 cases (14.63%) were positive for pathogenic microorganisms, and 1 case (0.81%) was mixed infection, including 3 cases of rhinovirus (2.44%), 4 cases of coronavirus 229E (3.25%), 1 case of Influenza virus type 3 (0.81%), 3 cases of enterovirus (2.44%), 3 cases of Staphylococcus aureus (2.44%), 4 cases of Moraxella catarrhalis (3.25%), and 1 case of Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.81%). Univariate analysis between the two groups found that there were significant differences in the detection rate of pathogenic microorganisms, rhinovirus and Staphylococcus aureus between the groups (all P <0.05). The detection rate of parainfluenza virus type 1, Staphylococcus aureus, and rhinovirus were different between the patients with olfactory disorder and normal olfactory function in the three subgroups of acute upper respiratory tract infection, CRS and AR, respectively (χ 2 value was 3.88, 4.53 and 4.73, respectively, all P <0.05). During the follow-up period, among the 111 patients with olfactory disorder, 71 (63.96%) patients' olfactory function returned to normal, 32 (28.83%) patients' olfactory function improved but not completely returned to normal, 8 (7.21%) patients' olfactory function did not improve. Conclusions: During the prevention and control of COVID-19, rhinovirus or Staphylococcus aureus infection or colonization of URI patients is closely related to olfactory disorders. Parainfluenza virus type 1 infection can cause relatively persistent olfactory disorders in patients with acute upper respiratory tract infection. Staphylococcus aureus and rhinovirus colonization are related to the occurrence of olfactory dysfunction in CRS and AR patients respectively.

Objective: To investigate the expression of Vitamin C in adult patients with chronic rhinosinusitis（CRS） and its correlation with immune function. Methods: A total of 315 patients who underwent nasal endoscopic surgery at the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and undergoing nasal endoscopic surgery were collected from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from May 2018 to June 2020, including 207 CRS patients, who were divided into CRS without nasal polyps（CRSsNP） group（110 cases） and CRS with nasal polyps（CRSwNP） group（97 cases）; 108 patients with nasal septum correction were selected as the control group. All patients underwent serum Vitamin A, C, D, and E tests. Among them, 107 patients（39 in the control group, 35 in the CRSsNP group, and 33 in the CRSwNP group） were treated with serum IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, etc. Detection of cytokines and immune protein levels such as IgA, IgM, IgG, C3, and C4. Results: The serum levels of Vitamin C and IL-10 in the CRSwNP group were significantly lower than those in the control group（ P <0.05）, and the serum C4 level was significantly higher（ P <0.05）; the serum Vitamin C level decreased with the level of IL-10, the decline is positively correlated, while negatively correlated with C4 levels; CRSsNP patients also had lower Vitamin C levels and higher C3 and C4 levels. Conclusion: The Vitamin C level in adult patients with CRS is lower than that in the normal population, and the level of C4 is higher; the level of IL-10 in patients with CRSwNP is lower; Vitamin C affects the immune balance and antioxidant level of patients, and in the pathogenesis of CRS and nasal polyps play a certain role., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To assess the presentation of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis（AFRS） in children and the role of long-term comprehensive therapy of endoscopic surgery combined with drug therapy. Methods: The 3 children with AFRS were routinely examined by nasal endoscopy, CT scan, MRI scan and allergen detection before surgery, and mycological and histomathological examination were performed on the secretions in the sinus and the mucosa of the affected sinuses. All the 3 patients underwent endoscopic surgery, preoperative and postoperative treatment with oral and nasal corticosteroid, nasal irrigation, and individualized anti-allergy therapy and immunotherapy. The patients were followed up for 3 to 12 months. Results: All 3 children had nasal polyps and headache, and 2 children had exophthalmos and facial asymmetry. There were typical CT and MRI findings on imaging. Serum total IgE were all elevated, and 2 cases were positive for fungal SIgE. All 3 children underwent endoscopic surgery. Fungal hyphae and spores were found in 1 child, and other fungi tests were positive in another 2 children. Postoperative facial asymmetry was relieved spontaneously, and mucosal swelling and polypoid changes were observed in 2 children. Conclusion: AFRS is a specific type of chronic rhinosinusitis that is not uncommon in children. Early diagnosis, prompt operation, standardized treatment and long-term follow-up are very important in the diagnosis and treatment of AFRS in children., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

PURPOSE: To explore the therapeutic effect of endoscopic -assisted on odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. METHODS: The clinical data of thirty-five patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis were retrospectively analyzed, including 23 cases who underwent endoscopic-assisted and 12 cases underwent Caldwell-Luc operation, treatment was applied under the help of antrotomy via middle nasal meatus with endoscope. The surgeon performed operations from anterior wall of maxillary sinus as approaches and used endoscope to locate the inflammatory area, and the treatment of radiofrequency plasma ablation was used to ablate the inflamed mucosa of maxillary sinus. In addition, 12 patients underwent Caldwell-Luc operation. The effects of two kinds of operation were compared with each other. RESULTS: Patients with Caldwell-Luc operation were hospitalized for 11 days. The complication of Caldwell-Luc operation included facial swelling, facial numbness and toothache in 12 patients, 7 patients and 6 patients, respectively. The mean hospital day of patients with endoscopic assisted- was 5 days. No complications occurred and the apertures of middle nasal meatus recovered to be unobstructed 3 months after operation. No recurrence was found during 3 months follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared with Caldwell -Luc operation, endoscopic -assisted on odontogenic maxillary sinusitis reserved the normal maxillary sinus mucosa and reduced the length of patient stay as well as removed the inflammatory tissues. Therefore, endoscopic-assisted was beneficial to recovery of patients with operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether nasal nitric oxide（nNO） could be used to identify the main clinical phenotypes of primary diffuse chronic sinusitis（CRS） and reflect the severity of sinus mucosal lesions. Methods: A total of 57 patients with primary diffuse CRS were included as the case group in this study. And the patients were divided into eosinophilic CRS（EosCRS） group and non-EosCRS group according to the percentage of eosinophils in peripheral blood. At the same time, 32 healthy volunteers were selected as the control group. According to whether there is nasal polyps under nasal endoscopy, the EosCRS group was classified into EosCRS with nasal polyps（EosCRSwNP） and EosCRS without nasal polyps（EosCRSsNP）. In the same way, the non-EosCRS group was assigned to non-EosCRS with nasal polyps（non-EosCRSwNP） and non-EosCRS without nasal polyps（non-EosCRSsNP）. The levels of nNO were detected by single nostril air extraction with 10 mL/s flow rate and soft palate closure. The severity of sinus lesions were evaluated by Lund-Mackay score. The difference of nNO levels were compared by the Rank sum test. The correlation between nNO levels and Lund-Mackay score was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results: ①The levels of nNO in EosCRS group [315.00（88.00, 446.50） ×10⁻⁹] and non-EosCRS group [419.00（181.00, 469.00） ×10⁻⁹] were significantly lower than those in the control group [457.00（431.00, 493.75） ×10⁻⁹]（ P <0.01）. ②The levels of nNO in EosCRSwNP group [260.00（71.75, 391.50） ×10⁻⁹] were significantly lower than that in EosCRSsNP group [557.00（442.50, 619.75） ×10⁻⁹], and that in non-EosCRSwNP group [210.00（159.75, 434.25） ×10⁻⁹] were significantly lower than non-EosCRSsNP group [455.00（425.00, 481.00） ×10⁻⁹]（ P <0.05）. ③There was a medially negative correlation between the levels of nNO and the total score of Lund-Mackay score in the EosCRS group（ r =-0.567, P <0.01）. Conclusion: The levels of nNO can be used to determine whether primary diffuse CRS is accompanied by nasal polyps and reflect the severity of nasal sinus mucosal lesions, instead of identifying the main clinical phenotypes of primary diffuse CRS., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Based on the Drugdataexpy and the prescription modern application database, this study explored the formulation regularity of ancient and modern prescriptions for the treatment of sinusitis. The Chinese medicinal prescriptions for the treatment of sinusitis with various syndromes were retrieved from the above databases and the corresponding formulation regularity was investigated by frequency analysis, association rule analysis, and factor analysis. Eighty-seven Chinese medicinal prescriptions were included, involving five syndrome types of sinusitis and 160 Chinese medicine, which were mainly effective in releasing exterior, clearing heat, and tonifying deficiency, and acted on the lung meridian due to cold and warm nature and pungent and bitter flavor or on the spleen meridian due to warm nature and pungent flavor. Seventeen core Chinese medicine were screened out by topological data analysis, including Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, Magnoliae Flos, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Xanthii Fructus, and Scutellariae Radix. Chinese medicine such as Magnoliae Flos, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, and Xanthii Fructus were commonly used in the treatment of sinusitis of wind-heat in the lung meridian, while the combination of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Magnoliae Flos, Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, etc. was the key compatibility in treating sinusitis of dampness-heat in the spleen and stomach. Six common factors were extracted from the factor analysis of the above two syndrome types. The findings indicate that the exterior-releasing, heat-clearing, and deficiency-tonifying Chinese medicine with cold and warm nature and pungent flavor are preferential options for the clinical treatment of sinusitis. Treatment should be based on syndrome differentiation and key therapeutic principles should be followed.

Objective: The aim of this study is to check whether histopathological differences exist between the nasal side and the sinus side of uncinate process of chronic rhinosinusitis and the histopathological basis of nasal polyp was discussed. Methods: The uncinate processes of chronic rhinosinusitis and control subjects were enrolled from October 2016 to April 2017. The following histopathological data were assessed: height of basement membrane, the proportion of glands in the sub-epithelium, the numbers of goblet cells and inflammatory cells. Results: A total of 116 patients were recruited, including 38 chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps（CRSwNP）, 58 chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps（CRSsNP） and 20 controls. There was no significant difference between age and gender distribution（ P >0.05）. The basement membrane was significantly thinner on the sinus side of the 3 groups' uncinate processes than on the nasal side except CRSwNP group（ P <0.05）. The basement membrane of CRSwNP and CRSsNP was significantly higher than control uncinate processes（ P <0.05）. Inflammatory cells number were significantly increased in CRSwNP and CRSsNP than in the control uncinate processes, and the nasal side was obviously more than the sinus side in the CRSwNP and CRSsNP groups（ P <0.05）. The number of goblet cells was more on the sinus side of the 3 groups uncinate processes than on the nasal side, that of CRSsNP and control were significant difference between the nasal side and sinus side（ P <0.05）. The proportion of glands was larger on the sinus and nasal side of the uncinate processes in CRSwNP and CRSsNP than that of the control uncinate processes（ P <0.05）, and the proportion of glands was significantly greater on the nasal side than on the sinus side of the uncinate processes in CRSwNP（ P <0.05）. Conclusion: Histopathological differences exist between the nasal side and sinus side of the ups of CRSwNP, CRSsNP and control. The nasal side is more prone to polyps than the sinus side, which may be related to the thickening of basement membrane, the increase of inflammatory cells and gland area, and the decrease of goblet cells., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a hereditary disease characterized by airway mucociliary clearance dysfunction. The estimated prevalence of PCD is 1꞉10 000 to 1꞉20 000. The main respiratory manifestations in children are cough, expectoration, chronic rhinitis, sinusitis, and chronic otitis media, while the most common symptoms in adults are chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and infertility. About 50% of patients with certain PCD-related gene variants are combined with situs inversus, and the incidence of congenital heart disease is also high. The pathogenesis behind PCD is that gene variants cause structural or functional disorders of respiratory cilia and motile cilia of other organs, leading to a series of heterogeneous clinical manifestations, which makes it difficult to identify and diagnose PCD. Combining different disease screening tools and understanding the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment for PCD.

The present study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Xiangju Capsules in the treatment of sinusitis. CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of Xiangju Capsules in the treatment of sinusitis, and Meta-analysis was performed on the included articles using RevMan 5.3. Twenty-nine articles were included, involving 4 331 cases, including 2 196 cases in the experimental group and 2 135 cases in the control group. Meta-analysis results showed that the conventional therapy combined with Xiangju Capsules showed better significant efficiency(RR=1.30, 95%CI[1.15, 1.47], P&lt;0.000 01), total response rate(RR=1.19, 95%CI[1.16, 1.23], P&lt;0.000 01), and Lund-Mackay scores(MD=-1.23, 95%CI[-1.39,-1.07], P&lt;0.000 01) than conventional therapy alone. The conventional therapy combined with Eucalyptol-limonene-pinene Enteric Soft Capsules and Xiangju Capsules showed better total response rate(RR=1.14, 95%CI[1.07, 1.21], P&lt;0.000 1) and VAS scores than conventional therapy combined with Eucalyptol-limonene-pinene Enteric Soft Capsules(MD&#95;(headache)=-1.29, 95%CI[-1.48,-1.10], P&lt;0.000 01; MD&#95;(congestion)=-1.08, 95%CI[-1.21,-0.95], P&lt;0.000 01; MD&#95;(olfactory dysfunction)=-1.05, 95%CI[-1.23,-0.87], P&lt;0.000 01; MD&#95;(facial disorder)=-1.38, 95%CI[-1.49,-1.27], P&lt;0.000 01). The conventional therapy combined with clarithromycin and Xiangju Capsules displayed a better total response rate(RR=1.15, 95%CI[1.08, 1.21], P&lt;0.000 01) than conventional therapy combined with clarithromycin, while no significant difference was observed in the significant efficiency(RR=1.27, 95%CI[0.98, 1.65], P=0.07). The significant efficiency(RR=2.16, 95%CI[1.47, 3.18], P&lt;0.000 1) and total effective rate(RR=1.48, 95%CI[1.28, 1.72], P&lt;0.000 01) of clarithromycin combined with Xiangju Capsules in patients with sinusitis and CT scores(MD=-1.87, 95%CI[-2.01,-1.74], P&lt;0.000 01) was significantly better than clarithromycin alone. Trial sequential analysis(TSA) showed that the cumulative sample size of the main outcome indicators had met expectations. The main adverse reactions included drowsiness, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, which had no direct relationship with Xiangju Capsules. Based on the available data and methods, the combination of Xiangju Capsules with multiple treatments showed significant efficiency and total response rate in the treatment of sinusitis, and improved CT scores, VAS scores, and Lund-Mackay scores, without serious adverse reactions. The efficacy and safety of Xiangju Capsules in the treatment of sinusitis still need to be verified by a large-sample, well-designed, and internationally standardized clinical trial scheme.