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Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When discussing fruits, the image of pears often comes to mind. Perhaps it's due to their rich variety or their tempting taste. While we may think we know a lot about pears, do we really? Today, let's follow the footsteps of Xiao Lai and Xiao Ming as they delve into the world of pears, exploring whether we truly understand this delightful fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air-delivered spraying can enhance the effective transport and uniform coverage of fog droplets into the interior of the tree crown. However, it is still unclear on the effect of the intensity of air-delivered flow on the response of a single leaf to the motion state and the microcosmic settlement of fog drop. In this study, a single leaf of a pear tree was placed under the stable air flow in the test section of the wind tunnel equipment. The wind vibration response test was carried out on the leaves of a single pear tree. Four feature points were then marked on the leaves, in order to represent the leaf morphology. Binocular high-speed cameras were used to track the feature points on the leaves. The three-dimensional spatial motion model of simulated leaves was constructed to decompose into several sub-stages for subsequent analysis. A systematic analysis was made on the spatial motion trajectory of feature points, in order to explore the effect of droplet deposition on the leaf surface. The research results were as follows. The leaves showed static stability, swing, and a large number of twisting and turning complex motions under the action of wind-driven air flow. The critical response speed of wind vibration was defined as the generation of a large number of twisting motions. Once the wind speed was lower than the critical airflow speed of wind vibration, the leaves were basically lifted at the angle position in a static and stable state. When the air velocity was greater than or equal to the critical, the dynamic stable state of the leaves was destroyed into a compound motion response state of large spatial swing, turnover, and torsion, indicating the periodic motion state of the leaves under the action of strong air. Specifically, the total travel distances of leaf tips in a space movement period were 180.61, 1140.77, and 766.33 mm, respectively, at the speed of 5, 7, and 9 m/s, and the torsion angles were 290.7°, 896.8°, and 716.2°, respectively. In the test of leaf droplet deposition, the spray droplets were deposited mainly on the side of the leaf facing the airflow direction, when the airflow velocity was lower than 5 m/s. There was also an increase in the airflow velocity. The coverage rate of droplet deposition on the front of the leaf gradually decreased from 43.2% to 10.3%. When the airflow velocity was greater than the critical wind response velocity of 5 m/s, the fog droplets were deposited on both sides of the leaves. However, the droplets were deposited mainly on the opposite side of the leaves with better hydrophilicity. The spatial pose and motion of leaves were also simulated, according to the actual coordinates in the instantaneous position of leaves under the space motion. The finding can further reveal the interaction and deposition between the air flow carrying fog droplets and the leaves in the air-driven sprayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cactus pear fruits were under the two conditions of normal and low temperature treatment, logistics packaging by foam mesh bag, foam filler, laminated isolation plate, plastic wrap, a total of 8 kinds of treatments. The influence of different logistics packaging on the quality of cactus pear fruit was studied, by measuring fruit firmness, soluble solid, titratable acid, weight loss rate, juice yield, rate of intact fruit, ethyl alcohol, glucose, vitamin C content before and after logistics transportation, in order to select suitable logistics packaging methods for cactus pear fruits. The results showed that low temperature significantly reduced the quality reduction of cactus pear fruit during logistics transportation. Compared with foam filler, foam mesh bag, laminated isolation plate, logistics packaging by plastic wrap can maintain the firmness of fruit, decrease the content of vitamin C, soluble solid, glucose, juice yield, rate of intact fruit, and reduce the increase of ethanol and weight loss rate. There was no significant effect on titratable acid content of cactus pear fruit by different packing treatments. In summary, low temperature and the use of plastic wrap packaging can improve the quality of cactus pear fruit in logistics transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the quality of vacuum concentrated pear juice at different temperatures and construct a quality evaluation method for concentrated pear juice. Method: Fresh pear juice was concentrated under decompression condition (vacuum degree 0.005 MPa) at concentration temperatures of 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C, respectively. The evaluation model of concentrated pear juice was constructed based on the browning degree, pH, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, Fe3+ reducing power, soluble sugar, organic acid and volatile components of the concentrated pear juice. Results: The content of tartaric acid, fumaric acid and pH decreased significantly with the increasing temperature, while the browning degree, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, Fe3+ reducing power, quinic acid, malic acid, citric acid increased significantly. The content of alcohols was the highest in concentrated pear juice of 50 °C (4.753 μg/mL), the esters was the highest in concentrated pear juice of 70 °C (2.808 μg/mL), the aldehydes and ketones were the highest in concentrated pear juice of 70 °C (12.478 μg/mL). This study obtained a model for evaluating the quality of concentrated pear juice and found that 70 °C was best vacuum concentration temperature for pear juice. Conclusion: The vacuum concentration temperature could affect the quality of concentrated pear juice, which could be well distinguished by the quality evaluation model. This study would provide references for the quality control of vacuum concentrated pear juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to explore the relationship between dehydrin (DHN) and core browning in late-harvested Yali pears, this study identified and characterized the PbDHN3 gene based on bioinformatics methods, and analyzed the expression pattern of this gene during the core browning process under rapid cooling and slow cooling conditions. The results showed that the open reading frame (ORF) of PbDHN3 was 564 bp in length, encoding 187 amino acids, and having a conserved domain of dehydrin superfamily comprising two Y segments, one S segment and three K segments (Y2SK3). Bioinformatics analysis showed that PbDHN3 was a hydrophilic stable protein with a molecular mass of 19.77 kDa and an isoelectric point of 7.98. The secondary structure consists of α-helix, irregular coil, extended chain and β-turn. PbDHN3 was located in the nucleus and contained no signal peptide or transmembrane structure. It was a non-secretory protein. The results of homology analysis showed that PbDHN3 was more than 89.74% similar to the DHN of five other plants such as apples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PbDHN3 had the closest relationship with the DHN of Pyrus ussuriensis × Pyrus communis. The results of promoter analysis showed that PbDHN3 contained basic promoter elements and other cis-acting elements, which were consistent with the predicted results of the upland cotton GhDHN1 and the wheat TaDHN2 promoter regions, and all of them included hormone response elements and light response elements. The results of real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that the expression of the DHN3 gene was significantly up-regulated during the core browning process of Yali pears under rapid cooling conditions, which was closely related to the browning of the core. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the function of the PbDHN3 gene and clarifying the mechanism of core browning of Yali pears.

To investigate the effect of hypobaric storage on the ripeness progress and antioxidant capacity of 'Nanguo' pear, pears at commercial ripeness stage were used as experimental materials and stored under 2 kPa and 25 kPa low pressure conditions for one month before being transferred to the condition of (20±2) °C and 101 kPa to simulate the ripening progress and observe their ripening quality and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that 2 kPa and 25 kPa hypobaric conditions could maintain the ripening quality of @Nanguo@ pears, the yellowing of the fruit peel, and the reduction of fruit firmness, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were inhibited. The contents of soluble solids and titratable acids were maintained well. The appearance of respiratory peak and decreased ethylene release were delayed. Meanwhile, the activity of polyphenol oxidase was decreased, and peroxidase activity was increased. Notably, 2 kPa hypobaric storage at (4±2) °C performed better to delay the ripening process of @Nanguo@ pears after storage, and their antioxidant capacity was also maintained well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】By comparing the quality of ‘Cuiguan’ pear fruits under five different bag treatments, from which the bag that can improve the appearance quality of fruits and has less impact on the internal quality of the fruits was selected, with an aim to provide a basis for screening of bag types in the production of ‘Cuiguan’.【Method】Five different bags were selected for bagging treatments of the ‘Cuiguan’ pear fruits, taking fruits without bagging as control, and the impacts of five different bagging treatments on the quality of ‘Cuiguan’ pear fruits were clarified.【Result】The results showed that the effects of five different bagging treatments on the single fruit weight, transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, fruit shape index, hardness, pericarp L* value, pericarp b* value, soluble solids content, soluble sugar content of ‘Cuiguan’ pear fruits were relatively small and their coefficients of variation were below 10%. However, bagging could reduce soluble solids content and soluble sugar content by 21.9% and 23.9%, respectively, which had negative effects on the internal quality of the pear fruits. Compared with the control, the chlorophyll content of ‘Cuiguan’ pear fruit after bagging decreased by 73.6%, and the greenness of the inner part of fruit reduced, leading to a lighter color of the fruit surface; the color difference L * value rose by 20. 6% and it significantly improved the brightness and fineness of the fruit surface, which increased its appearance quality and commercial value. Bagging had an impact on the contents of aroma substances in the pericarp of ‘Cuiguan’ pears, and the contents of α-farnesene, hexanal and ethyl acetate in the pericarp increased, and the content of 2-hexenal reduced, making the aroma more intense.【Conclusion】The principal component analysis and comprehensive analysis show that, the double-layer paper bag with yellow outside and white inside can increase the pericarp L * value and pericarp a * value ‘Cuiguan’ pear, further enhance the fineness of the fruit surface, improve the appearance quality of Cuiguan pear fruits, with higher comprehensive ranking, which can enhance the appearance quality of the fruits while minimize the negative impacts of bagging on the internal quality at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the dynamic changes of phenolic substances and antioxidant activities during the development of different pear varieties, the total flavonoids, total phenols, phenolic substances, 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazylradical (DPPH) and 2, 2' -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS+ ) free radical scavenging abilityin the fruits of Kuche Amute, Dangshan pear and Ma pear at different developmental stages wereanalyzed and determined. The results showed that the contents of total flavonoids and total phenols in the three kinds of pear fruits were basically the same during the development process, the content was higher in young fruit stage, and gradually decreased with fruit development. A total of 13 phenolic substances were detected in the three types of pear fruits by high performance liquid chromatography, and the content of arbutin was the highest, with an average of 3 353.43 µgµg-1 DW, accounting for 51.88% of the total components; orthoic acid was the second with an average content of 2 350.29 µgµg-1 DW, accounting for 36.34% of the total components; the content of other phenolic components was low, distributed between 8.09-150.65 µg•g-1 DW, only 0.13%-2.33% of the total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity detection showed that the free radical scavenging power of DPPH and ABTS+ was Dangshan pear > Kuqa Amute > Ma pear. Correlation analysis showed that the total flavonoids, total phenols, arbutin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin and other substances in pear fruit had a very significant positive correlation with DPPH free radical scavenging ability (P<0.01) . The results provided the basis for in-depth research and development of natural antioxidant health drugs and functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to study effects of short-term low-temperature storage on ripening, senescence and quality of 'Nanguo pear during shelf life, 'Nanguo' pears were used as the test material, after 60 days of storage at low temperature (4 °C), pears were allowed to ripen at room temperature [(23±2) °C] to measure the changes of physiological indexes related to ripening, senescence and quality during shelf life. The results show that compared with controls which were naturally ripened at room temperature without low-temperature treatment, ethylene production and respiration peaks respectively appeared 6 d and 3 d earlier. At 15 d, O2-•production and MDA accumulation respectively increased by 1.26 times and 1.33 times, and the total phenol content decreased by 91.6%.Rates of softening were quickened, while DPPH• scavenging rate was reduced in Nanguo pear fruit during shelf life after short-term low-temperature storage. The ascorbic acid content, titratable acid content, total phenol content and flavonoids content declined faster, and the PPO activity was promoted than controls during shelf life. The shelf-life quality of Nanguo pears decreased, the ripening and senescence process was accelerated, and the shelf life was shortened by 3 d after short-term low-temperature storage, which might be related to the increase of ethylene production and the weakening of antioxidant capacity. This study provides reference for the storage and preservation of 'Nanguo' pear fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to explore the prediction model of the initial flowering period of fragrant pears in Xinjiang, and identify the most suitable flower viewing day of fragrant pears during the flowering period, the meteorological elements and the daily sequences of the initial flowering period of fragrant pears production areas in Aksu, Alar, Luntai and Korla of Xinjiang from 1990 to 2020 were analyzed by the stepwise regression method, and the prediction model of the meteorological index of fragrant pears main production areas in Korla of Xinjiang was established in combination with the human comfort index, which was expected to provide reference for Xinjiang Tourism meteorological service. The results showed that: (1) the composition factors of the prediction model for the initial flowering period of Korla fragrant pear in Xinjiang were the average maximum temperature in March, the soil temperature in depth of 0cm in March, the average temperature in March, and the soil temperature in depth of 40cm in March. There was a linear relationship (negative correlation) between the diurnal sequence and the air temperature at the beginning of flowering in Alar and Korla, and a linear relationship (multiple correlation) between the soil temperature and air temperature in Aksu and Luntai. The probability of model error within 3 days in normal years was 93.5% in Alar, 93.5% in Aksu, 100% in Korla and 96.8% in Luntai. (2) The optimized human comfort index was divided into four levels: the most suitable, sub-suitable, general and unsuitable. The most suitable days for the optimized human comfort index were 22 days in Alar, 24 days in Aksu, 16 days in Korla and 18 days in Luntai before and after the flowering period in 2022. (3) The meteorological index of fragrant pear flower appreciation takes the intersection of the suitable flowering period and the human comfort index, and was divided into four grades: the most suitable (five-star recommended index), sub-suitable (four-star recommended index), general (three-star recommended index) and unsuitable (one-star recommended index). In 2022, the five-star recommended flower viewing days were from April 11 to April 14 in Aksu, from April 10 to April 15 in Alar, from April 10 to April 15 in Korla, and from April 11 to April 14 in Luntai, respectively. The simulation results were in line with the reality. The meteorological index of fragrant pear flower appreciation, combined with the body temperature and the flowering period, had good application value and potential in the follow-up prediction of fragrant pear initial flowering period and the tourism meteorological service in Xinjiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is important to judge the density of pear flower accurately for automatic thinning. In order to judge the density of pear flowers precisely and achieve the purpose of automatic flower thinning, a density classification of pear flower images method based on improved density peak clustering algorithm was proposed in this study. The pear flower image samples used in the experiment were taken from the research base of Hebei Agricultural University, Niugang Village, Yi County, Baoding City, Hebei Province, and the variety was three-year-old Qiuyue. In this study, the images of pear flowers in natural environment were collected on April 18, 2021, when the pear flowers were in full bloom. The pear flower recognition images with high detection accuracy were obtained by using the depth learning model to detect the pear flower. The central coordinates of the target detection frame were extracted from the recognition images to obtain the data points that needed to be clustered. Secondly, in order to achieve the density classification of pear flower images, the method of selecting the cluster center was improved according to the shortcomings of the original density peak clustering algorithm in the density classification of pear flower and the requirements of pear flower density classification. The decision graph was divided into four parts by four groups of local density and center offset distance segmentation thresholds to select the cluster centers. These four parts corresponded to four grades of high, medium and low density and no thinning treatment. The accurate classification of pear flower images with reasonable density was realized. Finally, to solve the problem of inaccurate clustering classification of pear flower distribution with only cluster distribution, sparse distribution and large-scale close-up, the calculation method of dij parameter of distance between two points was improved. The pear flower scale and density grading standard were unified, and reasonable density grading could be achieved for all distribution types of pear flower images. The experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm could adapt to pear flower images of different scales. The accuracy of scale prediction was 94.89%, and the accuracy of density classification was 94.29%. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed method could achieve the density classification of local flower clusters in natural environment. the algorithm in this paper was compared with K-means algorithm and DBSCAN algorithm, and the accuracy of density classification was 94.29% and 68.57% respectively. Although the density classification accuracy of K-Means clustering algorithm was high, it lacked the algorithm steps to automatically select the clustering centers of different density classification, and was too sensitive to noise points. The density calculation method of DBSCAN algorithm lacked continuity, and the division of density grade was not precise enough. Based on the comprehensive analysis of density classification accuracy and cluster center selection method, the improved density peak clustering algorithm in this paper had the best effect. The clustering centers of different density grade could be automatically selected and the error of random initialization of clustering centers could be reduced. The proposed algorithm was robust to noise points and could eliminate noise points effectively. The proposed algorithm adopted soft statistics method for density calculation, which had continuity and was more accurate for density classification. It provides technical support for analyzing the density of pear flower and machine intelligent flower thinning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To investigate the effects of temperature and humidity on the population dynamics of Grapholita molesta, a pest that causes significant losses to pear crops worldwide. [Methods] A monitoring site was set up in a pear orchard in Daxing, Beijing municipality where sex pheromone traps were used to monitor the population dynamics of adult G. molesta over three years (2018-2021). The data obtained were combined with local meteorological data collected over the same period to analyze the relationship between temperature, humidity and population dynamics. [Results] G. molesta began to appear in the pear orchard in mid to late March. Four population peaks occurred each year; in mid to late April, mid-June, mid to late July and early to mid-September. There was a significant relationship between the average and maximum temperature and population density, which can be described by the equation Y= - 5.62 - 0.16X1+0.72X2+0.52X3+0.18X4, where X3 is the highest temperature, X1 is the average temperature, X2 is the lowest temperature and X4 is the average relative humidity. The relative importance of these factors was: X3> X1> X2> X4. [Conclusion] There is a significant relationship between the occurrence of G. molesta in pear orchards in Daxing, Beijing municipality, and local temperature and humidity data. These results lay a foundation for developing a model to predict the occurrence of G. molesta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of duck manure application on soil environmental quality and pear quality and to promote the scientific application of duck manure to partially replace chemical fertilizers in pear planting. Under the condition of equal nitrogen substitution, the duck manure alternative fertilizer program in this study was divided into five groups including the control group (CK), 30% (DM1), 40% (DM2), 50% (DM3), and 60% (DM4). The duck manure was applied to the pear tree soil in April and July. Soil and pear samples were collected in October. The soil environmental quality (soil pH, soil nutrients, heavy metals, antibiotics) and pear quality parameters (soluble solids, soluble sugars, vitamin C) were also analyzed. The results showed that all the duck manure replacement treatments (DM1-DM4) could significantly increase the soil pH (6%-21%) compared with the control group, and the organic matter of deeper soil (40-60cm) was improved. The most significant effect on increasing the content of available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil was also found in the DM3 group. Fortunately, the contents of heavy metals in different soil layers of each treatment fully meet the requirements of pollution-free and green food producing areas for soil environment. The results also indicated that the application of duck manure improved the pear quality, and the soluble solids, soluble sugars, and vitamin C of pear were increased by 5.21%-17.44%, 2.50%-8.45%, and 0.39%-11.01%, respectively. The results showed that 30% duck manure replacing had the best effect on improving pear quality, while 50% duck manure replacing had the best effect on improving soil environment quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Packaging & Food Machinery is the property of Packaging & Food Machinery Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

【Objective】 This paper aimed to study the pathogen and biological characteristics of three leaf diseases of Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemarie in Yunnan province, and to provide theoretical basis for the control of leaf spot of A.tsaoko. 【Method】Three fungal diseases were discovered from A.tsaoko plantation in Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan province. Three strains, including CG-N01, CG-N02 and CG-N03 were obtained by single spore culture, their pathogenicity was determined, spore morphology was observed according to morphological characteristics, and pathogen was identified by phylogenetic tree constructed by multi-gene sequence analysis (rDNA-ITS, tub2, LSU and tef-1 α), and biological characteristics were determined. 【Result】 The morphological characteristics of CG-N01, CG-N02 and CG-N03 were in accordance with the typical characters of Pyrus costina, Phoma matteuccola and Colletotrichum mondsii, respectively. The rDNA-ITS, LSU and tef-1 α sequences of CG-N01 were 489, 901 and 475 bp, respectively ( the login numbers were MN596209, MN689811 and MN696687, respectively) ; The rDNA-ITS, LSU and tef-1 α sequences of the strain CG-N02 were 517, 997 and 529 bp respectively (the login numbers were MN596212, MN650644 and MN696686, respectively) ; The rDNA-ITS, tub2 and tef-1 α sequences of strain CG-N03 were 560, 926 and 738 bp, respectively ( the login numbers were MN596210, MN650645 and MN696688, respectively). Purified strains of CG-N01, CG-N02 and CG-N03 had high homology with P. costina, P. matteuccola and C. simmondsii, respectively. Biological determination showed that strain CG-N01 was advantageous to mycelium growth and conidia formation under the conditions of 28 ℃, alternating light and dark, and pH 6.0. Strains CG-N02 and CG-N03 were favorable for sporulation at 25 ℃, alternating light and darkness, and pH 8.0. 【Conclusion】 This study first reported that C. simmondsii can infect and cause Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the biological characteristics of the pathogens of leaf spot, leaf blast and anthracnose were determined to provide scientific basis and theory support for the diversity study and effective control of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to compare the nutritional value and rumen fermentation parameters of four unconventional feedstuffs for ruminant. The nutrient composition analysis and in vitro fermentation method were used to evaluate the nutritional value and rumen fermentation indexes of four unconventional feedstuffs including sorghum straw, reed grass, date powder and pear residue. The results showed that the disappearance rate of dry matter (DM) of date powder was extremely higher than that of other feeds in vitro (P<0.01). The rumen disappearance rate of crude protein (CP) of pear pomace was extremely higher than that of other feeds in vitro (P<0.01). The disappearance rate of all nutrients in reed grass were extremely lower than that of other feeds in vitro (P<0.01). The 48 h gas production and gas production rate of slow degradation fraction (c) for date powder was extremely higher than that of other feeds (P<0.01), while that of reed grass was extremely lower than that of other feeds (P<0.01). Compared with oat grass, the content of total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) of date powder and pear pomace was significantly increased (P<0.05), and pH value was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The experiment indicates that the nutritive and usable value of jujube powder and pear residue are better. The nutrient composition of sorghum straw is similar to that of oat grass, but the degree of fiber decomposition is lower than that of oat grass, so it can be processed to improve its utilization. The feedable value of reed is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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