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Mulberry is a perennial deciduous woody plant, and its leaves are homologous food of medicine and food, which have been widely used in feed industry in recent years. After fermentation, the content of anti-nutritional factors such as cellulose and tannin in mulberry leaves is reduced, and the content of crude protein, crude fat, amino acids, and minerals is abundant, which has the effect of improving feed conversion rate and animal product quality. The paper mainly introduces the contents of conventional nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals in mulberry leaves, the commonly used strains for fermentation, and the changes of nutrients, anti-nutritional factors and bioactive substances in mulberry leaves after fermentation. The effects of fermented mulberry leaves on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal health of pigs, ruminants, poultry and fish were summarized. The future research direction of mulberry in the field of feed industry was prospected, in order to provide a reference for the efficient utilization of mulberry in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulberry saccharification feed on the growth performance and meat quality of dual-purpose small feet Twist chickens. A total of 250 healthy small feet Twist chickens aged 50 days were randomly divided into five groups with five replicates in each group and ten chickens in each replicate. Group (control group), Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V were fed a mulberry saccharified feed containing 0, 15%, 25%, 30%, and 35% mulberry twig and leaf powder, respectively. The pre-test period was 5 days, and the experimental period was 40 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the average daily gain of small feet Twist chickens in Group I increased ( P<0.05), and the ratio of feed to weight decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the shear force and cooking loss of chicken in all experimental groups were reduced ( P<0.05), with a slight reduction in drip loss. The total amount of essential amino acid and total amino acid of the chicken in Group II and Group II were higher than those in other groups ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the concentrations of umami amino acids in the chicken of all experimental groups increased ( P<0.05), while the fat concentration decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the slaughter rate of Group II increased ( P<0.05), and the chest muscle percentage and leg muscle percentage in all experimental groups increased ( P<0.05). The study indicates that adding mulberry branches and leaves powder to the diet can increase the total amino acid, breast muscle percentage, and leg muscle percentage of small feet Twist chickens, and improve the quality of meat. The appropriate proportion of mulberry twig and leaf powder is 25%-30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here Maillard reaction time-temperature indicator (TTI) was prepared to observe the quality and remaining shelf life of mulberry during cold chain storage and transportation. The catalysts were used the xylose and glycine as the substrates and K2HPO4. The color change pattern of TTI was explored to adjust the concentration ratio of xylose, glycine, and K2HPO4. The results showed that the glycine concentration was 2.00 mol/L, when the xylose concentration was 1.00 mol/L. The attention of K2HPO4 was 1.00 mol/L, and the absorbance of TTI was higher. There were more stages of discoloration and more uniform discoloration. In addition, the intrinsic mechanism of the color change of TTI was also explored by FTIR and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The overall change trend of the spectra was slight with the long storage time of TTI. Still, there was no noticeable change in the FTIR spectra except for the weak difference in peak positions and intensities. The generation of new peaks was absence in the spectrograms. There was the benign effect of the mixture of xylose, glycine, whereas the K2HPO4 solution was produced a soothing effect. Meanwhile, C-O, C-H, C=O, C=C, C=N, amide I, amide II, amide III, C-N, N-H, and C-H were involved in the formation of melanoidin. The UV-vis absorption spectra showed that the absorbance change of TTI increased with the increase of storage time. The higher the temperature was, the shorter the time was required for the appearance of the characteristic peaks of color. The hardness, total soluble solids, titratable acid, and vitamin C in mulberries showed the different decreasing trends with the extension of storage time during refrigerated storage. By contrast, the weight loss rate and anthocyanins showed the increasing trends. Mulberry storage at ice temperature (-1°c) was favorable to maintain the quality of mulberry, which was used as the long-term refrigerated storage. The activation energies of 36.08, 40.42, 43.35, 38.28, 43.72, and 40.41 kJ/mol were calculated from the weight loss, anthocyanin, hardness, total soluble solids, titratable acid and vitamin C contents of mulberry at 25, 15, 10, 4 and -1 °C, respectively. The activation energy of the TTI was fitted to be 40.13 kJ/mol by the Arrhenius equation. There was no more than 25 kJ/mol difference in the calculated activation energy between each quality indicator and the TTI. As such, the quality change of mulberry at different ambient temperatures was more accurately matched with the time-temperature indicator. A chain-breaking simulation experiment was designed to verify the TTI monitoring under temperature fluctuation. Some changes were observed in the TTI color for the mulberry quality under different chain-breaking situations. The results showed that the abuse of temperature was accelerated the color change of TTI, even for the deterioration of mulberry quality. When the TTI color reached the endpoint, the mulberries began to decay. Furthermore, the change in TTI color was consistent with the shift in the mulberry quality. In addition, the kinetic analysis was performed by equivalent temperature. The difference between the comparable temperature values of TTI and each index of mulberry was calculated to be less than 1ć, thus verifying the monitoring ability of TTI. The TTI can be expected to monitor quality of mulberry for the long shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different leaves on feed intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance in forest musk deer. Twelve male forest musk deers (Moschus Berezovskii) of similar age and good health were used in a 6×6 Latin square design with 2 replicates per group. The ration consists of base material and the leaves. Green rattan, mulberry leaves, triangular maple leaves, elm leaves, Melia azedarach leaves and mixture of the above five leaves in equal proportion were used in each group. The results showed as follows: ① the intake of base material and leaves in mulberry leaves group had no significant difference from those in other groups (P>0.05). The intake of total ration in mulberry leaves group was significantly lower than that in mixed group (P<0.05), but had no significant difference with the rest groups (P>0.05). ② The apparent digestibility of dry crude protein (CP), crude ash, calcium, carbohydrate (CHO), total energy (GE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in mulberry leaves group were significantly higher than those in other groups (P<0.05). ③ The retention nitrogen and nitrogen utilization in mulberry leaves group were higher than those in other groups (P<0.05). It is concluded that the apparent digestibility and nitrogen utilization of ration are higher in mulberry leaves group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to explore the effect of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase on fermentation quality of mulberry branches and leaves. The experiment was divided into control group, test group L (lactic acid bacteria treatment), test group C (cellulase treatment) and test group LC (lactic acid bacteria + cellulase treatment), with six replicates in each group. Quality analysis of mulberry branches and leaves was carried out after 15 d of fermentation. The results showed that compared with control group, pH value and ammonia nitrogen content of branches and leaves of fermented mulberry in experimental groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05), lactic acid and acetic acid content were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, crude protein content in branches and leaves of fermented mulberry in experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). The content of acid detergent fiber was the lowest in LC group, and the content of crude fat was the highest. Compared with control group, rumen degradation rates of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber in experimental groups were significantly increased (P<0.05). The experiment indicates that both lactic acid bacteria and cellulase can significantly improve the fermentation quality of mulberry branches and leaves, improve the feeding effect of mulberry branch fermentation, the mixed addition of lactic acid bacteria and cellulase is better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the effect of mulberry leaf on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes and economic benefits of finishing pigs. A total of 192 'Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire' three-way hybrid finishing pigs were selected, and randomly divided into four groups, with six replicates in each group and eight pigs in each replicates. The finishing pigs in control group were fed with basic diet, and pigs in test groups were supplemented with 4%, 8% and 12% mulberry leaf to replace the bran in basic diet. The test period was 30 d. The results showed that compared with control group, the average daily gain of finishing pigs in 8% group and 12% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). The average daily feed intake of finishing pigs in 12% group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the activity of T-AOC and SOD in serum of 12% group finishing pigs were significantly increased (P<0.05), the activity of GSH-Px in serum of 8% group and 12% group finishing pigs were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the serum IgG content of finishing pigs in 8% group and 12% group was significantly increased (P<0.05), the serum IgA content of finishing pigs in 12% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the content of complement C3 in serum of finishing pigs in 12% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the content of serum GLB and HDL in 12% group of finishing pigs were significantly increased (P<0.05), the content of serum GLU and LDL in 8% group and 12% group of finishing pigs were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The single head profit of 4% group, 8% group and 12% group was 13.58, 73.32 and 125.77 yuan higher than that of control group. The study indicates that adding mulberry leaf in diet can effectively improve growth performance of finishing pigs, enhance the antioxidant, immune and metabolic functions of body, improve the economic benefits of finishing pigs. It is recommended to add 12% albumen mulberry in diet of finishing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leaf is a kind of unconventional feed resource with high yield and rich in avariety of natural active substances. The mulberry leaf has high nutritional value and feeding value. Animal feeding mulberry leaf can improve growth performance, enhance immunity and antistress ability. At present, feed resource shortage and distribution are unreasonable in China. The paper reviews the functions of mulberry leaves and their applications in livestock and poultry production, to provide reference for the development and utilization of mulberry leaves as unconventional feed resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The biological information characteristics of GATA transcription factors of mulberry were identified and analyzed, and the function and gene evolution of mulberry GATA family genes were explored, which provided a certain theoretical basis for subsequent research on mulberry molecular breeding and improved variety selection.【Method】The genome-wide identification, physicochemical analysis, homeogenic elements and conserved domains of the mulberry GATA family were analyzed by bioinformatics methods.【Result】The physical and chemical properties of the members of the mulberry GATA family were significantly different, but the subcellular localization prediction showed that they were all located in the nucleus; There were certain differences in the tertiary structure of GATA proteins as a whole, but the similarity of the same subfamily was high, and there may be a certain synergistic regulation function in some physiological response processes of plants; Phylogenetic analysis, the mulberry GATA members were divided into 4 subfamilies, and members in the same subfamily had similar conservation motif and gene structure; Expression pattern analysis showed that there were significant differences in the expression patterns of GATA genes in different tissues（roots, epidermal, leaves, winter buds and flowers） of mulberry, most of which had higher expression in roots, which may be closely related to root development and drought resistance of mulberry; Analysis of cis-acting elements in the GATA promoter of mulberry showed that MnGATAs may be involved in transcriptional regulation and plant hormone signaling regulation under biotic/abiotic stress. 【Conclusion】A total of 23 MnGATAs were identified in the whole genome of mulberry, with obvious conservation, and the expression patterns in various tissues of mulberry were significantly different, which may regulate the physiological response of mulberry under stress. The research on gene evolution, molecular breeding and selection of elite varieties provides a certain theoretical basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene responsive factors（ERFs）is a plant-specific transcription factor that involves in various biological processes, especially abiotic stress tolerance. The expression of MnERF2 under drought stress was studied to provide basic theoretical data for understanding the stress resistance molecular mechanism of AP2/ERF transcription factor in mulberry. A member of the ERF transcription factor subfamily, named MnERF2, was identified from mulberry, and analyzed by bioinformatics. Transiently transfected mulberry plants with transiently overexpressed MnERF2 and RNAi-silenced MnERF2 were generated for its drought resistance via gain- and loss-of-function analysis. The results showed that the open reading frame of MnERF2 was 1 050 bp, encoding 349 amino acids. The relative molecular weight of MnERF2 protein was 39.48 kD, with isoelectric point 5.6 and a typical AP2/ERF conserved domain. Overexpression of MnERF2 significantly elevated the tolerance of mulberry to drought stress. In contrast, silencing of MnERF2 significantly decreased the tolerance to drought stress. Further experiments demonstrated that MnERF2 enhanced the activities of SOD, POD, CAT and GST, increased the contents of ASA, GSH and proline, while decreased the contents of O2 ·-, H2O2, ·OH, MDA and electrolyte permeability. MnERF2 regulated osmotic potential by increasing proline contents, and enhanced the ability of ROS scavenging by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant substance content, thus improved drought stress tolerance in mulberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of different silage additive combinations on nutritional value and fermentation quality of forage mulberry silage. The experiment was a 3×3 randomized block design. Control group was only supplemented with 20 g/kg glucose, while the experimental group was supplemented with 20 g/kg glucosem, also necessary to add high, medium and low concentrations of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosus, Bacillus licheniformis and Trichoderma reesei xylanase, acid cellulase, α-galactosidase to treat feed mulberry, namely ten treatment groups. The nutritional value was evaluated after 60 d of package silage. The results showed that the pH value,odor, color and comprehensive score of group 1 were higher than those of other groups, and the rating grade was excellent.The DM content of experimental groups was significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.05）. Compared with control group, the EE content in group 1, group 2 and group 8 was significantly increased (P<0.05), the content of NDF and ADF in experimental groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the content of NDF in group 1 was the lowest,and the content of ADF in group 4 was the lowest.Compared with control group, the pH value of all experimental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the pH value of group 1 was the lowest (3.85）. Compared with control group, the content of lactic acid and acetic acid in group 1, group 2, group 4,group 5, group 7 and group 8 were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the content of NH3-N was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the content of lactic acid and acetic acid in group 1 were the highest, and the content of NH3-N was the lowest. The study indicates that the optimal combination of silage mulberry is group 1, α-galactosidase40 U/kg, acid cellulase 20 U/kg, Trichoderma reesei xylanase 40 U/kg, Lactobacillus plantarum 5×10~5CFU/kg,Pediococcus pentosus 3×10~6CFU/kg, Bacillus licheniformis 1×10~8CFU/kg and 20 g/kg glucose are added simultaneously. It can significantly improve the quality of forage mulberry silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leaves are rich in protein, vitamins and minerals, and are rich in biological active substances such as alkaloids and flavones, which can promote the growth of livestock and poultry, improve the antioxidant capacity of the body, improve the quality of livestock products and enhance the immune function of the body. Mulberry leaves are excellent unconventional feed resources. The paper reviews the feeding value of mulberry leaf and its application in livestock and poultry breeding of cattle, sheep, chickens and pigs, to provide reference for the efficient and scientific utilization of mulberry leaf as an unconventional feed resource in livestock and poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The content of α-tocopherol in 32 main mulberry varieties in Southwest China was determined and analyzed, and the materials with high α-tocopherol content were screened out, which provided excellent materials for the breeding of mulberry varieties with high tocopherol content and laid the material foundation.【Method】 The α-tocopherol content in mulberry leaves and mulberry fruits were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography（HPLC）. HPLC was performed on C18 chromatographic column（250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm） with gradient elution of pure methanol（A） and ultrapure water（B） as mobile phase. The sample volume was 10 μL, the flow rate was 1 mL/min, the column temperature was 20 ℃, the sample removal time was 35 min, and the detection wavelength was 294 nm. SPSS 23.0 statistical software was used for descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA analysis, Duncan multiple comparison and systematic cluster analysis. 【Result】 The α-tocopherol content in 32 mulberry leaves ranged from 13.44 to 64.14 μg/g, with the average content of 32.78 μg/g. The α-tocopherol content in 13 mulberry fruits ranged from 0.48 to 13.1 μg/g, the average content was only 5.48 μg/g, The average of α-tocopherol content in mulberry leaves was 5.98 times that in mulberry fruits. The variety with the highest content in leaves was ‘Nongsang 2’, which was 64.14 μg/g; The lowest variety was ‘Husang 14’, only 13.44 μg/g. From the perspective of mulberry family, the average content of α-tocopherol in leaves of Morus multicaulis ranged from 12.91 to 64.52 μg/g, with the average of 34.88 μg/g, and the average content of α-tocopherol in leaves of M.bombyilis and M.alba was 30.58, 31.51 μg/g, respectively. According to the content of α-tocopherol, the 32 mulberry leaf resources could be classified into three categories: Medium content, low content and high content. 【Conclusion】 Five varieties with high α-tocopherol content, including Nongsang 2, Yu 2, Leshan Honghua sang, Nongsang 8 and Heye Bai were identified, and 23 varieties with medium content and 4 varieties with low content of α-tocopherol were identified. This study provided a theoretical basis and technical support for the exploitation and utilization of mulberry resources and quality improvement and breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leaves have high nutritional and economic value, which are rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, various amino acids and other bioactive substances. Mulberry leaves have the functions of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, immunity enhancement and glucose-lipid metabolism regulation, so it can be used as a source of high-quality livestock and poultry feed. The paper reviews the research progress and biological functions of mulberry leaf active components, and expounds the application of mulberry leaf extracts in animal production, to provide reference for the rational development and utilization of mulberry leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the extraction process of mulberry leaf polysaccharide by internal boiling under reduced pressure method, the extraction conditions were optimized by taking dried mulberry leaf as raw materials and taking the extraction rate of mulberry leaf polysaccharide as the response value. The results showed that when the system pressure dropped to 285 mmHg, the ethanol volume fraction, liquid to solid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time were 33%, 24 mL/g, 73 ℃ and 22 min, respectively, the extraction rate of mulberry leaf polysaccharide could reach 4.90%. The experiment indicates that the internal boiling under reduced pressure method is easy to operate, which has high extraction rate, good test reproducibility and certain reference value for the development and utilization of mulberry leaf polysaccharide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper mulberry has strong ability to adapt to the environment, good growth performance, and more comprehensive functions. With the continuous maturity of paper mulberry fermentation technology, as a feed, it can improve the production performance, carcass quality, and muscle nutritional value of livestock and poultry. The paper reviews the characteristics, functions and application of paper mulberry in livestock and poultry production, in order to provide reference for the popularization and application of paper mulberry as a conventional feed for livestock and poultry breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the effect of different concentrations of exogenous plant growth regulators on the growth and nutritional components of paper mulberry is of great significance for high-yield cultivation and popularization of paper mulberry. Hybrid paper mulberry seedlings were used as test materials, and three concentrations (150, 250, 350 mg/L) of plant growth regulators (GA3, DA-6, PP333 and 6-BA) were used to spray the whole plant, and then the growth indexes and nutrients were measured. The results showed that DA-6 and PP333 could promote the growth of paper mulberry and the accumulation of DM with a plant height of 73.13 cm, a stem diameter of 13.48 mm, the number of main stem nodes and branches were 32.00 and 11.67, and the DM was 97.69 g. GA3 significantly increased the plant height and average internode length of paper mulberry seedlings (P<0.05), and decreased stem diameter. 6-BA showed a slight inhibition on the growth of paper mulberry and the accumulation of DM. From the perspective of the effect on quality, the proportion of CP whole plant of paper mulberry treated with GA3 showed different degrees of increase, and this promoting effect decreased with the increase of application concentration. DA-6 and PP333 increased the proportion of NDF, ADF, ADL in the whole plant and TP of paper mulberry in different degrees. Among them, the paper mulberry treated with 250 mg/L PP333 had the highest TP, which was 16.27 g. All nutrients of paper mulberry treated with 6-BA were less than CK. The experiment indicates that the four plant growth regulators in the study had the following order: PP333 >DA-6 >GA3 > 6-BA. it is considered that spraying PP333 at 250 mg/L after 20 d of planting paper mulberry is conducive to cultivating strong paper mulberry and promoting the accumulation of DM and TP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The transfer and accumulation characteristics of heavy metal cadmium in soil mulberry system after reclamation in abandoned lead-zinc mining area were revealed. [Method] The mulberry orchard used as the research object in the 14 years of recultivation in the mining area was determined by measuring the leaves, branch bark, branch wood, stem bark, stem wood thick root bark, thick root wood and all fine roots of mulberry trees and total cadmium and available cadmium in soil in mulberry garden. [Result] (i) The distribution ratio of the cadmium accumulation of the whole mulberry plant on the roots, branches and leaves was about 12: 5: 3. (ii) Differences in cadmium content in various tissues and organs of mulberry trees were shown as follows : fine roots > branch bark > stem bark > rough root bark > leaf > rough root wood > stem wood > branch wood. There was significant difference in cadmium concentration between fine roots and stem wood of mulberry, but there was no significant difference among other tissues and organs. The cadmium contents were 0. 21, 0. 13, 0. 11, 0. 10, 0. 09, 0. 04, 0. 03 and 0. 01 mg/kg. (iii) The cadmium enrichment ability of various tissues and organs of mulberry tree was as follows: fine root > branch bark > stem bark > leaf > rough root bark > rough root wood > stem wood > branch wood. The coefficients were 1. 04, 0. 87, 0. 70, 0. 5 6, 0. 53, 0. 23, 0. 16 and 0. 08. (iv) The ability of cadmium to be transported from fine roots to various organs was asfollows: shoot bark section > stem bark section > leaf > stem wood section > branch wood section, and the transfer coefficients were 0. 62, 0. 54, 0. 41, 0.13 and 0. 07. ( v) Low soil available cadmium content was beneficial to the enrichment and transport of cadmium by mulberry trees. [Conclusion] Fine roots are the main part for mulberry to absorb and accumulate cadmium, and the skin is the main way for cadmium migration in mulberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the obstacle of a long artificial breeding cycle and low coefficient of Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust', the stem tip of the lateral bud was used as the explant for the initial culture in 1/2MS with 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA, 50 g·L-1 banana puree and 15 g·L-1 sucrose. After 60 d culture, the mixture of callus and protocorm was used as the materials for investigating the effects of different factors and combinations on the embryonic callus and protocorm occurrence, proliferation via L9(3)4 orthogonal and complete combination experiments. Finally, an efficient and stable proliferation system of Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust' was established in the present study. The results were as follows:(1)Proliferation coefficient was 8.13 and the protocorm masses similar to mulberry could be obtained on the MS medium containing 2.0 mg·L-1 6-BA, 150 mL·L-1 coconut juice and 20 g·L-1 sucrose for 70 d.(2)The protocorm was cultured in MS medium containing 1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA and 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA for 70 d, the protocorm developed into shoots with a 5.36 bud proliferation coefficient; At this time, cluster buds induced from protocorm were transferred into MS medium with 1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA and 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA to proliferate via the proliferation mode of bud to bud, and the proliferation coefficient reached 4.28, and the stable proliferation system could be established.(3)The rooting rate was up to 96.5% in MS medium equipped with 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA and 150 g·L-1 banana puree, and the healthy seedlings with 4-7 true leaves and a height of 8-10 cm could be obtained after 60 d culture; The survival rate of seedlings was more than 85% when they were transplanted into polyethylene basin with a volume ratio of pine bark to mountain soil of 3:2. In this study, the efficient and rapid propagation system of cluster bud of Cymbidium Golden Elf ‘Sundust' was established by the pathway of callus and protocorm to embryonic callus and protocorm to protocorm to cluster bud to regeneration plant, which provides an experimental basis for further artificial breeding and genetic transformation. Meanwhile, this protocol also provides the reference for asexual rapid propagation of other Orchidaceae species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the effect of different storage temperatures on post-harvest physiology and quality of feed mulberry leaves, the mulberry leaves were stored at room temperature 26, 8, 4, and 0 °C to analyse the changes of mulberry leaf color, respiratory intensity, weight loss rate, protein content, total sugar content and fat content. The results showed that compared with normal temperature storage, low temperature storage could prolong the storage time of feed mulberry leaves, reduce weight loss, reduce respiration, delay color change, delay the decrease time of total sugar, protein and fat content. Under low temperature condition, 0 °C would cause frostbite of mulberry leaves, and mulberry leaves lose use value. Mildew appeared in mulberry leaves after 20 d of storage at 8 °C. Storage at 4 °C could prolong the storage period of mulberry leaves to 40 d. The experiment indicates that the storage effect of mulberry leaves at 4 °C is better than that under other test conditions, so 4 °C is more suitable for storing feed mulberry leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment selected Saccharom vces cerevisiae, Candida utilis and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera as fermentation strain, and the single factor orthogonal experiment was designed to optimize the optimal growth conditions of the strain. The scavenging rate of free radical （DPPH*） of polysaccharides from Hybrid mulberry leaves was used as the response value, and the antioxidant activity after fermentation was explored through response surface optimization experiment. The results showed that the optimal growth conditions were glucose content 6 g/100 mL, peptone content 1 g/100 mL and growth time 20 h. Through response surface optimization test, the optimal liquid fermentation conditions were fermentation time 60 h, initial pH value 4, inoculation amount 3% and fermentation temperature 25 t. Under the conditions, the DPPH* clearance rate of hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera leaf polysaccharides was 78.84%, and the hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera leaf polysaccharides had strong antioxidant activity after fermentation. The study indicates that the results can provide a reference for the study of biological activity and 性eding value of hybrid Broussonetia papyrifera leaf polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the effect of mulberry branch, peanut vine and oat grass roughages on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes and nutrient apparent digestibility of weaned Holstein calves. 27 healthy eight-week-old weaned Holstein calves about（64±5） kg were randomly divided into group A, group B and group C with nine replicates in each group. The calves were fed with three kinds of roughages, mulberry branch, peanut vine and oat grass, respectively. The experiment lasted for 24 d. The results showed that the final weight and average daily gain of calves in group C were extremely higher than those in group A and group B（P<0.01）. The roughage dry matter intake of calves in group C was significantly higher than that in group A and group B（P<0.05）. The feed to gain of calves in group C was extremely lower than that in group A and group B（P<0.01）. The body height increment of calves in group A and group C was significantly higher than that in group B（P<0.05）, the body oblique length increment of calves in group A was significantly higher than that in group B（P<0.05）, and the chest circumference increment and tube circumference increment of calves in group C were extremely higher than those in group A and group B（P<0.01）. The IgG content of calves in group A was extremely higher than that in group B and group C（P<0.01）. The apparent digestibility of NDF and ADF in group C was extremely higher than that in group A and group B（P<0.01）. The experiment indicates that weaning calves have the best growth performance when fed with oat grass, but mulberry branch and peanut vine can partially replace oat grass as roughage for calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The influence of straw coverage returning to the field on the soil fungal community structure of mulberry garden was analyzed, which provided a reference for optimizing the fertilization management measures and ensuring the soil health of mulberry garden. [Method] Straw mulching (SR) and non-mulching treatments (CK) were randomly set up in mulberry plantations. Soil samples were collected after mulching for 45 days and soil fungal community structures between mulching and non-mulching treatments in mulberry plantations were analyzed using high-throughput sequence technology. Soil fungal alpha diversity, abundance of different taxonomic levels, results of LEfSe analysis and FUN Guild functions were compared between mulching and non-mulching treatment. [Result] The indexes of Ace, Chaol and Shannon were not significant differences between mulching treatment and CK (P > 0. 05). However, Ascomycota was the soil dominant fungal phylum in mulching treatment, with relative abundance of 83%. And unclassified_k _Fungi and Glomeromycota were the soil domilnant fungal phyla in non-mulching treatment. Moreover, unclassified_[ _Microascaceae, Apiotrichum, unclassified_ o _ Hypocreales, Humicola,Aspergillus, Ciboria, Acremonium, Trich<>sporon, Pseudallescheria were the soil dominant fungal genera in mulching treatment, their proportions of relative abundance were 10. 62%,8. 37%,5. 25%,4. 83%,4. 12%, 1. 67%, 1. 35%, 1. 09% and 1. 23%, respectively. By contrast, Saitozyma, unclassified_c _Eurotiomycetes,Sistotrema,Penicillium, unclassified_o _Xylariales, Mariannaea and Enioloma were the soil dominant fungal genera in non-mulching treatment_ Based on LEfSe analysis, Ascomycota were the dominant fungal phylum with the largest relative abundance in SR soils; unclassified_k _Fungi and Glomeromycota were the top 2 dominant fungal phylum in CK soils; unclassified_f _Microascaceae, Apiotrichum, unclassified_o _Hypocreales and Humicola were the top 4 dominant fungal genera in SR soil, and Saitozyma, unclassified_k _ Fungi and unclassified_c _Eurotiomycetes were the top 3 dominant fungal genera in CK soil. In comparison to CK, types of saprophytic fungi were mostly enriched in mulching soil (SR). [Conclusion] In comparison to CK, some benefit soil fungi, such as Humicola, Aspergillus and Acremonium enriched in mulching treatment of mulberry plantation. It suggests that soil health in mulberry plantation can be maintained by mulching technology using natural straws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of different urea concentrations on the nutritional components and quality of mulberry stem and mulberry leaf silage. Use clean, non-rotten mulberry branches and mulberry leaves to rub and pulverize with a pulverizer, with a length of 0.1~0.5 cm and a diameter of 0.05~0.10 cm. Taking group without urea solution as control group, 0.4% urea solution group as group Ⅰ, 0.5% urea solution group as group Ⅱ, and 0.6% urea solution group as group Ⅲ. Each group was weighed 300 kg, the urea solutions of different concentrations and the raw materials were mixed evenly, and each group was put into three bags respectively, and the vacuum packaging machine was sealed and stored for 45 d. The results showed that adding different concentrations of urea solution could significantly reduced the pH value of silage and improved the sensory quality of silage. Compared with control group, the crude protein content of each test group was significantly increased by 9.72%, 17.19% and 22.73%, respectively (P<0.05). The crude fat content in each experiment increased by 4.42%, 11.81% and 2.58% respectively, among which group Ⅱ significantly increased (P<0.05). The crude fiber content of each test was significantly lower than that of control group by 9.98%, 12.65% and 14.09% (P<0.05). The tannin content of each test group decreased by 4.39%, 17.56% and 5.83%, respectively, and group Ⅱ significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared withcontrol group, the lactic acid content in each test group was significantly increased by 49.91%, 107.45% and 107.26%, respectively (P<0.05). The content of acetic acid in each test group was significantly increased by 53.31%, 13.79% and 9.01%, respectively (P<0.05). The content of propionic acid and butyric acid in each test group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The research shows that the addition of 0.5% concentration of urea solution is beneficial to improve the nutritional composition and quality of mulberry stem and mulberry leaf silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to reveal the effects of soil heavy metal pollution on the safety of diversified utilization of mulberry and the possible health risks caused by ingestion of mulberry products in abandoned lead-zinc mining area [Method]Taking the mulberry garden which had been ploughed for 14 years in the abandoned small lead-zinc mining area as the research object, the pollution status of heavy metals in mulberry products was analyzed by single factor pollution index and Nemero comprehensive pollution index. The target hazard coefficient was used to evaluate the effect of heavy metals in mulberry products on possible human health. [Result] (i) Under different limit standards, the single factor pollution index of cadmium and lead in mulberry trees planted in the study area was less than 1. 00 as the utilization mode of mulberry leaf and mulberry leaf tea, except for severe pollution [Pi(lead) = 5. 29] of fresh leaf mulberry leaf, which belonged to the clean level. (ii) The comprehensive pollution index of cadmium and lead was severe pollution (P = 4. 33). As the utilization mode of traditional Chinese medicine mulberry leaf and mulberry leaf tea, the single factor pollution index was less than 1. 00, which be longed to the clean level. (iii) The comprehensive pollution index of branch bark, branch stem and root bark as products developed by traditional Chinese medicine was 0. 09 - 0. 36, which all belonged to the clean level. (iv) Although the hazard coefficients of single cadmium target of mulberry leaves, mulberry branches and mulberry roots were all less than 1. 00, the hazard coefficients of single lead target and lead-cadmium com- pound heavy metal pollution target were more than 1. 00. Mulberry leaves polluted by lead and cadmium combined with heavy metals for a long time would have a negative impact on human health, and the health risk of children was higher than that of adults, but there was no chronic toxic effect [Conclusion] In the study area, the lead of mulberry planted in lead-zinc mining area can not be used in the development of mulberry leaf vegetables, but can be used in the product development of traditional Chinese medicine and mulbeny leaf tea [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to select good mulberry varieties suitable for local promotion. [ Method] Four varieties of white mulberry, four varieties of black mulberry, two varieties of pink mulberry and two varieties of purple mulberry in southern and eastern Xinjiang were selected for grafting in Turpan, fruit 88 a sample for measurement, three economic traits, eight nutritional components and taste indexes of fruits were determined and analyzed, Spss Software was used to analyze their difference and correlation, and fuzzy membership function was used for the quality analysis. [ Result] There were extremely significant( P < 0. 01) or significant( P < 0. 05) in economic characters and nutrient components of 12 mulberry varieties; According to the ranking of mean value of membership function, four varieties with good economic characters were selected as follows: Baisang 2 > Heisang 2 > Baisang 3 > Baisang 4, Four varieties with good nutritional components were Baisang 4 > Heisang 1 > Baisang 3 > Fenpang 1. There was no correlation between economic traits and nutritional components. [ Conclusion] Based on the analysis and evaluation of 12 varieties of mulberry fruits, Baisang No. 3 and Baisang No. 4 could be used as fresh food species; Heisang 1 and Fansang 1 could be dried for medicinal use. By breeding methods of asexual and sexual reproduction of white mulberry No. 2, black mulberry No. 2, black mulberry No. 1 and pink mulberry No. 1, the good varieties would be screened out to promote the cultural development of mulberry industry in Turpan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective】 Mulberry ring rot disease is one of the major fungal diseases affecting sericulture production in Asia. Studying the fun¬gal community structure in and around different areas of mulberry ring rot disease can help to reveal the pathogenic mechanism of mulberry ring rot disease and provide theoretical and data basis for the prevention and control of mulberry ring rot disease.【Method(The community structure of fungi in the core area (H zone )，the edge area (L zone) and the non-pathogenic area (Nzone) around the lesion of mulberry ring rot was studied by high-throughput sequencing.【Result】 The results showed that there were significant differences in fungal community structure among H，L and N regions. At species level，the relative abundance of Pnatophragmium triuniae in H，L and N regions ranked the highest，96.25 '，96.95 ' and 31.29 ' respectively. In addition，the relative abundance of Myrothecium roridum in H region was 1.04 '，which was 2. 17 times higher than that in L region.【Conclusion 】The above results indicate that the formation process of mulberry ring rot disease is complex，and the appearance，enlargement and perforation of the lesions involve the interaction of various fungi [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to study the effects of vermicompost co-applied with inorganic fertilizer on biological characteristics in rhizosphere soil of mulberry garden and mulberry leaf yield and quality for influences,to provide theoretical basis for fertilization in mulberry fields. 【Method】For the two consecutive years in a row in 2017-2018,four treatments were set up for the Nongsang 14 mulberry garden[T1 treatments for 100 % single application of fertilizer;T2 treatments for 100 % vermicompost;T3 treatments for 50 % vermicompost+50 % fertilizer;no fertilizer application as control(CK)],comparative analysis on the number of rhizosphere microbial communities,physical and chemical properties,mulberry leaf yield and leaf quality of each treatment were conducted.【Result】The number of bacteria,fungus and microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil of each fertilization treatment were significantly higher than those of CK(P<0.05,the same as below),but there was no significant difference between the number of actinomycetes in each treatment(P>0.05,the same as below). Among them,the number of bacteria(823.78×104 CFU/g),the total amount of microorganisms(1040.95×104 CFU/g) and the number of fungi(8.74×104 CFU/g) treated by T3 were the most,and the number of bacteria was significantly higher than that of T1(51.71 %),T2(14.41 %)treatment and CK(121.24 %), respectively. The total amount of microorganisms was significantly increased by 37.73 %,10.49 % and 77.49 %,respectively,compared with T1,T2 treatment and CK,but the difference in fungal number between T3 and T2 treatment was not significant. The pH of the rhizosphere soil of each fertilization treatment was significantly lower than that of CK,especially the lowest treatment with T3,while the contents of soil alkaline nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium were significantly higher than CK, T3 had the highest value,which was 47.05 %,62.58 % and 49.42 % higher than CK. The annual yield of mulberry leaves treated by fertilization was significantly higher than that of CK,especially the yield of T3 treatment(41 616.01 kg/hm~2),which was significantly higher than T1,T2 treatment and CK by 18.11 %,9.49 % and 41.24 %,respectively. The content of soluble sugar,crude protein and crude fat in each fertilization treatment was significantly higher than that in CK. Among them,T3 treatment had the highest soluble sugar content(13.64 %),crude protein content(24.49 %) and crude fat content(6.07 %). The soluble sugar content was significantly increased by 5.74 %,2.33 % and 24.23 %,respectively compared with T1,T2 treatment and CK. The crude protein content was significantly increased by 15.68 %,5.15 % and 26.89 %,respectively compared with T1,T2 treatment and CK,but the difference in crude fat content between T3 and T2 treatment was not significant. 【Conclusion】The combined application of 50 % vermicompost and 50 % fertilizer can significantly improve the rhizosphere environment of mulberry soil and greatly increase the yield and quality of mulberry leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the mechanism of response of growth and development of mulberry seedlings to the combination of red and blue light, the LEDs as light sources were used in this study with 6 treatments. The five different spectral treatments were expressed as the blue(B) light percentage: red light(0% B), blue light(100% B) and combinations of red and blue light(15% B, 20% B, 30% B, 50% B), the remaining percentage was red. Using white light as control, and the effects of different proportions of red and blue light on the growth and development of mulberry seedlings were studied to provide reference for practical application of red and blue LEDs. The results showed that different proportions of red and blue light treatments were performed in stages of seed germination and seedling growth of mulberry, affecting the growth performance of mulberry seedlings in the natural environment after transplanting.By evaluating the plant height, biomass, root collar diameter, plant height-root collar diameter ratio, shoot-root ratio and other parameters, especially the quality index, the growth performance of mulberry seedlings that germinated and grew under the combination of blue light(100% B) was better than that of seedlings treated with white light, red light(0% B), the combinations of red and blue light(15% B, 20% B, 30% B and 50% B). These results indicated that the blue light(100% B) was suitable for the breeding of mulberry seedlings in greenhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The study aimed to clarify the changes of nutritional components of mulberry leaf spot and the effects on the health of silkworm. [Method] The healthy mulberry leaves and the diseased mulberry leaves were collected in the outbreak season of mulberry brown spot disease. The contents of nutritional components were determined, and the effect of mulberry leaf spot on silkworm was analyzed by sericulture test. [Result] Results showed that the contents of crude protein, crude fiber, total sugar, solubility sugar, amino acides of disease mulberry leaves were significantly lower than that of health mulberry, while crude ash and mineral elements (except P) increased remarkably. Fhe biological experiment of silkworm rearing showed that the affected leaves had a great influence on the uniform life rate, larva weight, larval stage and digestive absorption rate of the insect pupa in home, but had no obvious effect on cocoon quality. [Conclusion] Mulberry leaves infected with mulberry brown spot disease have a great impact on the nutritional components of mulberry leaves and the health of bombyx mori. Therefore, in silkworm areas where brown spot disease is common, it is necessary to plan harvesting leaf reasonably and avoid using diseased leaves when brown spot disease is serious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used six mulberry varieties in Sichuan Province as the research object, by using physiological method and used NBT test to determine the activities of SOD and to study the changes of super oxygen anion (O2- ) in the leaf blade tissues under different drought conditions. The results showed that the SOD content of six mulberry varieties were significantly higher than those of the controls. The change trend of SOD activity was raised and then fell later, and super oxide anion grew steadily. Possible reasons were that reactive oxygen beyond a certain threshold, which led to SOD activity decreased. Under different drought conditions, from normal stress treatment to middle stress, the SOD content of six mulberry varieties also demonstrated rapid growth. Jiulonggui and Husang 32 showed a rising trend and increased by 62.7% and 60.1% obviously; followed by Yunsang 1 and Heyebai 1 raised to 52.2% and 58.2%; Yousang and Chongsang were increased to 50.8% and 47.4%, respectively. This showed that the SOD played an active and effective role to reduce O2- . After moderate stress level of SOD and active oxygen showed the opposite trend, which showed significant degradation effect, and had a mechanism of active oxygen injury. Super oxide anion spread around the veins, area of super oxide anion gradually increased, which were observed by transmission electron microscope. It is obeserved that Husang 32 has its ability to eliminate the superoxide free radical, and its drought resistance abilities and leaf blade surface hairs were higher than that of Heyebai 1. Hence, it can be inferred that the length of leaf blade surface hairs has a certain relationship with drought resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the planting environment, it is difficult to detect the ripe mulberry targets automatically by machine vision because of the small shape, irregular distribution of fruits, non-uniformly illuminating condition and complex background interference. This paper presents a visual segmentation approach of ripe mulberries based on frequency-tuned (FT) saliency map and the pulse coupled neural network (PCNN) model in order to improve the segmentation precision and robustness for ripe mulberries. Firstly, the captured mulberry image is transformed into Lab color space. This color space is designed by the perception of the human eye in the natural color. Consequently, the color feature of the target can be expressed by 3 independent components i.e. L, a, and b. Next, the FT saliency map of mulberries can be computed by a multiscale edge detector. And it typically distinguishes differences between the region of ripe mulberries and the complex background in Lab color space. This saliency is illustrated as the difference matrix which includes the Euclidean distance of each pixel between the Lab vectors in the Gaussian filtered image and the average Lab vectors in the original image. Thereafter, the hue feature is extracted from the HSI (hue, saturation, intensity) color space of the captured mulberry image, and then equalized by contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE), which can enhance the color contrast of the mulberry image without being affected by illumination changes. And the feature image of mulberries is generated by fusing the FT saliency and the hue feature, as an input of the improved multilevel threshold PCNN model. Furthermore, the region of ripe mulberries can be detected by this PCNN model, which is a bio-inspired neural network and derived from synchronous dynamics of neuronal activity in a mammal visual cortex. This model is able to cause the adjacent neurons with similar inputs to pulse synchronously, and be appropriate to segment the small target from the complex background. Finally, the segmentation result of the ripe mulberry is acquired by morphology repair operation, and it ensures the integrity of the target region and the independent noise removal. In order to verify the effect of the method proposed in this paper, there were 200 test images captured from the mulberry ecological park of the Tianfu Town, Chongqing City, China in May, 2016. The acquisition time was often on sunny day and cloudy day, aiming at obtaining images under different lighting conditions, such as balanced illumination, imbalanced illumination and backlight. These images were collected by the Canon EOS70D digital camera with 3 648×5 472 pixels, and zoomed into 720×1 280 pixels to apply to the remote intelligent monitoring system of mulberry growth. The algorithm programming development platform is Visual C++ 2015. The experimental results point out that the average misclassification error (ME) by our method is only 1.87%, infinitely superior to the OTSU method with FT saliency (17.73%), the K-means method (10.69%), the improved multilevel threshold PCNN method based on Itti saliency map (7.34%), and the PCNN method based on graph-based visual saliency (GBVS) image (5.83%). The average segmentation time of a test image based on our method is 2.562 3 s. Consequently, our approach is effective to segment the ripe mulberries in the complicated background and different lighting conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope in soil water of mulberry field at 0 - 50 cm soil depth in stony desertification area was analyzed to reveal the soil water dynamics mechanism of mulberry fields in stony desertification area and provide the basis for formulating water utilization strategy of mulberry field. Results: There is a good linear relation between hydrogen and oxygen isotope in soil water of mulberry field (δD = 8.39，δ18O = 13.76 and R2 = 0.98). The hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope composition is of obvious seasonal variation characteristics. The average δD and δ18O value in soil water of mulberry field is -33. 9 ± 18.5 and - 5. 8 ± 2. 0 in Spring〉-41.4%c±8.8%c and - 6. 4 ± 1.2 in Summer > - 87. 0 ± 6.8 and - 11.9 ± 1.2 % in Autumn. There is no obvious difference in δD and δ18O content in soil water among different sample plots. The hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope in soil water presents a gradient distribution with increase of soil depth. The δD and δ18O value in soil water decreases with increase of soil depth in April，increases with increase of soil depth in July and presents a declining-rising-declining trend in October. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry has been widely researched for its unique health care effect. Its 85% ethanol extract is included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. A method for analyzing the flavonoids and polyphenols of mulberry extracts was developed by high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Most studies of mulberry focused on the content determination, extraction and separation, pharmacological activities, while the analysis of active ingredients in mulberry flavonoids was seldom investigated. Studies have shown that the total content of flavonoids in the mulberry is 1.508 mg/g. The research of flavonoids and polyphenols is of great significance to control the quality of medicinal and edible mulberry as well as to develop the valuable source reasonably. Recently, the HPLC/MS has been proved as an effective method for component analysis in complex extracts system, through which the compounds in mixtures and yield information based on their molecular weights as well as the structures can be rapidly determined. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry was adopted for its high speed, high resolution and high sensitivity. It is also effective for compound structure identification online. Analysis of flavonids and polyphenols was performed using H2O-CH3CN containing 0.1% formic acid with 0.2 mL/min flow rate by a Syncronis C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm). Five flavonoids of rutin, isoquercerin, kaempferol-7-glucoside, taxifolin, quercetin and three polyphenols of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid are identified by retention time, accurate molecular weight, tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation information. The retention times of these eight identified compounds are 7.08, 8.32, 9.05, 9.50，9.88, 10.33 and 13.46 min, respectively. In full MS scan, these eight compounds give ［M-H］- ion at m/z 153, 353, 179, 609, 463, 447, 303 and 301 in negative ion mode. For the further analysis to identify the structures of these compounds, they were subjected for the tandem mass spectrometry. MS fragmentation patterns of compounds were discussed and it provided basis for their structure identification. Loss of glucose residue (162 u), CO (28 u), CO2 (44 u) and H2O (18 u) are characteristic losses for the identification of flavonoids in mulberry which offer the important structural information. This method is rapid, simple, accurate, which can provide chemical foundations for exploitation of mulberry in drugs and foods reasonably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012 and 2013, the situ experimental plots in mulberry under two different kinds of treatment(control fertilization and farmer's conventional fertilization) were conducted, and the runoff water in each plot were collected and tested in a period of two years to investigate the law of runoff, the regular pattern and the influential factors of nitrogen and phosphorus losses, and to study the coefficient of fertilizer losses from mulberry in northern Zhejiang plain. The results showed that the annual rainfall runoff coefficient was about 0.253 in mulberry field in northern Zhejiang plain. In those two years, TN and TP cumulative loss load in the conventional fertilization area reached 36.13 kg·hm-2 and 3.49 kg·hm-2, of which the N, P nutrient losses of fertilizer reached 6.415 kg·hm-2 and 1.090 kg·hm-2, respectively. N, P loss coefficients of fertilizer (the difference of nitrogen or phosphorus loss in the conventional fertilization area and the control area was divided by the total amount of fertilizer application) were 0.744% and 3.047%. Nitrogen loss were mainly in soluble form, in which the NO3-N and NH4-N, accounting for about 38.3% and 14.4% respectively; while the phosphorus loss were in particulate form, accounting for about 68.9%. The larger amount of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient loss, were within the first year of the fertilization period, and the P loss was more serious than N. Within a period of fertilization, the cumulative loss of nitrogen and phosphorus caused by rainfall and the occurrence times of runoff increased with power function (R2>0.95). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leavesare rich in plant polyphenol and flavonoid. Amounts of hydroxyl and hydroxyl functional groups are distributed on the surface, which can be absorbed with heavy metal ions by complexation and electrostatical processes. However, there are commonly soluable tannic in organisms and it is not suitable to use organisms to remove Cd from waste water. In this study, mulberry leaves were used as the experimental materials and were boiled and modified with 1 mol/L H3PO4 to prepare an adsorbent for cadmium. Results show that the absorption effect of modified mulberry leaves to Cd(Ⅱ) is best when pH is 4.0. When the initial concentration of Cd is 150 mg/L,6 g/L modified mulberry leaves have absorption recovery of 96.58%. The adsorption process of modified mulberry leaves to Cd(Ⅱ) adheres to the pseudo-second order equation. The isothermal adsorption process of cadmium with modified mulberry leaves fits the Langmuir model well. Maximum absorption capacity of Cd(Ⅱ) on the chemically modified mulberry leaf absorbent is 30.58 mg/g, which is higher than that of a previous study. The modified mulberry leaves are easily available, which provides a new method for Cd removal from waste water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify genetic relationship among fruit mulberry varieties (strains) and expand innovation and utilization of germplasm resource, the genetic diversities of 28 fruit mulberry resources were analyzed by ISSR molecular marker. The result showed that 68 clear bands were amplified by 12 universal primers, including 61 polymorphic bands which accounted for 89.5%, with average 5.6 amplification polymorphic bands of each primer. The genetic similarity coefficients between 28 resources ranged from 0.2741 to 0.8529. The results of cluster analysis indicated that all materials could be divided into 8 classes, and there was significantly different at the genetic similarity between species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]