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Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cassia Semen, derived from the dried ripe seeds of leguminous plant Cassia obtusifolia Linn. or Cassia. tora Linn., exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects such as clearing heat to brighten the eyes, lubricating the intestine to relieve constipation, lowering blood pressure and lipids, hepatoprotection and anti-diabetes, etc. And due to its homology of medicine and food, it has broad development prospects in the fields of medicine and food. Based on the summary and analysis of the published literatures, this paper systematically reviews the integrated research progress of Cassiae Semen in recent years from the aspects of bioactive ingredients, pharmacological effects, toxicity and its applications in the food field. Additionally, the emerging challenges and possible development directions for the study of Cassiae Semen are discussed as well. In future research on Cassiae Semen, more attention should be paid to the pharmacological effects of naphthopyranones and polysaccharides and their mechanisms underlying improving eye diseases. Meanwhile, it is essential to focus on strengthening the researches on the pharmacokinetics of Cassiae Semen and the safety evaluation of its related functional foods. This article provides new basic information for further research, development, and utilization of Cassiae Semen.

Since the approval of gemtuzumab ozogamicin, an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) targeting CD33 in 2000, 13 ADC drugs have been approved by the FDA. Although these drugs have clearly improved the survival of patients with various types of advanced cancers, their significant toxicity has compromised their therapeutic benefits. The adverse reactions of ADC drugs are complex and include on-target and off-target toxicities, where the payload drug is a determining factor. Antibody and linker may also affect the degree of toxicity. Combination therapy becomes an important strategy in anticancer treatment because of its increased efficiency, but treatment-related adverse reactions also increase accordingly. This review comprehensively analyzes the toxicity mechanisms of current ADC drugs and proposes various optimization strategies, including but not limited to optimizing linker molecules, upgrading antibody design, and changing drug administration strategies, to improve the overall safety profile of ADC drugs.

Cassia Semen, derived from the dried ripe seeds of leguminous plant Cassia obtusifolia Linn. or Cassia. tora Linn., exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects such as clearing heat to brighten the eyes, lubricating the intestine to relieve constipation, lowering blood pressure and lipids, hepatoprotection and anti-diabetes, etc. And due to its homology of medicine and food, it has broad development prospects in the fields of medicine and food. Based on the summary and analysis of the published literatures, this paper systematically reviews the integrated research progress of Cassiae Semen in recent years from the aspects of bioactive ingredients, pharmacological effects, toxicity and its applications in the food field. Additionally, the emerging challenges and possible development directions for the study of Cassiae Semen are discussed as well. In future research on Cassiae Semen, more attention should be paid to the pharmacological effects of naphthopyranones and polysaccharides and their mechanisms underlying improving eye diseases. Meanwhile, it is essential to focus on strengthening the researches on the pharmacokinetics of Cassiae Semen and the safety evaluation of its related functional foods. This article provides new basic information for further research, development, and utilization of Cassiae Semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To screen out the effective pesticides against Colletotrichum gloeosporioide. [Method]Seven fungicides were selected to carry out toxicity test and field efficacy test. [Result]The toxicity test results showed that the 4 d-EC50 of 35% Difenoconazole·Pyraclostrobin SC, 30% Pyraclostrobin·Tebuconazole SC, 30% Pyraclostrobin·Flusilazole EC, 40% Difenoconazole SC, 25% Pyraclostrobin SC, 430 g / L Tebuconazole SC and 40% Flusilazole EC against Colletotrichum gloeosporioide were 0. 194 0, 0. 078 8, 0. 097 8, 0. 445 0, 0. 218 0, 0. 165 0, and 0. 146 0 mg / L, respectively;in the field efficacy test, the control effect of 7 pesticides on Colletotrichum gloeosporioide of fig leaves was as follows:30% Pyraclostrobin·Tebuconazole SC had the best control effect at 2 000 times, with a control effect of 92. 76%±2. 96%. 30% Pyraclostrobin·Flusilazole EC had the second best control effect at 2 000 times, with a control effect of 89. 54%±2. 41%. There was no significant difference between the two. The control effect of other pesticides at 2 000 times was over 80%. 30% Pyraclostrobin·Tebuconazole SC had a control effect of over 80% at 3 000 times, while the control effect of the remaining treatments was poor. The control results of 7 pesticides on Colletotrichum gloeosporioide of fig fruit were as follows:30% Pyraclostrobin·Tebuconazole SC had the best control effect at 2 000 times liquid, reaching 86. 22% ± 3. 87%, 30% Pyraclostrobin·Flusilazole EC had a control effect of 83. 69% ± 1. 59% at 2 000 times liquid, 430 g / L Tebuconazole SC had a control effect of 81. 68% ± 2. 01% at 2 000 times liquid, and the control effect in other treatments was lower than 80%. [Conclusion]The results showed that the 30% Pyraclostrobin·Tebuconazole SC and 30% Pyraclostrobin·Flusilazole EC had good control effects on fig anthracnose at a concentration of 2 000 times, and could be extended to the prevention and control of anthracnose in fig planting areas in Guangxi region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxin has high contamination rate to feed and feed raw materials, strong toxicity, and lack of effective antidote. Feed contaminated with mycotoxins not exceeding the standard level can still lead to chronic poisoning of animals and have adverse effects on animal health. Antioxidant supplementation can reduce the oxidative damage caused by mycotoxins and improve the detoxification ability of animals. Metal and metal-like nanomaterials have antibacterial and antioxidant functions, and their effectiveness in alleviating mycotoxin poisoning has attracted wide attention. In this paper, the detoxification effects of metal and metal-like nanomaterials on mycotoxin were reviewed, aiming to provide reference for the prevention and control of mycotoxin poisoning by metal and metal-like nanomaterials in production [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Petroleum Refinery Engineering is the property of Petroleum Refinery Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the approval of gemtuzumab ozogamicin, an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) targeting CD33 in 2000, 13 ADC drugs have been approved by the FDA. Although these drugs have clearly improved the survival of patients with various types of advanced cancers, their significant toxicity has compromised their therapeutic benefits. The adverse reactions of ADC drugs are complex and include on-target and offtarget toxicities, where the payload drug is a determining factor. Antibody and linker may also affect the degree of toxicity. Combination therapy becomes an important strategy in anticancer treatment because of its increased efficiency, but treatment-related adverse reactions also increase accordingly. This review comprehensively analyzes the toxicity mechanisms of current ADC drugs and proposes various optimization strategies, including but not limited to optimizing linker molecules, upgrading antibody design, and changing drug administration strategies, to improve the overall safety profile of ADC drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The consumption of bisphenol A (BPA) in China has been steadily increasing as a popular plastic additive. However, it is also recognized as a typical environmental endocrine disruptor. Even at low concentrations, prolonged exposure to BPA can lead to neurotoxicity, liver toxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity and other adverse effects, contributing to various diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, obesity, anxiety, depression and even cancer. In recent years, BPA has been detected in various environmental water bodies in China due to water pollution caused by industrial development and plastic waste discharge. Furthermore, the level of BPA exposure in each water sample varies depending on geographic regions, seasonal temperature variations, and other factors. This paper presents the latest research advancements in understanding the multiple toxic effects and strategies for mitigating the toxicity of BPA. It also provides a comprehensive summary of BPA pollution levels in various environmental water bodies in China over the past decade, along with an analysis and discussion of influencing factors. The aim is to offer valuable insights for studying population exposure doses and health risks associated with BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveThe genomic characteristics， toxicity， drug resistance and genetic diversity of Listeria monocytogenes （Lm） isolated from food and patients based on whole genome sequencing （WGS） in Liaocheng City from 2019 to 2022 were investigated.MethodsThe Lm strains isolated from food and patients were detected by the drug sensitivity test and WGS. The whole genome sequencing data was spliced and assembled by MGAP to carry out gene prediction and functional annotation on the assembled genome， MLST， production of cg MLST minimum spanning tree. The genetic evolution of 18 domestic and foreign foodborne Lm isolated strains obtained from NCBI were analyzed by wg-SNP method.ResultsThe genome size of 33 Lm isolates was 2.89-3.41 Mb， and the CG content ranged from 37.81% to 37.97%. The strains could be divided into 6 ST types （ST9， ST121， ST8， ST87， ST155， ST101）， corresponding to 6 clonal complex groups （CC9， CC121， CC8， CC87， CC155， CC101）. The strains carried fosX and mprF resistance gene， 18 other virulence genes such as lplA1 and prsA2， with varying degrees of deletion of virulence genes. 2 strains were resistant to tetracycline and 1 strain was resistant to lincomycin. The stains carried virulence islands LIPI-1 and LIPI-2 without virulence islands LIPI-3 and LIPI-4. The genetic evolution analysis of wg-SNPs， cgMLST and phylogenetic tree based on single-copy core protein sequence showed that the molecular typing of 33 Lm strains was with high diversity in molecular typing. Patient derived strains were closely related to food isolates， and food isolates were closely related to foreign outbreak isolates in evolutionary relationships.ConclusionThe strains of Lm isolated from food and patients both carry virulence genes with certain potential pathogenic ability. The drug resistance of the isolated strains is not serious. Molecular types exhibit diversity. The close genetic relationship between strains from food sources and patient isolates suggests that the potential risks of foodborne infections in commercially available food.

The water contaminated with the typical gastric drug Ranitidine (RAN) was treated via peroxomonosulfate (PMS) alone・ The effects of different oxidants, initial pollutant concentration, PMS concentration, initial pH, humic acid, and co-existing anion concentration on the degradation efficiency of RAN were investigated. The results showed that 0. 5 mmol/L PMS under neutral conditions degraded 93. 49% of RAN (10 mg/L) w让hin 30 min, while other oxidants(i.匕 hydrogen peroxide H2O2, persulfate PS) were not effective in removing RAN. Moreover, the degradation of RAN by PMS was significantly inhibited under strongly alkaline conditions (pH = 11)・ The presence of low concentrations of Cl enhanced the degradation efficiency of RAN, while SO²4, NO3, CO²3: and humic acid(HA) hindered the RAN removal process・ Reactive oxygen species quenching and trapping experiments revealed that singlet oxygen was the main reactive oxygen species responsible for catalyzing RAN degradation. In add让ion, germination and stem length increased in wheat and radish, indicating that the PMS oxidation process reduced the toxicity of RAN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment is the property of Journal of Ecology & Rural Environment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tetrangchus urticae and Tetranychus cinnabarinus are two important mites that harm edible rose. Up to now, there is a lack of registered insecticides for controlling edible rose mites. To screen both efficient and secure pesticides for controlling edible rose mites, in this study, leaf-dip method and slide-dip method were used to test the toxicity of 7 insecticides against eggs and femal adults of T. urticae and T. cinnabarinus, respectively. Field experiments were also conducted to evaluate the safety of edible rose and control efficacy against the two kinds of mites of 4 insecticides. The toxicity results demonstrated that the toxicity of cyenopyrafen, abamectin, and bifenazate possessed excellent toxicity against the two kinds of mites, and the LC50 value were 9.068~26.590 mg/L for T. urticae adults and 2.390~6.107 mg/L for T. cinnabarinus adults, and the LC50 value for eggs were 1.705~16.798 mg/L and 0.846~7.948 mg/L, respectively. Spirocliclofen possessed excellent toxic effects on eggs of the two kinds of mites, with the LC50 values of 2.622 mg/L for T. urticae eggs and 1.674 mg/L for T. cinnabarinus eggs. The results of the field experiments showed that the four insecticides including cyenopyrafen, abamectin, spirocliclofen, and pyridaben were safe for three edible rose varieties, and the control efficacy of the insecticides including cyenopyrafen, abamectin, and spirocliclofen against the two kinds of edible rose mites were better than that of pyridaben, and they could be applied as the insecticides replacing pyridaben. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternaria toxin， a secondary metabolite produced by Alternaria， is widely found in food products all over the world and poses a crucial threat to human health. Therefore， the analysis of toxicity and the search for prevention and control measures of the toxin， have become the focus of current research. This study mainly summarizes the toxicity， exposure risk， pollution control， and toxicity intervention methods of four common Alternaria toxins. It provides chain spore mold toxin risk assessment， safety evaluation standards， and a reference for the establishment of prevention and control measures to ensure food safety and preserve human health.

In order to effectively control the Helicoverpa armigera ( Hübner) in tobacco fields, the laboratory toxicity of environmentallyfriendly pesticides, such as spinosad and emamectin benzoate, to Helicoverpa armigera ( Hübner) was determined by leaf dipping feeding method. And its field efficacy on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) was confirmed through field efficacy trials. The laboratory toxicity result showed that spinosad and emamectin benzoate had high laboratory toxicity to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). The LC50 values at 48 hours after administration were 2. 213 and 0. 022 mg / L, respectively. The results of field control showed that the field application of Spinosad and Emamectin benzoate had lower quick effect and higher sustained effect. After 7 days of treatment, with a dosage of 300-375 mL/ hm² of 10% spinosad SC, the corrected control effect was 91. 69% - 87. 51%, and the corrected control effect of 0. 5% emamectin benzoate EC 1 500- 1 875 mL/ hm² was 89. 57%-88. 67%. In total, both pesticides can effectively control the harm of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in tobacco fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two kinds of shark repellents, chemical shark repellent and electric pulse shark-repelling device were selected to test their effects on seawater quality as well as the physiology and survival of fish using simulated ecology experiments. Three marine fish species, Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), and spotted grouper (Oplegnathus punctatus) were selected as test subjects. The results of water quality indicators showed that the chemical shark repellent could significantly reduce the water transparency and pH (P < 0.05), while the electric pulse shark-repelling device had no significant effect. The mortality rate of the fishes under the chemical shark repellent was 100% within 15 min, while it was 0% under both the electric pulse shark-repelling device and the blank control. While investigating the effect of the two repellent methods on the survival and physical activities, the gills and fins of juvenile fish in the chemical shark repellent group were rapidly dyed blue reaching a mortality rate of 100% within 15 min, while the juvenile fish in the electric pulse shark-repelling device group resumed their natural activities rapidly except for exhibiting avoidance behavior when the device was started. The blood indices of the species did not show any significant differences in the chemical shark repellent group because of the acute mortality caused by poisoning. However, in the electric pulse shark-repelling device group, the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes significantly increased in all three fishes. In terms of blood biochemical indices, the chemical shark-repellents caused a significant increase in chloride content, blood glucose, and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) enzyme activity in the juvenile fishes, while the blood albumin content reduced significantly in all three fishes. The use of electric pulse shark-repelling device caused a significant increase in blood glucose and glutamate transaminase activity only in the Japanese flounder. Histopathological results showed that chemical shark repellents caused tissue damage to the gill, liver, spleen, and heart in juvenile fishes. It can be seen that compared to chemical shark repellents, the electric pulse shark-repelling device is a more environmentally friendly way to repel sharks as it has less impact on seawater quality as well as less toxic effects on major marine fishes. These results would provide a scientific basis for the selection of shark repellent methods in ocean exploration activities.

Objective To construct methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) AuNPs-mPEG@DOX in order to reduce the toxicity and side effects of DOX. Methods AuNPsmPEG@DOX was prepared and characterized by Z-Average, Zeta potential and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The impact of thiol-linked DOX (HS-DOX) at various dosage concentrations on the drug adsorption rate and drug loading of AuNPs-mPEG@DOX was investigated. Furthermore, a HPLC method was developed to accurately determine the content of unadsorbed HS-DOX in AuNPsmPEG@DOX. The specificity, linearity, precision, stability and average recovery of this method were thoroughly investigated. The cytotoxic effect of AuNPs-mPEG@DOX on MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells was evaluated using a CCK-8 assay. Results AuNPsmPEG@DOX was successfully prepared with Z-Average of (46.12±0.49) nm, Zeta potential of (18.60±1.51) nm and the maximum absorption wavelength of 530 nm. An efficient HPLC method for the detection of unadsorbed HS-DOX in AuNPs-mPEG@DOX was devised. The optimal dosage concentration of HS-DOX for AuNPs-mPEG@DOX was determined to be 11.18 μg/ml, resulting in a drug adsorption rate of (9.21±2.88)% and a drug loading rate of (2.01±0.62)%. Cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated that AuNPs-mPEG@DOX significantly reduced the toxic and side effects of DOX on normal breast cells. Additionally, AuNPsmPEG@DOX and free DOX exhibited comparable cytotoxic effects on breast tumor cells when DOX concentration was equal to or greater than 4.75 μmol/L. Conclusion AuNPs-mPEG@DOX effectively reduce the toxicity of DOX, providing a reference for future research on reducing the toxicity of AuNPs-linked drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University is the property of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The types and hazards of organic pollutants in marine microplastics were reviewed in order to draw people's attention to the hazards of microplastics. The current methods of detecting organic pollutants in microplastics were introduced, which provided the research direction for further accurate extraction and detection of organic pollutants in marine system. The effects of different environmental factors on the sorption of organic pollutants by microplastics and the content, toxicity, distribution and migration of organic pollutants in microplastics in living organisms should be further analyzed in the future, to lay a foundation for the study of the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They are widely used in food packaging, tableware coating, stain resistant furniture, and other industrial production. Humans are exposed to PFASs on a daily basis through drinking water and intaking food, use of consumer products containing PFASs, and occupational exposure during the production of PFASs or related products. A growing body of toxicological studies has shown that PFASs exposure disrupts the thyroid hormone (TH) system and causes hypothyroidism, which is further supported by population epidemiological studies. PFASs can damage thyroid follicular cells and sodium/iodine transporters to impair iodine uptake by thyroid cells. They interfere with the synthesis of thyroglobulin, reduce the activity of thyroid peroxidase, and affect the synthesis and secretion of TH. They interfere with TH transportation and biological effects via TH competitive binding thyroid transporter or thyroid hormone receptor. They suppress TH signaling pathway and deiodinase activity, interfere negative feedback mechanism, and accelerate TH metabolism and excretion. The processes of TH synthesis, transport, degradation, and biological effects may all be affected by PFASs exposure. This paper described possible toxic mechanisms of PFASs on the thyroid from four aspects: TH biosynthesis, transport, action on target cells, and metabolic excretion stage, and summarized the thyroid toxicity associated with PFASs exposure.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is the use of red or near-infrared light to heal, restore, and stimulate physiological processes that repair damage caused by trauma or a disease. PBMT is widely used in sports injuries, arthritis, neuropathic pain, and back and neck pain. In recent years, PBMT is a safe and effective tool for toxic reactions associated with cancer treatment, such as oral mucositis in patients undergoing chemo-radiotherapy for head and neck cancer or stem cell transplantation, radiation-associated dry mouth, taste disorders, radiation dermatitis, post-radiotherapy fibrosis, and lymphedema associated with head and neck cancer and breast cancer. However, the equipment and optimal dosimetric parameters for PBMT have not been fully defined and need to be further explored.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the virulence and resistance of Bacillus cereus SCY isolates.MethodsB. cereus was isolated from fish dishes in a restaurant in Yinchuan using a selective medium and was named the SCY strain. After identification using PCR sequencing of the 23S rRNA gene， the genetic characteristics were analyzed by adopting second-generation whole genome sequencing technology. Next， the toxicity and drug resistance of the SCY isolate were studied using mouse studies and drug-sensitive paper experiments， respectively.ResultsThe genome size of the SCY isolate was 5.82 Mb， the number of coding genes was 5 767， and the total length of the coding region accounted for 85.50% of the whole genome. The genome of the SCY isolates contained 11 gene islands， 16 CRISPR， and five prephages； among them， 14 and 62 virulence genes were annotated in the PHI and VFDB virulence factor databases （Identity>80， Evalue

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by the Fusarium species, which has various toxic effects. The chemical structures of ZEN and its derivatives are similar to that of estrogen. When ingested by animals or humans, ZEN and its derivatives can lead to disturbance of estrogen balance, thereby harming the reproductive system. Moreover, they can alter gene structure and consequently affect gene expression, and can even cause damage to the immune system, thus weakening the immune response. ZEN is transformed and metabolized into ZEN derivatives during food processing or after absorption by animals and plants, and its toxicity is altered due to structural and physicochemical changes. Studying the toxicity of ZEN and its derivatives as well as their transformation and metabolism in various organisms is important for ensuring food security and mycotoxin toxicity risk assessment.

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases worldwide and α-glucosidase inhibitors are oral medications that are effective in the prevention and management of T2DM. Food-derived bioactive peptides are potential sources of α-glucosidase inhibitors, which have shown to have hypoglycemic activity and can effectively control postprandial blood glucose by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity, thus intervening and regulating T2DM, and have great prospects in the development of hypoglycemic peptide products. At present, there is no systematic strategy for exploring the structure-activity relationship, safety and bioavailability of food-derived α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides, hampering their research and development. In this paper, we systematically review the structural characteristics, toxicity, allergenicity, and bioavailability (gastrointestinal digestive enzyme resistance, mucus permeability, transit efficiency in small intestinal epithelial cells and liver metabolism) of food-derived α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides that have been successfully identified in recent years. This review is expected to provide a theoretical reference for the rational development of food-derived α-glucosidase inhibitory peptides and the further processing of related functional foods.

This study focused on the research progress of the toxicity of microplastics to marine medaka. By consulting the relevant literatures, the annual change and regional distribution of the published papers were statistically analyzed. In addition, the type, size and concentration of microplastics, exposure time and mode, and selection of marine medaka were studied. Besides, this paper summarizes six aspects of the research results: metabolism in vivo, intestinal injury, growth and developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, genetic toxicity and amplification or mitigation effect to other marine pollutants. In the end, it is suggested that experimental time, selection of microplastics and toxicological mechanism need to be considered in future study.

Patulin, a toxic secondary metabolite of fungi, exists widely and stably in fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts and Chinese medicinal materials. Patulin enters the body through skin contact or food intake, posing a great threat to the health of humans and animals. Previous studies have shown that patulin can induce genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity, damaging the intestine, kidney, liver and other organs in the body. The toxic mechanism of patulin involves inducing damage to biological macromolecular structures, oxidative stress injury and cell autophagy as well as damaging intestinal flora homeostasis. In this article, the recent status of patulin contamination in foods is reviewed, with an emphasis on the latest progress in research on the toxicity and mechanism of action of patulin. It is hoped that this review will provide a theoretical basis for patulin detoxification.

Spodoptera frugiperda, an important migratory insect in the world, has been a serious threat to maize production in China since its invasion. Although the chemical prevention was e任icient and urgent, it was also easy to cause the drug resistance and environmental safety of Spodoptera frugiperda. In order to reduce the usage of chemical pesticides, the indoor toxicity determination of different pesticides to Spodoptera frugiperda larvae was carried out, and the field efficacy trials of the four kinds of biological pesticides on Spodoptera frugiperda on maize were studied and evaluated. The results showed that: the efficacy of the four kinds of biological pesticides, including 20 billion spores • g_1 Beauveria bassiana oil-based suspension concentrate, 30 billion spores • g_1 Beauveria bassiana wettable powder, 8 000 IU • uL_1 Bacillus thuringiensis suspension agent and 1% Sophora flavescens • azadirachtin emulsion, was 7& 29% --85.84%, 60.70% --82.81%,. 73.06% -- 81. 89% and 73. 18% --83. 19%, respectively, after 7 days of application. The four kinds of biological pesticides had no adverse effect on the maize growth, no phytotoxicity, no growth-promoting effect, and no obvious adverse effect on the beneficial organisms in maize fields. This study showed that the four kinds of biological pesticides> including 20 billion spores • g_1 Beauveria bassiana oilbased suspension concentrate, 30 billion spores • g_1 Beauveria bassiana wettable powder, 8 000 IU • uL_1 Bacillus thuringiensis suspension agent and 1% Sophora flavescens • azadirachtin emulsion, could effectively control the damage of Spodoptera frugiperda after 7 days of application, and could be widely used in the maize fields with low density population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the toxicity of 7 fungicides including prochloraz, difenoconazole, propiconazole, boscalid, myclobutanil, isopyrazam, and thiophanate-methyl against conidia of quinoa leaf spot pathogen(Alternaria alternate), and their morphological toxicology against conidia, the toxicity of 7 fungicides against growth of A. alternata mycelium was determined by mycelial growth rate method, and the toxicity and the effects of 7 fungicides on germination toxicity and germination morphology of conidia of A. alternata were determined and observed by hanging drop method. The results showed that the 7 fungicides had different toxicities against mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. alternata, and the toxicity against mycelial growth was as follows: prochloraz > difenoconazole > propiconazole > boscalid > myclobutanil > isopyrazam > thiophanate-methyl. The EC50 values ranged from 0.19 μg/mL to 245.45 μg/mL. Among them, prochloraz, difenoconazole, and propiconazole had the best antibacterial effect on mycelial growth of A. alternata at the highest concentration(2.5, 2.5, and 10.0 μg/mL, respectively), the inhibition rates were 78.9%, 81.4%, and 79.7%, respectively. The EC50 values were 0.19, 0.26, and 0.47 μg/ mL, respectively. The toxicity of the 7 fungicides against A. alternata conidia was as follows: isopyrazam > boscalid > propiconazole > myclobutanil > prochloraz > difenoconazole > thiophanate-methyl. Their EC50 values ranged from 0.21 μg/mL to 524.69 μg/mL. Among them, isopyrazam and boscalid had the best inhibition effect on A. alternata conidial germination, with inhibition rates of 76.9% and 84.0% at the highest concentration(1.0 μg/mL and 5.0 μg/mL, respectively). Their EC50 values were 0.21 μg/mL and 0.29 μg/mL, respectively. Morphological toxicology study showed that isopyrazam and boscalid could cause malformed germination of A. alternata conidia, which was characterized by enlargement of the germ tube tip and increased branching of the conidia. In conclusion, isopyrazam and boscalid could be used as protective agents to control the alternaria leaf spot of quinoa, and prochloraz, difenoconazole, and propiconazole could be used as therapeutic agents to control the alternaria leaf spot of quinoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is an important tropical cash crop in China and suffers huge economic losses every year due to foot rot disease. In order to clarify the pathogen in black pepper main producing area and screen potential fungicides for disease control. Seven strains were isolated from Wanning City of Hainan Province and identified by morphological characteristics and ITS sequence specificity. The laboratory toxicities of 20 fungicides, registered for the control of oomycete diseases, were determined by the mycelial growth rate method. Results showed that all three strains isolated from black pepper foot rot disease samples, were Phytophthora capsici. Among the 20 tested oomycete fungicides, pyraclostrobin, fluazinam, thiram, dimethomorph, cyazofamid, and metalaxyl showed the highest activity in suppressing the mycelial growth of three P. capsici isolates (EC50 < 1 μg/mL), followed by oxine-copper, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, zineb, copper hydroxide (1 μg/mL < EC50 < 10 μg/mL), and then cuprous oxide, copper oxychloride, azoxystrobin, carvacrol, cymoxanil, berberine (10 μg/mL < EC50 < 50 μg/mL). Chitosan and fosetyl-aluminium exhibited the lowest inhibition activity (EC50 > 300 μg/mL). This study would help further the understanding and management of tropical P. capsici diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is the use of red or near-infrared light to heal, restore, and stimulate physiological processes that repair damage caused by trauma or a disease. PBMT is widely used in sports injuries, arthritis, neuropathic pain, and back and neck pain. In recent years, PBMT is a safe and effective tool for toxic reactions associated with cancer treatment, such as oral mucositis in patients undergoing chemo-radiotherapy for head and neck cancer or stem cell transplantation, radiation-associated dry mouth, taste disorders, radiation dermatitis, post-radiotherapy fibrosis, and lymphedema associated with head and neck cancer and breast cancer. However, the equipment and optimal dosimetric parameters for PBMT have not been fully defined and need to be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm, and has an extremely wide range of sources. It affects the environmental quality in many cities and regions around the world, and associates with lots of negative effects on public health. E-cigarettes, a group of products that atomize e-liquid by an atomizer and then deliver nicotine and/or other substances to the respiratory system, have been introduced as smoking cessation products or replacement of tobacco cigarettes in recent years. The usage rate of e-cigarettes has grown rapidly all over the world. When these two pollutants coexist in the same atmosphere, they would induce certain adverse health effects not only on the e-cigarette users, but also on the people around them. Besides causing cardiopulmonary toxicity, the co-existing pollutants may associate with higher risks of developmental toxicity and carcinogenicity. In addition, the combined exposure may be related with the occurrence of depression. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conduct studies on the toxic potential of the combined exposure to PM2.5 and e-cigarettes, which is also important for the evaluation and control of the atmospheric compound pollution associated health risk. This paper reviewed the current situation of PM2.5 pollution and e-cigarettes use, introduced the epidemiological studies of PM2.5 and e-cigarette combined exposure, their toxic effects in vivo and in vitro, and possible mechanisms, aiming to provide a reference for subsequent toxicity studies.

Objective To explore the molecular mechanism of amifostine in relieving cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Methods CCK-8 assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of amifostine on cisplatin cytotoxicity in HK-2 and primary renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. The expression of PKM2 was analyzed by online database tabula muris. The proportion of apoptotic cells was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of PKM2 gene was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blotting. PKM2 gene expression was knocked down by small RNA interference. Results Amifostine significantly enhanced the resistance of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells to cisplatin toxicity. In cisplatin treated cells, with the increase of the concentration of amifostine, the cell viability was increased from 0.37 to 0.45 to 0.77 (P < 0.001). In addition, with the increase of amifostine concentration, PKM2 gene expression in HK-2 cells was increased in turn. The expression of PKM2 gene was increased to 8.76 times higher at 1 μmol/L of amifostine (P < 0.001). PKM2 gene expression in HK-2 cells was increased with the increase of amifostine concentration. When PKM2 gene expression was depleted in HK-2 cells, and the protective effect of amifostine on cisplatin cytotoxicity was significantly inhibited. The proportion of apoptotic cells was reduced and the levels of apoptotic markers Cleaved-PARP and Cleaved-Caspase3 induced by cisplatin were significantly inhibited by amifostine. Single-cell data analysis indicated that the expression of PKM2 in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells was the lowest compared with other cell subsets in renal tissue. Conclusion Amifostine inhibits cell apoptosis induced by cisplatin by up-regulating PKM2 in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, and thus alleviates the cytotoxicity of cisplatin.

In this paper, the research on the discovery, synthesis, biological activities, mechanism of action, non-target toxicity and derivatives of hinokitiol was reviewed. Hinokitiol is a kind of plant secondary metabolite with antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and other biological activities. It can be synthsized from readily available raw materials in industry and has significant development value. The seven-membered ring and carbonyl group of hinokitiol are essential groups for its bioactivity, and the structure-activity relationship suggests that the modification of hydroxyl group position may be one of the important ways to discover the highly active hinokitiol derivatives. However, the action characters, non-target toxicity and structural stability of hinokitiol are still unclear, which greatly limits the application of hinokitiol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To screen for effective Myzus persicae control agents that are safe for Rhynocoris fuscipes in tobacco fields, the toxicity of nine common insecticides against M. persicae and 2nd instar nymphs of R. fuscipes was tested using the leaf-dip method and the insecticide residual in glass tube method. Drug safety for R. fuscipes was evaluated, and plot experiments were conducted in tobacco fields. The results showed that the LC50 of the nine agents for M. persicae were acetamidine 44.311 mg/L, fludizonitrile 46.696 mg/L, rotenone 71.499 mg/L, eucalyptol 77.538 mg/L, dipropirenol 139.697 mg/L, pyrazidone 175.142 mg/L, pyrethrin 427.589 mg/L, veratrine 322.856 mg/L, and metarium anisopliae (CQMa421)205.921 cfu/mL, respectively. The highest and lowest LC50 for the 2nd instar nymphs of R. fuscipes were rotenone 139.596 mg/L and metartaria anisopliae(CQMa421)1 599.419 cfu/mL. The analysis of safety coefficient and benefit-to-harm toxicity ratio suggested that eucalyptol, metarhizium anisopliae, acetamiprid, pyrzidone, and metarhizium anisopliae(CQMa421)had good control effects on M. persicae, and had less toxicity on the 2nd instar nymphs of R. fuscipes. The plot experiments showed that the control effects of eucalyptol, pyrzidone, and metartaria anisopliae (CQMa421) combined with R. fuscipes were 93.14%, 91.22%, and 91.00%, respectively, which were better than using eucalyptol or R. fuscipes alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to systematically study the influence of the introduction of hydroxyethyl on the performance of quaternary ammonium salt collectors, flotation test, contact angle test, toxicity test, degradation test, surface tension test, Zeta potential test, molecular dynamics analysis and other methods were adopted in this paper. The performance differences of dodecyl dihydroxyethyl methyl ammonium bromide (BHMDB) and dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) were studied, and the influence mechanism of hydroxyethyl on the performance of collector quaternary ammonium salts was analyzed. Compared with DTAB, BHMDB has better collection capacity, flotation selectivity, pH adaptability and hydrophobicity. The introduction of hydroxyethyl reduces the toxicity and critical micelle concentration of the solution, but makes the degradation worse. Through the analysis of the mechanism of the collector, it can be seen that the introduction of hydroxyethyl group strengthens the hydrogen bond between the agent and the mineral surface, increases the cross-sectional area of the polar group of the agent, and makes it more selective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)