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Objective To summarize the time interval from the onset of initial symptoms to the first medical consultation for imported malaria patients in China and the influencing factors, providing references for optimizing health management and prevention measures for these patients and reinforcing malaria elimination achievements in the country. Methods A systematic search was conducted across English and Chinese databases, including PubMed, EBSCO, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and Weipu, as well as references from related studies, to collect research reporting the time interval from the onset of initial symptoms to the first medical consultation and/or influencing factors for imported malaria patients in China, with the search period extending from the establishment of the database to July 18, 2023. Two researchers independently screened the literature and extracted information based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) suitable for cross-sectional studies was employed to assess the quality of the included studies. Results A total of 17 studies involving 10 475 imported malaria patients were included, with 8 studies reporting the time interval from the onset of initial symptoms to the first consultation for 2 919 patients. Among them, 766 patients (26.24%) consulted within one day of symptom onset, 1 393 patients (47.72%) consulted within 2-3 days, and 760 patients (26.04%) consulted more than three days after symptom onset. Eleven studies reported the influencing factors for the timing of medical consultation among imported malaria patients in China, including the patients’ awareness of the need for proactive medical consultation, the level of the initial healthcare facility, history of malaria infection, health literacy, the type of malaria parasite, and the incubation period. Conclusion There is a notable delay in medical consultation among imported malaria patients returning to China. Factors such as weak awareness of the need for proactive consultation, poor health literacy, infection with Plasmodium vivax, and a higher level of the initial healthcare facility contribute to delays in seeking medical attention in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of malaria cases in Wuhan before and after the assessment of malaria elimination in 2015 (2010-2015 and 2016-2023), providing a scientific basis for formulating malaria prevention and control policies and evaluating their effectiveness. Methods Data on malaria cases including epidemiological surveys and case reports from 2010 to 2023 were collected. The year 2015 was used as a time point to analyze the species of infecting parasites, sources of infection, and treatment conditions. Results A total of 547 malaria cases were reported in Wuhan from 2010 to 2023, with an incidence rate ranging from 0.05 to 0.74 per 100 000 people. Among these, 73.8% were caused by Plasmodium falciparum, 13.1% by Plasmodium vivax, 8.0% by Plasmodium ovale, 2.3% by Plasmodium malaria, and 2.5% involved mixed infections. Except for four locally transmitted cases reported in 2010, all other cases were imported, with Africa being the primary source (89.9%). In African cases, Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 79.6%, while non-falciparum species predominated in Asia and Oceania (77.7%). There were statistically significant differences in malaria parasite species from different source countries (x=83.6, P < 0.05). From 2010 to 2023, malaria cases predominantly affected males aged 20 to 49, with farmers and workers comprising 52.8% of the cases. The majority of cases were reported in the Dongxihu District (25.9%), Wuchang District (19.0%), and Jiang'an District (12.7%). Cases were reported throughout the year, with a peak in July from 2010 to 2015 (37 cases), and 59.2% of cases (197/302) occurring from April to September. Between 2016 and 2023, peaks were observed in February, August, and December. The initial diagnosis of reported cases was concentrated in county-level and higher medical institutions (77.2%), with higher accuracy rates in provincial, municipal, and county-level institutions compared to village clinics or individual practitioners (statistically significant differences, χ²=95.3, P<0.05). The accuracy of initial diagnoses for malaria significantly improved from 2016 to 2023 compared to 2010 to 2015 (χ²=4.4, P< 0.05). The proportion of cases diagnosed within 72 hours of seeking care was 63.9% for 2010-2015 and 71.8% for 20162023, with a statistically significant difference (χ²=3.87, P<0.05). The proportions of cases diagnosed within 24 hours differed significantly among Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and mixed infections (χ²=13.9, P<0.05). Conclusion From 2010 to 2023, malaria cases in Wuhan were predominantly attributed to imported Plasmodium falciparum from Africa, primarily affecting young male farmers and workers, with a diversification of parasite species. Continued strengthening of epidemiological investigations, pathogen and vector monitoring, and transmission risk assessments is essential to prevent the reintroduction and spread of malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verbena officinalis L. as a plant with high medicinal value, is commonly used for promoting blood circulation, detoxification, and treating malaria. It has antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, and analgesic effects. Verbena officinalis L. can enhance animal production performance, improve product quality, prevent diseases, promote feed digestion and absorption, and strengthen animal health. Verbena officinalis L. has a broad application prospect in animal production and is worth further research. The article reviews the biological functions of Verbena officinalis L. and its research progress in animal production, hoping to provide a reference for further application of Verbena officinalis L. in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria remains a significant public health issue on a global scale. The disease exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, with male-infected individuals often presenting more severe symptoms and higher mortality rates compared to females. However, gender factors are frequently overlooked in many experimental studies related to Plasmodium infection. As a primary female sex hormone, estrogen plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses and inflammatory signals, contributing significantly to the gender differences observed in malaria infections. Here, starting from the basic physiological functions and immune regulatory roles of estrogen, review and summarize the epidemiological evidence of gender differences in malaria infection reported in the past, and delve into how estrogen affects malaria infection and its potential roles within the context of the disease. Given the current absence of a comprehensive review on sex differences in malaria in China, we hope that this article will draw researchers' attention to the sexual dimorphism in malaria. Understanding and emphasizing the sexual dimorphism in malaria, as well as the underlying causes, can help us gain a more profound comprehension of the pathology of malaria and the individual immune responses it elicits. This knowledge may provide new insights for related basic research and potentially aid in future malaria prevention and control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the allelic mutations of kdr and ace-1 in Anopheles gambiae s. l., providing a scientific basis for mosquito-borne disease prevention and control in the region. Methods Mosquitoes were collected from six villages in two malaria-prone areas, Est-mono (Ogou koulidé, Kepssi, Igbomedji) and Anié (Kolocopé, Bana, Afolé). All mosquitoes were used for DNA extraction, species identification, and genotyping of kdr and ace-1. Results An. coluzzii and An. gambiae, two closely related species within the An. gambiae complex, were identified across six collection sites, with An. gambiae being predominant, constituting approximately 96.53% of the samples. Among all mosquito samples detected, high-frequency mutations were observed at the kdr 1014 locus in the An. gambiae complex, with mutation frequencies reaching 100.0% in Ogou koulidé, Bana, and Afolé, 97.5% in Kepssi and Igbomedji, and 91.1% in Kolocopé district. The allelic frequency of 1014F ranged from 85.5% to 100%. Mutation frequency of An. coluzzii 1014 locus in all three regions was 100%, with an allelic frequency of 1014F ranging from 90% to 100%, indicating a high rate of homozygosity. The kdr 1575 mutation frequency in An. gambiae ranged from 6.6% to 24.3%, with the allelic frequency of 1575Y ranging from 3.2% to 12.2%, all detected mutations were heterozygous, and no mutations were detected at the 1575 locus in An. coluzzii. Mutations at the ace-1 G119 locus were also observed in the An. gambiae complex, with mutation frequencies in An. gambiae ranging from 8.8% to 15% and the allelic frequency of 119S from 4.4% to 7.5%. In An. coluzzii, mutation frequencies ranged from 0 to 20.0%, with an allelic frequency of 119S from 0 to 10%, and all detected 119S mutations were heterozygous. Conclusions The high frequencies of the Anopheles gambiae kdr mutation observed suggest that malaria mosquito vectors in Togo may have developed a high level of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and possibly a moderate resistance to organophosphorus or carbamate insecticides. This indicates that local vector management authorities should prioritize insecticide resistance issues in future malaria vector control and resistance management planning, and conduct regular monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To establish a high-throughput method that can simultaneously, quickly, and accurately detect main malaria-transmitting Anopheles species and their resistance genes in China, providing a high-throughput monitoring tool for monitoring the main malaria vectors in China after malaria elimination. Methods In different sampling locations, including Tengchong City, Yunnan Province; Wenchang City, Hainan Province; and Donggang City, Liaoning Province, adult specimens of mosquitoes, including Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles minimus, Anopheles dirus, and Anopheles anthropophagus, were collected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology and Sanger sequencing were employed to detect the ITS2, kdr (L1014), rdl (A296), and ace-1 (G119) genes in individual mosquitoes. For the analysis of mixed samples, an optimized multiplex PCR reaction system, custom-designed dual barcode primers, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology were utilized to detect the aforementioned genes. The consistency was assessed using Kappa consistency tests and Chi-square tests for multiple rates. Sensitivity, specificity, and the Youden index were calculated using a four-grid table calculation method. The costs associated with each step of the normal operational process for each method were statistically summarized, and the optimal quantity of mixed samples for detection was determined by a comprehensive approach. Results Conventional PCR amplification of gDNA from 300 mosquitoes resulted in 144 individuals of Anopheles sinensis, 53 individuals of Anopheles dirus, 62 individuals of Anopheles anthropophagus, and 41 individuals of Anopheles minimus, as identified by Sanger sequencing. The mutation frequencies of resistance genes kdr (L1014), rdl (A296), and ace-1 (G119) were found in 73, 27, and 41 specimens, respectively. Using a newly established multiplex PCR reaction system based on custom dual barcode and NGS sequencing technology, samples corresponding to Sanger sequencing were detected under different sample sizes. The two methods showed high consistency in the results (all Kappa>0.900). Multiple comparison tests showed significant differences in the consistencies of the two methods across different sample sizes N (40, 80, 160), N (120, 200, 240, 280), and N (300) (χ²= 26.547, P<0.001). The new method demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity across various sample sizes, with the Youden index ranging from highest to lowest as follows: 1 (40, 80, 160)>0.994 (120)>0.990 (280)>0.988 (200)>0.987 (240)>0.985 (300). With an increase in sample size from 40 to 300, the cost per sequencing site for the new method decreased from 20.0 yuan to 8.3 yuan, while the cost per sequencing site for the conventional method decreased from 16.7 yuan to 15.4 yuan. The optimal mixed sample size for the new method was determined to be 280. Conclusion The newly developed multiplex PCR and barcode NGS detection method enables simultaneous screening of four major malaria vector mosquito species and the presence of mutations in the ace-1, kdr, and rdl resistance genes, exhibiting excellent stability, high sensitivity, and specificity. It allows for the efficient analysis of large sample sizes in a single run, offering a cost-effective alternative compared to other types of detection methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ObjectiveTo describe the differences in imported malaria cases before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Pudong New Area， Shanghai， to explore the possible impact of isolation measures during the pandemic on malaria， and to provide a basis for formulation of malaria control strategies during the prevention and control of major infectious diseases in the future.MethodsInformation on malaria cases reported in Pudong New Area from 2017 to 2022 was collected and divided into two groups： cases before the COVID-19 pandemic （2017‒2019） and cases after the COVID-19 pandemic （2020‒2022）. Analysis was conducted on information such as gender， age， parasite species， country of infection， place of onset， time of onset， time of first diagnosis， time of confirmed diagnosis， hospitalization， and duration of treatment for both groups.ResultsThe pre-COVID group consisted of 21 cases， and post-COVID group consisted of 28 cases， with male and falciparum malaria predominating in both groups. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of Shanghai residency status， use of preventive measures， and adherence to standardized treatment （P0.05）.ConclusionAfter the outbreak of COVID-19， the medical priority plan prolongs the treatment time of malaria patients， increasing the risk of severe illness and death.

ObjectiveTo characterize the prevalence and epidemic situation of imported malaria cases in Songjiang District of Shanghai from 2013 to 2022， and to provide evidence for malaria prevention and control.MethodsRelated data were collected and analyzed， including malaria cases， blood testing of febrile patients， and mosquito surveillance in Songjiang from 2013 to 2022.ResultsA total of 13 002 febrile patients in Songjiang were tested for plasmodium parasites from 2013 to 2022， among which 18 malaria cases were confirmed， including 17 cases of falciparum malaria and 1 case of ovale malaria. Moreover， a total of 36 malaria cases were notified in Songjiang through the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System from 2013 to 2022， including cases reported from Songjiang District and other districts or provinces with physical addresses in Songjiang. Of them， there were 31 cases of falciparum malaria， 2 cases of vivax malaria， 2 cases of ovale malaria and 1 case of quartan malaria. The gender ratio of male to female cases was 17∶1， and the majority was young and middle aged. In addition， 35 cases were imported from Africa and 1 case from southeast Asia； 34 cases were migrant workers， and 2 cases were travellers abroad； 17 cases were found and reported in Songjiang， 15 cases were reported from other districts of Shanghai， and 4 cases were reported from other provinces； 27 cases were treated in Shanghai， 3 cases were treated in other provinces and 6 cases were treated with self-provided antimalarial drugs. Mosquito surveillance in Songjiang showed that density of Anopheles sinensis was extremely low.ConclusionNo indigenous malaria case has been notified in Songjiang since 2008. Malaria surveillance on migrant workers remains the focus of malaria prevention and control. Furthermore， achievement of malaria elimination in Songjiang should be continually enhanced to avoid potential further transmission of imported malaria.

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Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Central China Normal University is the property of Huazhong Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Small integral membrane protein 1(SMIM1) gene encodes Vel blood group antigen, and homozygous deletion of 17 bases pairs in its exon 3 leads to Vel negative phenotype. As a rare phenotype, accurate identification and prevention of transfusion reaction for Vel negative phenotype is particularly important. In addition to serving as a Vel blood group antigen, recent bioinformatics analysis suggests that SMIM1 protein may be a new tumor biomarker involved in the occurrence and development of numerous tumors. Due to the similarity in structure between SMIM1 protein and glycoprotein, and its phosphorylation in red blood cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum, it is speculated that SMIM1 protein may be involved in the development of malaria. Therefore, this article provides a review of the related research on SMIM1 and its coding protein in Vel blood type, tumor and plasmodium infection.

Malaria is one of major global public health problems. Although China′s success in eliminating indigenous malaria cases having been recognized by World Health Organization in 2021, China is still at risk of imported malaria from abroad and local transmission of the disease. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand global malaria epidemic and to assess the risk of imported malaria in China for consolidating the achievement of malaria elimination. In this paper, we reviewed research progress in global malaria epidemiology, malaria-related health risk, malaria prevention and control measures, and imported malaria epidemic from 2017 through 2021 in China.

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ObjectiveTo analyze prevalence trend of malaria and its spatiotemporal distribution characteristics in China for further promoting malaria control. MethodsNationwide malaria incidence data of 2010 – 2017 were collected from public health science data website of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the population data were extracted from yearly China Statistical Yearbook of the same period. Empirical mode decomposition was adopted to identify the overall trend of malaria incidence and mathematical models were constructed to estimate variations in annual malaria incidence rate; ArcGIS 10.7 and SaTScan 9.01 software were utilized in spatial analysis of the incidence data. ResultsTotally 29 687 malaria cases were reported in mainland China during the 8-year period, primarily with vivax malaria cases aged 0 – 20 and ≥ 55 years and falciparum malaria cases aged 21 – 54 years. The overall incidence showed a significantly downward trend (odds ratio = 0.441, 95% confidence interval: 0.375 – 0.508). The hot spots of malaria incidence were mainly concentrated in the southwest border and some coastal areas of China but no obvious clustering of cold spots was observed. Totally 5 regions with spatio-temporal clustering of malaria incidence were identified and the high incidence clusters occurred mainly before 2013. Standard deviation ellipse analysis demonstrated that the region with higher malaria incidence drifted generally from southwestern area to northeastern area and the spatial range of malaria epidemic expanded to eastern provinces during the period. ConclusionFrom 2010 to 2017 in mainland China, the malaria incidence displayed downward trend generally and populations in southwestern and eastern regions were at a higher risk of malaria incidence.

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To analyze the epidemiological characteristics, prevention and control strategies, measures and the effects achieved of malaria in Huangshi City from 1951 to 2021, and to offer a reference for further strengthening malaria eradication and control successes. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to assess the prevalence, measurements, and impacts of malaria in different time periods based on data for malaria control in Huangshi City from 1951 to 2021, and we created "semi-log" line graphs and charts to display the prevalence of disease and the effort done in prior years in terms of prevention and control. Results Between 1951 and 2021, 527 780 cases of malaria were recorded in Huangshi, with an average annual incidence rate of 40.07/10 000. The prevention and control of malaria has gone through four stages, namely, the high prevalence of malaria stage (1951-1979), the basic elimination stage (1980-1999), the consolidation stage (2000-2010), and the eradication stage (2011-2021). Different strategies and measures have been adopted in different epidemic periods. During the high epidemic period, great efforts have been made to carry out general surveys and treatments, and strengthen the management of symptomatic patients; during the eradication stage, prominent and classified prevention and control strategies were adopted. When the incidence rate dropped to below 1/10 000, the main measures adopted were malaria monitoring, including timely discovery and standardization of infectious sources, disposal of epidemic points, management of migrant population malaria and vector monitoring. Through active prevention and control, remarkable results were achieved, and the incidence rate of malaria fell to below 1/10 000 in 1989, reaching the level of "basic elimination of malaria" issued by the Ministry in 1999, and passed the provincial malaria elimination acceptance in 2015. In recent years, with the increasing labor exports and foreign exchanges, imported malaria has been on the rise. African countries are the main sources of imported malaria, and the main species is P. falciparum. Conclusions Malaria was once one of the main infectious diseases endangering the health of people in Huangshi City. The preventive and control methods and procedures adopted in different epidemic periods are effective. Currently, we have entered the consolidation phase of malaria elimination, with the focus of work being to monitor, report, and timely and effectively respond to imported malaria cases, thus reducing the risk of local transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To detect the distribution of CYP2A6-2, CYP2A6-10, CYP2A6-17, CYP2B6-4, CYP2B6-6, and CYP2B6- 18 loci affecting the metabolism of artemisinins in Kazak population in Xinjiang. To explore the pharmacogenetic background of the Kazak population in Xinjiang for artemisinin drugs and provide clinical decision support for the treatment and prevention of malaria based on artemisinin drugs. Methods Six SNPs including CYP2A6-2, CYP2A6-10, CYP2A6-17, CYP2B6-4, CYP2B6-6, and CYP2B6-18 were selected for the sequencing experiment. 330 whole blood samples were collected from the Kazak population in Xinjiang. After extracting the whole blood DNA genome, multiplex PCR and high-throughput sequencing were used for genotyping. The allele frequencies were analyzed using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Results In this study all SNPs follow the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05), there was no significant difference in the distribution of SNPs between different genders (P>0.05). The number of successfully sequenced samples of CYP2A6- 2, CYP2A6- 10, CYP2A6-17, CYP2B6-4, CYP2B6-6, and CYP2B6-18 were 326, 319, 328, 318, 322 and 328 respectively. The frequencies of variant alleles of CYP2A6- 2, CYP2A6- 10, CYP2A6- 17, CYP2B6- 4, CYP2B6- 6, and CYP2B6- 18 in Kazak population are: 0.61%, 0%, 0%, 30.97%, 22.98%, 0%. Conclusions Mutation alleles affecting the metabolism of artemisinins exist in the Kazak population in Xinjiang. When using artemisinins, the relationship between the drug effect and individual pharmacogenetic background should be further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the combined effects of seasonality, vector-bias and human diffusion on malaria transmission, a partially degenerate periodic reaction-diffusion model was considered. With the persistence theory for dynamical systems, the threshold dynamics for the system was established in terms of basic reproduction number R0. That is, the disease will go extinct if R0<1, while the disease will be uniformly persistent and break out seasonally for R0>1. Numerical results show that, the neglect of spatial heterogeneity and vector-bias will lead to underestimation of the risk of disease spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine is the property of Journal of Modern Laboratory Medicine Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Poyang Lake is the property of Journal of Poyang Lake Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Mosquito-borne diseases are infectious diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, including dengue fever, Zika and malaria. A new way to control and prevent mosquito-borne infectious diseases is to use the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia to interrupt the transmission of the pathogen. A new ordinary differential equation model is established to study the transmission of Wolbachia in mosquito population. By using the qualitative theory of ordinary differential equations, the nonnegativity and boundedness of solutions of the model are proved, and the existence condition of the equilibrium points is given. The globally asymptotic stability of the equilibrium is obtained in different situations. The conditions of Wolbachia successfully invading wild mosquito population are discussed. In special case for parameters, the threshold for initial values of Wolbachia invasion is given, which provides a new strategy for releasing mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia. Finally, main conclusions are verified by numerical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Qing History Journal is the property of Renmin University of China, Institute of Qing History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to describe the lexicons of medicinal plants for Malaria treatment in the Tetun community. The research method is descriptive qualitative with an ethnolinguistic approach. The data were obtained from interviews with informants using the snowball technique. The data were the lexicons which are interpreted based on the cultural understanding of the Tetun community. The results show that there are 97 lexicons consisting of 50 words, and 47 phrases. Parts of plants include leaf, root, stem, seed, tuber, rhizome, bark, fruit, clove, and all parts of the plant. The modes of administration are decoction, boiling, paste, and paste with coconut oil. The modes of preparation are drinking, massaging, bathing, massage, inhalation, and cataplasm. Other Malaria-related lexicons are luli or hale'u (prohibitions and taboos), hemu aitahan (herbal medicine), and makdok (traditional healer). Knowledge of the lexicon of medicinal plants is local knowledge and wisdom of the Tetun community that needs to be preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This paper reports a case of Plasmodium ovale and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection, which was successfully cured under the strategy of early diagnosis, timely antiviral and anti-malarial treatment, offering a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Methods The epidemiological history, clinical manifestations, treatment status and laboratory results of the case were collected for case analysis. Results The patient had a history of travel to malaria and COVID-19 epidemic areas, and had repeated fever after admission, accompanied by headache, fatigue, throat discomfort and muscle soreness. Laboratory results showed abnormal liver function, decreased hemoglobin concentration, decreased lymphocyte and platelet counts. Blood Plasmodium tests showed negative by malaria rapid diagnostic test and the microscopic test showed Plasmodium, PCR was positive for Plasmodium ovale, the nasopharyngeal swab detected SARS-CoV-2, lung CT showed inflammatory foci in the lower lobe of the right lung. Plasmodium ovale malaria with COVID-19 coinfection was diagnosed. After antiviral and antimalarial treatment, he was cured. Conclusions The clinical manifestations of Plasmodium ovale co -infection with SARS-CoV-2 are complicated, and laboratory tests are easy to miss. Early diagnosis and timely targeted treatment can achieve good results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, isothermal amplification technology has shown great potential in the field of pathogen detection by virtue of its advantages in high-efficiency amplification of nucleic acids under constant temperature conditions. Malaria and Babesia, as two types of parasitic diseases that seriously endanger human health, have similar clinical manifestations and diagnostic methods. Two types of parasitic diseases are at risk of misdiagnosis. At the same time, these two types of parasitic diseases can be spread through blood. Therefore, efficient and rapid detection technology is of great significance for the diagnosis of malaria and Babesiosis and ensuring the safety of blood products. In this paper, four types of isothermal amplification techniques, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplificatio (RPA), recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) and helicase-dependent amplification (HDA) for Plasmodium and Babesia, are reviewed in this article. The principle, characteristics and detection methods of technology are reviewed and their application prospects are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective To analyze copy number variations (CNVs) of pfpm2 gene in 122 imported cases of Palciparum falciparum (P.f) infection in Changsha from 2016 to 2019 for predicting the risk of imported drug-resistant P.f strains in Changsha. Methods We collected dried blood spot samples of anticoagulated peripheral venous blood from 122 patients with a single infection of P.f, who were treated in designated medical facilities for malaria in Changsha in the years of 2016-2019. For each specimen, the CNVs of pfpm2 gene were detected in parallel with the standard strain 3D7 using real-time PCR. The CNVs values of the samples were compared across the years and also among different source countries of the cases. Results We analyzed a total of 122 P.f strains isolated from imported cases from 25 countries. The mean value of CNVs of pfpm2 gene in the 122 strains was significantly higher than that of the standard strain 3D7 (1.222±0.422 vs 1.007±0.023, P < 0.001). There were 23 Strains Whose CNVs Values of pfpm2 gene were higher than 1.5, which were imported from 12 countries including Nigeria (6/15), Congo (5/18), Cote d'Ivoire (2/5) and Sierra Leone (2/8). The percentage of strains with pfpm2 CNVs >1.5 was 13.2% (5/38) in 2016, 16.0% (4/25) in 2017, 22.9% (8/35) in 2018 and 25.0% (6/24) in 2019 respectively. The mean value of pfpm2 gene CNVs was 1.061±0.323 in 2016, 1.184±0.247 in 2017, 1.292±0.571 in 2018 and 1.414±0.360 in 2019, showing significant differences across the years except the years of 2017 and 2018 or 2018 and 2019 (P < 0.05, P < 0.001). The mean values of pfpm2 gene CNVs of the strains from Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Tanzania and Burundi were significantly higher than the overall mean of the 122 strains (P < 0.05). Conclusion The CNVs of pfpm2 gene of P.f imported from African countries to Changsha are increased year by year, suggesting an increase in the risk of drug-resistant P.f strains in Changsha. Some clinical P.f strains from West Africa may have developed drug resistance, and thus may show poor response to current antimalarial drugs.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Xinjiang from 2016 to 2020, scientifically evaluate the level of malaria monitoring and early warning ability in Xinjiang, and we provide scientific basis for the adjustment and formulation of monitoring strategies after malaria elimination in Xinjiang. Methods We collected the case information of malaria cases reported in Xinjiang from 2016 to 2020 from the National Infectious Disease Monitoring System and Parasite Prevention and Control Information Management System. The epidemiological study was used to describe the incidence, source of infection and three distribution of cases, and to analyze the diagnosis of imported malaria cases and the time interval from onset to diagnosis. Results Totally 32 cases of imported malaria were reported, including 20 cases of falciparum malaria (62.5%), 7 cases of vivax malaria (21.9%), 3 cases of ovalbumine (9.4%), 1 case of quartan malaria (3.1%), and 1 case of mixed infection of ovalbumine and falciparum malaria (3.1%). The cases were mainly young men working in Africa. There were 8 cities (prefectures and municipals) and 12 districts and counties with case reports, including 10 cases of High Tech Zone, 7 cases of Changji City, 4 cases of Shaibak District, 2 cases in Huocheng county and Tianshan District respectively, and 78.1% of all cases reported by 5 districts and counties. 90.6% of the cases reported were diagnosed by medical institutions, and the cases diagnosed by disease control institutions accounted for a relatively small (9.4%). 20 cases (62.5%) were reported by medical institutions at the autonomous region level, 3 cases (9.4%) were reported by cities (prefectures and municipals) medical institutions, 9 cases (28.1%) were reported by medical institutions at county level and below, and no death cases were reported. Conclusion Malaria in Xinjiang is mainly imported from Africa, and health education of risk population should be continued, management and monitoring of migrating population should be strengthened, diagnosis and treatment ability of medical institutions should be improved, and re-spread in overseas input prevention and control work will be emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective For the adaptation of epidemiological characteristics of malaria during its elimination in China and the demand of assessing malaria risk of various areas, a framework for assessing county-level malaria risk needs establishing to provide a basis for malaria surveillance and health resource allocation. Methods The indexes were collected by literature review in the field of malaria risk and on the basis of former studies, a preliminary framework of assessing malaria was established through the panel discussion of the research team. The Delphi method was applied to refine the framework, with the entropy weight method along, and determine the weights of the indexes. Results The experts' active coefficient is 100%, the authority coefficient for each expert is larger than 0.7, and Kendall coefficient is 0.225, χ² = 137.868,P <0.05. The two-tier framework consists of 6 primary indexes and 29 secondary indexes. Primary indexes are risk of high-risk group getting infected, risk of importation, risk of vector receptivity, risk of delay in detecting cases, risk of inefficiency in management of case, and risk of insufficiency in maintaining and guaranteeing capacity to eliminate malaria. Weights for each are 0.169, 0.172, 0.156, 0.171, 0.165 and 0.168 respectively. The five secondary indexes with the highest weights are availability of malaria testing, completeness of the antimalaria drug reserve, the number of imported plasmodium subspecies, intensity of imported malaria, and cross-border migrating population. Weights for each are 0.074 7, 0.069 9, 0.062 7, 0.057 8 and 0.049 9 respectively. Conclusion Results are qualified in responsiveness, authoritativeness, and coordination of experts. Expert consensus and differences among the observations of the indexes are taken into account when determining the weights of the indexes. The framework adapts to the demand of malaria elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the correlation between armed conflicts and malaria epidemic in the countries of central Africa. Methods The number of confirmed malaria cases, time of armed conflicts and number of deaths in armed conflicts were collected form the 7 countries of central Africa from 1997 to 2016, and the geographical situation of armed conflicts was drawn using Geographic Information System (GIS). A linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between armed conflicts and the number of malaria epidemics. Results GIS analysis showed that Democratic Republic of the Congo had the highest frequency of the armed conflicts. Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that among the 7 countries in the central Africa, the number of armed conflicts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was positively correlated with the number of confirmed malaria cases (P < 0.05). Linear regression analysis suggested that the number of confirmed malaria cases in the country was linearly related to the annual number of armed conflicts. Conclusion The number of armed conflicts is clearly associated with the prevalence of malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Five Global Fund Malaria Programs have been implemented in China from 2003 to 2013. As the international cooperation programs with the largest amount of capital investment, the widest coverage and the longest execution period in the field of malaria control, China Global Fund Malaria Programs have accumulated rich experience in program management including program application, implementation, supervision, evaluation, etc. Relied on our country's health and disease control system, these programs have formulated clear work plans and management system, established the performance-based funding mechanism, and carried out monitoring and evaluation throughout the program cycle. These experiences ensured the standard implementation of the programs and promoted the malaria situation from control to elimination in China, including the work plans based on local malaria control strategy, the program management concept of performance-based funding, the strict financial management, the consistent supervision and evaluation mechanism, the standardized trace data management, and the extensive multi-sector cooperation mechanism. This paper aims to explore the characteristics and experiences of China Global Fund Malaria Program management, so as to provide reference for China's future international cooperation project management in the field of public health assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)