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In recent years, the recycling of used shared bicycles has seriously lagged behind, which has caused environmental pollution and resource waste. To foster green and low-carbon development as well as to stimulate the efficient recycling of used shared bicycles for improved environmental performance, this paper constructs a four-party evolutionary game model that includes the government, operation platforms, suppliers, and consumers, who are the stakeholders of the current bicycle-sharing industry. Among them, the government can voluntarily choose to adopt the 'regulatory or non-regulatory' strategy based on its regulatory cost, tax, and environmental benefits, while suppliers can voluntarily choose to adopt the 'participating in recycling' strategy or the 'non-participating in recycling' strategy based on their basic revenue, government policy incentives, and opportunity costs. Operation platforms can voluntarily choose the 'building recycling channels' strategy or 'not building recycling channels' strategy based on their basic revenue, government subsidies or fines, and opportunity cost factors. Consumers can voluntarily choose the 'participating in recycling' strategy or 'non-participating in recycling' strategy along with the suppliers based on their basic income, government policy incentives, and opportunity cost factors. This paper further analyzes the game process and stability strategy of associated agents and obtains meaningful conclusions. Finally, MATLAB software is used for numerical simulation to analyze the evolution paths of the agents. The results show that: the government and consumers will gradually withdraw from their participation in the recycling process over time, and the participation efforts of operation platforms and suppliers are related to their own profit yield. The government should reallocate regulatory costs and subsidies to consumers to improve the income conversion rate of enterprises, effectively promote the recycling rate of used shared bicycles, and enhance environmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psychological Science is the property of Psychological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Journal of Irrigation & Drainage Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rural areas are the main reserves of biodiversity resources and are also important distribution areas for China' s natural re⁃ serves. Opportunity cost, as the main cost of the construction of natural reserves, is a potential driving factor in the spatial distribution of natural reserves. This study analyzed the decision-making mechanism of natural reserves from the perspective of county-level govern⁃ ments, using county-level panel data from 2005 to 2018 to empirically analyze the impact of opportunity cost in rural areas on the distri⁃ bution of natural reserves, and discussed the impact according to the location and level of natural reserves. On this basis, this study fur⁃ ther explored the impact of opportunity cost on the individual scale of natural reserves. The results showed that: ① In general, opportu⁃ nity cost was an important factor in determining the distribution of natural reserves. There was a significant negative relationship be⁃ tween the opportunity cost and natural reserve areas. Each 1% increase in the opportunity cost would reduce the natural reserve areas by 0.679%. ② In the eastern and central regions, opportunity cost had a significant negative impact on the natural reserve areas, while in the western and northeastern regions, opportunity cost had no significant impact on the natural reserve areas. ③ Opportunity cost had a significant negative impact on the areas of local-level natural reserves, while having no significant impact on the areas of national-lev⁃ el natural reserves. ④ As the opportunity cost increased, the size of a single natural reserve had a tendency to shrink, which could alle⁃ viate the pressure of the opportunity cost. However, the habitat of the reserve faced the risk of fragmentation, which was not conducive to biodiversity conservation. We suggest that in the process of further optimizing the layout of natural reserves, China should fully con⁃ sider the impact of opportunity cost in rural areas on the establishment and management of natural reserves, improve the multi-function⁃ al protected area system with national parks as the main body, strictly approve the adjustment of the scope and functional areas of natu⁃ ral reserves at all levels, include objects with high ecological protection value and rich biodiversity in the protection system, and estab⁃ lish a diversified and market-based ecological compensation mechanism for natural reserves to alleviate the conflict between the con⁃ struction of natural reserves and the development of surrounding communities, so as to achieve the dual goals of biodiversity conserva⁃ tion and economic development in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Test & Measurement Technology is the property of Publishing Center of North University of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rural resettlement, an effective measure to eliminate poverty and improve the ecological environment, develops rapidly in China. Since farmland abandonment closely relates to the stability of migration as well as the national food security, the research regarding whether resettlement accelerates farmland abandonment in mountainous areas is of great importance in China. We used panel Logit and panel Tobit models to analyze the influencing mechanism of resettlement on farmland abandonment with data of 1578 households in 8 counties in prefectures of Shangluo, Ankang, and Hanzhong, the southern part of Shaanxi province. The results show that farmers' resettlement behavior had a significant positive effect on farmland abandonment behavior. The coefficient of migration period was significant at 1% in all regressions, and farmers were more likely to abandon farmland when migration distance was larger than 0.5 kilometer. All types of migration can accelerate farmland abandonment, among which engineering resettlement had the largest effects on farmers' land abandonment behavior, while disaster avoidance resettlement had the least effects. In addition, householder characteristics, household characteristics, resource endowment characteristics, and land rental market are all important influencing factors of farmers' land abandonment behavior. We thus conclude that farmers' enthusiasm of agricultural production decreases after migration, and the phenomenon for land abandonment becomes more obvious with the implementation of resettlement and relocation project in Southern Shaanxi. The transformation to town life and increased time opportunity cost of farming are the main reasons for resettled farmers' land abandonment behavior. The government is suggested to reallocate farmland to engineering resettled farmers, and encourage resettled farmers to participate in the slopping land conversion program with more supporting policies, as well as solve the livelihood problem by developing characteristic industries. In addition, land rental market should be promoted by establishing the information platform of land transfer in all resettlement areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the location problem of battery charging and swapping facilities based on electric vehicle under battery charging mode and swapping mode. Firstly, this study builds a path planning and vehicle scheduling model without charging or battery swapping and location models with the objective of minimizing the sum of electricity cost, fixed cost, opportunity cost, and penalty cost under both charging mode and battery swapping mode. Then an improved genetic algorithm is developed to solve the path planning model and the location models of charging or swapping facilities. Finally, this paper compares and analyzes the location decision of charging or swapping facilities and the relevant distribution cost under charging mode and battery swapping mode. Results of this study show that when there is no delay caused by the charging in distribution, the delivery cost under the charging mode is lower; but when there are delays caused by the charging, improving charging speed or using battery swapping mode can lower the delivery cost. In addition, the service cost of public charging stations will significantly affect the decision-making of logistics companies on whether to build their own charging facilities or use public charging stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a multi-period portfolio selection problem in the frictional market. A multi-period minimax portfolio selection model with opportunity costs and transaction costs is proposed. By using the theory of nonlinear programming, we prove the existence of optimal solution of this model. Moreover, the method for solving this model is given by using the theory of convex programming and Kuhn-Tucker condition. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]