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In order to coordinate the relationship between water resources and economic and social development in the Yellow River Basin, based on the current water consumption data of the Yellow River Basin in Shandong Province from 2008 to 2022, the evolution characteristics and spatial distribution law of water consumption structure in the Yellow River Basin in Shandong Province were analyzed by using the methods of information entropy and equilibrium degree, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. The results show that the agricultural water use in the Yellow River Basin in Shandong Province no longer has a single absolute advantage, and the water resources allocation is transforming into multi-objective. The information entropy and equilibrium degree show a synchronous upward trend, indicating that the distribution of various types of water consumption is developing towards uniformity. From 2008 to 2022, the spatial equilibrium degree of agricultural water use in the Yellow River Basin of Shandong Provinceis is decreased obviously, the spatial equilibrium degree of industrial water use is increased slightly, the spatial equilibrium state of domestic water use does not change greatly, and the spatial equilibrium degree of ecological water use is increased obviously. From 2008 to 2022, the spatial distribution of agricultural water use in the Yellow River Basin in Shandong Province changs from an obvious equilibrium state to a relatively balanced state, while the spatial distribution of industrial and domestic water use has always been relatively balanced, and the spatial distribution of ecological water use has changed from a poor equilibrium state to a relatively balanced state. The proportion of agricultural water in Dezhou is the highest, the proportion of industrial water in Zibo is obviously higher than that in other regions, and the proportion of domestic water in Jinan is the highest and slowly rising. In 2018, the proportion of ecological water in Jinan is the highest, and the proportion of ecological water is the lowest in Dezhou. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The aim of this study is to reveal the characteristics of multi-year runoff variation in different geomorphic areas in the Hekouzhen-longmen region, and to investigate responses of intra-annual runoff to soil and water conservation measures in these watersheds. [Methods] Three watersheds in different landform regions (Tuwei River, Sanchuan River, and Yan River) were selected, representing the sandy region, rocky mountain region, and loess cover region, respectively. The Gini coefficient and Lorentz asymmetry coefficient were constructed to quantify the evenness of intra-annual runoff using runoff observations during 1960 to 2019. [Results] (1) Runoff of Tuwei River, Sanchuan River, and Yan River decreased significantly during 1960 to 2019, with the decrease rate of-0.05 million m³/a,-0.03 million m³/a, and-0.02 million m³/a, respectively. (2) The Intra-annual runoff in different landform regions were different. The Gini coefficients of Tuwei River, Sanchuan River and Yan River were 0.2, 0.35 and 0.6, respectively. The intra-annual runoff in the aeolian sandy area showed the highest eveness, followed by the rocky mountain area, while the loess covered area displayed the most uneven distribution. (3) The Gini coefficient of runoff in the three landform regions showed the decreasing trend, and the concentration rate of intra-annual runoff also decreased during 1960 to 2019. (4) NDVI, terraced fields and silting dam construction had significant negative correlation with Gini coefficient of runoff in the three landform regions. [Conclusion] Soil and water conservation projects in the Hekouzhen-Longmen region played a positive role in regulating the intra-annual runoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the panel data of 9 provinces (autonomous regions) of the Yellow River Basin from 2011 to 2022, the evaluation index system of farmers' income quality is constructed, and the entropy method, Dagum Gini coefficient, fixed effect model and other methods are used to measure the quality of farmers' income in the Yellow River Basin, explore the regional differences and further study the influencing factors. The study shows that, first, the quality of farmers' income in the nine provinces (autonomous regions) of the Yellow River Basin from 2011 to 2022 shows an overall fluctuating upward trend, with large inter-regional differences in the quality of farmers' income, obvious characteristics of the stage, and a widening gap between regions. Second, the overall difference in the quality of farmers' income in the Yellow River Basin is gradually narrowing, and the inter-regional differences are the main cause of the relative differences in the quality of farmers' income in the Yellow River Basin. Third, the level of economic development, social security, urbanisation and financial support for agriculture are conducive to improving the quality of farmers' income, while factors such as industrial structure and demographic structure are not conducive to improving the quality of farmers' income. Accordingly, policy suggestions are made, such as paying attention to the quality of farmers' income and promoting the growth of farmers' income; eliminating the shortcomings of farmers' income quality and improving the quality level of farmers' income; optimising the industrial structure and improving the rural social security system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale grid-connection of distributed power helps to achieve the goal of "dual carbon", but also exacerbates the vulnerability of active distribution network. The access of energy storage device can effectively support the vulnerable link of power grid. Based on the Gini coefficient and Theil entropy theory, the uniformity of power transmission in the topology of active distribution network and the equilibrium degree of voltage shock distribution in the operation state were evaluated respectively. The comprehensive vulnerability index of each node was constructed from the structure and state, and the installation scope of distributed energy storage was defined. In this paper, a double-layer optimization scheme of distributed energy storage with constant volume is proposed. In the outer layer, the optimal economic benefit is taken as the objective, the improvement degree of energy storage to the vulnerability of distribution network is considered in the constraint conditions, and the energy storage capacity is solved by particle swarm optimization algorithm. The inner layer aims at the optimal effect of peak shaving and valley filling. Based on the constant power charge and discharge strategy of energy storage, the optimal charge and discharge strategy is formulated for different capacities to realize the optimization of energy storage charge and discharge. The calculation results of IEEE 33-node system show that the proposed energy storage configuration method can effectively improve the vulnerability of active distribution network and has economic advantages.

In order to objectively analyze the situation of spatial matching and carrying capacity of water resources in Henan Province, this paper evaluated the situation of spatial matching and carrying capacity of water resources in Henan Province from 2012 to 2021 by constructing Lorentz curve, improving mutation series model and mature-element extension model based on the data of total water resources and population, and used obstacle degree model to diagnose the main factors affecting the carrying capacity. At the same time, based on the water resources situation and the planned annual supply and demand of Henan Province, the multi-objective optimal allocation model of water resources was constructed. The results show that the spatial distribution of water-irrigated area and water-population is in equilibrium, while the spatial equilibrium of water-secondary industry production value and water-green coverage area is poor. From 2012 to 2021, the overall water resources carrying capacity of Henan Province is gradually increased, and the evaluation comprehensive value is increased steadily. The carrying capacity of water resources in Henan Province is mainly affected by natural population growth rate, industrial water consumption, population density, surface water resources, water production modulus and annual average precipitation. Water resources allocation can be divided into five water allocation schemes, and different schemes have different water use benefits, which can provide reference for regional water allocation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the premise of not affecting ‘economic efficiency,’ adhering to the ‘bottom line of fairness,’ reducing carbon inequality, and enhancing carbon fairness are of great significance to achieve sustainable development. This study analyzed the impact mechanisms of digital technology innovation on carbon inequality within cities from the aspects of reducing economic development disparities, improving energy efficiency and structure, and narrowing consumption gaps. Based on data from 266 cities in China from 2011 to 2021, this study measured the level of digital technology innovation from three aspects: the government's attention on digital technology innovation, input of digital technology innovation, and output of digital technology innovation. The Dagum Gini coefficient was used to measure the level of carbon inequality within cities. The study also empirically examined the effects and mechanisms of digital technology innovation on carbon inequality. The findings were as follows: ① Digital technology innovation significantly could reduce carbon inequality within cities and improve equity. For every 1 unit increase in digital technology innovation, carbon inequality within cities decreased by 0.34 units. However, government attention to digital technology innovation did not significantly reduce carbon inequality, and the input of digital technology innovation also failed to significantly reduce carbon inequality, as its ‘narrowing’ and ‘widening’ effects on carbon inequality counterbalanced each other. Only new digital technologies, represented by digital technology patents, reduced carbon inequality within cities. ② Mechanism tests showed that digital technology innovation could reduce carbon inequality by narrowing economic development gaps and improving energy efficiency and structure. However, digital technology innovation failed to demonstrate effectiveness in reducing carbon inequality by narrowing the consumption gaps. ③ In the context of the digital economy, the multi-center structure of ‘overall dispersion and local agglomeration’ was more conducive to digital technology innovation in reducing carbon inequality within cities. In terms of topographic and geomorphic differences, digital technology innovation could overcome topographic and geomorphic barriers and reduce carbon inequality. In addition, when the government's willingness to engage in coordinated governance was stronger and the level of intellectual property protection was higher, digital technology innovation would play a more significant role. This study provides new insights into advancing digital technology innovation and achieving the ‘dual carbon’ goals fairly and effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of South Architecture / Nanfang Jianzhu is the property of South Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arid Land Geography is the property of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arid Land Geography is the property of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering Management / Gongcheng Guanli Xuebao is the property of Journal of Engineering Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the theory of resilience governance, this paper utilizes panel data from 30 provinces (cities) in China from 2004 to 2021 to construct evaluation indices from the pressure, state, and response dimensions. It objectively measures and systematically portrays the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of China's rural ecological resilience, employing the spatial Durbin model to empirically explore the factors influencing rural ecological resilience. The findings indicate that: (1) Although the overall ecological resilience of rural areas nationwide shows an upward trend, it remains at a low level, exhibiting the pattern of main grain marketing areas> main grain producing areas>areas with balanced grain production and marketing. (2) The rural ecological resilience scores display the characteristics of "the curve shifts rightward, the right tail extends, and the width broadens" during the study period. Decomposition of regional disparities using the Dagum Gini coefficient reveals that overall regional differences are not severe and show a persistent trend of narrowing. (3) Analysis of spatial spillover effects indicates that the intensity of environmental regulation significantly and positively influences rural ecological resilience, accompanied by a significant negative spillover effect. Conversely, the urbanization rate significantly and negatively impacts rural ecological resilience, with a significant positive spillover effect. The levels of rural economic growth and government financial support for agriculture also influence rural ecological resilience positively and negatively, respectively, though these effects are not statistically significant. Both factors exhibit significant negative spillover effects in terms of indirect influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the price difference method, the scale of residential natural gas subsidies in China from 2009 to 2019 was estimated. The Dagum Gini coefficient and LMDI decomposition method were used to explore the spatial differences of subsidies and their inherent evolutionary mechanism. The results show that: (1) Residential natural gas subsidies showed a two-stage feature of "first increase and then decrease", subsidies peaked in 2012. The proportion of subsidies in the eastern, central and northeast regions showed an increasing trend, while that in the western region decreased. The scale of subsidies in all provinces increased to varying degrees, and the provinces with the highest average subsidies were those with large natural gas production and consumption, and provinces along the west-east gas transmission route and coastal economically developed areas. (2) Residential natural gas subsidies showed a spatial distribution feature of "high in the west and low in the east", and the overall regional gap narrowed, and super-variable density gradually became the main source of subsidy differences. In order of magnitude, the differences between regions are west-northeast, East-West, middle-west, east-northeast, middlenortheast, and East-middle. From the perspective of intra-regional differences, the western region had the largest difference, and the northeast region had the smallest difference, the eastern and central regions of the subsidy difference is increasing, the degree of subsidy imbalance is increasing, and the western and northeast regions of the subsidy tend to be balanced. (3) On the whole, the population effect and consumption effect have positive contributions to residential gas subsidies and their effects have been increasing,. The price effect, technology effect and economic effect showed negative contributions to subsidies. There are significant spatial differences in the influencing factors of residents' natural gas subsidies in eastern, central, western and northeast regions, and they change before and after the natural gas price reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forage is an important material foundation for the high-quality development of animal husbandry, and studying its industrial distribution pattern is of great value in ensuring national food safety and protecting the ecological environment. Analyze the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of Chinese forage industry through industrial concentration, spatial Gini coefficient, and center of gravity model, and empirically analyze the influencing factors of Chinese forage industry development using a fixed effects model. The results indicate that the overall clustering phenomenon of Chinese forage industry is characterized by an upward-downward-upward-downward trend, with the development focus shifting from North China to the Northwest and Northeast, and the speed of center of gravity shifting is slowing down, resulting in a relatively stable development pattern. The moisture index, lighting conditions, proportion of productive land for forage, virtual variables related to forage policies, agricultural smart platforms, mechanization level, and forage microbial fermentation and storage technology can all effectively promote the development of Chinese forage industry. The per capita consumption of meat products has not had an empowering effect on the development of Chinese forage industry, natural disasters will suppress the development of Chinese forage industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis is the property of Editorial Office of Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To analyze the status and equity of health human resources allocation within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2021. Methods The study employed the Gini coefficient, Theil index, healtli human resource density, and the grey GM (1,1) model for comprehensive evaluation on the allocation and equity of health human resources. Results From 2012 to 2021, Jiangsu CDCs witnessed an average annual growth rate of health human resources of 3.94%. The grey GM (1,1) model projected an average annual growth rate of 0.41% from 2022 to 2026. The proportion of personnel holding masterJ s degrees or above and senior professional titles increased by 110% and 593%, respectively. The Gini coefficient ranged between 0.098 and 0.133 in terms of population distribution and between 0.197 and 0,241 in geographical distribution. The health human resources density index showed a year-on-year increase. The Theil index revealed that the contribution rate of inter-group differences in geographical distribution exceeded that of intragroup differences, while the opposite was observed for the population dimension. Conclusion Health human resources in Jiangsu CDCs have consistently grown with improvements in overall quality, structured staffing, and enhanced allocation levels. However, challenges include non-standard overall configurations, pronounced aging among grassroots CDC teams, inefficient management personnel deployment, and regional allocation imbalances. Policy efforts are needed to enhance position attractiveness, optimize talent structure, and coordinate regional health human resource planning to mitigate regional disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the fifth and sixth national census data and the seventh national census bulletin of administrative regions at the prefecture level and above, the Gini coefficient, Theil index, spatial autocorrelation analysis and other methods are used to analyze the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of talent agglomeration in Chinese cities from 2000 to 2020, and the multiscale geographically weighted regression is used to study the spatial heterogeneity and spatial scale of the influencing factors of talent agglomeration. The results show that: ①There is a large gap in the distribution of talents in eastern, central, and western cities in China, forming a distribution pattern of "strong in the east and weak in the central and west" and regional "one super and many strong", and the gap in average talent density tends to narrow. ②The distribution of talents shows great imbalance, with a slight weakening trend of instability. ③On the whole, the density of talents presents a significant positive spatial autocorrelation, and the spatial ag‐ glomeration effect of talents is becoming more and more significant. Locally, the Yangtze River Delta high-high talent agglomeration area and the Pearl River Delta high-high talent agglomeration area are gradually formed; the low-level talent agglomeration area composed of low-low talent agglomeration cities will have a homogeneous impact on its neighboring cities; some provincial capital cities in the west have significant high-low agglomeration characteristics, forming a "center-periphery" talent agglomeration pattern. ④The proportion of tertiary industry in GDP, the proportion of science and education expenditure in total fiscal expenditure, per capita GDP, the number of general higher education institutions, per capita public library collections, and the number of public transportation vehicles per 10 000 people have a significant positive impact on talent agglomeration, and the intensity of the impact decreases in order. Among them, the eco‐ nomic environment factor represented by the tertiary industry's share of GDP and per capita GDP has a relatively small spatial scale and strong spatial heterogeneity. Other independent variables are close to the global scale, and the spatial heterogeneity is not obvious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The aims of this study are to explore the coupling and coordination of environmental protection and economic development in the Yellow River Basin and its influencing factors, so as to provide a theoretical reference for the high-quality development of the whole basin. [Methods] Based on the coupling coordination model, Dagum Gini coefficient, Markov chain and geographically weighted regression model, the spatiotemporal coupling dynamic evolution of carbon reduction-pollution reduction-green expansion- economic growth in the Yellow River Basin from 2009 to 2020 and its influencing factors were studied and analyzed. [Results] (1) The coupling coordination degree of carbon reduction-pollution reduction-green expansion-economic growth in the Yellow River Basin showed generally a fluctuating upward trend. The coupling coordination degree was the largest in the lower reaches, followed by the middle reaches, and the least in the upper reaches. (2) The intraregional gap in the coupling coordination level of the upper reaches was significantly higher than that in the middle and lower reaches of the region. The gap between regions followed the order: upper and middle upper and lower middle and lower. The gap among regions and intensity of transvariation was the major source of the overall gap. (3) The coupling coordination degree of carbon reduction-pollution reduction-economic green expansion-economic growth system had the low fluidity, which had the stability of maintaining the original state. It was difficult to achieve leapfrog development evolution in a short period. (4) Industrial structure optimization can effectively promote the coupling coordinated development of the Yellow River Basin. Government intervention has an obvious role in promoting the coupling coordinated development of most provinces and regions. The effective combination of market demand and technological achievements can further improve the coupling coordination degree of the Yellow River Basin. Conclusion The overall spatiotemporal coupling of carbon reduction-pollution reduction-green expansion-economic growth in the Yellow River Basin is on the rise. The factors affecting the coordination degree of this system coupling are relatively complex. In the future, efforts should be made to optimize the industrial structure, to strengthen the transformation of technological achievements, and to promote the coordinated development of carbon reduction-pollution reduction-green expansion-economic growth in the Yellow River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scientific analysis of the spatial heterogeneity of intensive cultivated land use, and exploration of the influencing factors and their mechanism is of great practical significance for promoting intensive potential exploitation and efficient utilization of cultivated land resources. This study constructed a comprehensive evaluation framework based on two aspects: natural conditions and human factors. Principal component analysis, the Dagum Gini coefficient, and a geographically weighted regression model were used to empirically demonstrate the intensive use of cultivated land in the Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration in 2021. The index of cultivated land use intensification was 0.334, and the Gini coefficient was 0.183. The comprehensive level showed low intensity and no distinct spatial nonequilibrium characteristics, with the main sources being hypervariable density (50.33%) and the intra-provincial gap (45.60%). The geographically weighted regression coefficients of temperature (0.491), proportion of agricultural sown area (0.273), elevation (0.165), and urban land intensification (0.146)were relatively large and positive, whereas the regression coefficients of precipitation (-0.440), urbanization rate (-0.207), and construction input intensity (-0.170) were relatively small and negative. All factors exhibited spatial non-stationarity. This study shows that the spatial heterogeneity of intensive cultivated land use in the Beibu Gulf urban agglomeration is manifested by spatial non-equilibrium of pattern and spatial non-stationarity of factors. The mechanism of action among multiple factors reflects that natural factors are the basis, with agricultural land intensification being positively promoted and non-agricultural land intensification negatively inhibited. Improving the intensity of urban land use, coordinating the scale of agricultural sowing, and quantifying the remuneration of cultivated land are the key points to improve the level of intensive use of cultivated land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on five periods of land use data spanning 20 years (from 2000 to 2020) at county-level in Wuhan Metropolitan Areas, the Hendrik Lorentz curve of cultivated land conversion was fitted and the corresponding Gini coefficients were calculated to measure the degree of spatial disequilibrium. In addition, the curve of gravity center was employed to analyze the spatial diffusion path of cultivated land conversion in Wuhan Metropolitan Areas from 2000 to 2020. The results indicated that: (1) the non-agricultural conversion rate of cultivated land in Wuhan Metropolitan Area was characterized as high degree in the middle areas and low degree in the periphery areas; (2) there existed a marked spatial difference of conversion rate of cultivated land from 2000 to 2020, where the highest rates were concentrated in Wuhan and Huangshi; (3) at county level, the spatial distribution of cultivated land conversion in Wuhan Metropolitan Area was extremely uneven where the degree of disequilibrium decreased during 2000 to 2010 and then increased gradually; (4) the gravity center of non-agricultural conversion rate of cultivated land from 2000 to 2020 was mainly distributed in Hongshan, Caidian, Jiangxia and Jiangan in Wuhan, and Echeng in Ezhou; (5) the spatial diffusion path of cultivated land conversion in Wuhan Metropolitan Area showed a convoluted structure starting from the northwest and moving to the southeast and northwest. This study reveals a dynamic visualization of direction and spatial disequilibrium of cultivated land conversion, which can help to provide scientific basis for coordinating unbalanced land development and regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chengdu University (Social Science) is the property of Journal of Chengdu University (Social Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Guangxi Normal University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Improving agricultural eco-efficiency based on resource endowment and development stage is the only means to build a strong agricultural country. Based on the measurement of agricultural eco-efficiency at the city scale in northwest China from 2010 to 2020 using the non-expectation nonradial SE-SBM model, the spatial and temporal differentiation characteristics and influencing factors were analyzed using the indices and methods of difference coefficient, Dagum Gini coefficient, global trend analysis, spatial autocorrelation, and spatial error model. The results indicate the following: (1) The median of agricultural eco-efficiency in northwest China increased from 0.512 to 1.001, with an average annual growth rate of approximately 6.93%; however, the difference in agricultural eco-efficiency between cities showed a narrowing trend. (2) The spatial distribution of agricultural eco-efficiency in northwest China shows hierarchical spatial distribution characteristics. The projection trend line shows a"U-shaped"feature in the north-south direction, whereas the east-west direction gradually shows an "inverted U-shaped"feature in the process of smooth rise from west to east. (3) The results of the spatial error model show that the per workforce arable land area, per capita disposable income of rural residents, and urbanization level positively influence the agricultural eco-efficiency in the northwest China, whereas the agricultural machinery density and fertilizer use intensity negatively influence the agricultural eco-efficiency in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the water use efficiency and fairness of urban agglomerations and promote ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration was taken as a case. On the basis of analyzing the sustainable utilization level of water resources by using the water footprint and water planet boundary, the super-efficiency SBM model and the GML index were used to explore the water use efficiency of the urban agglomeration. And Gini coefficient and contribution coefficient were established to evaluate the impact of water use fairness on urban agglomeration. The results show that the water footprint, water deficit and grey water footprint of Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration decrease by 4.52%, 3.62% and 59.79%, respectively. The unsustainability of water resources and water pollution has been improved. The water use efficiency is insufficient and does not show the growth trend. The positive interaction between technical efficiency and technical progress has not been achieved. The water resources occupation is relatively fair, but the fairness degree between water pollution and urban development, water carrying capacity decreases significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Land Geography is the property of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

(1) Background-How to steadily increase the income of low-income rural households and narrow the income gap of rural households through ecological protection and restoration projects is related to the sustainable development of ecological protection and restoration projects. It is necessary to analyze the impact of the project of returning farmland to forest on the income gap of rural households from a new perspective of the income increase and common prosperity effect of ecological projects, so as to provide a basis for the income increase effect of ecological protection and restoration projects and promote common prosperity. (2) Methods-This paper first proposed the research hypotheses based on the literature review and theoretical analysis. Then, based on the large-scale micro-sample data of 3 231 sample rural households from 25 provinces in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) Database from 2011 to 2020, Using the Recentered Influence Function ( RIF) model, this paper analyzed the impact of the project of returning farmland to forests on the income gap of rural households and its multi-dimensional heterogeneity characteristics. (3) Results-First, the project of returning farmland to forests has significantly increased the rural households ' income and narrowed the income gap between the rural households. The Gini coefficient decreased by 3.078 for every l% increase in the subsidy for returning farmland to forests. After replacing the explained and explanatory variables, the Gini coefficient remains stable. Second, the income gap of the rural households who returned farmland to forests was smaller than that of the rural households who did not return farmland to forests, and their income quantile range and Gini coefficient were significantly lower than those who did not return farmland to forests. Third, the effect of the project of returning farmland to forests on narrowing the income gap of the rural households who continuously returned farmland to forests was greater than that of the rural households who did not continuously return farmland to forests. Fourth, the impact of the project of returning farmland to forests on the farmers with lower education was more obvious than that of the farmers with higher education. (4) Conclusions and Discussions-First, pay attention to the effect of the subsidy for returning farmland to forests to increase the rural households' income, give full play to the social security role of the subsidy (or returning farmland to forests, and appropriately raise the subsidy standards. Second, increase the attention and support for the low-income rural households, the rural households who returned farmland to forests on a larger scale and other groups with weak income growth, promote the development assistance and public policies, and further improve the relevant policies of the project of returning farmland to forests. Third, appropriately extend the subsidy period, while combining the local natural ecological conditions and resource factors endowment, encourage the farmers to plant economic forests. Fourth, implement the distribution policy of subsidies for returning farmland to forests in a targeted manner, and strengthen the agricultural technology training and employment guidance for the farmers with low education levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China from 2008 to 2022, this paper uses geographical concentration degree and spatial Gini coefficient to explore the spatial agglomeration characteristics of Chinese livestock modernization development, and uses a spatial econometric model to analyze the influencing factors of Chinese livestock modernization development. The results show that the modernization development of animal husbandry in China from 2008 to 2022 has a strong spatial agglomeration effect, which is manifested as the stage characteristics of 'decentralization- agglomeration-decentralization'. The Moran's index of Chinese animal husbandry modernization from 2008 to 2022 is significantly positive, indicating that Chinese animal husbandry modernization has an obvious spatial positive correlation. The number of animal husbandry employees, mechanization level, and per capita consumption of meat, egg and milk have significant positive effects on the modernization of animal husbandry in China. The water consumption of animal husbandry, urbanization rate, and density of transportation network have no significant influence on the modernization of animal husbandry. The spatial effect decomposition results showed that the number of livestock practitioners, mechanization level and per capita consumption of meat, egg, and milk also have significant positive effects on the modernization of Chinese livestock industry in neighboring areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to promote green and low-carbon transformation, China has gradually carried out the pilot policy of low-carbon cities. In the process of promoting common prosperity, the impact of the implementation of this pilot policy on income inequality needs to be further studied. First, this research established a theoretical model to analyze the impact of the low-carbon city pilot policy on income inequality and its mechanisms. Then, using the panel data of 271 cities at prefecture level and above in China from 2006 to 2021, the Dagum Gini coefficient was constructed, and a quasi-natural experiment was conducted using a progressive difference-in-differences model. The results showed that: 1 The low-carbon city pilot policy could suppress income inequality. Since the implementation of this policy, income inequality in the pilot areas had decreased by an average of 0.9% compared with non-pilot areas during the experiment period. 2 The impact of the low carbon city pilot policy on restraining income inequality was realized through the mechanism of environmental governance investment and that of green technology innovation. 3 Heterogeneity analysis showed that the impact of the low-carbon city pilot policy on regional income inequality was significantly different due to differences in initial income distribution endowment, labor resource allocation, and carbon intensity. The impact of the low-carbon city pilot policy on income inequality was better in pilot areas with low initial income distribution endowments and insufficient labor resources. It had no obvious impact on the pilot areas with high carbon intensity. 4 Further research showed that the low-carbon city pilot policy could improve the common wealth index of pilot areas. Since the implementation of the policy, the common wealth index in pilot areas had increased by an average of 0.5% compared with non-pilot areas during the experiment period. Based on the above research findings, this study suggests that: we should continue to promote the low-carbon city pilot policy and deepen the social green and low-carbon transformation; improve the mechanism of regional environmental governance investment and enhance the level of regional green technology innovation; identify the distribution structure of regions with unbalanced income and guide labor flow in regions with misallocation of resources; and pay attention to employment problems in regions with high carbon intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Water resources are important resources for social development. Revealing the characteristics of spatial equilibrium of water resources in Hubei Province can provide a basis for the sustainable utilization of water resources and economic development in Hubei Province. Three indexes of water resources including load index, water use efficiency, and agricultural water-soil matching coefficient were selected, and the Gini coefficient was used to calculate and analyze the equilibrium. The spatial equilibrium coefficient of water resources was utilized to reflect the overall equilibrium level of water resources in Hubei Province under the combined action of the three indexes, and the spatial equilibrium of water resources in Hubei Province was analyzed with the aid of transit water dependence. ① From 2010 to 2022, the overall load index (4.35–16.22) and water use efficiency (54.01–152.41) of water resources in Hubei Province showed an upward trend, while the agricultural water-soil matching coefficient (1.73–0.82) showed a downward trend. Economic development, population change, and cultivated land area were increasingly mismatched with water resources, but the utilization efficiency of water resources was gradually improved, and the level of economic development was conducive to improving the utilization efficiency of water resources. ② From 2010 to 2022, the spatial equilibrium of water resources in Hubei Province was gradually weakened. Affected by the disequilibrium of load index and agricultural water-soil matching coefficient of water resources, as well as the huge difference in the transit water dependence of each city, the matching between water resources endowment and the development of each city was gradually unbalanced. ③ Cities such as Wuhan, Yichang, and Xiangyang have a great influence on the spatial equilibrium of water resources in the region and the whole province. Therefore, Hubei Province should promote water-saving technology, improve water use efficiency, strengthen regional ties, accelerate resource equilibrium, actively introduce water diversion projects, and implement the development pattern of "one center and two wings". It is also necessary to strictly adhere to the red line of protecting cultivated areas of 1.8 billion mu while taking food sources from fields besides irrigation agriculture.

The sustainable utilization of agricultural water and land resources is an important foundation for promoting the construction of ecological civilization in the Tarim River basin, coordinating the strategic deployment of the Corps to the south, and promoting the integrated development of various industries. Based on the current situation of agricultural water and land resource matching in five regions of the Tarim River basin from 2005 to 2020, the Gini coefficient method, agricultural water and land resource matching coefficient, and agricultural water and land resource equivalent coefficient were used in combination with the ArcGIS software to analyze the spatiotemporal matching status of water and land resources in the Tarim River basin. The results indicate that：the distribution of agricultural water and land resources in the Tarim River basin is uneven in various regions, but the distribution of water and land resources is relatively uniform. In the time span of the study, the Gini coefficient was between 0.05 and 0.12, and the agricultural Gini coefficient fluctuated as a whole, but the change range was not large and was at the absolute average level. During the study period, the matching coefficient of agricultural water and land resources showed the characteristics of first decreasing, increasing, and then decreasing, and the matching coefficient of agricultural water and land resources in the five regions gradually tended to become consistent and stable between 1 and 2. According to the analysis of the equivalent coefficient, although the equilibrium degree of agricultural water and land resources in the five areas of the Tarim River basin has improved, the five areas are still in a state of extreme water shortage, and regional differences are large. Research has shown that the distribution of soil and water resources in the Tarim River basin is consistent, and overall in a state of water shortage. With the greater water-saving efforts; the porpotion of agricultural water is decreasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing a single tree crown width model for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) artificial forests can improve the prediction accuracy of Chinese fir crown width and provide a reference basis for the scientific management of artificial Chinese fir forests. The basic model was extended, and a nonlinear mixed effect model of crown width was constructed, including stand and individual tree factors and using data from 7 198 individual trees in 57 plots of Chinese fir plantations in Chongyi County, Jiangxi Province. Using a 10-fold cross-validation method, adjusted coefficient of determination (R), root mean square error (ERMS), and mean absolute error (EMA) were used as model evaluation indicators to evaluate the predictive performance of each model. The results indicate that: (1) The logistic model had the best fitting and prediction performance among the candidate models. (2) In addition to the diameter at breast height, there were 6 indicators that had significant effects on crown width (P<0.05). And, the six indexes were site index, stand age, Gini coefficient, stand density index, height to crown base and basal area of trees larger than the subject tree. The generalized model constructed with covariates added was more effective than the basic model; R increased by 28.53%, whereas ERMS and EMA decreased by 17.80% and 15.72%, respectively. (3) The mixed effects model that considered the random effects at the sampling site level was better than the generalized model; R increased by 27.86%, whereas ERMS and EMA decreased by 35.73% and 51.87%, respectively. The addition of covariates and random effects could effectively improve the prediction accuracy of crown width models, and the Gini coefficient, which reflects the diversity of tree size, performed well in crown width simulations. It is worth exploring the application of this type of indicator in other types of artificial forest simulations. Key words: Chinese fir; crown width model; nonlinear mixed effect model; Gini coefficient; diversity of tree size [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background In recent years, China has attached great importance to strengthening the development of general practitioner (GP) workforce and primary care service system. To innovate the incentive mechanism for GP training and employment and improve the training system for GPs, the government has also promulgated a series of policies and put forward major reform measures involving many aspects. Objective To analyze and evaluate the fairness of distribution of general practitioner (GP) resources in China, and to provide theoretical support for scientific and equitable allocation of GP resources. Methods Data were sourced from five volumes of China Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbook (2017—2021), China Health Statistical Yearbook (2017—2021), and China Statistical Yearbook (2017—2021) in June 2022, including the number of GPs, the number of people registered as general medicine professionals, the number of people who obtained the General Practitioner Certificate after training, the number of GPs per 10 000 population, and the number of practicing (assistant) physicians in China, in each geographical division (eastern, central or western), and in each regionin, and the annual gross domestic product (GDP), gross regional product (GRP), and the year-end total population data of each region during 2016 and 2020. Additionally, the total land area of each region was extracted from the China ABC column on the website www.gov.cn. The Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient were used to analyze the fairness in the distribution of GP resources. The Theil index was used to analyze differences in the distribution of GP resources in eastern, central and western China. Results The number of GPs in China increased from 209 083 in 2016 to 408 820 in 2020, showing a growth rate 95.53%. In 2020, the proportion of GPs among all practicing (assistant) physicians reached 10.01% (408 820/4 085 689), and the number of GPs per 10 000 population was 2.90. The Gini coefficients measuring demographic, economic, and geographical distribution inequalities of GP resources were 0.235, 0.178, 0.722, respectively for 2016, 0.231, 0.170 and 0.726, respectively for 2017, 0.225, 0.161 and 0.729, respectively for 2018, 0.177, 0.147 and 0.714, respectively for 2019, and 0.157, 0.136, and 0.707, respectively, for 2020. Overall, the Lorenz curve measuring the inequality in the distribution of GP resources by demographics or economy had lower degree of curvature than that by geography. A reduction was found in Theil index measuring unequal demographic, economic or geographical distribution of GP resources in 2020 compared with that in 2016 (from 0.046 to 0.020; from 0.022 to 0.013; from 0.482 to 0.428) . Conclusion During the five years, the distribution of GP resources in China presented the following features: the number of GPs increased rapidly and became an important part of the workforce of practicing (assistant) physicians, the registration rate of GPs gradually increased, and the total GP resources showed a continuous growth, but the ratio of GPs per 10 000 population was still unsatisfactory, great inter-region differences existed in the distribution of GP resources, and the equity of the distribution of GP resources by geography was more unsatisfactory than by demographics or economy.

The paper used the location entropy index, spatial gini coefficient and barycenter model to analyze the temporal and spatial changes of Chinese animal husbandry industry agglomeration from 2002 to 2021. On this basis, the fixedeffects model was constructed to explore the influencing factors of the animal husbandry industry agglomeration. The results showed that from 2002 to 2021, the agglomeration degree of Chinese animal husbandry industry exhibited a continuous upward trend. The focus of the animal husbandry industry agglomeration had been concentrated in Henan and Sichuan for a long time. The animal husbandry industry gradually gathered from the eastern to the central region. The technology input, industry correlation, economic development level and policy environment all had a positive impact on the animal husbandry industry agglomeration, while the number of labor force had no significant impact on the animal husbandry industry agglomeration. Therefore, the paper puts forward some suggestions to accelerate the clustered development of animal husbandry industry, stimulate the shift of high-qualitanimal husbandry industry elements to the centralregion, and strengthen the policy support for the animal husbandry industry agglomeration, so as to provide a reference for promoting the high-quality development of animal husbandry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the fairness of vaccination services in Shandong Province, and to provide a basis for further adjusting and optimizing the rational allocation of vaccination institutions and human resources. Methods The comprehensive management data in the immunization planning system of Shandong Province were used to analyze the service accessibility of vaccination institutions and personnel, and the fairness was analyzed by Gini coefficient and Theil index. Results There were 2 422 vaccination institutions in Shandong Province, with a total of 19 497 vaccination personnel, with an average of 42 000 persons per vaccination institution and 5 200 persons per vaccination personnel. The Gini coefficient of service accessibility of vaccination institutions and vaccination personnel in the province was 0.245 and 0.243, respectively, at the "relatively average" level. The Gini coefficient of service accessibility of vaccination personnel in Jinan, Dongying, and Liaocheng was more than 0.4, which was at the level of "big gap". The Theil index of service accessibility of vaccination institutions and vaccination personnel in the province was 0.000779 and 0.045370, respectively. The difference among cities was mainly due to the uneven distribution of resources among counties and districts. Conclusion The allocation of vaccination institutions in Shandong Province is reasonable, but the allocation of vaccination personnel needs to be strengthened and optimized, especially within different counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the temporal and spatial differences and influencing factors of urban health resource allocation eficiency in China, to provide scientific reference for optimizing urban health resource allocation. Methods Based on the panel data of 35 large and medium-sized cities in China from 2012 to 2021，the super-efficiency SBM model was used to measure the efficiency of urban health resource allocation in China. On this basis, the temporal and spatial differences were analyzed by kernel density estimation and Degum Gini coefficient, and the influence of internal and external factors on health resource allocation efficiency was tested by Tobit model. Results From 2012 to 2021, the average allocation efficiency of urban health resources in China was 0.866, and there were notable regional differences. The difference of hypervariable density (40.7%) was the main source of regional differences. Government health expenditure 侈二一0.071，P<0.01), and the number of beds per thousand people 俗=-0.029, P<0»05) were the influencing factors of urban health resource allocation efficiency in China. There was significant regional heterogeneity in per capita GDP, urbanization rate, government health expenditure, the number of health technicians per thousand people, the number of beds per thousand medical institutions, and the ratio of doctors and nurses. Conclusion It is suggested to optimize the allocation of urban health resources, narrow the regional differences between the eastern, central and western regions, promote the economic initiative of the allocation of health resources, and strengthen the guarantee of government investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the gateway of China's opening to the outside world, port forms a gateway-city system with hierarchical and functional division through interaction with carrier cities. Based on the port data of 2001 and 2018, this paper measures the gateway function changes of port cities by transforming the urban flow model, so as to reveal the evolution characteristics and laws of China 's gateway system since the 21st century. The research shows that: (1) Since the start of new century, the external service level of gateway-city has significantly improved, the external service function and value of passenger transport and freight have increased by 4 and 8 times compared with those in 2001. But the external service value of freight is less than that of passen‐ ger transport. Although passenger transport and freight are gradually decreasing in the whole country, the decline of freight in East China has been steeper than the other three regions. There are also significant regional and urban differences in external passenger and freight services in different transport sectors. (2) China's gateway-city property indexes have formed a regional evolution pattern of eastern leading, central and western strengthening and northeast weakening. Using the Dagum Gini coefficient method found that the regional spatial gap of gateway proper‐ ty has been reduced, and the main source for the spatial differentiation of gateway function in China is the disparity among regions. (3) All gateway cities can be divided into four grades: na‐ tional gateway cities, regional gateway cities, provincial gateway cities and local gateway cities, the hierarchical structure of China gateway-city shows a stable 'pyramid' shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational allocation of health resources is the key to promoting a balanced and sustainable development of healthcare. This paper took the China Statistical Yearbook and China Health Statistical Yearbook as data sources, and comprehensively used the Gini coefficient and the Thiel index to measure the balance of primary healthcare resource allocation in China. The results show that the per capita ownership of primary healthcare resources in China has increased yearly, yet there is still regional differentiation. The balance of the allocation of primary healthcare resources in China is generally good, but the allocation within the region is prominent. The number of beds varies greatly between regions and increases year by year. Human resources for health are concentrated in developed regions. Therefore, this paper suggests combining the total amount and structure of health resources to ensure the long⁃term stable development of primary healthcare undertakings. We also recommend placing equal emphasis within and between regions to guide the rational flow of healthcare resources; optimize the distribution structure of bed numbers, and strengthen the development of human resources for health in underdeveloped areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The primary care facilities in a region play a vital role in maintaining the health of the local residents as the gatekeeper. At present, there is a lack of research on the allocation of primary care resources in Tibet, a remote autonomous region in northwestern China. Objective To analyze the current situation and equity of the allocation of primary care resources in Tibet, to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the allocation of primary care resources in Tibet. Methods Data used in this study were from six volumes (2015—2020) of Tibetan Health Statistics Yearbook and China Health Statistics Yearbook, as well as the human resource information in the Primary Care Direct Reporting System of Tibet Health Commission from 2015 to 2020. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the allocation of primary care resources in Tibet from 2015 to 2020. Gini coefficient and concentration index were used to evaluate the equity of primary care resource allocation in Tibet in 2020. Results The number of beds in primary hospitals in Tibet increased from 3 393 in 2015 to 3 867 in 2020. The number of (assistant) practicing physicians per 1 000 people increased from 0.37 in 2015 to 0.61 in 2020. The utilization rate of beds in primary hospitals decreased from 30.9% in 2015 to 11.5% in 2020. The daily visits per primary care physician decreased from 13.80 in 2015 to 9.95 in 2020. The daily number of hospital bed days of care per primary care physician decreased from 0.44 in 2015 to 0.10 in 2020. In 2020, the Gini coefficients of health resources allocated in primary hospitals according to population in Tibet were greater than 0.3, which were better than those allocated according to geography. The difference in the concentration degree between number of beds, number of health technicians, number of (assistant) practicing physicians or number of registered nurses and population, was -6.93, -4.50, -2.50, -6.15, respectively, in Lhasa, and 0.05, -0.21, -0.80, -0.22, respectively, in Changdu, and -0.88, 0.10, 0.47, -0.05, respectively, in Shannan, but was all greater than 0 in other cities. Conclusion The primary health workers in Tibet showed a trend of "low growth in number, low capability and low efficiency". It is suggested to pay attention to regional characteristics to improve the allocation standards of primary care resources, promote the equity of the allocation of primary care resources based on geographical classification, reform the employment mechanism and human resource management system in primary care, innovate the system and mechanism of aiding Tibet and establish a new model of financial investment at the primary level.

【Background and Objective】 The balance between irrigated farmland and water resources for different regions influence agricultural development and food security. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the spatiotemporal balance between available water resources and irrigated farmland in China. 【Method】 The analysis was based on available water resources and spatial distribution of irrigated farmlands at basin scale. Their balance was calculated using available water resources per unit irrigated farmland and the Gini coefficient. We applied the model to analyze spatial variation in balance between available water resources and irrigated farmlands from 2009 to 2019. 【Result】 On average, the areas of irrigated farmlands decreased slightly from 2009 to 2019 in China, despite a dramatic increase in several provinces in the north of the country. The Gini coefficients of water resources and land resources varied from to 0.40 to 0.49, suggesting an imbalance, especially from 2016 to 2019. Spatially, there are significant differences in the balance. The number of provinces with imbalance and severe imbalance increased from 10 in 2009 to 11 in 2019, and most of them are in the northwest and north of China. 【Conclusion】 The imbalance between available water resources and irrigated farmlands, especially in the northwest and north of China, means that future development of arable lands needs to be based on water resources principle. To improve the balance, future efforts should focus on developing reserve arable land resources, saving water, changing agricultural structure and developing water diversion projects.

【Background and Objective】 Agriculture in many regions in China relies on irrigation, while the available water resources in some regions might not be sufficient to meet the demand. Understanding this imbalance is essential to economic management, and this paper calculates spatiotemporal variation in this balance across coastal regions in Jiangsu province. 【Method】 The analysis is based on the Gini coefficient and the Theil index using data measured from 2009 to 2020. The coupled coordination method is used to evaluate the level of coordinated development in these regions. 【Result】 The reclaimed stalinized lands in the coastal regions for agricultural production is higher than provincial average, and the balance between agricultural water resources and soil resources is lower than provincial average. The Gini coefficient characterizing the balance between agricultural water and soil resources is consistent with the Theil index, and it is ranked in the order of cultivated land benefit < agricultural water and soil resources < agricultural irrigation water benefit. The coupled coordination degree varies from 0.35 to 0.40. 【Conclusion】 The coastal regions in Jiangsu province are rich in land resources and poor in irrigation water resources. The lack of water resources is the main factor restricting development of the agricultural economy in these regions. The overall difference in the Gini coefficient and the Theil index in these regions is due to the inter-region difference; the coupled and coordinated development level in the regions is fragile and could shift from balance to unbalance.

[Objective]With the increasing abundance of residents “vegetable baskets”, certain changes have also taken place in the development of the vegetable industry. It is of great significance to construct an indicator system to explore its high-quality development level, and analyze its regional differences and dynamic evolution. [Method]Taking Guangdong, a major vegetable consumption province, as an example, based on panel data from various cities in the province (excluding Shenzhen) from 2015 to 2021, and by using the entropy TOPSIS method to measure the level of high-quality development of the vegetable industry, the research explores the regional differences and dynamic evolution laws of highquality development of vegetable industry through Dagum Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, traditional and spatial Markov chains.[Result](1) Since the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the high-quality development level of vegetable industry in Guangdong has shown a fluctuating upward trend, with high-level areas mainly being cities with larger vegetable planting areas. (2) The indicators for achievement sharing, productivity, and element support have all increased by over 25%, while the green and low-carbon dimensions have increased by over 20%. The vegetable supply dimension has the smallest increase, but also exceeded 10%. (3) The overall regional gap during the research period showed “first increasing and then decreasing”, with some narrowing. The main source of the gap was the super variable density, followed by inter-regional gap, and then intra-regional gap. (4) The overall dynamic evolution of industrial development shows a positive trend, and the level transfer of development in the sample areas is stable. The probability of upward transfer in lower level cities is generally greater than that of downward transfer.[Conclusion]The vegetable industry in Guangdong is gradually moving towards high-quality development, and its regional differences and dynamic evolution show certain regular changes. It is recommended that multiple parties jointly build a provincial-level vegetable industry information platform and promote cold chain construction according to local conditions; intensify the breeding of vegetable varieties and focus on conducting research and promotion of green prevention and control technologies; differentiate and improve weak projects in different regions to enhance the high-quality development level of the vegetable industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Soochow University Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition is the property of Soochow University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] The study aimed to calculate the agricultural input-output efficiency of 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions of China from 2011 to 2020 to uncover the dynamic evolution processes, spatial-temporal differentiation patterns, and the sources contributing to such differentiation, thus providing valuable insights for enhancing agricultural input-output efficiency. [Method] The DEAMalmquist model, Kernel density function, Dagum gini coefficient, Moran' s /, and LISA index were used to analyze the dynamic evolution processes of agricultural input-output efficiency in China between 2011 and 2020, and explore the spatial-temporal differentiation patterns underlying these processes. [ Result] ( i) The agricultural input-output efficiency in the most regions of China exhibited a consistent and steady increase from 2011 to 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 1. 23%. ( ii) There was some degree of redundancy in factors such as agricultural employment, agricultural water consumption, total agricultural machinery power, fertilizer input, and land, with notable spatial differences observed. (iii) Overall, the agricultural input-output efficiency in China showed a slow-to-fast growth trend. Tibet experienced the slowest growth rate in 2016, with a decrease of approximately 24% compared to the previous year. By contrast, Hebei exhibited the fastest growth rate in 2020, with an increase of approximately 36. 00% compared to the previous year. (iv) Although the agricultural input-output efficiency in most regions of China tended to be consistent, some regions exhibited exceptionally slow or fast growth rates, leading to an overall increase in the spatial imbalance of agricultural input-output efficiency. ( v) Shandong and Beijing displayed a high-high spatial agglomeration pattern in agricultural input-output efficiency, whereas Guangdong and Jilin showed a high-low spatial agglomeration pattern. (vi) Agricultural input-output efficiency exhibited significant spatial imbalance, which was primarily driven by differences within the eastern and central regions, as well as disparities between the eastern-central and eastern-western regions. These variations contribute to imbalanced interregional development, which has greater implications for the overall spatial distribution of agricultural input-output efficiency. ( vii) Agricultural technological improvement served as the key driving factor for enhancing agricultural input-output efficiency, whereas the management level of agricultural input factors hindered further improvements. [Conclusion] The national agricultural input-output efficiency in China is characterized by spatial-temporal imbalances, which is mainly due to insufficient technological efficiency and input redundancy. To enhance overall agricultural input-output efficiency, it is recommended to prioritize the improvement of agricultural technological efficiency, adopt a balanced approach to agricultural policies, and optimize input redundancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the grain production pattern and influencing factors in the major production areas, provided a certain basis for stabilizing the overall situation of national food security and formulating differentiated grain policies. [Method] By means of concentration degree, gini coefficient, logarithmic mean divisia index and cultivated land pressure index, quantitatively analyzed the factors influencing the increase of grain production in major grain producing areas from 2000 to 2020, such as the change of grain production center, variety structure, contribution to increase production, resource bearing capacity and production cost. [ Result] ( i) From the change of grain production center, more than 95 % of the grain increment came from the major grain producing areas, and the major producing areas in the north contributed more to the increase, especially Shandong, Henan and Heilongjiang, which occupied the top three areas of grain output and sown area for a long time. (ii) In terms of the production centers of different food crops, the production centers of wheat, com and beans were stable in the major grain producing areas in the north for a long time, while the production centers of rice and potato were mainly concentrated in the major grain producing areas in the south, but the production centers of rice gradually showed a trend of northward deviation. (iii) From the perspective of contributing factors, the grain increase in the major grain producing areas mainly depended on the increase of yield per unit area, and the contribution rate of yield per unit area to grain increase reached 61. 16%. The grain increase in the major grain producing areas in the north was due to the combined effect of cultivated land area, multiple cropping index, grain crop proportion and yield per unit area. Due to the decrease of cultivated land area in the major grain producing areas in the south had a negative effect on grain increase, the grain yield increase was more dependent on unit yield increase and multiple cropping index. (iv) From the perspective of resource carrying capacity of grain production, the dilemma of uneven distribution of water and soil resources has not been improved for a long time. The constraints of water resources in the major grain producing areas in the north were increasingly strengthened, while the pressure of cultivated land resources in the major grain producing areas in the south was continuously high. ( v) From the change and structure of grain production cost, the average grain production cost in the major grain producing areas was rising continuously. The land cost in the major grain producing areas in the north was higher, and the labor cost in the major grain producing areas in the south was higher. The grain production cost in the major grain producing areas in the north was higher than the whole country and the major grain producing areas in the south for a long time, and the rising rate was slightly faster than that in the major grain producing areas in the south. [Conclusion] Establishing the food security responsibility mechanism shared by the producing and marketing areas, constructing the differentiated compensation mechanism; Strictly observing the grain sown area, adjusting the structure of regional grain varieties; Consolidating scientific and technological support for grain increase, promoting coordinated development of water and soil resources and grain production; Taking multiple measures to improve grain production efficiency, and enhancing the enthusiasm of various subjects to grow grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the coordination and adaptation relationship between agricultural water resources and grain production in the main grain-producing areas in China and to promote the coordinated development of the two and thus enhance the resilience of grain production, we constructed an evaluation index system of agricultural water poverty and food production vulnerability in this study. We used subjective and objective weighting methods, coupling coordination degree model, global Moran's index, and Gini coefficient to analyze the characteristics of the spatio-temporal evolution of agricultural water poverty and food production vulnerability and their coupling and coordination relationship in the main food-producing areas. The results showed that:from 2006 to 2019 the agricultural water poverty decreased by 30.45%, with larger decrease rate in the south than those in the north, showing a trend of high water poverty in the north and low in the south. The vulnerability of grain production decreased by 71.99%, with larger decreases rate in the north than those in the south, showing a trend of high vulnerability in the south and low vulnerability in the north. The coupling coordination degree between agricultural water poverty and food production vulnerability increased by 21.99%, and the regional difference tended to narrow, maintaining the trend of high and low coupling coordination in the north and south, respectively. Based on this, we proposed a way to reduce agricultural water poverty and food production vulnerability and to enhance the coupling and coordinated development of the two systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Distance Education (1672-0008) is the property of Zhejiang Open University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)