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The universal re-encryption scheme URE and its extension EURE were reviewed,discovering their vulnerabilities to Pfitzmann attack.Then a novel re-encryption scheme WGRe（WonGoo Re-encryption） was proposed.WGRe could en-sure the correctness of the outputs from a node and protect against replay attack,which was hard in layered encryption sys-tems.The experimental results show WGRe is practical and more efficient than URE and EURE schemes due to the fact that its ciphertext is only double the size of the corresponding plaintext,instead of four times as URE or EURE.

Replay attack against MIX was studied and a hybrid-structured onion scheme of MIX against replay attack was proposed.In hybrid scheme, probabilistic encryption and semantic security of universal re-encryption were utilized to protect MIX against replay attack, and the authentication property of layered encryption was utilized to protect integrity of messages.Meanwhile, symmetric encryption was imported to improve efficiency.Analysis shows that the hybrid-structured onion scheme can resist replay attack with guarantee of security and efficiency.

Privacy and anonymity on the Internet are gaining increasing attention from both the scientific and the large Internet user community in recent years.Privacy does not only mean the confidentiality of information,but also mean not revealing who is communicating with whom,and how often.After describing the technology of MIX,a survey of ano-nymity technologies based on it was given.Finally WonGoo,a scalable and practical decentralized peer-to-peer protocol was presented that provides strong anonymity and high efficiency with layered encryption and random forwarding.

The cumulative adsorption of external phosphorus (P) by water purification sludge after ignition under different addition methods (mix and cover) was investigated along with the adsorption isotherm and the release of internal P after external P adsorption. The cumulative adsorption of external P was 11.496 mg (mix) and 11.042 mg (cover) and these values were higher than those in the control (7.219 mg). The maximum sorption capacity ( S ) increased under the mix and cover and the former (7.795 mg·g max ) increased under the mix and cover and the former (7.795 mg·g -1 ) was higher than the latter (6.807 mg·g -1 ) in the mix was 0.83 mg·L 0 ) in the mix was 0.83 mg·L -1 ). The result suggests that the internal P was easily released in the mix method, compared to the cover method. Under anaerobic conditions, the release of the internal P was 0.93 mg in the mix, lower than that in the cover (1.49 mg) and in the control (7.76 mg). In addition, the specific release rate in the cover method was 0.00614 (mean), higher than that (0.00396) in the mix method. Noticeably, these data were lower than those in the control, indicating that the retention of P under the mix method was higher, compared to the cover and the control and it is challenging to evaluate the P retention with EPC -1 ). The result suggests that the internal P was easily released in the mix method, compared to the cover method. Under anaerobic conditions, the release of the internal P was 0.93 mg in the mix, lower than that in the cover (1.49 mg) and in the control (7.76 mg). In addition, the specific release rate in the cover method was 0.00614 (mean), higher than that (0.00396) in the mix method. Noticeably, these data were lower than those in the control, indicating that the retention of P under the mix method was higher, compared to the cover and the control and it is challenging to evaluate the P retention with EPC 0 .