Search

Aiming at the expansion fracture mechanism of projectile steel shell under implosion loading, the smooth particle flu¬id dynamics method (smoothed particle hydrodynamics, SPH) was used to simulate he expansion fracture process and crack distribution law of 40CrMnSiB steel cylindrical shell with several wall thicknesses under implosion loading. The comparative experimental study was carried out by using he explosive water well recovery technology, and the crack formation mechanism was analyzed by combining he macroscopic morphology and microstructure of the cylindrical shell fracture fragments. The results show that the fracture mode of 40CrMnSiB steel cylindrical shell gradually changes from pure shear to tension-shear mixing with he increase of wall thickness. When the wall thickness of the cylindrical shell increases from 4 mm to 17 mm, the proportion of tension cracks gradually increases from 0 to 4/5, and the circumferential density of the cylindrical shell cracks and the total number of fragments formed decrease by 54. 54% and 67.06%, respectively. With the increase of the wall thickness of the metal cylindrical shell, the mass distribution of the final fragments gradually disperses. By analyzing the microstructure of the re¬covered fragments, it is found that the fracture of the cylindrical shell is actually the result of the interaction and competition between the shear cracks generated on the inner surface of the shell and the tension cracks generated on the outer surface, and here Is a phenomenon of mutual shedding between the cracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( AMF) play an important role in plant growth enhancement, tolerance to heavy metal toxicity, and rehabilitation of contaminated ecosystems. An experiment was carried out with Phragmites communis and Pennisetum alopecuroides inoculated with or without Funneliformis mosseae ( Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices ( Ri) under the simulated wet- land system with Cd polluted water (0, 5, 10 or 20 mg ⋅ L-1). The results showed that Cd addition significantly decreased mycorrhizal colonization. AMF increased plant height, dry mass, leaf chlorophyll, N and Cd contents in shoot and root of P. communis and P. alopecuroides, enhanced Cd enrichment capability by roots, and decreased Cd transfer coefficient. Under Cd 5 mg ⋅ L treatment, all of the indices in Fm + P. communis combination treatment were higher than those of other treatments, with 60.6% of AMF colonization, and the entry points and vesicles per mm root length were 2.3 and 3.7, respectively. Under the inoculation treatment, dry mass of shoot and root was improved by 69.1%, and 75.0%, nitrogen contents in shoot and root were increased by 38.7% and 27.8%, and the chlorophyll content and plant height were increased by 3.8% and 11.1%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between Cd concentration in wetland system and Cd content in shoot and root. Under Cd 20 mg ⋅ L-1 treatment, Fm + P. communis combination had the maximum Cd contents of 182.4 mg ⋅ kg and 663.3 mg ⋅ kg in shoot and root, respectively, the lowest Cd transfer coefficient (0.27), and the highest enrichment coefficient (0.55). In conclusion, Fm + P. communis was the best combination for absorbing Cd in polluted water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GmGBP1 is a gene related to photoperiod flowering time of soybean. In this experiment, GmGBP1 gene was used as the target, and plant tissue culture was carried out by soybean cotyledonary node transformation method to obtain T2 GmGBPl interference transgenic soybean. The transcript was sequenced to obtain alternative splicing data. The alternative splicing genes in the sequencing results of WT and GmGBP1 -- i interference soybean leaves were further verified by RT - PCR. A total of 3 genes were alternatively spliced, indicating that the decrease of GmGBP1 interference expression led to the alternative splicing of downstream genes, which could affect the flowering time of soybean. This research provided a basis for further study of soybean GmGBPl gene, and laid a theoretical basis for the mechanism of soybean flowering induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the interference of preposition charge explosion of tandem shaped charge warhead on the formation of postposition JPC, the formation process of postposition JPC was simulated under different charge interval and delay initiation time with LS-DYNA simulation software. The rules that the charge interval and delay initiation time influence postposition JPC formation were obtained, and the rules that postposition JPC tip velocity drop change with charge interval were analyzed in the optimal delay initiation time and the delay initiation time of lowest tip velocity. Moreover, the matching relationship between delay initiation time and charge interval was established. The results show that the optimal delay initiation time increases with the increase of charge interval, and only 11% of the tip velocity drop occurs when the charge interval reaches 2.5 times charge diameter and the delay initiation time reaches 40 ps. A penetration experiment on the 45# steel target was carried out to optimize its structure. The results show that tandem shaped charge warhead is able to satisfy the requirement of large hole diameter and deep penetration depth on hard target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin E composition contents in soybean seeds Hefeng 25 and Bayfield, and their 144 recombi-nant inbred lines were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)in 3 locations. Vitamin E contents were analyzed through mixed major gene plus polygene inheritance models in 3 locations. The results showed that a-tocopherol contents were 2 major genes plus polygene inheritance models,γ-tocopherol contents were 1 major genes plus polygene inheritance models andδ-tocopherol contents were 2 major genes plus polygene inheritance models in Harbin. The α-tocopherol contents were 3 major genes plus polygene inheritance models,γ-tocopherol contents were 2 major genes plus polygene inheritance models and δ-tocopherol contents were 2 ma-jor genes plus polygene inheritance models in Hulan. And ⓱-tocopherol contents were without major genes plus polygene inheritance models,α-tocopherol contents were 3 major genes plus polygene inheritance models andδ-tocopherol contents were 2 major genes plus polygene inheritance models in Suihua [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a Japanese variety RiB with ( α' + α ) - subunits deficiency of 7S globulin as the donor parent, and Dongnong 47 with higher protein and oil content as recurring parent, characteristic of &$945; - subunit deficiency was successfully induced into Dongnong 47 by the methods, which combined with SSR marker assistance and values of agronomic and quality traits based on crossing and backcrossing. A new elite α - null - containing mutant line ( Cb80), showing greater than 90% recurring parent genome content, with higher protein and oil content had been developed in BC2F4. The protein and total amino acids contents of Cb80 were 44.1% and 41.95%, which were higher than the recurring parent Dongnong 47 whose ratios were increased by 3.5 % and 3.76% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress seriously affects plant growth and development as well as reduces quality and productivity of crops. In order to gain some key functional genes in response to dehydration/drought stress, a digital gene Expression Tag profile of two drought tolerance and sensitivity materials under dehydration had been constructed in our previous study. In the research, a gene encoding bHLH transcription factor, namely GmbHLH25, was identified from expression profile. This gene was significantly induced in leaves and roots under dehydration and the expression showed an obvious difference between two materials. Expression level of GmbHLH25 gene was validated by real - time quantitative PCR. The CDS sequence of GmbHLH had been cloned from two materials. GmbHLH25 gene encodes 368 aa and contains one basic Helix - Loop - Helix (bHLH) motif comprised of 50 amino acid. The homology tree demonstrated that GmbHLH25 was at the same evolutionary branch with homologous proteins of Lotus corniculatus and Medicago. Subcellular localization revealed that GmbHLH25 was distributed preferentially to nucleus. PCR and RT - PCR results showed that GmbHLH25 gene had been integrated into tobacco genome. Overexpression of GmbHLH25 gene improved drought and salt tolerance capacities under water - deficit and high salt conditions. This study will help to clarify the moleculear mechanisms of plants response to drought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wool powder/viscose blended fiber was produced with the method of wet spinning and the blended fiber was dyed with reactive dyes. The dyeing rate and the effect of dyeing temperature, dosage of soda ash, pH value and wool powder content on the dye-uptake of the blended fiber were studied, and thus the optimum processing parameters were obtained. The experimental results showed that the blended fiber with different wool powder content had similar dye-uptake curve and presented similar dyeing rule to reactive dyes. Moreover, the dye-uptake of the blended fiber with 20% wool powder was higher than other blended fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioinformatics of GmRAV homologs in soybean genome was analyzed using Phytome database, NCBI website, MEGA 4.0 and ClustalX softwares. Four copies of soybean GmRAV homologs were found to distribute on chromosome 1, 2, 10 and 20, respectively. GmRAV protein had AP2/ERF doinnin and B3 domnin. According to RAV sequence and phylogenetic relations, Glycine max, Galega orientalis and Medicago truncatula had closer relationships. Among four homologs in soybean, GmRAV and Glyma20g32730 had close relationship, and were in the same cluster within Galega orientalis homolog. Glyma01g22260 and Glyma02g11060 had close relationship within the same cluster of Medicago truncatula MV. Results suggested that larger functional differentiation of RAV copies on photoperiod control might have occurred during evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora root and stem rot, caused by Phytophihora sojae, is an economically important disease of soybean (Glycine max) in Heilongjiang Province of China. Forty - four soybean cultivars were evaluated for their responses to P. sojae race 1 , 3 , 4, 5 , 9, 13 , 44 and 54. Results showed that resistant and intermediate cultivars to the eight races accounted for 29.5% ,40. 9% ,43. 2% ,36. 8% ,45. 5% ,31. 8%, and 72.7% respectively. Forty-four soybean cultivars elicited 37 different reaction types with the eight P. sojae races. Hefeng -44 and Suinong - 12 were deduced to have gene Rps1c or the combination of Rps1a and Rps1c, Rps1c and Rps6, Rps1c and Rps7. Heihe -32 was deduced to have the combination of gene Rps1a and Rps1d. Other cultivars could carry this new single gene or combination of these two genes respectively. It was suggested that there were abundant germplasm resources that resisted Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean in Heilongjiang Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycine max cv Dongnong 50 was transformed with a stress-tolerance gene TaDREB3. Three transgenic lines with stable heredity were obtained and the seeds of the T4 generation were sown in field. The contents of protein,oil,fatty acid and isoflavone in seeds of the three transgenic lines and the non-transgenic control lines were determined and compared. The object was to study whether the introduction of foreign gene TaDREB3 had changed the quality traits of soybean. Results showed that there were no significant differences in protein contents,oil contents,as well as fatty acid contents in soybean seeds between three transgenic lines and the control plants. Between the transgenic line 1 and the control, daidzein contents showed significant difference, but isoflavone contents showed no significant difference. It was suggested that introduction of TaDREB3 into soybean did not cause much change in quality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten polymorphic primer pairs were selected from 100 pairs of AFLP primers by using DNA of Cercospora sojina. A total of 148 polymorphic fragments were obtained by analyzing the 121 C. sojina isolates obtained in Heilongjiang province from 2006 to 2009. 111 halotypes were identified by cluster analysis of the fingerprints of 121 C. sojina isolates using UPGMA software. At the genetic distance threshold 0. 81, six genetic lineages were identified in the 111 haplotypes. The images L03, L05 and L06 were dominant in Heilongjiang province, whereas the linage L02 rarely occurred in this province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed disinfection, concentration of auxin in three processes(germination medium, differentiation of multiple shoot and rooting)during soybean cotyledonary node regeneration was studied by using cultivar Heinong 35. It was confirmed that the most suitable soybean seed sterilization was chlorinesterilization; and in the germination medium 6-BA concentration was 2mg/L; in the multiple shoots differentiation medium 6-BA concentration was 1.70mg/L, GA3 concentration was 0.5mg/L; in the rooting medium 0.37mg/LNAA was more suitable for root growth. On this basis, about 37 maincultivars of soybean in north China were screened fo regeneration by cotyledonary node and five genotypes Hefeng 25, Heinong 35, Hefeng 35, Suinong1 0,Suinong14)were found to be suit? able for the regeneration system.This research provided theoretical andpractical tools for genetransferinsoybean molecularbreeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to describe the whole process of biconical liner jet penetrating into steel target,Bernoulli equation is modified by using shock wave Hugoniot relationship. Double virtual origin is deduced by combining the improved PER theory,and then a penetration depth theoretical model is established by considering the factors of shock wave,jet velocity distribution and jet state. The accuracy of forecasting the penetration depth is improved using the calculation models of shock wave,double virtual origin and jet fracture effect. The influences of demarcation points on penetration depth are compared,and the rules of stand-off distance and biconical liner structural parameters influencing the penetration depth are obtained. The results show that the demarcation point of continuous and break-up jets occurs earlier than the demarcation point of shock wave effect with the increase in stand-off distance. Moreover,the tip velocity,inflection velocity and penetration depth decrease with the increase in top cone angle. But with the increase in height radio of top cone,the tip velocity and penetration depth increase gradually,and the inflection velocity exhibits a descendant trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summing up the theory analysis, simulation calculation and test study, this paper optimized the dual-mode warhead to achieve the conversion of jetting projectile charge (JPC) and jet (JET). It was analyzed the liner collapse situation under single point detonation and annular detonation by the theory, and optimized the shaped charge parameters, such as liner cone, radian radius, thickness and charge height, by the numerical simulation. Then, it obtained the initiation mode and the matching relations of the shaped charge parameters which could get the conversion between JPC and JET. The JPC was formed by single point detonation, and the JET was formed by annular detonation. The liner cone was chosen 80° ∼ 100° , the liner radian radius was 0. 1 time charge caliber, the liner thickness was designed in accordance with liner cone, and the charge height is 0. 9 time charge caliber. Aimed at the optimal structure, the X-ray imaging test was done, and the error between the test and simulation results is within 8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plateau environment is characterized by low oxygen, low air pressure, low temperature, and strong ultraviolet rays, etc. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable chronic lung disease. High altitude environment increases COPD prevalence, clinical manifestation and mortality. The therapeutic window of theophylline drugs for COPD is narrow, and the high altitude environment has an influence on the pharmacokinetics of the drugs. This review summarizes the differences in the prevalence, mortality, clinical manifestation and clinical symptoms of COPD in the plateau and plain, providing a basis for identifying the risk factors of COPD in the plateau areas. The effects of plateau hypoxic environment on the pharmacokinetics of COPD drugs were also discussed. It can provide a rationale for more effective prevention and treatment of COPD at high altitude.

Cerebral hypoxia often brings irreversible damage to the central nervous system, which seriously endangers human health. It is of great significance to further explore the mechanism of hypoxia-associated brain injury. As a programmed cell death, ferroptosis mainly manifests as cell death caused by excessive accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides. It is associated with abnormal glutathione metabolism, lipid peroxidation and iron metabolism, and is involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases. Studies have found that ferroptosis plays an important role in hypoxia-associated brain injury. This review summarizes the mechanism of ferroptosis, and describes its research progress in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, obstructive sleep apnea-induced brain injury and high-altitude hypoxic brain injury.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or plant symbiotic actinomycetes (PSA) play an important role in stimulating plant growth, antagonizing pathogens, tolerating stress, and controlling plant disease. However, whether there is a synergistic effect between AMF and PSA in promoting plant growth and controlling disease is worth exploring. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of AMF and PSA on growth-promotion and controlling disease on Solanaceae vegetables and to obtain effective AMF+PSA combinations. Under greenhouse pot conditions, chili (Capsicum annu-um, cultivar: Yangjiaojiao) and eggplant (Solanum melongena, cultivar: Heiguanchangqie) were inoculated with or without AMF Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Glomus versiforme (Gv), PSA Streptomyces globosus H6-1, Streptomyces rochei S2-2, Streptomyces coralus D11-4 or/and pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea. There were a total of 48 treatments. The growth, disease and root symbiont development of plants were determined. The results showed that Fm and PSA could promote each other's colonization, while Gv and PSA inhibited each other. Compared with the control, AMF, PSA and AMF+PSA improved the photosynthetic performance, root activity, and growth of chili and eggplant. Under the condition of inoculation with pathogenic fungi, AMF and/or PSA treatment significantly increased growth and reduced the disease index of plants, with the effects of PSA being greater than that of AMF. Fm+H6-1 combination had the best effect on the growth-promotion and controlling disease of chili plants, with the controlling effect on gray mold reaching 69.1%. Fm+ D11-4 had the best effect on the growth promotion and controlling disease of eggplant, the controlling effect of which on gray mold reached 75.5%. Fm+H6-1 andFm+D11-4 were efficient combinations of chili and eggplant for promoting growth and controlling disease under the conditions of this experiment. Further tests in field are needed.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in plant growth enhancement, tolerance to heavy metal toxicity, and rehabilitation of contaminated ecosystems. An experiment was carried out with Phragmites communis and Pennisetum alopecuroides inoculated with or without Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri) under the simulated wetland system with Cd polluted water (0, 5, 10 or 20 mg·L -1 ). The results showed that Cd addition significantly decreased mycorrhizal colonization. AMF increased plant height, dry mass, leaf chlorophyll, N and Cd contents in shoot and root of P. communis and P. alopecuroides, enhanced Cd enrichment capability by roots, and decreased Cd transfer coefficient. Under Cd 5 mg·L -1 treatment, all of the indices in Fm + P. communis combination treatment were higher than those of other treatments, with 60.6% of AMF colonization, and the entry points and vesicles per mm root length were 2.3 and 3.7, respectively. Under the inoculation treatment, dry mass of shoot and root was improved by 69.1%, and 75.0%, nitrogen contents in shoot and root were increased by 38.7% and 27.8%, and the chlorophyll content and plant height were increased by 3.8% and 11.1%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between Cd concentration in wetland system and Cd content in shoot and root. Under Cd 20 mg·L -1 treatment, Fm + P. communis combination had the maximum Cd contents of 182.4 mg·kg -1 and 663.3 mg·kg -1 in shoot and root, respectively, the lowest Cd transfer coefficient (0.27), and the highest enrichment coefficient (0.55). In conclusion, Fm + P. communis was the best combination for absorbing Cd in polluted water.

Drug metabolism is significantly affected under hypoxia environment with changes of pharmacokinetics, expression and function of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Studies have shown that hypoxia increases the release of a series of inflammatory cytokines which can modulate drug metabolism. Besides, both hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and microRNA-mediated pathways play a role in regulating drug metabolism. This article reviewed the impact and single-factor modulating mechanisms of drug metabolism under hypoxia, and put forward the speculation and prospects of multi-factor modulating mechanisms.

Salvia miltiorrhiza is one of the commonly used bulk medicinal materials, which has significant effect on cardiovascular disease, and are heavy demanded in Asia, Europe, North America, Russia and Africa. Consequently, increasing the yield and quality of S. miltiorrhiza has become a major concern worldwide. With the current wild resources of S. miltiorrhiza gradually decreasing, cultivated products occupy most of the markets. However, the cultivation area is widely distributed and the cultivation techniques is different, which lead to the quality and yield of S. miltiorrhiza in consistent. This paper combined visiting survey with document analysis to carry out the cultivation situation of S. miltiorrhiza in main cultivation areas of Shandong, Henan, Sichuan, Shanxi and Hebei provinces. There exist big differences of the ecological environment, mode of cultivation, fertilization, pest control, harvesting processing among the producing areas. We should carry on the ecological suitability zoning analysis and suitable cultivation of each area study to form a pattern of high quality and high yield for the sustainable development of S. miltiorrhiza cultivation.

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of different analgesic and sedative treatments in children with mechanical ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)., Methods: Eighty children with mechanical ventilation in the PICU who needed analgesic and sedative treatments were equally and randomly divided into midazolam group and remifentanil+midazolam group. The sedative and analgesic effects were assessed using the Ramsay Scale and the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) Scale. The following indices were recorded for the two groups: vital signs, ventilator parameters, organ function, total doses of remifentanil and midazolam, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of PICU stay, PICU cost, and incidence of adverse events., Results: Satisfactory sedation was achieved in the two groups, but the remifentanil+midazolam group had a significantly shorter time to analgesia and sedation than the midazolam group. The remifentanil+midazolam group had a significantly higher percentage of patients with grade 3-4 on the Ramsay Scale and a significantly lower dose of midazolam than the midazolam group (P<0.05). Both groups showed decreases in heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and spontaneous breathing frequency (RRs) after treatment. However, the remifentanil+midazolam group had significantly greater decreases in HR at 3-24 hours after treatment and MAP and RRs at 3-12 hours after treatment than the midazolam group (P<0.05). Compared with the midazolam group, the remifentanil+midazolam group had significantly higher ventilator tidal volume and transcutaneous oxygen saturation at 6 and 12 hours after treatment and significantly lower end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure at 6 and 12 hours after treatment (P<0.05). The remifentanil+midazolam group had significantly shorter time to awake, extubation time, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of PICU stay than the midazolam group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in PICU cost, incidence of adverse events, and hepatic and renal functions before and after treatment between the two groups (P>0.05). Both groups showed a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose level after treatment (P<0.05)., Conclusions: For children with mechanical ventilation in the PICU, remifentanil+midazolam treatment can rapidly achieve analgesia and sedation, improve the effect of mechanical ventilation, and reduce the dose of sedative compared with midazolam alone, and is well tolerated.

Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures with focus on total removal of cattle and sheep in Junshan District, Yueyang City. Methods The retrospective review and field survey were implemented in the pilot villages in Junshan District. The data of Schistosoma japonicum infection status of human, cattle, sheep and Oncomelania hupensis snails, and density of snails were gathered and modeled in the period of 2006 to 2016. Results The prevalence of schistosome infection in residents in the pilot villages decreased from 3.44% in 2006 to 0.59% in 2012 ( F = 14.501, P = 0.013). After removal of all the cattle and sheep in 2013, the prevalence of schistosome infection in the residents decreased to zero in 2016 ( F = 14.148, P = 0.033). The density of living snails decreased from 0.883 3/0.1 m 2 in 2006 to 0.308 8/0.1 m 2 in 2012 ( F = 76.250, P = 0.005). Conclusion The comprehensive schistosomiasis control strategy with focus on cattle and sheep removal is remarkably effective.

Based on the best modification ration of adsorption of phenol on montmorillonite modified by a mixture of amphoteric modifier, dodecyl dimethyl betaine(BS-12), and cationic modifier, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTMAB),an experiment was designed to prepare two series of amphoteric-cationic modified soils by two yellow brown soils with montmorillonite contents of 43% and 6%,respectively. The adsorption properties of phenol were studied, and the adsorption influence at different temperature, pH and ionic strength was also analyzed and moreover, the adsorption differences between co-modified montmorillonite and yellow brown soils and between two co-modified yellow brown soils were discussed by comparing with co-modified montmorillonite. The results showed that adsorption of yellow brown soils as well as co-modified montmorillonite on phenol increased with combined modification, adsorption capacity was in order of 215BS+215CT(215%BS-12+215%CTMAB) > 215CT(215%CTMAB) > 215BS(215%BS-12) > CK1(unmodified soil containing montmorillonite content of 43%),33BS+33CT(33%BS-12+33%CTMAB) > 33CT(33%CTMAB) > 33BS(33%BS-12) > CK2(unmodified soil with montmorillonite content of 6%) at 30℃.Henry model described the adsorption of phenol very well. The phenol adsorption of modified yellow brown soils decreased with increasing temperature and pH, but increased with increasing ionic strength at low concentration ranges as well as modified montmorillonite. The basic reason for adsorption difference between co-modified montmorillonite and yellow brown soils and between two co-modified yellow brown soils was Cation Exchange Capacity(CEC).

To study the effect of the addition of compound adsorbent on the phenanthrene and Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption of Lou soil, biochar (made from corn stover) and B 200B (Bentonite modified by BS-12, dodecyl dimethyl betaine with modified ratio of 200% CEC of Bentonite) were mixed at mass ratios of 1:2, 1:1 and 2:1 as the compound adsorbents (CS 1:2 , CS 1:1 and CS 2:1 ). Different amounts (2%, 5% and 10%) of these three compound adsorbents were added into Lou soil. Batch method was used to analyze the phenanthrene and Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption isotherms of different Lou samples, and compare the effect of environmental conditions such as pH value and temperature on the phenanthrene and Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption. The results indicated: ① Adsorption amounts of Cr(Ⅵ) on different Lou samples were 3.02 to 13.61 times higher than CK (original Lou soil). Under the same adding conditions (amount), Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption showed the order of CS 2:1 Lou > CS 1:1 Lou > CS 1:2 Lou > CK. Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption was a spontaneous process with decreased enthalpy (except CS 1:2 ) and increased entropy. Adsorption amounts of phenanthrene on different Lou samples were 3.87 to 13.00 times higher than CK. Phenanthrene adsorption presented the ranking of CS 1:2 Lou > CS 2:1 Lou > CS 1:1 Lou > CK at the adding amounts of 2% and 5%, while showed the order of CS 1:2 Lou > CS 1:1 Lou > CS 2:1 Lou > CK when 10% of the compound adsorbent was added. The adsorption was also a spontaneous process with decreased enthalpy and increased entropy. ② When the temperature was 10-30℃, the adsorption amount of Cr(Ⅵ) increased by 5.84%, 4.63% and 8.22% on CK, CS 1:1 and CS 2:1 Lou soils, and reduced by 2.70% on CS 1:2 Lou soils. Adsorption amount of phenanthrene increased by 1.69% of CK and reduced by 10.55%, 4.36% and 12.81% of CS 2:1 , CS 1:1 and CS 1:2 Lou soils respectively. ③ When the pH was 4-10, the Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption had no significant change for CK, while those for CS 1:2 , CS 1:1 and CS 2:1 Lou soils all reduced. Phenanthrene adsorption of CK, CS 1:2 and CS 1:1 Lou soils was all highest at pH=4, and phenanthrene adsorption of CS 2:1 Lou was highest at pH=7.④ The higher the ratio of B 200B in compound adsorbent, the better the phenanthrene adsorption was. The higher the ratio of biochar in compound adsorbent, the better the Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption was.

The drug transporter play a key role in the absorption of drugs. Investigation of the changes of drug transporters in response to hypoxia will provide insight into the mechanism of drug absorption. In this study we investigated the mRNA and protein expression of the transporter P-gp after acute hypoxia, and evaluated the effects of P-gp changes on absorption of levofloxacin in the intestine. The relative expression of m RNA and protein were reduced by 50.80% and 71.30%(P < 0.05). In the single-pass intestinal perfusion model, the intestinal wall permeability was increased by 56.16%, 226.00%, 77.74% and 141.00% in the time intervals at 30-60 min, 60-90 min, 90-120 min and 120-150 min although P-gp expression was decreased(P < 0.05). These results suggest that hypoxia may decrease the expression of P-gp in the intestine to reduce the excretion of levofloxacin and increase the absorption.

Objective: To study the changes in the physiological parameters and gene expression of two drug efflux transporters MDR1 and MRP2 in the small intestine, liver and kidney of rats exposed to acute hypoxia., Methods: Eighteen Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group, hypoxia for 24 h group and hypoxia for 72 h group. Blood samples were obtained from the abdominal aorta of the rats after the exposure for analyzing the physiological indexes. The mRNA expressions of MDR1 and MRP2 were determined using Real-Time PCR, and their protein expressions were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)., Results: The physiological parameters of the rats in hypoxia group were significantly changed compared with those in the control group. The expressions of MDR1 and MRP2 mRNA and proteins in the small intestine, liver and kidney were significantly increased in rats with hypoxic exposure than in the control rats (P<0.05 or 0.01). As the hypoxic exposure prolonged, the two transporters showed different patterns of variation in different tissues., Conclusion: Acute hypoxia affects the physiological parameters and expression levels of MDR1 and MRP2, thus causing changes in the metabolism of the substrates of the transporters. These changes may play an important role in the pharmacokinetics of drugs at a high altitude.

Objective: To study the correlation between serum procalcitonin (PCT) level and severity of infant muggy syndrome (IMS) and the predictive value of PCT in the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in children with IMS., Methods: Fifty children with IMS were classified into two groups according to the presence of MODS: MODS (n=29) and non-MODS (n=21). According to a 30-day follow-up result, they were classified into survival (n=36) and deceased groups (n=14). Vital signs, routine biological measurements (arterial blood gas, blood routine, CRP, liver and kidney functions, myocardial enzyme and so on) and the disease severity evaluated by the Pediatric Critical Illness Score (PCIS) within 24 hours of admission were recorded. Serum levels were measured using the semi-quantitative PCT-Q test within 24 hours of admission., Results: Forty-seven children (94%) had elevated serum PCT levels (≥ 0.5 ng/mL) at admission. There were lower PCIS scores, higher rates of MODS and higher levels of serum PCT in deceased patients than survivors (P<0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between serum PCT levels and PCIS scores (r=-0.84, P<0.05). Serum PCT levels in the MODS group were significantly higher than in the non-MODS group (P<0.01). Receiver operating characteristic curve showed that, if the cut-off point of serum PCT level was 10.6 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity of PCT were 79.3% and 90.5% respectively, in predicting MODS, with the area under the curve of 0.924 ( P<0.01)., Conclusions: Serum PCT level at admission is correlated with the severity of IMS and it may be an early predictive marker of MODS.

Objective: The present study was undertaken to design antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) of glial glutamate transporter-la (GLT-1a) and to evaluate the effectiveness of the designed AS-ODNs on the expression of GLT-1a., Methods: Five sequences of GLT-1a AS-ODNs were designed according to the C terminus specific sequences of GLT-1a mRNA using antisense design software of IDT Com- pany. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the inhibition effects of the five GLT-1a AS-ODNs on the expression of GLT-la., Results: The sequence of GLT-1a AS-ODNs with sequence of 5'-GGTTCTTCCTCAACACTGCA-3' could specifically inhibit the expression of GLT-1a in the hippocampal CA1 subfield of rats, while it had no effect on the expression of GLT-1b. This sequence showed similar inhibition on the expression of GLT-la in sham and ceftriaxone (Cef)-treated rats. It could also significantly inhibit the cerebral ischemic preconditioning (CIP)-induced up-regulation in the expression of GLT-1a. The magnitude of the inhibition in sham, Cef- or CIP-treated rats was similar by more than 60%., Conclusion: From the designed five sequences of GLT-1a AS-ODNs, we obtained an effective sequence which can specifically inhibit the expression of GLT-1a.

Objective: To establish a method based on restricted access media-high performance liquid chromatography for direct online sample injection and detection of plasma and urine furosemide in rats., Methods: The column of restricted access media was used as the pre-treatment column and a C18 column as the analytical column. The mobile phase of the pre- treatment column was water-methanol (95:5, V/V) with a volume percentage of formic acid of 0.1%. The mobile phase of the analytical column was methanol-water (65:35, V/V) for plasma and methanol-water (55:45, V/V) for urine samples, all containing a volume percentage of formic acid of 0.1% with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detection wavelength was 274 nm and the column temperature was maintained at 25 degrees celsius., Results: The calibration curve showed an excellent linear relationship in rat plasma furosemide concentration range of 0.1-3.2 µg/ml (r=0.9995) and in urine concentration range of 0.5-32 µg/ml (r=0.9991). The average recoveries of furosemide at 3 spiked levels ranged from 101.82% to 113.36% for plasma and from 98.75% to 112.27% for urine samples. The detection showed good intra- and inter-day assay precisions and accuracies with the relative standard deviations all below 5%. The pharmacokinetic parameters AUC(0→24) was 6.265 g/(ml·h) with a t(1/2) of 2.447 h and a C(Max) of 1.414 g/ml. The mean cumulative excretory rate of furosemide in the urine of rats over 24 h was 32.50%-39.08%., Conclusion: Detection of furosemide in plasma and urine samples using restricted access media-high performance liquid chromatography is simple and efficient and allows direct online injection of the samples.

Objective: To study the effect of hyperoxia exposure on the expression of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in fetal rat lung fibroblasts (LFs)., Methods: Primary rat embryonic LFs were cultured in vitro. LFs grew to subconfluence and then were randomly divided into air and hyperoxia exposure (95% O₂, 5% CO₂) groups. After LFs were cultured for 12 and 24 hours, the proliferation was analyzed by MTT. p53 mRNA level was detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). p53 and PCNA protein levels were determined by Western blot., Results: After 12 and 24 hours of culture the growth inhibition rate of LFs was 8% and 23% respectively in the hyperoxia exposure group. p53 mRNA and protein levels increased significantly (P<0.01) in the hyperoxia exposure group after 12 and 24 hours of culture compared with the air exposure group. Hyperoxia exposure decreased PCNA expression after 24 hours of culture (P<0.01)., Conclusions: Hyperoxia exposure increases p53 level and decreases PCNA expression, resulting in inhibitions of LFs proliferation and DNA repair.

Objective: To explore the expression of p-p38 MAPK protein and the number of astrocytes expressing p-p38 MAPK in CA1 hippocampus in rats during the induction of brain ischemic tolerance induced by intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IH) preconditioning., Methods: Thirty healthy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 5 in each group): sham 0 min group, IH + sham 0 min group, sham 7 d group, IH + sham 7 d group, Ischemia (Is) 7 d group, and IH + Is 7 d group. Neuropathological evaluation was performed by thionine staining in CA1 hippocampus in rats. The expression of p-p38 MAPK in CA1 hippocampus was observed by immunohistochemical staining. And the number of astrocytes expressing p-p38 MAPK was observed by immunofluorescent double labeling., Results: The results showed that IH preconditioning induced brain ischemic tolerance successfully. At the same time, IH preconditioning obviously up-regulated the expression of p-p38 MAPK protein in CA1 hippocampus, and also increased the number of astrocytes expressing p-p38 MAPK., Conclusion: It might be concluded that IH preconditioning induced brain ischemic tolerance by up-regulating the expression of p-p38 MAPK protein in pyramidal neurones and astrocytes.

Objective: To investigate the protective effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on the nerve cells of neonatal rats under oxidative stress., Methods: Primary cortical neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes from newborn rats were cultured. An oxidative stress model was established with different concentrations of H2O2 (0-60 μmol/L); the degree of damage of nerve cells was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase assay, and the viability of nerve cells was tested by MTT assay. An oxidative stress model was established with different concentration of H2O2 (0-80 μmol/L). Expression of Akt/p-Akt (Ser473) in neurons was measured by Western blot before and after IGF-1 (25 ng/mL) administration., Results: Compared with those not treated with H2O2, the cortical neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes treated with different concentrations of H2O2 for 24 hours showed increased damage and decreased cell viability; compared with oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, neurons showed significantly more changes (P<0.01). Compared with those not treated with H2O2, the cortical neurons treated with different concentrations of H2O2 for 5 minutes showed a significant decrease in p-Akt (Ser473) level (P<0.01), which was dependent on the concentration of H2O2. For the neurons treated with low-concentration H2O2, the addition of IGF-1 could reverse the inhibition of Akt phosphorylation, eliminating the difference in p-Akt level compared with the neurons not treated with H2O2, (P>0.05); however, it had no significant effect on the inhibition of Akt phosphorylation by high-concentration H2O2, and the treated neurons still had a lower p-Akt level than untreated neurons (P<0.01 for all). For the cortical neurons that had been treated with different concentration of H2O2 for 1 hour, the addition of IGF-1 (25 ng/mL) could eliminate thedifference in p-Akt level between the treated neurons and untreated neurons (P>0.05)., Conclusions: Cortical neurons are more sensitive to oxidative stress induced by H2O2 than other nerve cells. IGF-1 has protective effects on cortical nerve cells under oxidative stress.

Objective: To investigate the clinical features of invasive fungal infections (IFI) in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and, to provide a basis for the effective prevention and treatment of IFI., Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical features and treatment outcomes of 38 children with IFI who were admitted to the PICU of Wuhan Children's Hospital between January 2009 and August 2012., Results: Pulmonary fungal infection (89%) was the most common among the 38 cases. Before diagnosis of IFI, all patients had severe underlying diseases and received several broad-spectrum antibiotics, including carbapenems, which were used in 95% of cases; 47% of all cases had been treated with corticosteroids systemically; all patients had received invasive operations, and 47% of them had undergone endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. None of these cases had either typical clinical symptoms and signs or specific imaging findings. Fifty-six strains of fungi were isolated, with Candida albicans (41%), Aspergilli (25%), and Mucor (20%) being the most common ones. All patients received timely antifungal therapies, 15 cases were cured and 16 cases showed improvements, with a response rate of 82%, and the rate of adverse events was 16%., Conclusions: In the PICU, the respiratory tract is the most common site of IFI infection, and Candida albicans is the leading pathogen. Severe underlying diseases, use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids, and invasive operations are the main risk factors for IFI in the PICU. Early diagnosis and timely treatment with high-performance antifungal drugs can improve the prognosis in children with IFI.

Objective: To observe the expression of p38 MAPK and HSP 70 in CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus of rats induced by limb ischemic preconditioning (LIP)., Methods: Ninety-six rats were randomly divided into sham and LIP groups. And the animals in the LIP group were further divided into LIP 6 h, LIP 12 h, LIP 1 d, LIP 2 d, LIP 3 d, LIP 4 d and LIP 5 d subgroups according to the time of reperfusion after LIP. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to observe the expression of p38 MAPK and HSP 70 in CA3 and DG regions of the hippocampus., Results: The results of the immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were consistent, which indicated that there were fluctuation in the p-p38 MAPK and HSP 70 expression in CA3 and DG regions after LIP compared with those of the sham group. The expression of p-p38 MAPK began to be up-regulated 1d after LIP and reached its peak at 3 d and lasted for 4 d after LIP. However, the expression of HSP 70 was significantly up-regulated 2 d after LIP compared to the sham group, reached its peak at 3 d and lasted until the 4 d after LIP., Conclusion: LIP up-regulates the expression of p38 MAPK and HSP 70 in the CA3 and DG regions of the hippocampus of rats.

The paper is to report the pharmacokinetics of furosemide in rats living at plain area and high altitude. After intragastric administration of furosemide (2.87 mg x kg(-1)), serial blood samples (0.5 mL) were collected by retro-orbital puncture at 0, 20 min, 40 min, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h, samples were determined by LC-MS/MS, and plasma concentration-time data were analyzed by DAS 2.0 software to get the related pharmacokinetic parameters. The main pharmacokinetic parameters: area under curve (AUC), mean residence time (MRT), the biological half-life (t1/2) and the peak concentration (C(max)) of furosemide, were significantly increased at high altitude, the time to reach peak concentration (t(max)) and clearance (CL) was significantly decreased. This study found significant changes on the pharmacokinetics of furosemide under the special environment of high altitude. This finding may provide some references for clinical rational application of furosemide at high altitude.

Aim: To establish a set of reliable methods of isolation, culture and characterization of cardiac fibroblasts from adult mice., Methods: Fibroblasts were isolated from adult mice and cultured using combined trypsin-type II collagenase digestion method or tissue block culture method. The cell growth of cardiac fibroblasts was observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope. Cell viability of the different cell passages was evaluated by Trypan blue staining. The proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts was analyzed by growth curve, MTT assay and DNA cell cycle analysis, respectively, to observe the effects of different culture media on the growth of cardiac fibroblasts. The expressions of vimentin, fibronectin and discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) on the cardiac fibroblasts were observed by immunofluorescence staining., Results: After 1 d culture with the enzyme digestion method, the adherent cells were ellipse observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope and after 3 d, cells were spindle and grew quickly. But only after 4 d isolation and culture by the block culture method, it was observed that cells grew from the border of tissues and after 7 d, the cells started to amplify gradually. The cell viability rate of both culture methods were more than 97%. Growth curve of the third passage presented a "S" shape by both methods. MTT assay showed the optimal cell proliferation value on day 3 to day 5. The ratio of G0-G1 phase and S+G2+M phase were respectively 62.61% and 30.87% by enzyme digestion method, and 69.24% and 28.05% by block culture method. Log phase was found in cardiac fibroblasts cultured in HG/DMED supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The cell colonies like a swirl were observed at the third passage by HE staining. Under a fluorescent microscope, the cells were highly positive for the expressions of vimentin, fibronectin and DDR2 which were the classical phenotype of the fibroblasts., Conclusion: The cardiac fibroblasts could be effectively obtained by both enzyme digestion and block culture methods. Compare to the block culture method, the cells isolated by the combined enzyme digestion method expressed the higher levels of fibroblasts markers such as vimentin, fibronectin and DDR2.

Objective: To explore the protective effects of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) on the survival and apoptosis of cortical neurons of neonatal rat under oxidative stress and its significance., Method: Primary cortical neurons from newborn rat were cultured and the oxidative stress model was established. Then cells were randomly divided into IGF-1 group and control group. The concentration of LDH in supernatant was detected. Cell survival was determined with MTT assay and the expression of active Caspase-3 was measured using Western Blotting., Result: (1) The values of LDH gradually decreased with the increasing IGF-1 added to the cells [(0.5065 ± 0.0064) to (0.435 ± 0.0065), (P < 0.01)], but when the concentration of IGF-1 reached a certain level (> 25 ng/ml), there were no longer obvious effects on the level of LDH [(0.42 ± 0.012) to (0.418 ± 0.0098), (P > 0.05)]; Western blot showed that the level of active Caspase-3 was significantly decreased after treatment with IGF-1 [(0.662 ± 0.033) to (0.199 ± 0.01), (P < 0.01)]. (2) Compared with control group, without or with low concentration of H2O2 (0 - 40 µM), the values of LDH and the expression of active Caspase-3 in IGF-1 group were significantly decreased[(1.518 ± 0.137) to (1.068 ± 0.067), (P < 0.05) and 0.850 ± 0.042 to 0.597 ± 0.03, P < 0.01, respectively] while the values of MTT obviously elevated [(0.773 ± 0.062) to (1.196 ± 0.057), (P < 0.05)]; but with higher concentration (≥ 60 µM) of H2O2, the values of LDH and MTT and the expression of active Caspase-3 in IGF-1 group all had no significant difference (P > 0.05). (3) When the concentration of H2O2 reached 60 µM and higher, whatever concentration of IGF-1 could not lower the level of LDH compared with control group [(2.376 ± 0.04) to (2.442 ± 0.046), (P > 0.05)]., Conclusions: Oxidative stress can induce IGF-1 resistance of cortical neurons in neonatal rat, and even increasing the concentration of IGF-1 can not restore their sensitivity to IGF-1.

Objective: Division of the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus of Wistar rat under the stereomicroscope., Methods: Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups. (1) The brain was sectioned coronally (n = 6). The sections were stained with thionin and the morphology of cells in each region of the hippocampus was observed under microscopy. (2) The hippocampus was dissected out and observed on the whole. Then, the CA1, CA3 and DG regions of the hippocampus were divided. Every region divided was sectioned, and the morphology of cells was observed. (3) Rats with brain ischemia or not were also decapitated and the HSP 70 expressions were observed in CA1, CA3 + DG regions by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining (n = 12)., Results: (1) The CA1, CA3 and DG regions of the hippocampus could be clearly observed in coronal section of the brain stained by thionin. (2) Under the stereomicroscope, the CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus could be separated along the hippocampal fissure between them in ventral surface of the hippocampus. The CA3 and DG regions of the hippocampus could be separated along a fissure between them. The appearance of cells in the sections of the divided CA1, CA3 and DG specimens is consistent with that in the brain coronal sections, respectively. (3) The results of Western blot indicated that the HSP 70 expression of the brain ischemia group was up-regulated significantly in CA3 + DG regions compared with the sham group. However, HSP 70 expression has no significant changes in CA1 region. The above results were consistent with those of the immunohistochemical staining., Conclusion: The CA1, CA3 and DG regions of the hippocampus of Wistar rat could be divided under stereomicroscope, and the divided each region was sensible for detection of protein using Western blot.

Objective: To investigate the effects of Matrigel on expression of focal adhesion kinase and on proliferation and apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cell II of premature rat exposed to hyperoxia., Methods: The primary premature rat AECII (gestation 19 d) were cultured in vitro. For establishing hyperoxia-exposed cell model, purified AECII were cultured for 12 hours after culture flasks were filled with 95% oxygen-5% CO2 at 5 L/min, and then sealed for 12 hours. DNA content, phosphor and total protein of FAK were detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting respectively after 12 hours of air or hyperoxia exposure in the presence or absence of Matrigel. To investigate the relationship between FAK activated and proliferation or apoptosis of type II alveolar epithelial cells, levels of proliferation and apoptosis of AECII were measured by immunohistochemical assay of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and TUNEL method respectively., Results: FAK and FAK-Tyr(397) activity of AECII on Matrigel-coated substrate increased: compared with air group, the expression of PCNA decreased and apoptotic index increased markedly in hyperoxia group (0.1498 ± 0.009 vs. 0.0953 ± 0.006, P < 0.05; 1.232 ± 0.6 vs. 13.40 ± 3.2, P < 0.01), but the expression of PCNA of AECII on Matrigel-coated substrate increased significantly (0.1498 ± 0.009 vs. 0.1921 ± 0.008, P < 0.01) and apoptotic index did not change. The expression of PCNA increased significantly (0.0953 ± 0.006 vs. 0.1125 ± 0.012, P < 0.05) and apoptotic index decreased markedly in hyperoxia + Matrigel group as compared with hyperoxia group (13.40 ± 3.2 vs. 7.641 ± 1.6, P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Hyperoxia decreased the level of FAK and FAK-Tyr(397) in AECII, which may be a contributory mechanism of impaired proliferation and apoptosis of AECII in hyperoxia induced lung injury in premature rat. Matrigel could inhibit apoptosis and promote proliferation of AECII resulted from hyperoxia in vitro. Matrigel may play a protective role in hyperoxia-induced lung injury partly due to activated FAK.

Objective: To observe whether formalin inflammatory pain can induce neuron apoptosis in rats spinal cord or not and the effects of nitric oxide on the spontaneous pain reaction and neuron apoptosis in the spinal cord of rats with formalin inflammatory pain., Methods: Formalin-induced paw licking time was used to reflect the degree of spontaneous pain of rats, and the flow cytometry was used to detecte neuron apoptosis rate of spinal cord., Results: Compared with control group, the apoptosis ratio of spinal neuron was increased in the rats with formalin inflammatory pain, and peaked at 3d after formalin injection. Pre-intrathecal injection of NOS inhibitor L-NAME inhibited the nociceptive behavioural response in double phases induced by fonnrmalin injection and cut down the neuron apoptosis ratio of spinal cord of rats with formalin inflammatory pain. Nociceptive behavioural response and incraesed neuron apoptosis in the spinal cord were induced by intrathecal injection of L-Arg in normal rats., Conclusion: The results indicated that formalin inflammatory pain could induce the apoptosis of spinal neurons. The neurons apoptosis was the most significant on the third day after formalin injection. The increased pruduction of NO in spinal cord could promote the transmit of nociceptive information and participate the induction of neuronal apoptosis during the formalin inflammatory pain.

Objective: To explore the effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) on the proliferation and conversion of rat embryonic lung fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen, and therefore to explore the function of PAI-1 in pulmonary fibrosis., Methods: The embryonic lung fibroblasts from pregnant Wistar rats were isolated and cultured in vitro. The reproduction rate of fibroblasts at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h after being stimulated by PAI-1 with different concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 µg/L) was measured by MTT assay. After being stimulated by PAI-1 with the most suitable concentration (20 µg/L) for 48 h and 72 h, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was measured by immunocytochemical technique, and the mRNA expression of α-SMA and type-1 collagen at 24 h and 48 h was measured by real-time PCR., Results: PAI-1 with different concentrations stimulated the proliferation of fibroblasts. The highest proliferation rate and absorbance in concentration of 20 µg/L and at 12 h were 62.6% and 0.573 ± 0.039. The comparison of different concentrations showed that the difference was significant (F = 111.112, P = 0.000). Therefore, 20 µg/L was selected as the most suitable concentration. Using immunocytochemical method, the optical density of PCNA at 48 h and 72 h were 3685 ± 686 and 2530 ± 477 after being stimulated with 20 µg/L PAI-1. The comparison showed significant difference (F = 7.85, P = 0.02). The expression of α-SMA increased (230 ± 11)% and (159 ± 9)% at 24 h and 48 h after being stimulated with 20 µg/L PAI-1, and the difference was significant (F = 39.92, P = 0.0003). The expression of type-1 collagen increased (92 ± 8)% and (65 ± 12)%, the difference being significant (F = 32.61, P = 0.0006)., Conclusion: PAI-1 can promote the proliferation and conversion of fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis.

Objective: CyclinD1 and p21CIP1 are major proteins to regulate lung cell proliferation and involved in lung development and lung injury reparation. This study aimed to explore the expression manners of CyclinD1 and p21CIP1 at canalicular, saccular and alveolar stages during lung development in Sprague-Dawley rats., Methods: Lung tissues were obtained from fetal rats of 20 and 21 days gestational ages, and neonatal rats at 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days (n=6). Lung tissues were used for histopathology and the protein analysis of CyclinD1 and p21CIP1 (immunohistochemistry and Western blot)., Results: The strongest expression of CyclinD1 and the weakest expression of p21CIP1 occurred at 20-21 days gestation (canalicular stage). At the canalicular stage, CyclinD1 was mainly expressed in epithelial cells, and the expression of p21CIP1was negative. At the saccular stage, the expression of CyclinD1 decreased significantly and the p21CIP1 expression increased significantly. Positive expression of CyclinD1 and p21CIP1 was found in epithelial cells and interstitial cells. At the alveolar stage, the CyclinD1 expression was the lowest and the p21CIP1 expression was the highest. The positive expression of CyclinD1 was found in interstitial cells and that of p21CIP1 was found in epithelial cells., Conclusions: The location and quantity of CyclinD1 and p21CIP1 expression are different at various stages during lung development in rats. A strongest CyclinD1 expression found in the canalicular stage may be associated a high lung cell proliferation. A strongest p21CIP1 expression found in the alveolar stage may be associated with alveolar maturity.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the TOP2A RNA expression and the relationship of TOP2A protein expression with metastasis-free interval in breast cancer patients., Methods: TOP2A expression was analyzed prior to surgery in 86 patients. The level of TOP2A gene amplification was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), its RNA expression level with RT-PCR, and their correlation with TOP2A protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation between RNA expression level and metastasis-free interval in breast cancer patients was also analyzed., Results: Aberrations (amplification or deletion) of TOP2A copy number was observed in 25.6% (22/86) of the cases. TOP2A protein expression was detected in 66.3% (57/86) of the samples. There was a significant correlation between the TOP2A RNA expression and protein expression (P < 0.001). TOP2A gene expression was significantly associated with the metastasis-free interval in the breast cancer patients (P = 0.001). There was no significant correlation between TOP2A gene amplification and TOP2A protein expression (P = 0.211)., Conclusions: TOP2A RNA level is an objective and reliable prognostic indicator in breast cancer.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of apoptosis of EC9706 tumor-bearing nude mice induced by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)., Methods: Human esophageal carcinoma cell line EC9706 cells were inoculated into nude mice to establish the solid tumor model. The tumor models were divided into the following groups: ATRA group, fluorouracil group, the two-drugs combination group, and with an equal volume fraction of solvent as the control group. The nude mice were sacrificed after 10 days of medication. TUNEL staining was used to detect cell apoptosis. RT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of mRNA and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression level of protein of caspase-3 and survivin, the apoptosis-related genes in the tumor tissue., Results: The apoptosis rates of the ATRA group, 5-Fu group and ATRA + 5-Fu group were 44.3%, 39.7% and 91.0%, respectively. There was a significant difference in comparison with the control group (0.7%), and the ATRA group had no significant difference compared with that of the fluorouracil group (P > 0.05), but the apoptosis rate of the two-drugs combination group was significantly higher than that in the two single-drug groups (P < 0.05). The average gray value of caspase-3 protein expressed in the control group was 46.12 ± 0.33 and the relative expression of caspase-3 mRNA was 0.14 ± 0.03, both were significantly lower than that in the ATRA group, 5-Fu group and the two-drugs combination group (P < 0.05). The average gray value of survivin protein expressed in the control group was 96.07 ± 0.13 and the relative expression of survivin mRNA was 0.84 ± 0.04, both were significantly higher than those of other groups (P < 0.05). The ATRA group had no significant difference compared with the fluorouracil group (P > 0.05), but the two-drugs combination group was significantly different compared with the single-drug groups (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Apoptosis in the EC9706 tumor cells in nude mice can be induced by ATRA. The mechanism may be related with down-regulation of the level of survivin gene expression and up-regulation of the level of caspase-3 gene expression.

Objective: To observe the relationship between expression of retinoic acid receptor-β(RAR-β) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and chemotherapy response., Methods: Fifty-two cases advanced ESCC patients treated by DDP and 5-FU, DDP 80 mg/m(2), divided into 5 days; 5-FU 375 mg/m(2), d1-5. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of RAR-β in ESCC. Fifty cases normal esophageal tissue were used as controls., Results: RAR-β immunoreactivity was recognized in both cytoplasm and nucleus, RAR-β positive rate was lower in ESCC compared with normal tissue (61.5% vs 92%, P < 0.05). The 52 cases ESCC patients were treated 228 chemotherapy cycles, the overall response rate (OR) was 71.2%. The OR in RAR-β positive patients was 84.4% (27/32), significant higher than RAR-β negative patients 50.0% (10/20) (P < 0.05). The time-to-progression (TTP) for RAR-β positive patients was 5.9 months, the median survival period was 12.1 months, 2 years survival rate was 56.7%; whereas TTP for RAR-β negative patients was 2.1 months, the median survival period was 5.8 months, 2 years survival rate was 32.9%. There was significant difference between the 2 groups (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: RAR-β protein expression by immunohistochemistry may be a useful indicator to predict the chemotherapy response and clinical outcome for ESCC, meanwhile it may be an avenue for target therapy.

Objective: To explore the clinical significance of toll-like receptor 4 expression on the surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in uremic patients and observe the effect of ultrapure dialysate on the PBMC expression of TLR4 in these patients., Methods: Eighty patients on maintenance dialysis were randomly divided into two groups: conventional dialysate group (CD, n=40), ultrapure dialysate group (UPD, n=40) and 40 uremic patients without dialysis in NHD group. The blood cells from all patients and 40 healthy controls were stained with FITC labeling anti-TLR4 monoclonal antibodies. Samples were collected and analyzed by flow cytometry., Results: The expression of TLR4 was significantly lower in CD group (18.1±3.7) than in NHD group (24.5±4.6, P<0.05) and healthy control group (31.6±5.8, P<0.01). And marked difference existed between CD group (18.1±3.7) and UPD group (23.1±3.2, P<0.05) at Month 6 post-dialysis. In CD group the expression of TLR4 became significantly smaller as the duration of dialysis increased (P<0.05) while in UPD group although the expression of TLR4 became smaller as the duration of dialysis became longer. But the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05)., Conclusion: The PBMC expression of TLR4 becomes down-regulated in uremic patients with or without dialysis and its expression is smaller in conventional dialysate group than in ultrapure dialysate group. The conventional dialysate may suppress the expression of TLR4 while the phenomenon is absent in ultrapure dialysate group.