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旨在为杜仲籽仁蛋白的开发与应用提供参考，以杜仲籽仁粕为原料，采用碱溶酸沉法提取蛋白，采用500 W、35 kHz超声波对杜仲籽仁蛋白处理不同的时间(0、10、20、30 min和40 min)，探究超声处理对杜仲籽仁蛋白微观结构、理化特性（粒径、Zeta-电位、内源荧光光谱、溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、乳化性、乳化稳定性）的影响。结果表明：超声处理可改变杜仲籽仁蛋白的微观结构、粒径、Zeta-电位和荧光强度；超声处理20 min时，杜仲籽仁蛋白溶解度达到7535%；超声处理10 min时，杜仲籽仁蛋白乳化性最大，达到72.12 m2/g；超声处理40 min时，杜仲籽仁蛋白持水性、持油性、起泡性和起泡稳定性最大，分别达到4.32 g/g、3.46 g/g、23.12%和21.12%。综上，超声处理可改善杜仲籽仁蛋白的持水性、持油性、起泡性、乳化性等功能特性。To provide reference for the development and application of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein, the Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel meal was used as material, the protein was extracted with alkali solution and acid precipitation, and Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein was treated by ultrasound (500 W, 35 kHz) for different time (0, 10, 20, 30 min and 40 min). The effects of ultrasound treatment on Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein′s microstructure and physicochemical properties (particle size, Zeta-potential, fluorescence spectrum, solubility, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, foaming capacity, foam stability, emulsifying capacity, emulsifying stability) were studied.The results showed that ultrasound treatment could change microstructure, particle size, Zeta-potential and fluorescence intensity of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein. When the ultrasound treatment time was 20 min, the solubility of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein reached 75.35%. When the ultrasound treatment time was 10 min, the emulsifying capacity of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein was the highest, reaching 72.12 m2/g. When the ultrasound treatment time was 40 min, the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity,foaming capacity and foam stability of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein were the largest, reaching 4.32 g/g, 3.46 g/g, 23.12% and 21.12%, respectively. In summary, ultrasound treatment can improve the functional characteristics of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein,such as water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, foaming capacity and emulsifying capacity.

In this work, the structures of deacetylated konjac glucomannan (DKGM) with different degrees of deacetylation were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their viscosity, water-holding capacity (WHC) and thermal stability were evaluated and compared. The effects of DKGM with high degree of deacetylation (72.70%) on the texture and in vitro digestion characteristics of cold noodles were analyzed. The results showed that the characteristic absorption peak of acetyl group at 1 735 cm?1 in DKGM decreased, the surface became rough, the crystallinity and the thermal stability increased, and the viscosity and WHC decreased with the increase in the degree of deacetylation when compared with konjac glucomannan (KGM) (P < 0.05). After adding DKGM with high degree of deacetylation, the hardness, chewiness and cohesiveness of cold noodles showed a downward trend, and its in vitro digestibility decreased. In conclusion, addition of DKGM with high degree of deacetylation can improve the mouthfeel and digestion resistance of cold noodles, which may provide a theoretical basis for the application of DKGM and starch blends in low glycemic index foods.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of different sterilization on the quality of fermented jujube juice. Methods: The effects of cold plasma sterilization (CPS) and pulsed strong light sterilization (PLS) on the quality of jujube juice before and after fermentation were studied, with high pressure sterilization (SA) jujube juice as the control. Results: The contents of total sugar, reducing sugar and soluble solid in jujube juice before and after fermentation by CPS treatment were significantly higher than those of the other two sterilization methods, and the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar and soluble solid in jujube juice after fermentation were 1.7 mg/L, 1.64 mg/L and 12.4%, respectively. With SA treatment, the total phenol content of jujube juice before and after fermentation was the lowest, and the total phenol content of jujube juice after fermentation was only 2.19 mg/L. The color of jujube juice treated by PLS changed minimally before and after fermentation. The viable count of Lactobacillus plantarum in jujube juice treated by CPS, PLS and SA were more than 6.48 lg（CFU/mL） after 48 h fermentation by L. plantarum, and the viable count of L. plantarum in jujube juice was the highest 6.63 lg(CFU/mL) after PLS treatment. Conclusion: Non-thermal sterilization (especially PLS) has little effect on the quality of fermented jujube juice and could be applied in the processing of fermented jujube juice.

Dry UMCA(Ultrasonic Mechanical Coating and Armouring)is a deposition coating technology that only needs to be carried out under normal temperature and pressure, and its principle is similar to mechanical alloying.Although the UMCA process is still in the preliminary exploration stage in the world, it has shown great potential in coating preparation due to its unique advantages.The experiment method of UMCA was introduced and the influence laws of process parameters on coating quality was summarized.It was found that the influence laws of different material combinations had both similarities and differences.And the reasons for the difference were mainly analyzed from the perspective of energy.Besides, the possible formation mechanism of the coating was analyzed in a broad sense.Finally, the problems to be solved urgently and the development direction of UMCA process were put forward.

With Lactobacillus plantarum CICC 20022 as the research object, this study investigated the effects of Eucommia ulmoides leaf polysaccharides on the number of viable bacteria, microstructure, fatty acid composition of cell membrane, and structural integrity of cell membrane and cell wall under bile salt stress. The results showed that the viable count of L. plantarum CICC 20022 was significantly increased (P<0. 05), when the crude polysaccharide or the refined polysaccharide of E. ulmoides leaf were added to the bile salt stress environment and cultured for 24 h, which was 1.30 times or 1.10 times that of the control, respectively. Compared with the control, the addition of crude polysaccharide from E. ulmoides leaf or refined polysaccharide from E. ulmoides leaf could significantly protect the microstructure of bacteria and reduce the cell damage caused by bile salt stress, and the PI fluorescence intensity, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity and DNA leakage of cells were significantly reduced (P< 0. 05), while the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (U/S) in cell membrane was significantly increased (P<0. 05) to 0. 37. The results indicated that adding crude polysaccharide from E. ulmoides leaf in the environment of bile salt stress could maintain the integrity of cell structure of L. plantarum CICC 20022 and improve its bile salt tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to understand the effect of Eucommia ulmoides leaf water extract (ELWE) on probiotic characteristics in vitro of Lactobacillus plantarum, the effects of different concentrations of ELWE on the growth curve, acid-producing ability, morphology and tolerance of Lactobacillus plantarum were studied by means of bacteria count, scanning electron microscope and gas chromatography, respectively. The results show that the number of viable bacteria in the experimental groups were significantly higher than that of the control group after 24 h cultivation. High concentrations of ELWE (80, 320 mg/mL) make Lactobacillus plantarum fuller, and can significantly improve the lactic acid production capacity of Lactobacillus plantarum, and the lactic acid content increase by 42.07% and 111.64% after 36 h cultivation, respectively. Under the stress of gastric juice environment, the logarithmic survival rate of 80 mg/mL ELWE group can reach 87.77% (3 h), which is significantly higher than that of the control group (0%). And 80 mg/mL ELWE treatment can significantly increase the viable count of Lactobacillus plantarum under heat stress, NaCl stress, bile salt stress and vacuum freeze-drying stress, and the viable count can be maintained at 5.67, 8.16, 7.65, 7.78 lg CFU/mL, respectively. 80 mg/mL ELWE has a positive effect on the in vitro probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum. This study provides the necessary theoretical reference for the application of ELWE in probiotic industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a noninvasive thermal ablation therapy. Thermometry techniques with high precision and temporal resolution are needed to ensure the safety and effectiveness of HIFU. The magnetic resonance thermometry (MRT) technique based on proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) shows good linearity with and high sensitivity to temperature change, and is frequently used in HIFU therapy. In practice, HIFU may have a potential danger of causing unwanted skin burns far away from the focus of ultrasound irradiation. It is therefore desirable to increase the spatial coverage of MRT measurements to include the skins. In this work, a fast three-dimensional (3D) MRT technique was developed based on an echo-shifted gradient-recalled sequence with controlled aliasing in volumetric parallel imaging. Phantom experiments were first used to calibrate the accuracy and precision of temperature measurements made by the proposed technique to those obtained by an optical fiber thermometer. Pork tissues were then scanned at room temperature to determine the precision of temperature measurements before and after imaging acceleration. The pork tissues were also scanned under the condition of HIFU heating to compare the accuracy of temperature measurements with or without imaging acceleration.

In structured light 3D measurement field，when the object is smooth surface，it can form a highlight area due to the specular reflection of the surface，and the distortion of the object will make a large measurement error. In order to solve this problem，a new algorithm is designed which is based on the theory of reflection component separation and pixel filling. Firstly，the specular pixels in the image are found by comparing the pixel parameters，Then the reflection component is separated and processed. Finally，in order to avoid some of the highlight are processed into black pixels the pixel filling method is adopted to deal with them. Experimental results show that when we deal with the image of 1920 * 1080 by using this algorithm，the number of specular pixels is reduced by 8 － 11 times. This method can effectively remove the specular pixels in the field of 3D measurement.

The module partition is the key step and foundation of module design. Firstly,the fuzzy similitude matrix between the parts is constructed according to the analysis of the functional correlation,geometric correlation,physics correlation among parts. Secondly,the partitioned modules are evaluated by high cohesion and low coupling. Finally,the products is classified by using the simulated annealing and genetic algorithm（ SAGA）,which is proved to be an efficient and rational way for module partition through the reducer instance.

For problems that it was difficult to maintain, communication distance and reliability were constrained of traditional monitoring system of fully mechanized excavation face with communication method of laying dedicated cable channels based and wireless communication supplemented, monitoring system of fully mechanized excavation face based on power line carrier was proposed. The system uses existing coal power cables to communicate, without laying dedicated communication cables, which greatly reduces system cost and decreases problems of communication interruption due to link failure, realizes stable and reliable monitoring of fully mechanized excavation face.

With SDF mass fraction as the index, the dietary fiber of Jujube pomace was modified by twin-screw extruder, the effects of moisture mass fraction, host frequency and extrusion temperature on SDF mass fraction were studied. The extrusion conditions were optimized by response surface methodology and the physical and chemical characteristics of dietary fiber from modified Jujube pomace were analyzed. The results showed that the optimum technological conditions of extrusion modification of jujube pomace were as follows; moisture mass fraction 27.5%, host frequency 34 Hz, extrusion temperature 164 °C. Under these conditions, compared with that before modification, the mass fraction of modified SDF was increased to 17.67%, the fluidity of the powder was enhanced, and the color and luster became lighter and darker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the research results of enriched product types and improved flavor characteristics and health care functions by applying probiotic fermentation technology in deep processing of fruit and vegetable juice, this paper summarized the influence of probiotic fermentation on physical and chemical properties of fruit and vegetable juice, the probiotic activity maintaining technology and probiotic function of fermented fruit and vegetable juice. It was pointed out that: probiotic fermentation could not only change the flavor and sensory quality of fruit and vegetable juice, but also changed the chemical components of organic acids and polyphenols in fruit and vegetable juice; the number of viable bacteria in probiotic fermented fruit and vegetable juice could be increased by adding auxiliary prebiotics, embedding microcapsules and optimizing fermentation conditions; fermented fruit and vegetable juice had probiotic functions such as raising gastrointestinal function, resisting oxidation, inhibiting bacteria and elevating type II diabetes. At present, the research on fermented fruit and vegetable juice was still in the laboratory research stage, and has not been put into the factory for mass production. In the future, in-depth research can be carried out on screening suitable fermentation strains, enhancing the survival rate of probiotics in fermented fruit and vegetable juice during storage, and studying the mechanism of the relationship between fermented fruit and vegetable juice and human digestive tract health and immune regulation, so as to further promote the functional development and industrial production of probiotic fermented fruit and vegetable juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With grape as the main raw material, a single-factor test was used to study the comprehensive effects of gellan gum, white granulated sugar and citric acid on the gelation property and sensory quality of grape jelly. Then optimization of the technical formula of grape jelly was made by orthogonal test. The results showed that the best technical formula of grape jelly was 0.75 % gelatin gum, 8.00% white granulated sugar and 0.26% citric acid. The grape jelly made according to this technical formula was bright in color, full of luster, with unique grape aroma, sweet and sour, healthy and nutritious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The orthogonal experimental design method was used, the live bacteria count of lactic acid bacteria was taken as an indicator to investigate the effects of Streptococcus lactis inoculation amount, Lactobacillus acidophilus inoculation amount, Jerusalem artichoke addition, sweetener addition, salt addition and fermentation temperature on the changes of live bacteria count in the production of lactic acid bacteria fermented tomato sauce. The production process of high-activity lactic acid bacteria fermented tomato sauce was optimized. The results showed that the combined fermentation of Streptococcus lactis and Lactobacillus acidophilus was beneficial to increase the live bacteria count of lactic acid bacteria in fermented tomato sauce. Appropriate addition of jerusalem artichoke was beneficial to the proliferation of lactic acid bacteria, and the use of sweeteners and salts had little effect on the proliferation of lactic acid bacteria; When the fermentation temperature was above 30 °C, it was beneficial to the proliferation of lactic acid bacteria. The suitable production conditions for high- activity lactic acid bacteria fermented tomato sauce were Streptococcus lactis inoculation amount 1.0% ~ 2.0%, Lactobacillus acidophilus inoculation amount 2.0%, Jerusalem artichoke addition 15% ~ 20%, fermentation temperature 30 °C. The optimum storage period of the highly active lactic acid bacteria fermented tomato sauce (the live bacteria count of lactic acid bacteria kept at 109 CFU/mL) prepared under these conditions was 30 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the soil organic matter in eastern Zhongxiang County, Hubei Province, as a research object, thirteen sample sets from different regions were arranged surrounding the road network, the spatial configuration of which was optimized by the simulated annealing approach. The topographic factors of these thirteen sample sets, including slope, plane curvature, profile curvature , topographic wetness index, stream power index and sediment transport index, were extracted by the terrain analysis. Based on the results of optimization, a multiple linear regression model with topographic factors as independent variables was built. At the same time, a multilayer perception model on the basis of neural network approach was implemented. The comparison between these two models was carried out then. The results revealed that the proposed approach was practicable in optimizing soil sampling scheme. The optimal configuration was capable of gaining soil-landscape knowledge exactly, and the accuracy of optimal configuration was better than that of original samples. This study designed a sampling configuration to study the soil attribute distribution by referring to the spatial layout of road network, historical samples, and digital elevation data, which provided an effective means as well as a theoretical basis for determining the sampling configuration and displaying spatial distribution of soil organic matter with low cost and high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve to many large equipments, complicated coal mining technician automation system of the fully-mechanized high cutting coal mining face was applied to improve a production automatic level and production efficiency. The paper stated control target and system composition of the automation system applied to the fully - mechanized high cutting coal mining face and in detail explained the composition and function of the surface monitoring and control system, network transmission system and site monitoring and control system. From a feed time of the coal shearer, smooth degree of the coal cutting, each pushing stroke of the powered support, each pushing time, initial support force of the powered support, pushing forward effect of the scraper conveyor, system monitoring and measuring and others, a comparison and analysis were conduced on the application effect of the automation system applied to the No. 8101 fully-mechanized high cutting coal mining face in Wangzhuang Mine. The results showed that the feed time was stable, coal cutting was smooth, in position rate of the powered support pushing forward was 92.8%, the powered support pushing time was improved with 29.2% higher than the manual pushing forward, the initial support force of the powered support was improved with 11.4%, the in position rate of the scraper conveyor was 100% and the results of the monitoring and measuring were good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applification of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunochromatography (IC), immunomagnetic separation (IMS), enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay (ELFIA), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) as well as immunosensor (IS) in the detection of food safety has been summarized. Moreover, screening and purification of antigens to be detected in food, rational utilization, and sensibility and the unification of the two contradictory aspects of the method need to be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A joint electromagnetic wave and ultrasonic localization method was presented. According to the space structure of the underground tunnel, the wireless transmission network was formed by anchor nodes and gateway nodes. The gateway nodes were placed in the end of the branch tunnels and the anchor nodes were hanged in line arrangement from the roof of the tunnels. These anchor nodes have same intervals, the length of which was limited to make sure that the electromagnetic wave signal emitted by one mobile node at any position of the tunnels can be received by at least two anchor nodes. The mobile node judges the position relations between the anchor node closest to it and itself through the received signal strength of anchor nodes; the mobile node makes transverse distance measurement through TOF detection method based on ultrasonic. The mobile node and anchor node make longitudinal distance measurement based on signal strength of electromagnetic wave through log-normal distribution model. The simulation results show that this method has smaller positioning error, ultrasonic in roadway horizontal distance measurement error is small, maximum error is not more than 5 m at 50 m range of tunnel longitudinal. The method presented by the paper could provide high positioning accuracy with a small number of anchor nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underground coal mine roadway is long and narrow strip structure, signal attenuation is bigger, the existing target positioning methods and techniques cannot be directly applied in underground, the existing mine target mainly adopts ranging method based on time and the signal strength, and these methods are not gave the underground coal mine roadway strip structure characteristics, positioning error is bigger. On the basis of the mine roadway strip structure characteristics, the fixed distance between two anchor nodes was viewed as a constraint condition. An underground target location method was put forward in this paper based on this condition. Every four anchor nodes constituted a rectangular area of which the diagonal's length was known. A formula of the ratio of the distances between a mobile and two anchor nodes on the diagonal of the rectangular area was got through the ranging method based on RSSI, and then through the vector formula of vertical vector, a vector equations was acquired. The two-dimensional coordinates was obtained by solving the equations. Simulation experiments show that this method can effectively reduce the positioning error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the requirement of micro cutting tool, a new kind of micro ball-end mill was proposed based on the elliptic ball-end mill which was introduced by Aoyama, Kishinami and Saito. A mathematical model of this new tool was established by using differential geometry to obtain the angles of cutting tool in tool-in-hand system. Through the analysis of the manufacturing process of the tool, an optimal structure of the tool was designed eventually. This new designed tool could meet the need of cutting condition. It also has a stronger cutting edge and is easier to be manufactured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using geographical information system (GIS), the cotton fiber quality data from 2005 to 2011 and the daily meteorological data from 1981 to 2010 at 82 sites (counties and cities) in China major cotton production regions were collected and treated with spatial interpolation. The spatial information system of cotton fiber quality in China major cotton production regions was established based on GIS, and the spatial distribution characteristics of the cotton fiber quality and their relationships with the local climatic factors were analyzed. In the northwest region (especially Xinjiang) of China, due to the abundant sunlight, low precipitation, and low relative humidity, the cotton fiber length, micronaire, and grade ranked the first. In the Yangtze River region and Yellow River region, the specific strength of cotton fiber was higher, and in the Yangtze River region, the cotton fiber length and specific strength were higher, while the micronaire and grade were lower than those in the Yellow River region. The cotton fiber quality was closely related to the climate factors such as temperature, sunlight, rainfall, and humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initiation behavior of covered explosives by reactive fragments was studied by ballistic experiments, and its initiating ability was compared with that to the explosive subjected to impact of the tungsten alloy fragment having the same mass as the reactive ones. The shock initiation behaviour of fragments to covered explosives has been simulated in the platform of AUTODYN-2D, and the initiation mechanism of reactive fragment was distinctly obtained by comparison of the numerical and experimental results. The research shows that the reactive fragment with a mass of 10 g and a velocity above 1 287 m/s is able to initiate the Composition-B covered by a 10 mm thick aluminum plate or a 6mm thick A3 steel plate. However, the tungsten alloy fragment only results in mechanical damage on the covered explosive and fails to initiate the Composition-B at an impact velocity of 1 527 m/s. The dominant initiation mechanism of reactive fragment to covered explosive is the violent chemical reaction of reactive materials inside the explosive, which decreases significantly the demand of kinetic energy for the fragment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the design of new high effective reactive fragmentation warhead, a method for evaluating damage of reactive fragmentation warhead was proposed and the damage evaluation model was established based on the damage mechanism and criteria of reactive fragment. The damage radius of reactive fragmentation warhead was compared with that of inert fragmentation warhead having the same caliber as the reactive one. The results demonstrate that the damage radius of reactive fragmentation warhead is 2.8 times greater than that of inert steel fragmentation warhead. Further, the influence of warhead characteristics, such as material density, mass and kinetic energy of fragment, on damage radius is also achieved and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using 15N pool dilution technique in combining with in situ soil cultivation, this paper studied the effects of nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on the gross nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification rates in a saline-alkali cinnamon soil in North China. The experiment was carried out in a maize-wheat rotation field in Yuncheng City of Shanxi Province, and three treatments were installed, i. e. , urea, urea + DCD, and urea + DMPP. In the first two weeks after fertilization, DCD and DMPP made the gross N mineralization rate and gross N nitrification rate decreased by 25. 5% and 7. 3%, and by 60. 3% and 59. 1%, respectively, with a significant difference in the gross N mineralization rate but less difference in the gross N nitrification rate between the effects of DCD and DMPP. However, significant difference was observed in the gross N nitrification rate between the effects of DCD and DMPP after seven weeks of fertilization. The gross N mineralization and nitrification rates and the NH4 + and NO3- consumption rates after two weeks of fertilization were 7.2-10. 0, 5. 5-21. 5, 9. 1-12. 2, and 5. 18郾4 times of those before fertilization, respectively, possibly due to the stimulating effect of N fertilization. DCD and DMPP made the fertilizer urea N more maintained in NH4+-N form and less accumulated in NO3 --N form in soil. The decreases of the gross N mineralization and nitrifications rate in the test soil due to the effects of the inhibitors would benefit the reduction of N2O emission from the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A kind of plant material KF is selected in this paper. The material is extracted by water and then through the best extraction process, a difunctional vegetable extracted agent ( KF - CT) is made. Then it is applied on wool fabrics by dyeing. Further, some tests such as mothproof ability test, color feature values determination and fabric fastness test are carried out and studied. The results show that: the optimum extraction conditions for KF - CT obtained from the statistical analysis are 1: 10 (material to water ratio) , 90 min, 90° C , and repeat for 2 times; wool fabrics dyeing with KF - CT are able to resistant to damage by moths. And the color fastness also meets national standards. In a word, KF - CT applied on the wool fabrics shows good performance on dyeing and mothproof ability. It has favorable applied value for practical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studied the thermal stability, pH stability and placed time stability of natural anti-moth finishing agent named KC-CT. Further, the effect of extracting temperature, time, material to liquor ratio, times on extraction technology were discussed by changing the parameters, and the optimal extracting process had been determined through orthogonal test. The anti-moth property of finished on wool fabric was tested by the standard FZ/T 20004-1991. The results showed that: KC-CT's thermal stability and placed time stability were very good; KC-CT was stable at pH value 4 ∼8 and relatively unstable when its pH value at 9 ∼ 10. The optimum extraction conditions for KC-CT was 100°C , 90 min, 1:20 and 2 times. Wool fabrics finished with KC-CT had got the anti-moth property at 1A level. Anti-moth property was qualified by Chinese standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the stress distribution of bone around the dental implants with lateral immediate loading of different angles by three dimensional finite element. Methods An adult edentulous mandible was adopted for CT scanning. The CT image was imported to universal surgical integration system to establish a mandible three dimensional mesh model. The real shape of standard thread implant was simulated and the finite element model of mandible with dental implants for immediate loading was established. The models were immediately loaded with 150 N through the angle of 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°. The ANSYS 10.0 was used to analyze the Von Mises stress on the bone around dental implants. Results The accurate finite element model of mandible with dental implants for immediate loading was successfully established. The three dimensional finite element analytical results showed: Under axial load, the Von Mises stress of bone contact surface concentrated on the cortical bone of the implant cervix. The strain distribution was even, and centralized at the cortical bone of the implant cervix, cancellous bone of implant bottom and thread contact area. Under different lateral angle load, the Von Mises stress of bone contact surface also concentrated on the cortical bone of the implant cervix, but the maximum value was 4 times of the vertical loading, the strain distributed unevenly, mainly concentrated on the cortical bone of the implant cervix. With the load angle increased, the stress and the strain value also increased. Conclusion When an axial force was immediately loaded, the stress value and the strain concentration value of bone interface around the dental implants are not apparently concentrated, the stress is distributed well. While a lateral force is loaded, the stress values and the strain con-centration values of bone interface around the dental implants apparently increase and the strain are distributed unevenly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an assessment of the lethality capabilities of impact initiated reactive fragments and a dynamical testing technique for the energy release characteristics of reactive fragments. The energy release characteristics of three reactive fragments with various formulations were measured by ballistic experiments. The results showed that all three reactive fragments could undergo a rapid volatile chemical reaction and release great amounts of thermochemical energy under strong impact loadings, And the energy release efficiency of reactive fragments is markedly influenced by the impact velocity. The released chemical energy of reactive fragment reached about 5 times its kinetic energy at an impact velocity of 1 500 m/s, enhancing greatly its lethal capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the average coefficient of heating performance (COHP), a solar-assisted ground source heat pump (SAGSHP) heating system with latent heat energy storage tank (LHEST) is proposed. The transient operation characteristic of this system in Harbin was simulated numerically, and the influence of latent heat energy storage on the performance of SAGSHP was analyzed. Simulation results indicate that LHEST plays a very important role in operation of the system and it can make the system operate more flexibly, effectively and stably. The average COHP of the heating system is 3.82 in the whole heating period, the COHP is usually high in the initial and latter heating periods, and the highest value can reach 12. 89. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar 3694 Fan as test material, and by using open top chambers, the effects of different ozone (O3) concentration on the leaf soluble protein content, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant system were applied. Three treatments were applied, i.e., charcoal-filtered air (CF, 20 nl O3·L-1), non-filtered ambient air (NF, 40 nl O3·L-1), and elevated O3 (EO, 75 nl O3·L-1). The results showed that there were no significant differences in the test variables between treatments CF and NF. Compared with CF, EO induced a significant decrease of soluble protein content and significant increases of H2O2 and ASA contents and SOD, CAT and POD activities. In treatment EO, the SOD, CAT and POD activities increased by 93.7%, 39.9% and 312.4%, respectively, as compared with treatment CF, while the APX activity tended to increase at first and decrease then. MDA content had no significant differences among the treatments, indicating that leaf antioxidant system could significantly prevent the lipid peroxidation induced by elevated O3, and rice cultivar 3694 Fan could resist O3 to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve tracking efficiency of video sequences dynamic target tracking process, this paper proposed a new dynamic target tracking algorithm based on combination of Kalman prediction and covariance module updates after analysis of the existing algorithms. According Kalman prediction, it obtained dynamic effective area of the next frame in the image sequence. Meanwhile, it applied target covariance matrix updates to forecasts of target matching area. It improved anti-jamming performance and robustness of the whole tracking algorithm. Experimental results show that, compared with the existing covariance tracking algorithm based on static template, it has better tracking efficiency in real-time tracking performance. The method used for video image sequence moving target tracking is feasible and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the different condition of colloid processing times, concentration and temperature, the effect of colloid mill processing on the viscosity properties of fresh jujube pulp was studied. Results showed that grain size of pulp decreased with the increase of colloid processing times, viscosity of pulp had closely related with grain size. The influence of concentration on viscosity properties of fresh jujube pulp could be expressed as η = K(C)A and η = Kexp(AC). The influence of temperature on viscosity properties of fresh jujube pulp could be expressed as η = K0exp(Ea/RT) . All these indicated that colloid mill processing condition had important role on viscosity properties of fresh jujube pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the disadvantages for the efficiency evaluation of the underwater acoustic countermeasure, resulting from the underwater information fuzzy and data scarcity, the gray analytic hierarchy evaluation method is proposed. These disadvantages are classified based on the attribution, according to the mission, structure and function of the underwater acoustic countermeasure. And then, the efficiency evaluation index system of the underwater acoustic countermeasure system is established. Moreover, the concrete evaluation process for various situations are given. Finally, the simualtion results show that the method can realize the quantitative analysis of efficiency evaluation on different countermeasure strategies, which provde a reference foundation for optimization of underwater acoustic countermeasure strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The damage effects of reactive fragment on full-filled fuel tank, including tank rupture and aviation kerosene ignition, was studied through ballistic experiment, and compared with the damage of the fuel tank subjected to a tungsten alloy fragment mass matched. The results show that the reactive fragment is able to perforate a 10 mm thick LY12 aluminium wall at 1 080 m/s and ignites the aviation kerosenes, but the tungsten alloy fragment penetrating into the tank at 1 643 m/s fails to ignite the fuel. The reactive fragment results in more damage on the fuel tank than the tungsten alloy fragment and improves the ignition ability to the aviation kerosene at normal temperature, mainly by its explosion effects and chemical energy release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental factors, such as environmental pollutants, behaviors, and lifestyles, are the leading causes of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Estimates indicate that approximately 50% of all deaths worldwide can be attributed to environmental factors. The exposome is defined as the totality of human environmental (i.e., all nongenetic) exposures from conception, including general external exposure (e.g., climate, education, and urban environment), specific external exposure (e.g., pollution, physical activity, and diet), and internal exposure (e.g., metabolic factors, oxidative stress, inflammation, and protein modification). As a new paradigm, this concept aims to comprehensively understand the link between human health and environmental factors. Therefore, a comprehensive measurement of the exposome, including accurate and reliable measurements of exposure to the external environment and a wide range of biological responses to the internal environment, is of great significance. The measurement of the general external exposome depends on advances in environmental sensors, personal-sensing technologies, and geographical information systems. The determination of exogenous chemicals to which individuals are exposed and endogenous chemicals that are produced or modified by external stressors relies on improvements in methodology and the development of instrumental approaches, including colorimetric, chromatographic, spectral, and mass-spectrometric methods. This article reviews the research strategies for chemical exposomes and summarizes existing exposome-measurement methods, focusing on mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods. The top-down and bottom-up approaches are commonly used in exposome studies. The bottom-up approach focuses on the identification of chemicals in the external environment (e.g., soil, water, diet, and air), whereas the top-down approach focuses on the evaluation of endogenous chemicals and biological processes in biological samples (e.g., blood, urine, and serum). Low- and high-resolution MS (LRMS and HRMS, respectively) have become the most popular methods for the direct measurement of exogenous and endogenous chemicals owing to their superior sensitivity, specificity, and dynamic range. LRMS has been widely applied in the targeted analysis of expected chemicals, whereas HRMS is a promising technique for the suspect and unknown screening of unexpected chemicals. The development of MS-based multiomics, including proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics, and spatial omics, provides new opportunities to understand the effects of environmental exposure on human health. Metabolomics involves the sum of all low-molecular-weight metabolites in a living system. Nontargeted metabolomics can measure both endogenous and exogenous chemicals, which would directly link exposure to biological effects, internal dose, and disease pathobiology, whereas proteomics could play an important role in predicting potential adverse health outcomes and uncovering molecular mechanisms. MS imaging (MSI) is an emerging technique that provides unlabeled in-depth measurements of endogenous and exogenous molecules directly from tissue and cell sections without changing their spatial information. MSI-based spatial omics, which has been widely applied in biomarker discovery for clinical diagnosis, as well as drug and pollutant monitoring, is expected to become an effective method for exposome measurement. Integrating these response measurements from metabolomics, proteomics, spatial omics, and epigenomics will enable the generation of new hypotheses to discover the etiology of diseases caused by chemical exposure. Finally, we highlight the major challenges in achieving chemical exposome measurements.

To explore the mechanism of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium based on network pharmacology and inflammatory or pain mouse models. The effective components of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium were screened out by TCMSP database. And their potential corresponding targets were predicted by PharmMapper software. The possible targets relating to inflammation and pain were mainly collected through DrugBank, TTD and DisGeNET databases. The &quot;active ingredient-gene-disease&quot; network diagram was constructed by Cytoscape 3.7.0 software. The network pharmacology results showed 5 potential effective compounds, which were related to 29 targets; 132 targets relating to inflammation and pain were screened out in the DrugBank, TTD and DisGeNET databases. The network analysis results indicated that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform(PIK3 CG) gene may be the key to the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of essential oil extract and dichloromethane extract of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium were explored through the mouse model of inflammation induced by xylene or carrageenan and the mouse model of pain induced by acetic acid or formalin. The experimental results showed that essential oil extract and dichloromethane extract of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium could reduce xylene-induced ear swelling and carrageenan-induced paw swelling and decrease the number of writhing responses in mice induced by acetic acid and the licking foot time of mice in phase Ⅱ induced by formalin. Western blot results showed that Zanthoxyli Pericarpium extract could inhibit the expressions of PIK3 CG, phosphonated nuclear factor kappaB(p-NF-κB) and phosphonated p38(p-p38 MAPK) protein. The present study showed the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium through multiple components and targets, so as to provide a pharmacodynamic basis for the study of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium and its mechanism.

In this study, the seasonal characteristics of water-soluble ions (WSIs) present in fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) in Quanzhou City were investigated. PM 2.5 samples were collected at five different sites in the city from March 2014 to January 2015 and the concentrations of Na + , NH 4 + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , F - , Cl - , NO 3 - , and SO 4 2- were determined by ion-exchange chromatography. In order to identify the sources of these WSIs, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis was applied. The seasonal variations in total WSI concentrations were found to decrease in the order of spring > winter > summer > autumn. The ions SO 4 2- , NO 3 - , and NH 4 + were the major WSIs found in PM 2.5 , accounting for 90.3%±3.3%, 68.8%±11.7%, 78.9%±7.1%, and 74.0%±18.4% of the total amount of ions found in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. These results suggested that the level of secondary ions was relatively high in the spring season. The anion-to-cation ratio in each of the four seasons was less than one, which indicated that PM 2.5 in Quanzhou City was slightly alkaline. Furthermore, NH 4 + ions in PM 2.5 mostly existed in the form of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , NH 4 HSO 4 , and NH 4 NO 3 during spring and winter, while they were primarily found as NH 4 HSO 4 and NH 4 NO 3 in the summer and autumn seasons. PMF analysis revealed that marine salt, secondary sources, fugitive dust from construction, municipal incineration, and biomass burning were the main potential sources of the ionic components of PM 2.5 .

Samples of PM 2.5 were collected from 5 sites in Quanzhou in March, April and July, 2014. The concentrations of lanthanoid and other trace metals in the PM 2.5 were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS). The total lanthanoid concentration (Σ Loid ), the ratio of light-lanthanoid(L Loid, including, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu) to heavy-lanthanoid(H Loid, including Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) in PM 2.5 were 2.490-5.708 ng·m -3 (65.682-126.529 μg·g -1 ) and 12.086-14.319, respectively. The distribution pattern of Loid in PM 2.5 was also evaluated in this study. All PM 2.5 samples showed similar distribution pattern with local topsoil. And positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies were observed in PM 2.5 . La-Ce-V plots and chemical mass balance(CMB) model were used for source identification and apportionment of PM 2.5 in Quanzhou. The CMB model was used to identify four main sources:urban fugitive dust, coal combustion, vehicle exhaust and waste incineration emission which had a contribution of 18.9%, 10.9%, 30.6% and 30.2%, respectively.

Rare earth elements (REE) have certain properties as tracing elements which result in their special geochemical characteristics. In order to study the geochemical characteristics of REE in the dustfall and their sources, 34 dustfall samples were collected in five functional areas and potential source areas of Quanzhou City, then REE compositions, distribution patterns and characteristic parameters were analyzed together with ternary diagrams and characteristic parameter diagrams, for investigating the main provenance. The results showed that ∑REE in the dustfall presented significant spatial difference with the sequence of industrial area>heavy traffic area > commercial area > residential area > agricultural area. The lower coefficient variation of ∑REE in residential, heavy traffic, commercial areas indicated homogeneous sources of REE. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns were all of the rightward inclined type with the enrichment of LREE relative to HREE and showed obvious negative Eu anomalies which indicated that the dustfall in study area had obvious terrigenous property. Some REE characteristic parameters in each functional area were close to the average in potential source areas, failed to reveal the causes for spatial differences. The results of LaCeV diagram demonstrated that REE in the dustfall of residential area, heavy traffic area and commercial area were mainly derived from traffic source and soil dust, followed by coal combustion, δEu vs. ∑REEs diagram and HREE N /MREE N vs. La N diagram further explained that vehicle emission was the main anthropogenic source of REE in the dustfall of heavy traffic area and commercial area. The REE in the dustfall of Quanzhou City was less affected by steelworks emissions and cement plant dust and there were additional REE sources in the dustfall of industrial and agricultural area different from other functional areas.

Concentrations of 23 metal elements in the dustfall collected from different functional areas of Quanzhou City, China, were determined. Several methods were applied to assess the enrichment degree, pollution level and potential ecological risk of the above elements. The sources of the above elements were analyzed based on the multivariate statistical analysis combining Pb and Sr isotopic tracing technology. The results showed that the concentrations of metals in the dustfall presented significant spatial difference. The results of enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index indicated that Cd, Hg, Zn, Ca, Pb, Cu, Ni and Sr showed relatively higher enrichment degree and pollution level. The results of ecological risk index showed that the comprehensive ecological risk of heavy metals was very high in the dustfall of all functional areas with the sequence of industrial area>heavy traffic area >commercial area >residential area >scenic area >agricultural area. Cd and Hg showed extremely high potential ecological risk, and they contributed 95.56% to the comprehensive potential ecological risk index. The multivariate statistical analysis demonstrated that the elements of V, Fe, Ba, Bi, Ni, Sr, Pb, Cs, Sc, Zn, Cd were mainly from industrial and vehicle emissions; Th, U, Rb, Y, Ti were mainly derived from soil dust; Li, Mn, Cu, Hg, Cr, Co, Ca were mainly from coal combustion. The contribution ranges of parent soil, coal combustion and vehicle emission to the Pb in the dustfall were 29.41%-64.00%, 22.53%-60.48% and 3.13%-13.47%, respectively, as calculated by a ternary hybrid model; The plots of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr vs 1/Sr showed that Sr in the dustfall was dominated by coal combustion and vehicle emission.

Taking the soil organic matter in eastern Zhongxiang County, Hubei Province, as a research object, thirteen sample sets from different regions were arranged surrounding the road network, the spatial configuration of which was optimized by the simulated annealing approach. The topographic factors of these thirteen sample sets, including slope, plane curvature, profile curvature, topographic wetness index, stream power index and sediment transport index, were extracted by the terrain analysis. Based on the results of optimization, a multiple linear regression model with topographic factors as independent variables was built. At the same time, a multilayer perception model on the basis of neural network approach was implemented. The comparison between these two models was carried out then. The results revealed that the proposed approach was practicable in optimizing soil sampling scheme. The optimal configuration was capable of gaining soil-landscape knowledge exactly, and the accuracy of optimal configuration was better than that of original samples. This study designed a sampling configuration to study the soil attribute distribution by referring to the spatial layout of road network, historical samples, and digital elevation data, which provided an effective means as well as a theoretical basis for determining the sampling configuration and displaying spatial distribution of soil organic matter with low cost and high efficiency.

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents of active fraction of Cynanchum versicolor., Methods: The ethanol extract of Cynanchum versicolor was purified by macroporous resin, silica gel column and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and structures of the isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic analysis and comparison with those of literatures., Results: Six compounds were isolated and identified as glaucogenin C (I), 24-methyl-5α-cholesta-7,22-diene-3β,5,6β-triol (II), syringic acid (III), 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone (IV), 4-hydroxyacetophenone (V), and 4-hyroxy-3-methoxyacetophenone (VI)., Conclusion: Compounds I, II and IV are isolated from this plant for the first time.

By using geographical information system (GIS), the cotton fiber quality data from 2005 to 2011 and the daily meteorological data from 1981 to 2010 at 82 sites (counties and cities) in China major cotton production regions were collected and treated with spatial interpolation. The spatial information system of cotton fiber quality in China major cotton production regions was established based on GIS, and the spatial distribution characteristics of the cotton fiber quality and their relationships with the local climatic factors were analyzed. In the northwest region (especially Xinjiang) of China, due to the abundant sunlight, low precipitation, and low relative humidity, the cotton fiber length, micronaire, and grade ranked the first. In the Yangtze River region and Yellow River region, the specific strength of cotton fiber was higher, and in the Yangtze River region, the cotton fiber length and specific strength were higher, while the micronaire and grade were lower than those in the Yellow River region. The cotton fiber quality was closely related to the climate factors such as temperature, sunlight, rainfall, and humidity.

To study thermal radiation properties of special materials at high temperature in aerospace fields, the ultrahigh temperature spectral emissivity measurement system with Fourier spectrometer has been established. The linearity of system is the guarantee of emissivity measurement precision. Through measuring spectral radiation signals of a blackbody source at different temperatures, the function relations between spectral signal values and blackbody spectral radiation luminance of every spectrum points were calculated with the method of multi-temperature and multi-spectrum linear fitting. The spectral radiation signals of blackbody were measured between 1 000 degrees C and 2 000 degrees C in the spectral region from 3 to 20 microm. The linear relations between spectral signal and theory line at wavelength of 4 microm were calculated and introduced. The spectral response is well good between 4 and 18 microm, the spectral linearity are less than 1% except CO2 strong absorption spectrum regions. The results show that when the errors of measured spectrum radiation and linear fitting theory lines are certain, the higher the temperature, the smaller the spectral errors on emissivity. The linearity analysis of spectrum response is good at eliminating errors caused by individual temperature' disturbance to the spectra.

We showed that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) can develop a morphine dependence. Rhesus monkeys successfully established a conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by morphine treatment and this preference lasted for at least (36.3 ± 1.3) months. This animal model may be useful for research into addiction in humans.

By using 15N pool dilution technique in combining with in situ soil cultivation, this paper studied the effects of nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on the gross nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification rates in a saline-alkali cinnamon soil in North China. The experiment was carried out in a maize-wheat rotation field in Yuncheng City of Shanxi Province, and three treatments were installed, i.e., urea, urea + DCD, and urea + DMPP. In the first two weeks after fertilization, DCD and DMPP made the gross N mineralization rate and gross N nitrification rate decreased by 25.5% and 7.3%, and by 60.3% and 59.1%, respectively, with a significant difference in the gross N mineralization rate but less difference in the gross N nitrification rate between the effects of DCD and DMPP. However, significant difference was observed in the gross N nitrification rate between the effects of DCD and DMPP after seven weeks of fertilization. The gross N mineralization and nitrification rates and the NH4+ and NO3-consumption rates after two weeks of fertilization were 7.2-10.0, 5.5-21.5, 9.1-12.2, and 5.1-8.4 times of those before fertilization, respectively, possibly due to the stimulating effect of N fertilization. DCD and DMPP made the fertilizer urea N more maintained in NH(4+)-N form and less accumulated in NO(3-)-N form in soil. The decreases of the gross N mineralization and nitrifications rate in the test soil due to the effects of the inhibitors would benefit the reduction of N2O emission from the soil.

Autotaxin (ATX), a member of nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family, is also named as phosphodiesterase Iα (PD-Iα) or NPP2. ATX is the unique member among the NPPs that can function as a lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD), converting lysophosphatidylcholine into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA acts on specific G-protein-coupled receptors to elicit a wide range of cellular response, including cell proliferation, cell migration and cell contraction, etc. As the major LPA-producing phospholipase, many ATX's features and functions are dependent on the production of LPA. ATX and LPA together form the ATX-LPA functional axis. The present review summarizes the current progress in function and biological activities of ATX-LPA axis.