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The ecological functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were explored by investigating its effects on maize growth, mineral nutrition, low-molecular-weight organic acid secretion, and Cd uptake via a root-bag experiment in soil polluted with Cd in the Huize lead-zinc mining area of Yunnan Province. The results showed that AMF promoted maize growth and significantly increased photosynthetic rate, plant height, and biomass. The absorption of N, P, and K increased by 14.2–19.1-fold, and tartaric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, and succinic acid secretion by roots increased by 1.1–3.8-fold. In addition, AMF resulted in a significant increase of 22.5% in iron- and manganese-oxidized Cd content and a significant decrease of 12.8% in organic-bound Cd content in the maize rhizosphere, but no significant change in exchangeable and available Cd content was observed. AMF significantly reduced maize shoot and root Cd content by 32.7% and 77.9%, respectively, but significantly increased Cd accumulation in maize shoot and root by 12.5-fold and 25.8%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that shoot Cd accumulation presented extremely significant positive correlations with oxalic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid secretion, and iron- and manganese-oxidized Cd content. Thus, these results showed that AMF can promote the absorption of nutrients in maize, regulate the secretion of low-molecular-weight organic acid and Cd form in the rhizosphere, and reduce maize Cd content, thereby promoting plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective] The purpose of the paper aimed to explore the diversity and variation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the root system and rhizosphere soil of Camellia oleifera which were affected by varying degrees of root rot in Dehong prefecture. [ Method] The level of AMF colonization within the root system of C. oleifera and the spore density presented in the rhizosphere soil were assessed by staining and wet screening precipitation methods, respectively. The diversity and community structure of AMF presented in both the root system and rhizosphere soil of C. oleifera were analyzed using Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. [ Result] As the disease severity increased, there was a gradual decrease in both the colonization rate and spore density of AMF, indicating a negative correlation between disease severity and AMF abundance. Based on the high-throughput sequencing results, a total of203 AMF-OTUs were detected in the C. oleifera root and rhizosphere soil samples. These OTUs were classified into 1 phylum, 1 class, 4 orders, 7 families and 5 genera( norank and unclassified AMF at the genus level as ' Others' ). The composition and distribution of AMF genera in both C. oleifera roots and rhizosphere soil exhibited variations across different disease levels. In the root system, the number of OTUs as well as the Ace and Chao indices were higher in C. oleifera samples with mild disease compared to those with severe disease, and the Shannon index demonstrated a decreasing pattern with the disease aggravation ( HR0 > DRl > DR2 > DR3 > DR4). In the rhizosphere soil, there was a gradual reduction in the number of OTUs as the disease severity increased ( HSO > DSl > DS2 > DS3 > OS4). Samples of C. oleifera with mild disease exhibited a higher Ace index and Chao index than those with more severe disease, while the Shannon index remained relatively stable across different disease severity levels. Principal component analysis ( PCA) revealed shifts in the community structure of AMF in C. oleifera across various disease levels. The community structure tended to become more uniform as the disease progressed, which was notably distinct from the community structure observed in healthy C. oleifera plants. There were correlations between AMF evenness, spore density, and colonization rate with soil physical and chemical properties. However, soil physical and chemical properties did not have a significant impact on spore richness and diversity index. [ Conclusion] The AMF community in the roots and rhizosphere soil of diseased C. oleifera had the following characteristics : the colonization rate and diversity of AMF within the root system of diseased C. oleifera decreased, and the spore density of AMF within the inter-root soil also decreased. Additionally, the AMF community structure in both the root system and the inter-root soil underwent alterations. The study lays a theoretical foundation for screening AMF fungicides with antagonistic effects against C. oleifera diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The study aimed to explore the biological control effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi combined with antagonistic microorganisms on Zanthoxylum bungeanum root rot, and provide theoretical basis for solving the problem of Z. bungeanum root rot.【Method】In this study, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi（Rhizophagus irregularis), Penicillium oxalicum HB21-1, and Bacillus subtilis HX11 were inoculated separately or in combination to conduct pot experiments on the control effect of Z. bungeanum root rot, in order to evaluate the control effect of different combinations of treatments, and the infection rate of AM fungi was measured by staining microscopy. Then, the activities of defense enzymes in the root and soil of Z. bungeanum were measured to explore the biological control mechanism.【Result】The incidence rate of Z. bungeanum root rot under the single treatment of pathogenic bacteria was 86.67%, and the incidence rate of root rot under the combined treatment of AM fungi+HB21-1+HX11 was the lowest, 13.33%, and the control effect was 78.89%, followed by the treatment of HB21-1+HX11, AM fungi+HB21-1, and the control effect was 62.78% and 57.12%, respectively. The highest infection rate of AM fungi was 52.22% under the treatment of AM fungi+HB21-1+HX11, while the lowest infection rate was 24.89% under the treatment of AM fungi alone. At 60 d, the SOD and PAL enzyme activities in the roots of Z. bungeanum were the highest under the treatment of AM fungi+HX11, and the POD enzyme activity in the roots of Z. bungeanum was the highest under the treatment of AM fungi+HB21-1. The plant defense enzyme activity showed an upward trend over time. AM fungi and HX11 could significantly increase soil acid phosphatase and urease activities over time, while HB21-1 could significantly increase soil sucrase activity.【Conclusion】The combination of AM fungi+HB21-1+HX11 has a good disease prevention effect on Z. bungeanum root rot, and the combination of these strains resulted in the highest infection rate of AM fungi. Over time, the POD, SOD and PAL enzyme activities in the roots of Z. bungeanum and the soil acid phosphatase and urease activities under the treatment of AM fungi and antagonistic bacteria showed an upward trend. The soil sucrase activity slightly decreased, but all were higher than the pathogen treatment group, indicating that AM fungi, HB21-1 and HX11 can induce varying degrees of increase in plant defense enzyme activity and soil enzyme activity, which has the potential for biological control applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symbiotic microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia (Rh) both promote host plant N acquisition, but whether and how the combination affects host plant nitrogen (N) assimilation remains unclear. To clarify the role of AMF and rhizobia on N assimilation in white clover (Trifolium repens), the effect of single or combined inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Paraglomus occultum and a rhizobium Rhizobium trifolii on plant growth, photosynthesis, leaf N and amino acid contents, and the activities of N assimilation-related enzymes were analyzed in white clover under potted conditions. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The plant height, stolon length, leaf number, shoot biomass, total biomass, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, steady-state light quantum efficiency, and leaf N contents of white clover were significantly increased by single inoculation with Paraglomus occultum, single Rhizobium trifolii, and combined inoculations of Paraglomus occultum and Rhizobium trifolii, along with the order of combined inoculations of Paraglomus occultum and Rhizobium trifolii > single Paraglomus occultum > single Rhizobium trifolii > non-inoculation control. (2) Combined inoculations of Paraglomus occultum and Rhizobium trifolii significantly increased the contents of various amino acids including alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, glutamic acid and histidine in leaves of white clover, and distinctly improved the activities of nitroreductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthetase, glutamate dehydrogenase, asparagine synthetase, and aspartate aminotransferase. In addition, the introduction of Rhizobium trifolii significantly promoted the colonization of Paraglomus occultum to roots of white clover, suggesting the partnership between the two. Therefore, it is concluded that combined inoculations of AMF and rhizobia promote N assimilation, generate more amino acids, and further promote the growth of white clover by activating the activities of N assimilation-related enzymes. It is further demonstrated that AMF and rhizobia have synergistic effects on promoting N assimilation of white clover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing approach was applied to investigate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) community and relevant soil factors were analyzed in coal gangue hills with different restoration patterns (i.e., artificial restoration and natural restoration coal gangue hill of Jinhua palace in Datong City; natural restoration coal gangue hill of Xinzhou kiln). The results showed: α-diversity (Chao index and Shannon-Weiner index) of AM fungi community differed significantly between artificial restoration coal gangue hill of Jinhua palace and natural restoration coal gangue hill of Xinzhou kiln, but comparable α-diversity was observed between artificial restoration and natural restoration coal gangue hill of Jinhua palace. A total of 67 AM fungal OTUs assigned to 3 genus were recovered with Glomus being the predominant genus in all three coal gangue hills, while Diversispora and Paraglomus populations were exclusive to natural restoration coal gangue hill of Jinhua palace in Datong city. Integrated the permutational multivariate analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis suggested that AM fungi community were similar between the two restorations of Jinhua palace coal gangue hill, while the community significantly differed between coal gangue hill of Jinhua palace and Xinzhou kiln. The AM fungal community appeared to significantly correlate with soil total nitrogen, soil organic matter and AM fungi spore density. In conclusion, artificial restoration for 10-20 years can exert a comparable effect on AM fungal community as natural restoration 50-60 years in coal gangue hill of Jinhua palace. AM fungal community of the two locations showed great variance, and soil total nitrogen, soil organic matter and soil AM fungi spore density were the main driving factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)colonization rate to slope position and shrub species in karst slope and the key influencing factors were identified, which is the prerequisite for rational utilization of soil AMF to promote karst vegetation restoration. Based on field investigation of typical shrub communities and environmental variables on slopes of a karst peak cluster depression. The fine root samples of three typical shrub species(Vitex negundo, Alchornea trewioides and Pyracantha fortuneana)were collected from three positions(upper, middle and lower)along three slopes. The frequency, intensity and abundance of AMF colonization were detected and calculated by the Trypan blue-microscope method. The results were as follows:(1)The colonization frequency, colonization intensity and abundance of AMF for Vitex negundo and Alchornea trewioides were higher than those for Pyracantha fortuneana in the same slope. The colonization intensity for Vitex negundo and Pyracantha fortuneana in the lower slope was higher than that in the upper and middle slopes. The abundance of AMF for Alchornea trewioides in the middle slope was significantly higher than that in the upper and lower slopes(P<0.05).(2)Shrub species had significant effect on the colonization frequency, intensity and abundance of AMF, and slope position only had significant effect on the colonization intensity of AMF. Slope position and shrub species had significant interactive effect on the abundance of AMF(P<0.05).(3)Soil depth and total potassium content were identified as the two strongest explanatory factors on AMF colonization rate according to the redundancy analysis(P<0.05). Therefore, the rational use of soil AMF to promote vegetation restoration in karst areas needs to consider the choice of terrain and species, and should pay attention to the water and soil conservation. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for rational utilization of the symbiotic relationship between soil AMF and plants and promoting ecological restoration of karst peak cluster depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The diversity of fungi and potential orchid mycorrhizas in Cypripedium macranthum rhizospheric soil collected from Baihuashan Natural Reserve in Beijing was preliminarily revealed at the molecular level. [Method] Clone library technique was used to analyze the composition of fungal community. [Result]96 rhizospheric fungi were cloned, of which44 rhizospheric fungi cloned were unknown, and 52 rhizospheric fungi based on 97 % sequence similarity levels were divided into the total of 24 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which belonged to 5 phyla, 6 calss, 11 order, 16 family and 15 genera. Among these fungi identified, MortiereUa was dominant genera in rhizosphere soil of C. macranthum. According to reports on orchid mycorrhizal fungi, it was speculated that 4 OUTs might be potential my-corrhizal fungi, which were Rliizoctonia, Ceratobasidium, and Tulasnellaceae, respectively. [Conclusion] The preliminary analysis on the composition of rhizosphere soil fungi and potential orchid mycorrhizas was of great significance for isolating and screening of certain mycorrhizal fungi that were associated with C. macranthum seed germination. Meanwhile, the research results were also beneficial for ex-situ conservation of wild C. macranthum . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment studied the effect of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) function in the grasses and legumes mixture. A mixed sowing experiment of Medicago varia Martin. cv. Caoyuan No.3 and Agropyron mongolicum Keng. cv. Mengnong No. 1 was carried out on four years grassland. The paper researched AMF infection, soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients situation. The results showed that the total yield of mixed sowing was 24.3% higher than that of monoculture alfalfa and 46.9% higher than that of monoculture ice grass, and the plant height of mixed sowing ice grass was higher than that of monoculture ice grass. The pH value of rhizosphere soil of mixed grassland was significantly lower than that of non-rhizosphere soil. The vesicle infection rate of mixed sowing ice grass was significantly higher than that of monoculture ice grass. The total nitrogen of mixed sowing soil was higher than that of alfalfa monoculture or ice grass monoculture. The available P content in rhizosphere soil was higher than that in non-rhizosphere soil. The experiment indicates that the soil yield can be increased with the increase of Arbuscular fungi infection rate, the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus content in rhizosphere soil, and the decrease of soil pH value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mutually beneficial symbiosis system formed between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and host plants is one of the representative types of symbiosis systems widely distributed in various ecosystems. In addition to promoting the growth and development of host plant, AMF can also have various effects on the reproduction process of host plants. Studying the changes of reproduction strategies of host plants infected by AMF has important theoretical significance for in-depth understanding of changes in plant reproductive fitness. In this article, we review the related researches on the effects of AMF on the reproduction of host plant, including the effects of AMF infection on reproductive allocation, floral characteristics, insect-pollination and anthesis of host plants. Although current studies have found that AMF can promote the increase of host plant reproduction input, increase the size and number of flowers, increase the number of pollen and nectar secretion, affect the behavior of flower visitors, and cause early flowering and prolonged flowering, the specific mechanism of AMF affecting reproduction of flowering plant is still unclear, and there is currently no unified conclusion due to differences between host plants. However, due to the ubiquity of AMF symbiosis with plant, its important role in the process of plant reproduction cannot be ignored. In the future, more researches should be conducted to investigate the influence mechanism of AMF on the reproductive traits of host plants, the resource allocation of male and female functions in the process of plant sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction and offspring fitness in addition to conducting more in-depth studies in the above-mentioned aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to analyze the composition of arbuscular mycorrhiza(AM) fungi in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased ginger plots to provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive control of ginger blast using micro-ecological control methods.[Method] Using ginger fields with different disease severities in Guilin, Liuzhou and Baise, ten soil samples were collected from the following fields: Guilin Quanzhou, Liuzhou Sandu, Liuzhou Liucheng, Baise Debao and Baise Tianlin. Healthy and diseased ginger numbers are KJJ2S,BMJ1S,LCJ1S,FGJS,NGJS,KJB2S,BMB1S,LCB1S,FGBS and NGBS. Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technique was used to study the diversity and community structure of AM fungi in the soil. The correlation between fungal community structure and soil nutrients was clarified with redundancy analysis (RDA). [Result] At the similarity level of 97%,the OTU number and Chao index of fungi in diseased samples were higher than those of healthy samples. By evaluating the diversity index of the AM fungi species through the Shannon index and Simpson index, it was found that the healthy samples had a higher diversity index compared to the diseased samples in all the sample fields. In terms of community composition at the genus level, 312 OTUs are classified into Paraglomus, Acaulospora, and Glomus and unclassified cGlomeromycetes. RDA results showed that soil available phosphorus significantly affected the AM fungal community (P<0.05, the same as below), and total nitrogen, organic matter, pH, and Magnesium(Mg) had no significant effects on the AM fungal community(P>0.05).The results of Heatmap analysis showed that Paraglomus was significantly negatively correlated with available phosphorus content(P<0.01), and significantly negatively correlated with organic matter content. [Conclusion] There are differences in the composition of AM fungal community between ginger healthy plots and diseased plots. The OTUs number and abundance of AM fungi of diseased ginger soil are higher than healthy ginger soil, but less diversity than healthy ginger soil. Dominant species of AM fungi at different sampling points are different, and their diversity, abundance and community composition structure are mainly affected by effective P content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]The symbiotic effect of mixed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and different inoculation periods were studied in seedlings of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. [Method] The indoor pot test was applied and different mixed AMF were cultivated in the sterilized soil matrix respectively. The differential expression of Symbiosis-receptor-like kinase (SYMRK) and doesn't making fections 1 (DM11) were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. [Result] The results showed that Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and AMF was a good symbiotic relationship, and the infection rate of mycorrhizal seedlings had reached more than 80. 00%. Among them, the indicators of S6 mixed fungus composed of Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora gigantea, Scutellospora calospora, etc, were generally higher than other treatments. The activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and the relative expression of SYMRK and DM11 genes were the highest in phase T4 (two-year seedlings of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis). Thus, we believed that the biological activity of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis inoculated during phase T4 was better. [Conclusion] In short, The S6 mixed AMF inoculated to the two-year seedlings of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis showed the best comprehensive effect for promoting growth of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis seedlings. This provides new ideas for the introduction and cultivation in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To find microbes promoting the biosynthesis of active metabolites in medicinal plants, with Polygonatum sibiricum as materials, the ITS region of fungi form rhizosphere, rhizome and root was sequenced by Illumina MiSeq to analyze the diversity and community composition, and FUNGuild was used to analyze the ecological function categories of endophytes fungi in rhizome. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 1 023 operational taxonomic units(OTUs)were obtained from all samples of P. sibiricum. The numbers of OTU from rhizosphere, rhizome and root fungi were 703, 128 and 141, respectively. The composition of fungal community in three samples was significantly different, and there was specific fungi Chytridiomycota in root.(2)There was 41 OTU in common of three samples, and Ascomycota accounted for the highest proportion(58.15%).(3)In ecological functional, endophytic fungi of rhizome in P. sibiricum contained six functions groups, undefined saprotroph, mycoparasites, plant pathogen, animal pathogen, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, lichenized fungi, and 37 undefined species(34.91%)had no reference information in the FUNGuild database. It is suggested that the dominant endophytic fungi like Setophoma and Neocosmospora in rhizome may be important microbial communities affecting the biosynthesis of the active products, which provides data reference for the exploration of medicinal functional microorganisms in P. sibiricum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the effects of inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on the dry matter yield of alfalfa, and phosphorus use efficiency under various treatments with different phosphorus level, and thereby an optimal fertilization mode was established for the selected alfalfa. A randomized block design was used in the experiment for two factors of bacteria and phosphorus. Four levels of phosphorus application were set, including 0 (P0), 50 (P1), 100 (P2), and 150 mg/kg (P3). Four types of inoculation treatments were as follows: no inoculation (J0), Funneliformis mosseae (J1), Bacillus megaterium (J2), and double inoculation (B. megaterium + F. mosseae) (J3). Sixteen treatments were set, each of which was repeated six times. The treatment group was inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae, where the average amount of fungus was 10 g/pot. In the treatment group of Bacillus megaterium, the average amount of bacterial solution was 10 mL/pot. In the mixed inoculation group, Bacillus megaterium in each pot was added the amount of 5 g (about 8 500 inoculation potential units) and 5 mL. The same number of sterilized bacteria was also added to the J0 treatment. The results showed that the dry matter yield of alfalfa at the total or individual cut gradually increased first and then decreased, with the increase in the application rate of phosphorus under the same conditions of bacteria treatment. In the J3 treatment, the total dry matter yield of alfalfa reached the maximum under the P1 phosphorus level. In the rest of bacteria application conditions, the total dry matter yield of alfalfa reached the maximum in P2 phosphorus level. The phosphorus content of aboveground plants increased first and then decreased, as the application rate of phosphorus increased. Specifically, the content of phosphorus in treatment group was significantly higher than that in the non-phosphorus treatment (P<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between phosphorus application treatments (P>0.05). The partial productivity and agronomic efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer decreased, with the increase of phosphorus application rate. The contents of total phosphorus (TP) and rapid available phosphorus (AP) increased in rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil, with the increase in the application rate of phosphorus. In the same phosphorus conditions, the dry matter yield, phosphorus content of plant, use efficiency of phosphorus, TP, and AP content of alfalfa under the single or mixed inoculation treatments were significantly higher than those under non-inoculation treatment (P<0.05), where the contents of TP and AP reached the maximum in the J3 treatment. There was the highest correlation coefficient between the AP content in rhizosphere soil and dry matter yield, indicating the optimal fitting effect. The contents of TP and AP were positively correlated with the total dry matter yield. Therefore, when the application rate of phosphorus was set as 100 mg/kg, the comprehensive inoculation of AMF and PSB can significantly increase the phosphorus availability in soil, thereby to improve phosphorus use efficiency, further to increase the dry matter yield of alfalfa. The finding can provide a theoretical basis for the high production of alfalfa, and the application of efficient compound microbial fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the effects of inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on the dry matter yield of alfalfa, and phosphorus use efficiency under various treatments with different phosphorus level, and thereby an optimal fertilization mode was established for the selected alfalfa. A randomized block design was used in the experiment for two factors of bacteria and phosphorus. Four levels of phosphorus application were set, including 0 (P0), 50 (P1), 100 (P2), and 150 mg/kg (P3). Four types of inoculation treatments were as follows: no inoculation (J0), Funneliformis mosseae (J1), Bacillus megaterium (J2), and double inoculation (B. megaterium + F. mosseae) (J3). 16 treatments were set, each of which was repeated six times. The treatment group was inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae, where the average amount of fungus was 10 g/pot. In the treatment group of Bacillus megaterium, the average amount of bacterial solution was 10 ml/pot. In the mixed inoculation group, Bacillus megaterium in each pot was added the amount of 5g (about 8500 inoculation potential units) and 5 ml. The same number of sterilized bacteria was also added to the J0 treatment. The results showed that the dry matter yield of alfalfa at the total or individual cut gradually increased first and then decreased, with the increase in the application rate of phosphorus under the same conditions of bacteria treatment. In the J3 treatment, the total dry matter yield of alfalfa reached the maximum under the P1 phosphorus level. In the rest of bacteria application conditions, the total dry matter yield of alfalfa reached the maximum in P2 phosphorus level. The phosphorus content of aboveground plants increased first and then decreased, as the application rate of phosphorus increased. Specifically, the content of phosphorus in treatment group was significantly higher than that in the non-phosphorus treatment (P<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between phosphorus application treatments (P>0.05). The partial productivity and agronomic efficiency of phosphorus fertilizer decreased, with the increase of phosphorus application rate. The contents of total phosphorus (TP) and rapid available phosphorus (AP) increased in rhizosphere soil and non-rhizosphere soil, with the increase in the application rate of phosphorus. In the same phosphorus conditions, the dry matter yield, phosphorus content of plant, use efficiency of phosphorus, TP, and AP content of alfalfa under the single or mixed inoculation treatments were significantly higher than those under non-inoculation treatment (P<0.05), where the contents of TP and AP reached the maximum in the J3 treatment. There was the highest correlation coefficient between the AP content in rhizosphere soil and dry matter yield, indicating the optimal fitting effect. The contents of TP and AP were positively correlated with the total dry matter yield. Therefore, when the application rate of phosphorus was set as 100 mg/kg, the comprehensive inoculation of AMF and PSB can significantly increase the phosphorus availability in soil, thereby to improve phosphorus use efficiency, further to increase the dry matter yield of alfalfa. The finding can provide a theoretical basis for the high production of alfalfa, and the application of efficient compound microbial fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal（AM）fungi（Funneliformis mosseae）on the mycorrhizal colonization rate, biomass, nutrient uptake, Na+ absorption, antioxidant enzyme activity and membrane system, osmotic substance content, photosynthesis, and water-use efficiency of sunflower（Helianthus annuus L.）grown in soils with four levels of NaCl concentration（0, 0.5, 1.0 g·kg-1 and 1.5 g·kg-1）. The aim of this study was to provide basic data and technical support for the application of AM fungi in salt-tolerant crops to remediate soil salinity and to enhance the development and utilization of salinized soils. The results showed that the NaCl concentration significantly affected the extent of infection of sunflower root by F. mosseae. The average mycorrhizal infection rate ranged from 51.99% to 68.85%. With increasing NaCl concentration, the accumulation and content of Na+ , as well as the content of malondialdehyde（MDA）and proline, were significantly increased in both root and shoot. Salinity stress significantly decreased the shoot and total dry weight of sunflower, the activity of peroxidase（POD）, net photosynthetic rate（Pn）, transpiration rate（Tr）, and water-use efficiency. Under different NaCl concentrations, the application of AM fungi significantly increased the total dry weight（by 16.95% to 28.97%）, P concentrations in shoot（by 33.77% to 54.29%）and root（by 36.07% to 52.63%）, Pn（by 7.70% to 80.00%）, Tr（by 7.27% to 32.53%）, water-use efficiency（by 8.93% to 14.97%）, Na+ content in shoot and root, and POD activity of sunflower; however, it significantly decreased the proline content by 80.26% to 87.05%. Our study indicated that the AM fungi can increase the resistance of sunflower to salinity stress and promote its growth. It is of great significance and potential application value for the remediation, development, and utilization of salinized soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi（AMF）on soil physical and chemical properties, maize growth, photosynthetic physiology, nutrient content, and cadmium and lead content in maize under heavy metal stress. Heavy metalcontaminated farmland soil was sampled from lead-zinc mining areas in Huize and Lanping Counties, Yunnan Province. A pot experiment was carried out using maize as the host plant with AMF inoculation. Results showed that：Inoculation with AMF significantly increased the content of easily extractive glomalin related soil protein（EE-GRSP）and total glomalin related soil protein（T-GRSP）. The available content of Cd and Pb in soil reduced by 34.6%~79.5%, and the content of available nitrogen and phosphorus in soil increased by 30.9%~ 206%. Under inoculation with AMF, the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in maize increased significantly by 17.6%~38.5%, photosynthesis of leaves and plant biomass were enhanced, and content of Cd and Pb in maize reduced by 30.0%~68.7%. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a very significant positive correlation between the T-GRSP content and the content of available nitrogen and phosphorus. A significant negative correlation between the content of EE-GRSP and T-GRSP and the available Pb content in soil, and a significant positive correlation between the content of Cd and Pb in maize and the available content of Cd and Pb in soil were observed. In addition, there were significant positive correlations between the nitrogen content in maize roots and the available nitrogen content in soil, and between the phosphorus content in maize and the available phosphorus content in soil. Results indicated that AMF inoculation reduced the content of Cd and Pb in maize by decreasing the bioavailability of Cd and Pb with an increase in the GRSP in the polluted soil, and enhanced maize biomass by increasing the available nutrient content in soil and improving the mineral nutrition and photosynthetic physiology of maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to study the effect on the amount of rhizospheric soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity of Parisbpolyphylla var.Yunnanens seedlings colonized by Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi. [Method] A pot experiment was conducted and 28 species of AM fungi were inoculated in the seedlings of Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis. The number of culturable microbes in rhizosphere soil was calculated by the dilution method of plate counting, and the laboratory analysis was used to analyze soil enzyme activity. [Result] The mycorrhizal infection rate of the different AM Fungi treatment groups was in the range of 75% — 100%. The difference of rhizospheric soil microorganism quantity, biomass carbon and soil enzyme activity of Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis seedlings colonized by different AM Fungi exist.Inoculation with AM fungi increased the number of culturable bacteria and actinomycetes, decreased the number of culturable fungi in rhizosphere soil, and increased the utilization rate of the soil microbial carbon source.It also changed the richness and homogeneity of species in soil and increased the biodiversity of soil. The activities of soil enzymes (protease, urease, phosphatase, catalase and sucrase) in the rhizosphere of Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis seedlings were increased, especially the activities of phosphatase and sucrase. [Conclusion] AM fungi affected the rhizosphere soil microenvironment of Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis seedlings in different degrees and provided important theoretical and practical values for the artificial cultivation and application of AM fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycorrhizal fungi can form mycorrhizal symbiote with more than 80% of the plants on land, which is beneficial to the growth of plants in adversity. In order to explore the self-evolution law of reclaimed vegetation population after the artificial inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi in coal mining subsidence, the experiment of artificial inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi is carried out on the reclaimed plants of coal mining subsidence. Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv, Hippophaer hamnoides and Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge are the research object in Shendong coal mining subsidence. The species, life type composition and vegetation diversity index of vegetation were monitored by field in-situ monito-ring method. The kriging interpolation was carried out by geostatistics method to obtain the difference of the vegetation species number and diversity index between the inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi after four years and the same period grown under natural conditions. The plantations can make a difference on the individual species, quality and community diversity of other species in the region between the two conditions. The results show that the species diversity of shrub layer in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv plantation that inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi is bigger than the natural condition. The species diversity of herb layer in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv plantation that inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi is smaller than the natural condition. The species diversity of shrub layer in Hippophaer hamnoides and Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge plantation that inoculated with AM fungi is smaller than the natural condition. The species diversity of herb layer in Hippophaer hamnoides and Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge plantation that inoculated with AM fungi is bigger than the natural condition. The perennial herb took over the dominant position in three planted forests. The sites that inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi is on the perennial herb +shrubsstage, while the natural sites is oneyear herb+perennial herb+shrubswhich, which is relatively lagged. The comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of plant distribution found that the best fitting model of plants is Gauss model. In terms of predictive value accuracy, Heteropappus hispidus (Thunb.) Less, Cynanchum thesiodes (Freyn). K. Schum, Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit, Melilotus albus Medic. ex Desr, Cynanchum hancockianum (Maxim.) Al. Iljinski, Caragana intermedia, Artemisiaordosica, Caragana intermediaa and Cornus chinensis Wanger are better than others. Inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi can increase the frequency and quality of Cynanchum thesiodes (Freyn). K. Schum, Heteropappus hispidus (Thunb.) Less, Cynanchum hancockianum (Maxim.) Al. Iljinski, Lespedeza davurica and Caragana intermedia. The frequency and quality of Corispermum declinatum, Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng, Sonchus oleraceus L. and Hedysarum scoparium will decrease because of inoculating with mycorrhizal fungi. The study provides an important basis on revealing the ecological self-succession after artificial plantation by micro-reclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inoculum on sugarcane in latosol acid soil, sugarcane plants were inoculated with AMF, and the soil property, the communities of original AMF and the plant growth were investigated. The results showed that AMF enhanced absorption of available potassium in soil, and increased the pH value. The communities of soil AMF were afected by AMF inoculants, and septate hypha and microsclerotia of dark septate endophytes (DSE) were found significantly more in the soil applied complex fertilizer than others whether applying AMF or not. AMF inoculation stimulated the plant growth, and increased the millable stalks and sugarcane productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in sloping farmland is the main factor leading to river and lake pollution. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) can activate soil nitrogen and phosphorus, and promote plant nutrient absorption. Intercropping can promote nutrient complementarity between plants. In order to quantitative study the synergistic reduction contribution of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and maize-soybean intercropping system to runoff nitrogen (N) and phosphorus(P) loss, a field experiment was conducted in this study. The study area lies in Ecological Science and Technology Demonstration Park of Soil and Water Conservation (24°33′-24°37′N, 102°33′-102°38′E), which is located in Dachunhe small watershed, in Jinning County, Yunnan Province, China. The soil is red soil. The experiment was laid out using 20 m × 1.6 m plots with slope of 15°. The intercropping maize-soybean, mono-maize and mono-soybean treatment were designed, and the mycorrhizal inhibition treatment (application of benomyl which can specifically inhibit the growth of mycorrhizal fungi)was as a controlled trial. The results showed that: compared with mono maize - mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, maize intercroppingnone mycorrhizal inhibition treatment significantly increased maize biomass. Compared with mono - mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, maize and soybean intercropping- none mycorrhizal inhibition treatment significantly increased the leave and grain P uptake, and significantly increased the leave and root N uptake by the plants. Compared with mono maize-mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, the reduction of total P and total N respectively was 0.25 and 0.11 g/kg in soils with intercropping maize-non mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, the reduction of total P and TN in runoff was 0.13 and 12.94 mg/L respectively. Compared with mono soybean- mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, the reduction of TP and TN respectively was 0.07 and 0.11 g/kg in soils with intercropping soybean- non mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, the reduction of total P and total N was 0.27 and 24.80 mg/L in runoff respectively. Compared with mono - mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, the TP and TN loss were decreased by 0.51 and 19.93 kg/hm² in maize-soybean intercropping-non mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that the concentration of particulate P in runoff was negatively correlated with the P uptake by various parts of the plant, and negatively correlated with the TP and available P content in soil. The N concentration of different forms in runoff was negatively correlated respectively with the N uptake by various parts of plants,hyphal density and glomalin content. It can be seen that the AMF and maize-soybean intercropping mode can directly reduce the N and P loss in runoff by promoting the absorption of N and P nutrients by the plants. Therefore, AMF and maize-soybean intercropping mode can intercept the total loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the runoff. The research can provide references for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in sloping farmland is the main factor leading to river and lake pollution. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) can activate soil nitrogen and phosphorus, and promote plant nutrient absorption. Intercropping can promote nutrient complementarity between plants. In order to quantitative study the synergistic reduction contribution of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and maize-soybean intercropping system to runoff nitrogen (N) and phosphorus(P) loss, a field experiment was conducted in this study. The study area lies in Ecological Science and Technology Demonstration Park of Soil and Water Conservation (24°33′-24°37′N, 102°33′-102°38′E), which is located in Dachunhe small watershed, in Jinning County, Yunnan Province, China. The soil is red soil. The experiment was laid out using 20 m × 1.6 m plots with slope of 15°. The intercropping maize-soybean, mono-maize and mono-soybean treatment were designed, and the mycorrhizal inhibition treatment (application of benomyl which can specifically inhibit the growth of mycorrhizal fungi)was as a controlled trial. The results showed that: compared with mono maize - mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, maize intercropping-none mycorrhizal inhibition treatment significantly increased maize biomass. Compared with mono - mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, maize and soybean intercropping-none mycorrhizal inhibition treatment increased the leave and grain P uptake, and increased the leave and root N uptake by the plants. Compared with mono maize - mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, the reduction of total P and total N respectively was 0.25 g/kg and 0.11 g/kg in soils with intercropping maize-non mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, the reduction of total P and TN in runoff was 0.13 mg/L and 12.94 mg/L respectively. Compared with mono soybean-mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, the reduction of TP and TN respectively was 0.07 g/kg and 0.11 g/kg in soils with intercropping soybean-non mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, the reduction of total P and total N was 0.27 mg/L and 24.80 mg/L in runoff respectively. Compared with mono - mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, the TP and TN loss were decreased by 0.51 kg/hm² and 19.93 kg/hm² in maize-soybean intercropping-non mycorrhizal inhibition treatment, respectively. The correlation analysis showed that the concentration of particulate P in runoff was negatively correlated with the P uptake by various parts of the plant, and negatively correlated with the TP and available P content in soil. The N concentration of different forms in runoff was negatively correlated respectively with the N uptake by various parts of plants, hyphal density and glomalin content. It can be seen that the AMF and maize-soybean intercropping mode can directly reduce the N and P loss in runoff by promoting the absorption of N and P nutrients by the plants. Therefore, AMF and maize-soybean intercropping mode can intercept the total loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the runoff. The research can provide references for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) inoculation under mixed saline alkali on the root configuration of alfalfa. In the experiment, Rhizophagus intraradices in AMF were inoculated with Medicago sativa variety WL168HQ, so that the two formed a plant-mycorrhizal joint repair system. Based on different salinity-alkali gradients, greenhouse potting experiments were carried out to study alfalfa root configurations with and without AMF inoculation under these conditions. The results showed that the total root length, bifurcation number, root tip number, surface area and volume of alfalfa after AMF inoculation were increased compared with the control group under the saline-free alkali (CK) treatment, and the total root length and bifurcation number were significantly different, while the average root diameter of alfalfa unvaccinated with AMF increased by 44.53% compared with the inoculation treatment. Salt stress, AMF and salt stress had significant effects on all root indexes of alfalfa, and the effect of salt stress on the average diameter, number of bifurcations, surface area and volume of alfalfa roots were more significant after inoculation with AMF under mixed saline conditions than on alkali stress. The experiment indicates that AMF vaccination is beneficial to the growth of alfalfa roots, helps alfalfa resist and adapt to salinity stress, thereby improving alfalfa quality and improving and treating land with mild saline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taken Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Robertson as tested materials, the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inculated by Glomus versiforme on fruit quality of citrus under nature conditions were investigated. The results showed that AM fungi colonization could improve the weight, transverse and longitudinal diameter of each fruit, in parallel with the decrease of related pericarp thickness, but the difference was not significant (P< 0. 05). Meanwhile, the ratio of sugar to acid, the contents of vitamin C, soluble solids, total phenolics, total flavonoids and mineral element content significantly increased. It was concluded that Gv improved the tissue development and quality of citrus fruits by the uptake of mineral nutritions and accumulation to sink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of microparticle polyglutamic acid(γ -PGA) on cotton plant growth and rhizosphere soil microorganisms, and to determine the reasonable combined application dose. In this study, using a pot experiment of cotton, five treatments(P1(4.5 g of particulate γ -PGA combined with 1 g of chemical fertilizer), P2(3 g of particulate γ -PGA combined with 1 g of chemical fertilizer), P3(1.5 g of particulate γ -PGA combined with 1 g of chemical fertilizer), N(1 g of chemical fertilizer), and CK(no fertilization)) were set, the effects of particulate polyglutamic acid(γ-PGA) on growth of cotton plants and soil microbial community structure by analyzing cotton agronomic traits and high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the agronomic traits of cotton in the treatments of particulate γ-PGA combined with chemical fertilizer were superior to those in the treatments of chemical fertilizer alone or no fertilizer, and 1.5 g of particulate γ-PGA combined with chemical fertilizer had the best effect. The contents of total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the soil under particulate γ -PGA combined with chemical fertilizer were higher than those in the soil under chemical fertilizer alone or no fertilizer during the growth period of cotton. The contents of soil total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium remained high after harvest. High-throughput sequencing results showed that particulate γ -PGA combined with chemical fertilizer caused a reduction in microbial richness and diversity, but improved the microbial community structure. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota showed a downward trend after harvest, while the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Basidiomycota showed an upward trend. Compared with chemical fertilizer alone and the control of water, most of the bacterial phyla still maintained high relative abundance. According to the redundancy analysis(RDA), the dominant phyla of soil microorganisms were affected by multiple key factors, including total phosphorus, total potassium, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH, and organic matter content. The effects of these key factors on the dominant phyla of soil microorganisms may vary with time. Particulate γ-PGA combined with chemical fertilizer could promote the growth and development of cotton. Although it reduced the overall richness and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities, the species of microbial communities were relatively concentrated in some beneficial bacteria which could still maintain a high relative abundance after cotton harvest, improve soil quality, and maintain high soil biological activity, which was conducive to agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the key root fungal groups associated with the growth and development of Rhododendron decorum during seed-based artificial breeding, the root fungal communities of wild and artificially bred R. decorum were compared and analyzed using high-throughput sequencing. This information may help identify the symbiotic fungal to breeding of Rhododendron. The analysis showed that the Shannon, Ace, Chao, and Shannoneven indices of the root-colonizing fungi of wild R. decorum growing in natural habitats were higher than those for artificially bred R. decorum, whereas the Simpson index was lower in wild R. decorum. The root fungal community of wild R. decorum was dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, whereas that of artificially bred R. decorum was dominated only by Ascomycota, and the dominant groups of root fungi in the wild and artificially bred R. decorum were significantly different at genus and species levels (P<0.05). The degree of dispersion within the wild R. decorum root fungi was higher than that of artificially bred R. decorum, Oidiodendron and Acephala, as important ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, are only distributed in the roots of wild R. decorum. The diversity, richness, and evenness of the root fungi were higher in wild R. decorum than in artificially bred R. decorum root fungi. Although there was no significant difference in the composition of the fungal community in the roots of wild R. decorum which from Jingdong County and Ludian County, but there were significant differences in fungal functions. There were also significant differences in the fungal community structure and dominant groups between wild grown R. decorum and artificially bred R. decorum (P<0.05), and artificially bred plants had few or no typical ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the effect of the Grain for Green Project on the soil bacteria and fungi community structure, soil samples were collected from arable land in Chengdong Village, Jilin Province, and its adjacent poplar woodlands that have been restored for 20 years. The diversity, community structure characteristics, and networks of bacteria and fungi were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology. Our results showed that the diversity of soil bacteria decreased, whereas the diversity and abundance of fungi increased significantly after reforestation. Changes in the abundance of bacteria after farmland retirement were not reflected in the dominant species. The abundance of Actinobacteriota decreased from 28.19% to 26.12%. However, the abundances of Acidobacteriota and Proteobacteria increased from 16.83% and 15.94% to 22.50% and 18.42%, respectively. Changes in the abundance of fungi were mainly reflected in the dominant species; the abundance of Ascomycota decreased from 46.54% to 35.93%, Basidiomycota decreased from 41.34% to 31.52%, and Mortierellomycota increased from 7.14% to 24.22%. Both bacterial and fungal communities were significantly different after reforestation; however, the difference in fungal communities was greater. The network analysis of soil bacteria and fungi showed more nodes and edges, complex co-occurrence relationships, and higher connectivity after restoration. Redundancy analysis showed that soil bacterial and fungal community structures were affected by soil pH, organic matter, available potassium, available nitrogen and available phosphorus(P<0.05). The results indicated that the community structure and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi in the black soil of central Jilin Province were significantly affected by the Grain for Green Project, and the networks of fungi and bacteria were more complex and more resistant to interference after reforestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to investigate the differences in endophytic fungal and bacterial community structure between healthy and diseased needles of Taxus cuspidata in artificial and natural forests. The results showed that the changes of fungal OTU (Operational Taxonomic Units) were small and the changes of bacterial OTU were large. The natural forest had more fungal OTU number than the artificial forest, and the difference of bacterial OTU number was smaller. There were 9 fungal OTUs in the four groups, accounting for 9. 37% of the total fungal OTU. There were 34 identical bacterial OTUs in the four groups of samples, accounting for 4. 19% of the total bacterial OTU. At the phylum level, the fungal community composition in the samples before and after infection was basically the same, but degree of relative abundance was significantly different. Compared with the natural forest, the relative abundance of Ascomycota was higher in the artificial forest. Ascomycota was dominant in the four groups of samples. The bacterial community structure and relative abundance changed greatly before and after infection. There were more bacterial species in artificial forests than in natural forests. At the genus level, Genolevuria was the most dominant fungus in healthy leaves of plantations. Dothiora was the most dominant fungus in diseased leaves of plantations, Buckleyzyma was the most dominant fungus in known genera of healthy leaves of natural forests. Genolevuria was the most dominant fungus in the known genera of diseased leaves in natural forests. Ralstonia was the most dominant bacteria in healthy leaves of plantations, 1174-901-12 was the most dominant bacteria in diseased leaves of plantations, Sphingomonas was the most dominant bacteria in known genera of healthy leaves of natural forests. Massilia was the most dominant bacterium in the known genus of natural forest leaf disease. It was speculated that Alternaria and Seimatosporium may cause leaf blight of Taxus cuspidata [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal community composition and diversity are important indicators for soil health. In order to explore the effects of biochar on the soil fungal community of Panax notoginseng under continuous cropping, biochar was applied at 0, 12, and 15 t/ha（T0, T1, and T2）to the soil which has cultivated P. notoginseng for 10 years. After transplanting for 18 months, soil fungal diversity and the abundance of pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum in the rhizosphere of P. notoginseng under different treatments were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and qPCR technology. Moreover, the correlations between soil physicochemical factors and changes in fungal community, and the effects of biochar on the survival rate of P. notoginseng were explored. The results showed that soil pH, NO3--N, and available potassium（AK）contents in the rhizosphere soil increased by 6.5%, 13.6%, and 40.3% respectively under T2 treatment, however, soil NH4+-N content decreased by 21.2%. Biochar application significantly increased fungal α diversity and altered fungal community composition. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota significantly increased under biochar treatment. At the genus level, while the relative abundance of Fusarium decreased, the relative abundance of Mortierella increased significantly（P<0.05）, qPCR analysis showed that the abundance of pathogenic F. oxysporum significantly decreased with biochar application（P<0.05）. The survival rate of P. notoginseng increased by 24.0% under T2 treatment, which was positively correlated with soil pH, fungal α diversity, and relative abundance of Mortierella, but negatively correlated with NH4+-N content and F. oxysporum abundance（P<0.05）. Therefore, the application of biochar improved soil physicochemical properties, changed soil fungal community, increased the abundance of beneficial fungi, and decreased the abundance of pathogenic F. oxysporum, which effectively increased the survival rate of P. notoginseng under continuous cropping. Our data indicated that biochar was effective to reduce the replant problem of P. notoginseng. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to analyze the effects of Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Diversispora spurca, D. versiformis and a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)species on plant growth, lateral root number and root endogenous hormones in the potted Camellia sinensis ‘Fuding Dabaicha' seedlings. After twelve weeks of AMF inoculation, roots of C. sinensis ‘Fuding Dabaicha' could be colonized by these AMF treatments, varied from 18.85% to 40.23%. AMF inoculation heavily increased plant height, total leaf area, taproot length, the number of the first- and third-order lateral roots, but the number of second-order lateral root was markedly reduced(except for mixed-AMF). Root abscisic acid, zeatin riboside, gibberellin and brassinolide levels were significantly increased by sole AMF inoculation, but the levels of methyl jasmonate in roots were significantly decreased(except for Clariodeoglomus etunicatum). Correlationship analysis revealed that mycorrhiza-regulated hormone changes in roots of Camellia sinensis ‘Fuding Dabaicha' were closely related with mycorrhiza-improved lateral root number. In addition, C. etunicatum exhibited the best effects on stimulating plant growth, and mixed AMF treatment represented the best effects on improving root morphology and lateral root number. Therefore, the management of mycorrhizas should be strengthened in tea cultivation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protein levels on growth performance and ruminal fungal flora structure of yaks. A total of 24 healthy two-year-old female yaks with an average body weight of (107.54±4.72) kg were randomly divided into four groups, with six replicates in each group and one yak in each replicate. Yaks in group L, group ML, group MH and group H were fed with were fed diets with similar ME and protein levels of 9.64%, 11.25%, 12.48% and 13.87%, respectively. The pre-test period lasted for 15 d and the formal test period lasted for 135 d. The results showed that the final weight and average daily gain of yaks in group MH and group H were significantly higher than those in group L and group ML (P<0.05). The higher protein level diets could increase the fungal richness. The dominant phyla of ruminal fungi in yak were Neocallimastigomycota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and the relative abundance of Ascomycota increased obviously with the increase of dietary protein level. The dominant genera were Vishniacozyma and Cyllamyces. The experiment indicates that dietary CP level of 12.48% is more helpful to improve the growth performance of yaks, improve the richness of rumen fungal flora and regulate rumen microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The study aimed to explore the effects of different soil layers and tending and thinning intensities on soil fungi under Pinus koraiensis plantation in Liaodong mountain area. 【Method】 Illunima-Miseq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine the soil surface layer (0-10 cm) and subsurface layer (10-20 cm) of different thinning degrees. 【Result】 A total of 572 932 high-quality ITS sequences were obtained, which could be divided into 9329 OTUs on the basis of 97% sequence similarity; The dominant phyla included Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, Rozellomycota, Mucoromycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and the phyla with unclear classification. The top 10 dominant bacterial genera were Sebacina, Mortierella, Russula, Suillus, Geminibasidium, Leucoagaricus, Tylospora, Amanita, Delastria, Tricholoma; The abundance of fungi on the surface layer was higher than that on the subsurface layer; The richness of soil fungal population with different thinning intensities showed the extreme intensity area ＞ the weak intensity area ＞ the control group ＞ the intensity area ＞ the medium area; The results of variance analysis showed that there was no significant difference in relative abundance between different soil layers and different thinning intensities at the gate level. At the genus level, there were significant differences in the relative abundance of Leucoagaricus and Tylospora in the two soil layers, and there were significant differences in the relative abundance of Leucoagaricus, Amanita and Tricholoma in different thinning intensities; The species composition of fungi in the surface layer and subsurface layer, the extremely strong and weak regions and the control group were similar, and the similarity between the extremely strong and weak regions and the control group was higher than that in the moderate and strong regions. 【Conclusion】 In P.koraiensis plantation in Liaodong mountain area, thinning intensity and soil layer can affect the richness, diversity and species composition of soil fungi under the forest to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 To reveal the relationship between the growth state of Phallus dongsun and its bacterial and fungal community structure in overlaying soil, the physicochemical properties, soil microbial community structure, diversity and other characteristic changes of P.dongsun in overlaying soil were investigated, which also provided theoretical basis for high-efficiency cultivation for P.dongsun.【Method】 In this study, the P.dongsun in different soil environments (forest loam, cultivated land, cultivated sandy soil) was used as the material, then the total DNA was extracted, and the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform was used for high-throughput sequencing to analyze the species diversity and community composition of bacteria and fungi in different soil environments. Correlation analysis was carried out with soil nutrient indicators to explore changes in soil microbial diversity. 【Result】 During the growth period of mycelium, button and fruiting bodies of P.dongsun, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolysed nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus and organic matter in soil increased significantly, and pH showed a continuous decreasing trend. The bacterial diversity of different soil environments was higher than that of fungi, and the bacterial diversity of forest loam was lower than that of cultivated land, while the fungal diversity was not significant. The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria, and the dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota. The dominant bacterial genera in forest loam were Acidothermus, Archaeorhizomyces and Bradyrhizobium, while Vicinamibacterales were the dominant bacteria in cultivated loam and cultivated sandy soils. Total phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium were positively correlated with the abundance of Phallus species, but were not significant. 【Conclusion】 Total phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium in overlaying soil of P.dongsun are positively correlated with the abundance of Phallus, while the pH shows a downward trend during the growing period. Acidothermus, Archaeorhizomyces and Bradyrhizobium are the dominant genera in forest loam, which are related to soil nutrient components and contents. Fusarium is the dominant genus in sandy soil, which is related to continuous cropping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The effects of different nitrogen application treatments on soil microbial diversity under rice-vegetable rotation were analyzed to provide theoretical support for reducing nitrogen application.【Method】Four treatments of total application of nitrogen fertilizer（T1）, reduced application of nitrogen fertilizer（T2）, combined application of nitrogen fertilizer with organic fertilizer（T3） and no application of nitrogen fertilizer（CK） were set up, and their effects on the structure and diversity of soil fungal and bacterial communities were studied by using high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics methods.【Result】The diversity analysis of soil bacterial and fungal community Alpha showed that the Chao1 index and Observed index of the bacterial community in T1 treatment were lower than that in CK treatment, while the Observed index in T2 and T3 treatments were higher than that in CK treatment, but the difference among treatments was not significant. The bacterial Shannon index and Simpson index of T1, T2 and T3 were higher than those of CK, and the difference was not significant; The Chao1 index and Observed index of the fungal community in T1, T2 and T3 were higher than those in CK, while the Shannon index and Simpson index were lower than those in CK, with no significant difference. The microbial community Beta diversity analysis showed that the soil bacterial community composition of the four treatments was basically similar, but the difference between treatments was not significant.Compared with CK, T1 and T2 treatment, the species composition of fungi in T3 treatment was different to some extent.The four dominant bacteria groups were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloronexi and Acidobacteria. The relative abundance of Chloronexi in T2 treatment was the highest, and that of Proteobacteria in T3 treatment was the highest. The relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and Nitrospira was decreased by nitrogen application.The species composition of fungi was different to some extent.The dominant phyla were Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota and Basidiomycota.T1 treatment increased the relative abundance of Basidiomycota, T2 treatment increased the relative abundance of Mortierellomycota, and T3 treatment was the highest relative abundance of Ascomycota.T2 treatment significantly reduced the relative abundance of Marmoricola; T3 treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of Humicola and Penicillium. Nitrogen treatment significantly reduced the relative abundance of Alternaria.【Conclusion】Under the rice-stemon mustard rotation mode, nitrogen reduction fertilization and nitrogen combined with organic fertilizer both increased the richness of soil bacterial community and decreased the richness of soil fungal community compared with total nitrogen application. There was no significant difference in soil microbial community structure between treatments, and the differences in microbial community diversity were mainly reflected in the significant changes in the relative abundance of Marmoricola, Humicola, Penicillium and Alternaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The study aimed to analyze the microbial diversity and community composition in the rhizospheric soil of the navel orange with citrus Huanglongbing to provide the new clue for ecological control of citrus Huanglongbing. [Method] The bacterial 16S rRNA region and fungal ITS region from the rhizosphere soils of diseased plants, healthy plants and bare land were sequenced and analyzed to evaluate the microbial community structure and diversity. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of four soil samples were also measured to determine the relationship between microbial community and soil physicochemical properties. [Result] The richness and diversity of bacterial community in rhizosphere soil of diseased plants were higher than that in the healthy plants, and the diversity of the fungal community in rhizosphere soil of diseased plants were also higher than that in the healthy plants, which the richness was lower than that of healthy plants. The microbial phyla found in diseased and healthy plants were similar on composition but significantly differed on relative abundance. Choroflexi and Acidobacteria had a higher abundance in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants than that of healthy plants, whereas Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota had a lower abundance. At the genus level, the abundance of beneficial microorganisms, such as Bacillus and Talaromyces were lower in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants than that of healthy plants, whereas the abundance of pathogen such as Fusarium and Aspergillus were higher. The contents of total phosphorus and total nitrogen were significantly lower in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants than those of healthy plants, whereas the total carbon content was increased in diseased soil, and total phosphors had a significant impact on rhizosphere soil microbial community. [Conclusion] After navel oranges were infected with citrus Huanglongbing, the rhizosphere soil physical and chemical properties changed significantly, and the microbial diversity and community composition in rhizosphere soil of diseased plants also changed. To a certain extent, these differences reflect the effect of citrus Huanglongbing on the rhizosphere microecology of navel oranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study combines morphology and molecular biology to analyze the diverse characteristics and contributing factors of exophyllic fungal communities of Pinus massoniana in different stand ages based on P. massoniana of different stand ages in the Longli forestry station in central Guizhou Province. The following results were obtained: a total of 48 operational taxonomic units9 (OTUs） of P. massoniana ectomycorrhiza fungi (EMFs） were identified, belonging to 21 genera in 15 families, of which the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota accounted for 81.11% and 18.19%, respectively. The richness of Basidiomycota was significantly higher than that of Ascomycota. There were significant differences in the composition of exophytic mycorrhizal fungal communities in different stand ages, showing that the specific OTUs is higher than the common OTUs. The EMF species richness of P. massoniana showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing (monotile type） with increasing stand age. Among them, the dominant species of P. massoniana EMF in different stand ages were mainly cotton leather fungus, Tomentella, and Russula, while those in the control (mixed needle and broad forest） were mainly Pilarema, Amphinema, Tomentella and Lactarius. Redundancy analysis showed that pH value and total phosphorus content were important environmental factors influencing EMF communities in P. massoniana of different stand ages. In summary, the stand age in central Guizhou has an important impact on the composition and structure of EMF communities of P. massoniana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reveal the resistant mechanism of fungal community structures in rhizosphere soil of sensitive and insensitive mulberries to bacterial wilt. Based on high-throughput sequencing technology, using ITS1F and ITS2R as primers, fungal community structures in rhizosphere soil between sensitive mulberry (Taiwan Morus macroura) and insensitive mulberry (Guisang 12) to bacterial wilt were analyzed. The results were as follows: (1) Although the indexes of soil fungal richness and diversity, such as ACE, Chao1 and Shannon were not significantly different between sensitive and insensitive mulberry varieties, but at phylum level, Mortierellomycota and Glomeromycota were the unique soil dominant fungi in rhizosphere soil of sensitive mulberry variety to bacterial wilt. At genus level, in comparison to the insensitive mulberry variety to bacterial wilt, Apiotrichum, Geotrichum, Scedosporium and Humicola were the special soil dominant fungi in rhizosphere soil of sensitive mulberry variety to bacterial wilt. (2) Compared to the insensitive mulberry variety, some soil fungal phyla and genera, such as Glomeromycota and Mortierellomycota, Mortierella, Fusarium, Aspergillus and Chaetomium were all lost in rhizosphere soil of sensitive mulberry variety to bacterial wilt. It suggests that higher abundance and diversity of soil fungal community structure in rhizosphere soil of insensitive mulberry variety to bacterial wilt were the important reasons for its higher resistance to bacterial wilt. (3) Based on the functional prediction according to the utilization pathways of fungal communities under similar environmental resources, higher abundance of pathotrophic and saprotrophic fungi enriched in rhizosphere soil of bacterial wilt susceptible mulberry varieties; On the contrary, higher abundance of symbiotrophic fungi enriched in rhizosphere soil of bacterial wilt resistant mulberry varieties.(4)Higher abundant soil unique fungi at OTU taxonomic level in rhizosphere of bacterial wilt resistant mulberry variety maybe can be considered as the important reason for its higher bacterial wilt resistant ability. The results suggest that Mortierella, Fusarium, Aspergillus and Chaetomium can be considered as the candidate antagonistic fungi for bio-controlling bacterial wilt in the rhizosphere soil of insensitve mulberry varieties to bacterial wilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The dynamic changes of the fungal community composition in the rhizosphere soil at different development stages of Cinnamomum migao fruit are explored, which provides reference for the utilization of beneficial fungus in the rhizosphere soil of C. migao and the control of harmful microbes. 【Method】 Based on the method of combining morphology and molecular phylogeny analysis, the cultivable rhizosphere fungus of C. migao were isolated and identified. 【Result】 A total of 529 fungi were obtained, which were initially identified as 111 species in 57 genera, 35 families, 3 phyla. At the phylum level, the dominant fungi was Ascomycota; At the family level, the dominant fungi were Hypocreaceae and Phytobacteria; At the genus level, the dominant fungi were Trichoderma and Penicillium. There were some differences in the composition of fungal communities at the three stages. Among them, The fungi isolated and identified at the young fruit stage belonged to 31 genera and 53 species, the dominant genus was Nectria（11.90%）; The fungi isolated and identified at the swelling stage were 36 genera and 64 species, the dominant genus were Trichoderma（16.99%） and Penicillium（16.34%）; The fungi isolated and identified at maturity stage were 16 genera and 31 species, and the dominant genus was Trichoderma（41.90%）. The Shannon diversity index, Simpson index, Margalef index and Pielou index of the rhizosphere cultivable fungal community all showed as the swelling stage﹥ young fruit stage﹥ maturity stage. 【Conclusion】 The rhizosphere soil of C. migao had a rich diversity of cultivable fungi, and it at maturity stage was significantly lower than at the swelling stage and the young fruit stage. The pathogenic fungus Fusarium also had the same changing trend. It was speculated that because the pathogenic antagonist Trichoderma proliferates in large numbers during the fruit ripening stage, the further reproduction of Fusarium was inhibited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of salt-tolerant plants on the chemical properties and microbial community structure of coastal saline soil and provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration in saline soil. Plots with coastal saline soil were planted with Sedum aizoon L., Sesbania cannabina（Retz.）Poir., and Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz., and the control plot had only coastal saline soil. Soil agrochemical analysis technology and phospholipid fatty acid（PLFA）biomarker method were used to analyze the chemical properties and microbial community structure and diversity of the coastal saline soil. Both electrical conductivity and available potassium content of the coastal saline soil planted with the salt-tolerant plants decreased significantly by 20.26%~57.21% and 23.42%~ 37.80%, respectively. However, soil organic matter and available phosphorus content increased significantly by 39.16%~53.01% and 106.48%~259.92%, respectively. The types of PLFA in the sample plots planted with the salt-tolerant plants increased significantly, and the microbial community changed. The 3 sample plots planted with the salt-tolerant plants showed the PLFA content of gram-negative bacteria（G-）, actinomycetes, AM fungi, eukaryotes, and fungi, and the total PLFAs increased by 4.96%~63.37%, 82.91%~222.72%, 50.00%~160.25%, 32.05%~268.59%, 19.39%~454.77%, and 21.53%~103.32%, respectively. The ratio of fungi to bacteria also increased significantly by 1.00~6.50 times, whereas the content of gram-positive bacteria（G+）and ratio of G+ to G-（G+/G-）decreased significantly by 48.06%~57.78% and 59.77%~68.68%, respectively. In addition, the diversity of the soil microbial community in the sample plots with the salt-tolerant plants increased significantly. Cultivation of Sedum aizoon L. and Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. - Mazz. can reduce the electrical conductivity of coastal saline soil, facilitate the accumulation of soil organic matter, and stimulate the reproduction of a variety of microorganisms, thereby effectively improving the micro-ecological environment of coastal saline soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]