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This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of compound probiotics with different levels of addition on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, serum immunity, and antioxi‐ dant indexes of sika deer during weaning period. A total of 24 healthy male sika deer with a close age (150±5) d and weight of (26.78±1.66) kg were randomly divided into 4 groups (6 replicates in each group, 1 replicate per replicate), and 0 (control group), 50 mg/(head·day) (group I), 100 mg/(head·day) (group Ⅱ), 200 mg/(head·day) (group Ⅲ) compound probiotics were fed a basal diet, the preexperimental period lasted for 5 days, and the experimental period lasted for 35 days. The results showed as follows: ① the average daily feed intake of sika deer in group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ compared with the control group, the difference was significant(P<0.05). ② The crude protein digestibility in group I and group Ⅱ was significantly higher. Compared with the control group, the difference was significant(P< 0.05). ③ The content of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in group I and group Ⅲ compared with the control group, the difference was significant(P<0.05); the contents of immunoglobulin G (IgG), immuno‐ globulin M (IgM) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). ④ The serum activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P<0.01), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum of group Ⅱ was significantly lower than those in the other groups (P<0.01), the con‐ tent of T-SOD in the Ⅲ group was significantly higher than that in group I and control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding 100 mg/( head·day) of compound probiotics to feed can significantly improve the average daily feed intake, crude protein digestibility, immune function, and antioxidant capacity of sika deer during weaning period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the pathogenicity and drug resistance mechanism of Proteus penneri from Cervus nippon, a pathogenic strain of Proteus penneri was isolated from the lung organs of dead Cervus nippon in Yunnan Wildlife Park. The whole genome of the isolated strain F2d was sequenced by the second generation sequencing technology, and the whole genome sequence of F2d obtained by sequencing was annotated into the databases of virulence factor, drug resistance gene, and metabolic pathway. The results of virulence factor database annotation showed that the strain contained virulence factors of adherence, nutritional/metabolic factor, motility, immune modulation and other types. The annotation results of the comprehensive antibiotic research database showed that strain F2d was resistant to many antibiotics such as β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, and had many genes encoding the mechanism of antibiotic efflux. The annotation results of metabolic pathway database showed that the annotated genes were enriched in 42 pathways, and the number of metabolism related annotated genes was the largest, with a total of 2, 250 genes distributed in 12 pathways. Using whole genome sequencing technology to analyze the metabolic characteristics, pathogenicity and drug resistance of Proteus penneri F2d from deer can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of Proteus penneri infection and the development of related drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, positive vegetation succession is obvious in Jiangxi Taohongling Sika Deer National Nature Reserve, and a large number of sika deer (Cervus nippon) begin to spread and gather in the periphery of the reserve. To investigate the potential pathogen carrying situation of the sika deer in the reserve is helpful to grasp the health status of its population, so as to formulate precise conservation and management countermeasures. We collected the fresh fecal samples of sika deer from different zones of the reserve (core zone, buffer zone and experimental zone) and analyzed the pathogen carring status using metagenomic sequencing technology. The results showed that the sika deer in Taohongling Reserve carried 63 species of pathogenic microorganisms in 34 genus, including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, mycoplasmas, chlamydia and spirochetes, totaling 63 species in 34 genus, and most of which were zoonotic pathogens. The five genus with the highest abundance of pathogens were Clostridioides, Listeria, Klebsiella, Shigella, and Salmonella, and the five species with the highest abundance were Clostridioides difficile, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enteritidis, and Shigella flexneri. The number of pathogens carried by sika deer in the core zone was significantly lower than that in the buffer zone and experimental zone. Our results indicated that the sika deer in Taohongling Reserve carry a variety of pathogens, with a certen risk of epidemics occurrence. It is recommended to carry out habitat dwarfing in the core zone, and at the same time, to carry out continuous monitoring and early warning of high-risk pathogens. In addition, conservation management of the proliferating sika deer population should be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the adaptation of captive sika deer in the wild, infrared camera technology was used to investigate the captive wild sika deer in Jiyuan City, Henan Province from May of 2020 to July of 2021. Twenty infrared cameras were placed in the form of kilometer grid, and a total of 3 334 effective camera days and 9 669 independent photos were obtained. The male-female ratio of adult sika deer was 1. 45. A total of 11 cluster patterns were recorded, in which 36. 63% were single females and 37. 40% were single males. The proportion of polygyny cluster reached 9. 06%. The second was single young deer, accounting for 4. 92%. In the case of carrying juveniles, 371 independent valid photos were taken, mainly by single or multiple females, while only 69 photos were taken in the other two cases. Young carrying by females mainly occurred in summer, while young carrying by males mainly occurred in winter. The diurnal activity rhythm of sika deer was bimodal, 06:00-08:00 and 16:00-18:00 respectively. In winter, the dual activity period of sika deer was from 08:00 to 16:00, and the peak value occurred from 11:00 to 13:00. The results showed that the overlap coefficient in spring-summer was the largest (Δ = 0. 935 0, P< 0. 001), followed by spring-autumn (Δ = 0. 913 4, P<0. 01) and winter-spring (Δ = 0. 878 5, P<0. 01) and summer-autumn (Δ = 0. 876 0, P<0. 01), summer-winter had the smallest overlap coefficient (Δ = 0. 821 4, P<0. 01). In this study, the activity rhythm and clustering behavior of wild sika deer were studied based on the investigation records of wild captive conditions without human interference, which provided the technical basis for the next step of wild release of sika deer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the expression profiles of COL1A1 (Collagen type I alpha 1 chain) and COL1A2 (Collagen type I alpha 2 chain) genes in different tissues of sika deer, analyze their effects on tissue development of sika deer, and provide a basis for selecting candidate genes affecting important economic traits of sika deer. (Method) The expression levels of COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, large intestine, small intestine, cecum, duodenum, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, longissimus dorsi, leg muscle and testis of male sika deer were detected by RT-qPCR. The biological information of COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes and their expression profiles in different tissues of sika deer were predicted and analyzed by NetPhos 3.1, Motif Search and ProtParam software. On the basis, the phylogenetic tree of COL1A1 and COL1 A2 amino acid sequences was constructed. [Result] CDS regions of COL1AI and COL1A2 genes encoded 1463 and 1364 amino acids, respectively, and the theoretical PI were 5.60 and 9. 19, respecсtively. Both COL1A1 and COL1 A2 were hydrophilic and stable proteins with signal peptides and phosphorylation sites. The secondary and tertiary structures of COL1A1 and COL1A2 proteins were composed of random coils. Compared with other animals, deer COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes had the highest homology and the closest relationship with ruminant goats, sheep and cattle. The homology of COL1AI of deer with goats, cattle and sheep was 99.5%, 99.5% and 99.2%, respectively. The homology of COL1A2 of deer with goats, cattle and sheep was 99.1%, 99.0% and 98.9%, respectively. The results of RT-qPCR showed that COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes were expressed in different tissues of sika deer. The expression of COL1A1 gene was higher in heart, longissimus dorsi and leg muscle, which was significantly higher than that in other tissues, while the expression of COL1A2 gene was higher in heart, liver, kidney and omasum, which was significantly higher than that in other tissues. In addition, the expression of COL1A1 was higher in muscle tissue, while the expression of COL1A2 was lower. The expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2 in other tissues had a trend of high and low and synergistic effect. [Conclusion] COL1A1 and COL1A2 may cooperatively maintain tissue structure and tissue development, which lays a foundation for further research on the effects of COL1A1 and COL1A2 on growth and development of sika deer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to investigate the effect of partial replacement of peanut seedling with fermented enoki mushroom residue on growth performance, serum biochemical, immune and antioxidant indexes of sika deer. Twelve healthy male sika deer were randomly divided into control group and experimental group, with six replicates in each group, one deer in each replicate. The roughage of sika deer in the control group was peanut seedlings, and the sika deer in experimental group were fed with fermented enoki mushroom residue instead of 40% peanut vine in the full price diet. The pre-test period was 10 d, and the formal experiment period was 60 d. The results showed that compared with control group, the TWG and ADG of sika deer in the experimental group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and F/G was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The BUN content and AST activity were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the activity of ALP was significantly increased (P<0.05). The content of IgG and IFN-γ was significantly increased (P<0.05). The activity of GSH-Px was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the content of MDA was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The study indicates that adding fermented enoki mushroom residue to diet can improve growth performance, immune function and antioxidant capacity, and improve blood protein metabolism level of sika deer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dingkundan is a traditional Chinese medicine formula consisted of 30 herbs. such as Radix ginseng Rubra, Cervus nippon Temminck, Saffron Stigma Croci and Pseudo ginseng. The quality control of Cervi cornu Pantotrichum is of important for maintaining the effectiveness of Dingkundan. Herein, a method of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was established for specificity identification of the Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum and Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus in Dingkundan. Dingkundan samples were digested by trypsin, and the tryptic peptides were subsequently separated by using Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm 100 mm X 1.7 m) with the mobile phases comprising of acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid (A) and water containing 0.1% formic acid (B). The gradient started with 3% A. and increased to 8% A at 10 min. to 20% A at 20 min, to 50% A at 30 min with a flowing rate of 0.3 mL/min. The injection volume was 5 L. The electrospray ionization (ESI) MS analysis was performed under positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The specificity of each monitoring ion pairs of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum and Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus were well distinguished and characterized. All 30 batches of Dingkundan samples were detected with components originated from Pantotrichum. 8 batches were detected with components from Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum, and the other 22 batches were detected with ingredients from Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus. indicating more ingredients from pantotrichum in Dingkundan in present markets comes from Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus. The UPLC-MS/MS method has good specificity, features with simple and quick operation. further improving the quality standard of Dingkundan and providing reference for the identification of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum and screening of Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus in traditional Chinese medicine formulae containing Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on fatty acid metabolism of sika deer antler, so as to provide basis for the application of CLA in sika deer production. Sixteen 1-year-old male sika deer with similar body weight of (40.25±2.38) kg were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 deer in each group. Deer in the control group (G0 group) were fed a basal diet, and others in experimental groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 0.25% (G1 group), 0.50% (G2 group) and 1.00% (G3 group) CLA, respectively. The metabolism of fatty acids in velvet antler was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that 35 kinds of fatty acids were detected after adding CLA, which was more than that of other scholars; CLA supplementation could increase the content of most fatty acids in antler, among which the contents of palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, trans oleic acid, linoleic acid, trans linoleic acid, eicosadienoic acid and arachidonic acid increased significantly (P< 0.05). The proportion of PUFA and SFA in antler for 0.50% CLA was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05), and the proportion of MUFA in this group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05). The deposition of PUFA in deer antler has a positive effect to the quality of deer antler. The effect was most pronounced when the CLA was added at 0.50%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The experiment was to study the effect of dietary supplementation of compound Chinese herbal medicine on production performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients and rectal flora structure of sika deer during breeding period. A total of 12 one-year-old male sika deer in good condition at breeding stage were selected and randomly divide into two groups, with six replicates in each group and one deer in each replicate. The sika deer in control group (YC group) were fed with basal diet, the sika deer in test group (YT group) were fed with basal diet supplemented with 10 g/(head·d) compound Chinese herbal medicine. The pre-trial period was 7 d and the experimental period was 60 d. The results showed that compared with YC group, the antler weight of the sika deer in YT group was significantly increased (P<0.05), the apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, organic matter and dry matter were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the rectal flora was significantly increased (P<0.05). The relative abundance of Rikenbacteriaceae RC9 at the phylum level and the genus level was significantly increased (P<0.05), the relative abundance of Firmicutes at the phylum level and the genus level of Ruminococcus_UCG_005 was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The study indicates that the addition of compound Chinese herbal medicine to diet is beneficial to improve the production performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients of sika deer during breeding period, which has a certain regulatory effect on rectal flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the effect of compound Chinese herbal medicine additives on diversity of rectal flora of sika deer during antler growth period. A total of 12 healthy male sika deer three-year-old with weight (74.79±0.78) kg were selected and randomly divided into two groups, with six replicates in each group and one deer in each replicate. The deer in control group (SC group) were fed with basal diet, and test group (ST group) was supplemented with 10 g/(head·d) of compound Chinese herbal medicine additives in basal diet. The pre-experimental period lasted for 7 d, and formal trial lasted for 7 w. The results showed that compared with SC group, there was no significant difference in α-diversity of microbiota in rectal content of sika deer at velvet stage in ST group (P>0.05), but the relative abundance of Monoglobus in rectal content of sika deer was significantly increased (P<0.05). Principal coordinate analysis showed that dietary compound Chinese herbal medicine additives had no significant effect on bacteria composition in rectum content of sika deer (P>0.05). The experiment indicates that the addition of compound Chinese herbal medicine additive has no obvious effect on bacterial composition of rectum of sika deer at antler stage, but the relative abundance of Monoglobus in rectal content is significantly increased, and the ability of fiber digestion of sika deer at raw velvet stage is significantly enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese herbal medicine additive is a green environmental protection additive made by modern feed production and processing technology based on 'homology of food and medicine' theory and animal physiological needs. The rational use of Chinese herbal additives can promote animal growth and development, regulate the immune system and metabolism, and protect animal health. The article summarizes the functions of Chinese herbal medicines and their application in sika deer production, and clarifies the application status of Chinese herbal additives in improving the production performance and immune function and regulating the balance of rumen flora of sika deer, to provide basis for development and application and provide technical support for efficient development of sika deer breeding industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the study which investigates the prevalence of paratuberculosis sika deer in Jilin province in China.

The article offers information on the results of the study on the expression and purification of sika deer cellular prion protein specific fragment. It mentions that the gene of the sika deer cellular prion protein (dPrPc) specific fragment (dPrPc(67-699)) was magnified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the use of a pair of specific primers and cloned into pGEX-6p-1 expression plasmid. It notes that the recombinan plasmid was transformed to Rosetta-gami (DE3) engineering bacteria.

The article presents a research which investigates the histologic and cytologic ultrastructure and microstructure of the sika deer's growing antler.

The article discusses a study on the cloning and prokaryotic expression of sika deer colX gene using the transformed Escherichia coli BL21.

To investigate the effects of anti-androgen drugs and melengestrol acetate (MGA) on development of regrowth antlers in 6 year old sika deer, twenty healthysika deerwith similar body weight and antler weightwere randomly divided into five groups by using single factor test design: flutamide ( n =4), bicalutamide ( n =4), progesterone acetate (CPA, n =4), melengestrol acetate (MGA, n =4), control( n =4). All deer were fed with same diets and were housed outside together in an opened fence of 15 m×30 m with free access to water and feed. Treatment groups were injected subcutaneously sustained-release agents of the four drugs respectively when two-branched antlers were harvested. The control group had no special treatment. In the experiment period of 60 d, blood sampleswere collected for 4 times for each deer. The concentration of testosterone in plasma was tested and analyzed to compare the changes between different groups. Development of regrowth antlers was observed. At the end of the experiment, regrowth antlers were weighted and analyzed. The resultsshowed that the weights of regrowth antlers in treatment groups were significantly greater than those from control group and the weight gain (as compared with the control group) was 100.50%, 64.46%, 87.16% and 117.46% respectively in flutamide group, bicalutamide group, progesterone acetate group and melengestrol acetate group. For plasma testosterone concentration, it was not significantly different in the early stage (in the first 35 d), but at the end of the experimen, it was significantly higher than that of earlier stage ( P <0.01) in various groups. Testosterone concentration of flutamide treated group was significantly lower than that of the other groups ( P <0.01), while the level inbicalutamide and MGA treated groups was significantly higher than that in other groups ( P <0.01). The results showed that both anti-androgen drugs and MGA treatment promoted the development of regrowth antlers and increased the weight of regrowth antlers, where the effect was most significant by MGA treatment. From the morphological observation of the antlers, it was found that anti-androgen and MGA treatments prolonged the growth period of regrowth antlers through delaying the ossification of antlers. However, plasma testosterone concentration was not affected by the treatments., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Sika deer breeding is rapidly developing in South China during the recent years; however, the impact of sika deer breeding on the abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in sika deer farm remains elusive. In this study, profiles of ARGs were investigated using high-throughput qPCR technique. The results showed that the abundance of ARGs varied among different samples in the following order, deer manure composting > deer manure > vegetable soil > pristine soil, and the profiles of ARGs in these samples were significantly different ( P <0.05). The abundance of ARGs was significantly correlated to that of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), implicating the potential of horizontal transfer of ARGs, which might accelerate the dissemination and enrichment of ARGs in the environment of sika deer farm.