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Mulberry is a perennial deciduous woody plant, and its leaves are homologous food of medicine and food, which have been widely used in feed industry in recent years. After fermentation, the content of anti-nutritional factors such as cellulose and tannin in mulberry leaves is reduced, and the content of crude protein, crude fat, amino acids, and minerals is abundant, which has the effect of improving feed conversion rate and animal product quality. The paper mainly introduces the contents of conventional nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals in mulberry leaves, the commonly used strains for fermentation, and the changes of nutrients, anti-nutritional factors and bioactive substances in mulberry leaves after fermentation. The effects of fermented mulberry leaves on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal health of pigs, ruminants, poultry and fish were summarized. The future research direction of mulberry in the field of feed industry was prospected, in order to provide a reference for the efficient utilization of mulberry in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of corn stalk leaves and pith on the growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, and serum biochemical indexes of mutton sheep. Thirty healthy ewes weighing (30.0 ± 3.0) kg were randomly divided into two groups according to the principle of similar body weight, with three replicates in each group and five ewes in each replicate. The sheep in the control group were fed a corn straw as the roughage, the sheep in the experimental group were fed corn stalk leaves and pith as the roughage, and the sheep in the experimental group and the control group were fed the same concentrate. The pre-trial period was 10 days and the formal trial period was 90 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the average daily gain of the experimental group increased by 10.58%, the average daily dry matter intake increased by 1.01%, and the feed to gain ratio decreased by 8.66%. The apparent digestibility rates of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, calcium, and phosphorus in the experimental group were 6.52%, 8.69%, 9.43%, 8.17%, 8.43%, 5.87%, and 6.51% higher than those in the control group, respectively. Compared with the control group, the total protein content, globulin content, and alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum of sheep in the experimental group increased by 3.41%, 10.70%, and 12.42%, respectively, and the urea nitrogen content decreased by 5.00%. The concentrations of serum immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, complement C3, and complement C4 in the experimental group were 5.89%, 7.90%, 7.58%, 6.95%, and 2.66% higher than those in the control group, respectively. The experiment o indicates that compared with the whole corn stalk, corn stalk leaves and pith are a kind or high quality roughage herbivorous livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to investigate the effect of different proportions of Moringa oleifera leaves polysaccharides on the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes and immune function of Sanhuang chickens. A total of 600 oneday- old Sanhuang chickens were randomly divided into five groups with eight replicates in each group and 15 chickens in each replicate. The chickens in the control group (CON group) were fed a basal diet, and the basal diet of group T1, group T2, group T3 and group T4 was supplemented with 0.08%, 0.12%, 0.16% and 0.20% Moringa oleifera leaves polysaccharides, respectively. The trial period was 42 days. The results showed that compared with the control group, the feed to gain ratio of Sanhuang chickens in the group T1, group T2 and group T3 from 1 to 21 days of age decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the body weight of Sanhuang chickens in group T3 at 42 days of age increased significantly (P<0.05). From 1 to 42 days of age, the feed to gain ratio of Sanhuang chickens in the experimental groups decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the content of serum albumin in the group T2 increased significantly (P<0.05), while the content of serum urea nitrogen in the group T3 decreased significantly (P<0.05). The glucose content in serum of the group T1, group T2 and group T3 increased significantly (P<0.05). The thymus index of the group T3 increased significantly ( P<0.05), the serum IL-4 content of the group T1, group T3 and group T4 increased significantly (P<0.05), the serum IL-6 content of the group T2 and group T3 decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the serum IL-1β content of the experimental groups increased significantly ( P<0.05). The experiment indicates that adding Moringa oleifera leaves polysaccharides can improve the growth performance, promote the development of immune organs, improve immune function and improve protein metabolism of Sanhuang chickens, and adding 0.16% has the better effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the leaf color and optimize the facility of cultivation system of Aglaonema commutatum ‘Big apple', its hydroponic seedlings were used as the test material in this study, six light qualities(white light, R:B = 1:1, R:B = 1:2, R:B = 2:1, R:B = 1:3, R:B = 3:1, in which R and B represent red light and blue light, respectively)and two photoperiods(8 h·d-1, 12 h·d-1)were cross cultured to determine the growth amount, biomass, soil and plant analyzer development(SPAD)value, anthocyanin content and leaf color parameters(hue value a*, hue value b*, luminosity L* and hue angle h*), and to investigate its response to red and blue light qualities and photoperiodic interactions. The results were as follows:(1)The dry weight and fresh weight of A. commutatum seedlings treated with LP11(R:B=1:3×12 h·d-1)were the highest, which was most conducive to plant growth and biomass accumulation; followed by LP5(R:B=1:3×8 h·d-1)treatment.(2)Under the same light quality condition, the SPAD value of 8 h·d-1 photoperiod was higher than that of 12 h·d-1 photoperiod, the anthocyanin content of 12 h·d-1 photoperiod was higher than that of 8 h·d-1 photoperiod, the SPAD value of LP11 treatment was the lowest and the anthocyanin content was the highest. The leaf color parameters a* and b* of A. commutatum cultured in 12 h·d-1 photoperiod were higher than those in 8 h·d-1 photoperiod, and the value of h* was lower than that in 8 h·d-1 photoperiod.(3)The principal component analysis showed that the LP11 treatment was the most effective in promoting the growth and leaf color improvement of A. commutatum. In conclusion, 12 h·d-1 photoperiod is more conducive to the growth and leaf color change of A. commutatum, and LP11 treatment is the best combination of light quality and photoperiod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercus gilva is a precious timber tree species in middle subtropical China. In order to investigate the phenotypic diversity, phenotypic variation pattern and the major geographic and climatic factors influencing phenotypic variation of Q. gilva populations, 15 growth and leaf traits of 115 individuals from 14 natural populations were measured, and then the phenotypic diversity, variation pattern and the correlation between phenotypic variation and geographic and climatic factors were studied using nested analysis of variance, phenotypic differentiation coefficient, diversity index, correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results were as follows:(1)The average variation coefficient and the average Shannon-Wiener index of 15 phenotypic traits were 35.070% and 1.998, respectively. Variation coefficient and Shannon-Wiener index of 14 populations ranged from 14.94%(Dongkou)to 35.56%(Longshan)and from 1.127(Songyang)to 1.980(Changning), respectively. These results indicated that Q. gilva showed a relatively high level of phenotypic diversity.(2)Significant differences in 15 phenotypic traits were found among and within populations(P<0.01), with an average phenotypic differentiation coefficient of 41.491%. This result elucidated that the phenotypic variation within populations was greater than that among populations.(3)Correlation analysis showed that there were significant or entremely significant correlations among parts of the traits, whereas no correlation was found between phenotypic traits and geographic factors. Precipitation was the major factor that influenced the phenotypic traits of Q. gilva.(4)Principle component analysis indicated that the first four principal components explained 82.961% of total phenotypic contribution rate of Q. gilva.(5)Cluster analysis revealed that 14 Q. gilva populations were divided into three groups according to their different leaf and petiole size, such as small-leaved micropetiole, large-leaved macropetiole and medium-leaved micropetiole, which was not related to the geographic distribution of populations. This study provides scientific basis for the protection and utilization of Q. gilva germplasm resources, and lays an important foundation for its improved variety breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The purpose was to study the effects of nitrogen application and leaves retention on the yield and quality of yellow sun-cured tobacco. 【Method】 Using the yellow sun-cured tobacco variety ‘Cunsanpi’ as the material, a split-area experimental design was adopted, and the two-factor experiments of nitrogen application of 82.5, 97.5, 112.5 and 127.5 kg/hm² and the number of leaves retained of 16, 19 and 22 leaves/plant (Total 12 treatments) were conducted to study its effects on the agronomic traits, yield, average price, yield value and appearance quality of yellow sun-cured tobacco. 【Result】 The results showed that increased nitrogen fertilization could promote the growth of tobacco plant and increase nitrogen metabolism, and at the same time, it was conducive to the improvement of agronomic traits such as stem girth, pitch, leaf length and width, and leaf area. Within a certain range of nitrogen application, tobacco yield increased with the increase in the number of leaves retained. Within a certain range of the number of leaves, the tobacco yield varied with the nitrogen application. When the number of leaves was 16 leaves/plant and 22 leaves/plant, the tobacco yield showed an upward trend with the increase of nitrogen application. When the number of retained leaves was 19 leaves/plant and the applied nitrogen ranged from 82.5 kg/hm² to 112.5 kg/hm², the tobacco yield increased with the increase of applied nitrogen. From the same level of nitrogen application of different number of leaves of tobacco leaf yield changes, when the nitrogen application of 127.5 kg/hm², the tobacco yield with the increase in the number of leaves of tobacco leaf is a downward trend. When the nitrogen application was 112.5 kg/hm² and the number of retained leaves was 19 leaves/plant, the tobacco leaf yield value was the highest, which was 54 567.00 yuan/hm². When the nitrogen applications were 82.5 kg/hm² and 97.5 kg/hm², the tobacco leaf yield value increased with the increase of the number of retained leaves. From the point of view of the average price of tobacco with different number of leaves of the same nitrogen application, when the nitrogen application was 82.5 kg/hm² and 127.5 kg/hm², the average price of tobacco showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the number of leaves of the same application. When the N application was 97.5 kg/hm², the average price of tobacco leaf increased with the increase of the number of retained leaves. When the nitrogen application was 112.5 kg/hm², the average price of tobacco leaf increased and then decreased with the number of leaves retained, and was higher in the treatment with 19 leaves/plant. The appearance quality of tobacco leaf was better in three treatments: 82.5 kg/hm² of nitrogen application, 16 leaves/plant; 97.5 kg/hm² of nitrogen application, 22 leaves/plant and 127.5 kg/hm² of nitrogen application, 19 leaves/plant. 【Conclusion】 Under the conventional cultivation condition of ensuring density of 15 150 plants/hm², applying nitrogen at 112.5 kg/hm² and retaining leaves at 19 leaves/plant, the yellow sun-cured tobacco variety ‘Cunsanpi’ could obtain better economic benefits in Fuquan, Guizhou. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The present paper aimed to explore the physiological and biochemical response of Nymphaea minuta to low light environment, and to provide theoretical basis for seedling breeding and potted flower production management of micro-tropical water lily represented by N.minuta. 【Method】 A completely random experimental design was conducted. The shading treatments were set to 0(total illumination control, CK), 30% (light shading), 50% (medium shading), 70% (heavy shading) respectively by constructing shading nets with different layers. The number of leaves, leaf dry weight, leaf area and other growth indicators were measured by shading treatment for 120 days. The content and composition of photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugar, soluble protein and starch contents were measured by shading treatment for 30, 60, 90 and 120 days respectively. The effects of different shading conditions on leaf growth, photosynthetic pigment content and primary metabolites content of N.minuta were analyzed. 【Result】 During the shading period of 30-120 days, there were no significant differences between the average leaf area, photosynthetic pigment content, and soluble protein content of N.minuta treated with shading rate of 30%, 50% and CK (P＞0.05). After shading treatment for 120 days, the leaf number, average leaf dry weight, specific leaf weight, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and starch content of N.minuta decreased with increasing shading rate, while total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, chlorophyll a/b content and carotenoid content all increased with increasing shading rate. Comparing with CK, the shading rate of 70% at 120 days treatments, the leaf number, average leaf dry weight and specific leaf weight of N.minuta were significantly decreased by 52.9%, 81.3% and 57.8%, respectively (P＜0.05, the same as below), total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content and carotenoid content were significantly increased by 108.7%, 81.6%, 237.5% and 88.2% respectively, chlorophyll a/b content was significantly decreased by 39.1%, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content and starch content were significantly decreased by 43.4%, 56.2% and 53.2% respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that the leaf number and average leaf dry weight were extremely positively correlated with soluble protein content (P＜0.01, the same as below), and the average leaf dry weight was negatively correlated with total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content and carotenoid content. 【Conclusion】 N.minuta grew well in light and medium shading environments with shading rates of 30% and 50%, showing good light adaptive response and regulation ability. These two shading methods can be used for reference in the breeding of micro-tropical waterlily seedlings and potted flower production management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plants that comprise the vegetation of Chinese subtropics are diverse with respect to geographical distribution patterns. Understanding how the plants with different geographical distribution patterns that live together in this region differ in their ecological niches, would advance our knowledge of species coexistence mechanisms. Here, based on the data of woody angiosperm community composition in eight broad-leaved forest dynamics plots widely distributed in the Chinese subtropics, by adopting statistical methods such as phylogenetic linear model and analysis of variance (ANOVA), we examined the differences in life history traits, including leaf habit and growth form, as well as ecological behaviors (i.e., Ellenberg indicator values), between the plants of temperate distribution pattern genera and the plants of tropical distribution pattern genera. The results were as follows: (1) For the 265 study genera, distribution pattern genus showed a significant phylogenetic signal (i.e., Pagel’s λ = 0.935, P＜ 0.001) . (2) The temperate distribution pattern genera comprised a higher ratio of deciduous broad-leaved plants and trees than the tropical distribution pattern genera, and there were more evergreen broad-leaved plants and shrub in tropical distribution pattern. (3) The plants of temperate distribution pattern genera exist in environments with high light, low temperature and water compared with the plants of tropical distribution pattern genera, regardless of the effects of leaf habit and growth form were controlled or not. (4) For all the plants, or for each leaf habit or growth form group separately, the ratio of species richness of the temperate distribution pattern genera to the tropical distribution pattern genera in the forest was controlled by mean annual temperature (MAT) . The findings imply that the plants of temperate and tropical distribution pattern genera differe in both their life history traits as well as their ecological behaviors, and the geographical turnover of plants of these two distribution patterns in the Chinese subtropical broad-leaved forests is largely controlled by MAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation and mechanism of hydrogen-rich water (HRW)on the growth and photosynthesis of strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.). This would benefit agriculture by the application of HRW. [Methods]HRW was used to irrigate strawberries, and parameters such as leaf growth, photosynthetic gas exchange and photosynthetic efficiency were determined. Surface water irrigation was as the control. [Results]After the treatment, the leaf area of strawberries increased, the dry weight and fresh weight of leaves increased by 57.7% and 60.4%, respectively, and the relative growth rate and net assimilation rate increased by 50.0% and 59.9%, respectively, indicating that HRW had a significant effect in promoting strawberry growth. After HRW treatment, the chlorophyll a content increased by 14.4%, the chlorophyll b content did not change significantly, and the net photosynthetic rate of leaves increased by 22.3%, the contents of soluble sugar, glucose and sucrose in leaves significantly increased. After HRW treatment, the electron transport rate of PSⅡ increased but was not significant, while the significant decrease of quantum yield of photosystems Ⅱ nonregulatory energy dissipation Y(NO)indicated that the protection and regulation ability of the PSⅡ of strawberry leaves was improved. While the electron transport rate of PSⅠ and effective photochemical quantum yield Y(I) significantly increased, suggesting that the cyclic electron flow of PSⅠ was improved. Further analysis showed that the transmembrane proton gradient(ΔpH)was significantly higher than that of the control, accounting for the main part of proton motive force, and the ATP content increased by 43.9% compared with the control, confirming the cyclic electron flow results. [Conclusions]Hydrogen-rich water can promote growth and photosynthesis of strawberry leaf by enhancing cyclic photosynthesis electron flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The genetic rules and male induced effect of gynoecious were analyzed in order to provide a reference for the breeding gynoecious lines in bitter gourd（Momoridca charantia L. ）. [Method] Gynoecious line MC39-4-5 and weak pistillate line MC6-1-12,medium pistillate line MC6,strong pistillate line MC39,super strong pistillate line MC9 were crossed in the study. Differentiation of flowers type were counted in F1,F2,BCP1,BCP2 generations, and qualitative genetics was analysed by Chi square test（χ²）. Effect of AgNO3 on flower type differentiation of monoecious plant and gynoecious were compared, and fertility of bisexual flower pollen and stigma were tested in bitter gourd. At stage with four leaves and one growth point（SWFLAOGP） and mature stage（MS）, the male induction effect was compared in the internode length（IL）,stem diameter（SD）,differentiation time and number of bisexual flower. [Result] MC39-4-5 was corossed with MC6-1-12, MC6, MC9 and MC39. The separation of F2 and BCP1 were consistent with the segregation ratio of 3∶1 and 1∶1,which conformed to Mendelian genetic law. Compared with before male induction by AgNO3,there was no significant difference in male flower differentiation of MC6,MC9 and MC39 after male induction（P＞0. 05,the same as below）. After male inducting, there was no differentiation of bisexual flower in MC6,there was differentiation of a small amount of bisexual flower in MC9,MC39,there was only differentiation of bisexual flower in MC39-4-5. The pollen of bisexual flower was fertility and the stigma was sterile. At SWFLAOGP,the IL of male induction was 9. 92 cm, IL of control（CK） was 7. 85 cm, the SD of male induction was 0. 36 cm, SD of CK was 0. 26 cm. So the differences of IL and SD were extremely significant between CK and male induction（P＜0. 01,the same as below）. But at MS,the differences of IL and SD were not significant between CK and male induction. The time required for the first opening flower and the number of bisexual flower were 24. 3 and 13. 6 days at SWFLAOGP, the numbers of bisexual flower were 10. 0 and 19. 3, showing extremely significant difference（P＜0. 01）. [Conclusion] The gynoecious to monoecious plant is controlled by a recessive single gene. AgNO3 can not promote the differentiation of male flower in bitter gourd, and induce bisexual flower but not male flower in gynoecious. The pollen of bisexual flower is fertility and the stigma is sterile. The induced effect at MS is significantly better than the SWFLAOGP. As a consequence, AgNO3 male induction should be performed at mature stage to breed and seed reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the effect of mulberry leaf on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes and economic benefits of finishing pigs. A total of 192 'Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire' three-way hybrid finishing pigs were selected, and randomly divided into four groups, with six replicates in each group and eight pigs in each replicates. The finishing pigs in control group were fed with basic diet, and pigs in test groups were supplemented with 4%, 8% and 12% mulberry leaf to replace the bran in basic diet. The test period was 30 d. The results showed that compared with control group, the average daily gain of finishing pigs in 8% group and 12% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). The average daily feed intake of finishing pigs in 12% group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the activity of T-AOC and SOD in serum of 12% group finishing pigs were significantly increased (P<0.05), the activity of GSH-Px in serum of 8% group and 12% group finishing pigs were significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the serum IgG content of finishing pigs in 8% group and 12% group was significantly increased (P<0.05), the serum IgA content of finishing pigs in 12% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the content of complement C3 in serum of finishing pigs in 12% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the content of serum GLB and HDL in 12% group of finishing pigs were significantly increased (P<0.05), the content of serum GLU and LDL in 8% group and 12% group of finishing pigs were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The single head profit of 4% group, 8% group and 12% group was 13.58, 73.32 and 125.77 yuan higher than that of control group. The study indicates that adding mulberry leaf in diet can effectively improve growth performance of finishing pigs, enhance the antioxidant, immune and metabolic functions of body, improve the economic benefits of finishing pigs. It is recommended to add 12% albumen mulberry in diet of finishing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photinia × fraseri is a common color-leaved tree species native to South China and widely used in landscaping and gardening in the south. Its ornamental value in landscaping is commonly acknowledged. In this study, two year old cutting seedlings of two varieties of Photinia × fraseri, i.e. Photinia × fraseri Red Robin and Photinia × fraseri Robusta, were taken as the test materials, the introduction of the two varieties were conducted in the Jinzhong region to measure the growth performance and leaf phtsiological indexes in attempt to evaluate their performance in growth and physiological acclimation to local environmental conditions. The results showed that the relative lateral growth of Photinia × fraseri Red Robin in the year was significantly higher than that of Photinia × fraseri Robusta. However, the leaf conductivity of Photinia × fraseri Robusta was significantly higher than that of Photinia × fraseri Red Robin. Meanwhile, the relative lateral growth of two varieties of Photinia fraseryi was significantly positively correlated with leaf starch content, while the relative leaf conductivity of Red Robin was highly variable among individuals and significantly negatively correlated with the relative lateral growth. Above results suggested that Red Robin was not only outperformed Robusta on growth performance in the introdunction place in the growing season, but also highly varied in relative leaf conductivity among individuals. Further selection of individuals with low leaf cell membrane permeability and high growth should be conducted to obtain new Photinia fraseri varieties more suitable for cultivation in the semi arid area of the Loess Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the effects of high-strength plastic mulch film application on cotton production and residual film recovery，field tests were conducted using four different types of high-strength mulch films，and one type of traditional PE mulch film in the cotton fields of Alar City，Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region，China in 2020. The planting and production characteristics of cotton treated with different plastic films mulching were analyzed during the growing period of the crop，and the residual plastic film was recycled thereafter. The results revealed that high-strength mulch film significantly increased the soil temperature in 0~5 cm soil layer of cotton field. Moreover，their water vapor transmission rate was around 20.7~35.7 g·m-2 ·d-1 ，which was significantly lower than that of the traditional PE mulch film（P< 0.05），and it reduced the soil moisture loss and exhibited a better function through increasing the soil temperature and preserving the soil moisture. Compared with the traditional PE film mulching，the high-strength mulch films significantly increased the rate of seedling emergence and leaf growth（P<0.05），and were more beneficial for the growth and yield of cotton，thereby，leading to an increase in the yield rate by 3.1%~4.7%. In addition，high-strength mulch film exhibited higher recovery rate and economic benefit than the traditional PE mulch film，as their mechanical and artificial recovery rate were higher than 83%. High-strength mulch film with higher mechanical properties and recovery efficiency is more conducive to the growth and development of cotton than the traditional PE mulch film，as it exerts a higher comprehensive benefit. However，it is still necessary to evaluate and validate the application of high-strength mulch films to a wide range of areas and crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To screen soil nutrients and light conditions that effectively promote the growth of Picea koraiensis saplings and to provide a scientific basis for establishing growth promotion techniques for P. koraiensis saplings, a split-zone design experiment was conducted with P. koraiensis saplings plantations of 8-10 years old in Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, using three light conditions (full light, 0. 5 depression, 0. 7 depression) with nitrogen addition (100 g / plant-yr) and control plots to analyze the effects of light and nitrogen addition on growth and leaf morphological function of P. koraiensis saplings. The results showed that: The annual growth of tree height was the highest under full light conditions, and the annual growth of ground diameter was the highest under full light fertilization conditions, followed by 0. 5 degree of depression; the effect of N addition on the annual growth of tree height and ground diameter was small. Between different light conditions, with the increase of canopy density, the specific leaf area and chlorophyll content increased, leaf dry matter content and chlorophyll a/b decreased, and leaf nutrient content did not change significantly; the effect of N addition on leaf morphology, chlorophyll content and leaf nutrient content was not significant. The effect of light on the growth, leaf morphology and photosynthetic capacity of P. koraiensis saplings was more significant than that of N addition, and saplings under full light and N addition had larger annual growth of tree height and ground diameter, and the lowest annual growth ratio of high diameter. Nitrogen addition can promote the photosynthetic efficiency of saplings. The full light condition or nearly full light condition should be selected for the forestation of P. koraiensis, and the photosynthetic capacity of saplings can be improved by nitrogen addition after forestation to promote growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of HCO- 3 on the growth and physiological characteristics of plants under the stress of bicarbonate in karst environment. The growth, photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmotic regulation substance content and cell membrane damage of Broussonetia papyrifera and Morus alba seedlings under three different concentrations of NaHCO3(0, 15, 30 mmol·L-1, respectively)were examined in the present study. The results were as follows:(1)Under HCO-3 treatment, the growth and photosynthetic capacity of Broussonetia papyrifera and Morus alba seedlings were significantly inhibited, accompanying the physiological responses of leaf cells to antioxidant and osmotic stress were significant. (2)The inhibitory effects of HCO-3 on the growth of Broussonetia papyrifera and Morus alba were concentration-dependent, and showed significant differences among examined concentrations(P<0.05). (3)The inhibitory effects of the growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme system and osmotic regulation system and the damage of plant cells under 30 mmol·L-1HCO- 3treatment were significantly stronger than those of 15 mmol·L-1HCO-3 treatment.(4)Under the same concentration of HCO-3, the growth, photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant enzyme activity, osmotic regulating substance content of Broussonetia papyrifera were significantly higher than those of Morus alba, and its leaf cell damage was significantly lower than that of M. alba. The results mentioned above indicate that HCO- 3 inhibits the growth, photosynthesis and resistance physiology of M. alba and Broussonetia papyrifera under bicarbonate stress, and the tolerance of B. papyrifera to bicarbonate stress is better than that of Morus alba, which means that Broussonetia papyrifera is more adaptable to the environment of bicarbonate stress. This study provides scientific support for the adaptation mechanism of Moraceae to karst environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant functional traits can reflect response strategies of plants to environmental changes. In this study, we used a one-way ANOVA and redundancy(RDA)to compare the differences in leaf functional characters of Dicranopteris pedata in three micro-topographies(ridge, slope and valley of the ephemeral gully)and to analyze the response and adaptation strategy of D. pedata to shallow trench micro-topography. The results were as follows:(1)The overall variation degree of leaf functional characters of D. pedata was between 0.05 and 0.47. Both leaf thickness and leaf area were showed as the order of valley > slope > ridge(P<0.05). The leaf N content at the slope was significantly higher than that at the ridge and valley. The leaf P content was significantly lower at the ridge than those at the slope and valley. There was no significant differences in specific leaf area and leaf C content among three micro-topographies.(2)D. pedata at the ridge reduced water loss to protecte itself by reducing leaf area. D. pedata at the slope increased the photosynthetic rate of leaves to promote growth by increasing the N content of leaves. D. pedata at the valley improved light capture ability to promote growth by increasing the leaf area. The above results indicate that due to the differences of soil nutrients, temperature and humidity conditions, D. pedata can achieve better adaption to the environment by adjusting nutrient content and changing leaf morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of different levels of Pfaffia paniculata stem and leaf silage on growth performance, slaughter performance and muscle nutrient composition of Guangxi Ma chicken. Two hundred 80-day-old Guangxi Ma chickens were randomly divided into four groups (control group, group 1, group 2 and group 3) with five replicates per group and 10 chickens per replicate. The control group chickens were fed with basal diet, group 1, group 2 and group 3 chickens were fed content 30%, 40% and 50% Pfaffia paniculata stem and leaf silage, respectively. The experiment lasted for 90 d. The result show that compared with the control group, the results showed that the average daily gain in group 2 was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Slaughter percentage and abdominal fat percentage in group 1 were significantly increased (P<0.05), and water content of breast muscle in group 3 was significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the content of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, tyrosine and phenylalanine in the chest muscles of each experimental group were increased, the content of aspartic acid, proline, serine and tyrosine in the leg muscles of each experimental group were increased. The study indicates that the growth performance, slaughter performance and muscle quality of Guangxi Ma chicken were improved to some extent by adding Pfaffia paniculata stem and leaf silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melia azedarach is widely distributed in China and has a wide range of genetic variation. In order to study the growth characters of one-year-old seedlings of M. azedarach from different seed sources, the growth characters of seedling height, ground diameter, compound leaf growth and biomass accumulation of M. azedarach seedlings from 15 seed sources were observed, and the growth rhythm was fitted by logistic equation. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences between seedling height and ground diameter (P<0.05), and significant differences between root biomass, stem biomass and compound leaf (P<0.01). (2) The growth of seedling height and ground diameter showed a slow-fast-slow growth pattern with type S. Compared with the emergence time of seedling height growth peak, the emergence time of ground diameter growth peak was later. (3) The R² of logistic fitting equation was 0.976-0.994, which reached the extremely significant correlation level, indicating that the growth rhythm of M. azedarach can be fitted by logistic equation. (4) According to theoretical calculation and practical observation, the duration of fast-growing stage of ground diameter was generally 20-30 d longer than that of high-speed growth stage of seedling. The time of seedling height and ground diameter entering fast-growing stage and ending fast-growing stage in northern locality was earlier than that in southern locality. (5) All though traits were negatively correlated with latitude, seedling height, biomass and leaf area were positively correlated with longitude, while other traits were negatively correlated with longitude. In general M. azadarach begongs to full-time growth type with significant differences in growth traits among seed sources. The growth was regulated by both latitude and longitude, mainly by latitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the host, the hairy roots have good growth conditions, which is the key to establish the hairy root-AM fungus dual culture system. In order to optimize the medium composition, to screen the sucrose concentration suitable for the growth of hairy roots and to improve the growth of tobacco hairy roots, leaf growth of two types of tobacco, NC82 and Va116 were induced to have hairy roots through solid and liquid culture on 1/2MS medium with different sucrose concentrations and confirmed by PCR. The effects of sucrose on the growth of two tobacco hairy roots were studied by measuring the number of branches, fresh weight(FW)and dry weight(DW)of hairy roots. The results were as follows:(1)C58C1 could induce hairy roots in both tobacco leaves, but the induction rates were different. The induction rate of NC82(87.3%)was higher, which was 2.26 times that of Va116(38.6%).(2)The number of hairy root branches induced by NC82 and Va116 increased with the incubation time, and the increased amount varied with the concentration of sucrose. Sucrose has a significant effect on the growth of hairy roots, depending on the tobacco variety and the number of initial branches.(3)The solid medium was optimized to cultivate the induced NC82 and Va116 hairy roots, and the inhibitory sucrose concentrations for branch number growth were 25 g·L-1 and 15 g·L-1, respectively. In addition, the results of liquid optimized culture showed that the hairy roots induced by NC82 and Va116 reached the maximum F(D)W at 25 g·L-1 and 15 g·L-1, respectively, which were 0.541 g(0.055 g)and 0.474 g(0.050 g)respectively, which was mutually corroborated with solid optimized culture.(4)The present data suggested that the concentration of sucrose in the medium significantly affected the growth of hairy roots. Considering the number of branches, F(D)W, and hairy root growth vigor, C58C1 induced NC82 hairy roots with optimal sucrose concentration was 25 g·L-1, and the hairy roots of Va116 was 15 g·L-1. The study of tobacco hairy roots optimized the suitable sucrose concentration in the medium, laying a foundation for subsequent large-scale propagation of hairy roots; at the same time, established a hairy root-AM fungus double culturing system and solved the problem of poor growth of hairy roots as a host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the difference of physiological and biochemical characteristics of spring shoots and the change rule of different endogenous hormones in Polygala fallax. The growth dynamics of spring shoots were monitored, and the contents of abscisic acid(ABA), auxin(IAA), gibberellin(GA), ethylene(ETH)and zeatin nucleoside(ZR)were determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)change. The results were as follows:(1)The growth and development of the spring shoots of P. fallax could be divided into rapid growth period(0-12 d), growth transition period(16-20 d)and slow growth period(24-32 d).(2)The contents of endogenous hormones ABA, GA, ETH and ZR in slow growth period were significantly higher than those in rapid growth period and growth transition period, and the difference of IAA contents in each period was small.(3)The spring shoot length, bottom leaf length and width were negatively correlated with ABA, GA, ETH and ZR contents in the rapid growth period, and were significantly correlated with ZR content, and positively correlated with IAA content; In the growth transition period, each index was positively correlated with GA, ETH and ZR contents, and was significantly correlated with GA content, but negatively correlated with ABA content; During the slow growth period, each index was positively correlated with the contents of five endogenous hormones, and was significantly correlated with the contents of IAA and ZR. The results provide a theoretical basis for the use of exogenous hormones to regulate the spring shoot extraction and growth of P. fallax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of composite plant extracts Piper sarmentosum Roxb. and guava leaf on growth performance and serum indexes of weaned piglets. A total of 200 21-day-old weaned piglets were selected and randomly divided into two groups, with five replicates in each group and 20 piglets in each replicate. Piglets in control group were fed with a basal diet, the piglets in experimental group were fed with the basal diet supplemented with composite plant extracts at 200 mg/kg. The experimental period was 21 d. The results showed that there was no significant difference on growth performance of piglets among the groups（P>0.05）. Compared with control group, the experimental group supplemented with the compound plant extract in the diet significantly decreased the serum cholesterol（CHOL） and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol（LDL-C） content of piglets（P<0.05）, glutathione peroxidase（GSH-Px）activity was significantly increased（P<0.05）, serum content of interleukin-4（IL-4）, interleukin-10（IL-10） and transforming growth factor-β（TGF-β） were significantly increased（P<0.05）, the content of interleukin-1β（IL-1β）,interleukin-6（IL-6） and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α） were significantly decreased（P<0.05）, and serum endotoxin（ET-1） content and diamine oxidase（DAO） activity were significantly decreased（P<0.05）. The study indicates that adding compound plant extracts to diet can improve the antioxidant performance and immune function of weaned piglets, and improve the intestinal mucosal barrier function of piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quantitative estimation of nitrogen content in rice leaves has been one of the most critical steps to realize precision fertilization and variety breeding in modern agriculture. Optical remote sensing technology has been emerging in recent years. The multi- and hyper-spectral remote sensing data can be utilized to rapidly obtain the physical and chemical parameters, such as the rice nutritional status, pest stress, and phenotypic information. Therefore, it is very necessary to implement the high-throughput acquisition of breeding phenotypes in the rice digital production using spectral technology. In this study, a rapid and accurate inversion of nitrogen content was realized to detect the spectral characteristics and variation in the rice leaves using the character transfer vegetation index in the spectral technology. The results showed that there were all the same changes in the spectral curves of rice leaves in the key growth periods, indicating the extremely significant characteristics of "two valleys and one peak" in each period. The spectral characteristic curve varied significantly in the visible and near-infrared regions in the period of rice growth. Specifically, the spectral curve changed greatly in the near-infrared region from the tillering to the heading stage, whereas, the hyperspectral reflectance increased gradually in each growth period. The characteristic bands of the rice nitrogen content were extracted from the continuous hyperspectral reflectance with lots of redundant information. The vegetation index of nitrogen content inversion was then constructed for the rice leaves. Since the continuous projection was a forward band selection, the projection of each cycle was calculated in the remaining band starting from a band variable, and then the band corresponding to the maximum value of the projection vector was introduced into the band combination, while ensuring the lowest correlation between the selected and previous band, finally to repeat the above steps until the selected number of bands were fully met the given requirements. Therefore, the continuous projection was used to screen the characteristic bands of rice hyperspectral in the band of 400-1000 nm, where the correction set was utilized to conduct the internal cross validation of the selected bands. Six hyperspectral characteristic bands of nitrogen content in rice leaves were screened, i.e., 500, 555, 662, 690, 729, and 800 nm, according to the Root Mean Square Error of Cross Validation (RMSECV) values in the validation. Once the form of vegetation index was determined, the current vegetation index of rice nitrogen content was mostly constructed to change the bands for a new one. The mature form of vegetation index was normally used to determine the optimal band, according to the different inversion parameters. Nevertheless, there was still lacking of relationship between nitrogen content and spectral characteristics. Therefore, the multiple characteristic bands were first converted into three bands for the nitrogen characteristic transfer index, according to the band characteristic transfer. A linear regression model was established to verify the inversion model of nitrogen content in rice leaves. Taking Nitrogen Characteristic Transfer Index (NCTI) as the input, the inversion model of rice nitrogen content was constructed by linear regression. The determination coefficient of the model was 0.774, and the root mean square error was 0.379 mg/g. The inversion performed better, compared with the traditional vegetation indexes, such as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and EVI (Ratio Vegetation Index). Consequently, the NCTI can be widely expected to serve as a hyperspectral vegetation index for the rapid inversion of nitrogen content in rice leaves in practical application. The finding can provide promising data support and strong reference for the spectral detection of nitrogen content in rice leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present study focused on the effects of rain-shelter cultivation on kiwifruit leaf physiological indexes and fruit quality. [Method] The leaf weight, leaf chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity and fruit quality indexes of kiwifruit during development were compared under two cultivation conditions of open-field cultivation (CK) and multi -story steel frame arch shed (MS) and rammed chain compound film roof shed (RS). [Result] Compared with CK,MS and RS cultivation could significantly increase leaf weight, sugar-acid ratio, chlorophyll a content and total chlorophyll content in leaves at early stage of fruit development, leaf CAT activity, fruit Ve content and fruit weight per fruit at late stage of fruit development, and MS cultivation had more significant effect on improving fruit weight. Compared with CK, MS and RS cultivation could significantly reduce the content of titrable acid in fruits, but the effects of MS and RS cultivation on chlorophyll b content, SOD and POD activities, fruit shape index and so on during fruit development had no obvious rules, and there were no significant differences between MS and CK in most periods. [Conclusion] Rain-shelter cultivation is beneficial to the growth of kiwifruit leaves, and can improve the quality and flavor of kiwifruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reveal the regulation function of lncRNA on the chimeric character formation and development of the leaf of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus, Hiseq2500 sequencing and SMRT the third-generation full-length transcriptome sequencing were applyed to identify lncRNA of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 6 018 lncRNA were identified, containing 3 298 intergenic lncRNA, 870 antisense lncRNA, 717 intron lncRNA and 1 109 sense lncRNA, which were greatly improved compared with the second-generation information.(2)Structural analysis showed that the overall expression level of lncRNA was lower than that of mRNA. The transcript length distribution of lncRNA in the range of 400-1 200 nt was higher than that of mRNA, while in the range > 1 600 nt, the proportion of lncRNA distribution was significantly lower than that of mRNA. The number of exons in lncRNA was generally less than that of mRNA, and the open reading frame was also shorter in length than that of mRNA.(3)For analysis of differential expression, 1 710 differentially expressed lncRNA were identified during the development of complete green and complete white leaves.(4)Target gene prediction results showed that 5 441 lncRNA were predicted target genes by Cis action, and 1 544 lncRNA were predicted target genes by Trans action.(5)Functional annotation and enrichment analysis of target genes revealed that the target genes of differentially expressed lncRNA mainly act on metabolic activities and signal transduction of leaves as enzyme proteins, and were closely related to leaf color formation, photosynthesis and leaf growth. The lncRNA information identified in this paper and, as well as the analysis of its structure and functions, provide the data basis for the study of the epigenetic regulation mechanism of lncRNA in Ananas comosus var. bracteatus and other plants in Bromeliaceae. The identified differentially expression of lncRNA plays an important role in the chimeric character formation and development of leaf of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dynamic simulation was performed here to characterize the external morphology, accumulation, and distribution of dry matter in the celery (Apium graveolens L.) under a solar greenhouse. A two-year experiment was carried out in a greenhouse from 2018 to 2020 in the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Base, Wuqing District, Tianjin, China (east longitude 116.97 °, latitude 39.43 °, altitude 8 m). There were 2 or 3 transplanting dates for each stubble, including the early transplanting date (EP, about 15 days earlier than the local conventional planting date), medium transplanting date (MP, local conventional transplanting date that was transplanted in mid September), and the late planting (LP, about 15 days later than the local conventional transplanting date). A random block group design was adopted, where three replicates were set for each transplanting date. The variety of celery was selected as Juventus. Five development stages were also divided, namely, the transplanting date (T), outer leaf growth period (OLG), cardiac hypertrophy period (CH), wither period (W), and uprooting period (U). An external morphology model was constructed with the photo-thermal index (PTI) as an independent variable, according to the relationship between the growth dynamic of external morphology and key meteorological factors (temperature and radiation) of celery in a greenhouse. The PTI was also used to establish the dry and fresh matter distribution model. A module of dry matter accumulation in the celery was established under the amount of training using the double integral of leaf area index (LAI) and daily length in photosynthesis per unit leaf area, while considering the simulation modules of photosynthesis and respiration. A new model of fresh matter accumulation was established to combine the relative water content of each organ in each developmental stage. The whole growth model of celery was built in a greenhouse from each sub-module. The model parameters were then calibrated and determined. The rationality and accuracy of modules were validated using the statistical indicators. The results showed that: 1) In the external morphology model, the RMSE of simulated and measured morphological indicators of root length, main stem width, main stem length, plant height and LAI by pruning and natural were 2.46 cm, 1.49 mm, 6.72 cm, 11.08 cm, 0.74 m²/m² and 0.77 m²/m², respectively, and the NRMSE was between 16.63% and 20.63%. 2) In the model of dry and fresh matter distribution, the RMSE of the simulated and observed dry matter distribution index of each organ were between 8.24% and 27.19%, and the NRMSE was between 0.60% and 7.01%, respectively. 3) In the dry matter accumulation model, different dry matter of organs (including root, green stems, and leaves, total stem and leaf, stem, petioles, overground by pruning and natural) of dry matter simulated and measured values of RMSE were from 3.82 to 85.80 g/m², while the NRMSE were from 14.21% to 23.13%. Furthermore, the dry matter accumulation model presented a high accuracy, when simulating the dry matter of different organs. Consequently, the model can be expected to accurately simulate the external morphology, accumulation, and distribution of dry matter, thereby systematically and quantitatively representing the growth dynamics of celery in a solar greenhouse. A growth process of celery was also elucidated to realize and quantify the dynamic monitoring of celery growth. Therefore, the finding can provide sound technical support to the intelligent production and management of leaf vegetables in a solar greenhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effects of applying organic manure combined with foliar Se on the growth of Atractylodes macrocephala, and the possible mechanism thereof, an experiment using five different treatments was conducted to determine the effects of the treatments on leaf growth（a functional characteristic of leaves）, yield and rhizospheric soil properties. The five treatments were as follows：spraying with distilled water（CK）; mineral fertilizers partially substituted with organic manure combined with spraying of distilled water（OM）; mineral fertilizers partially substituted with organic manure combined with spraying 5 mg ∙m-2 foliar Se（OM + 5Se）; mineral fertilizers partially substituted with with organic manure combined with spraying 10 mg∙m-2 foliar Se（OM+10Se）; and mineral fertilizers partially substituted with organic manure combined with spraying 15 mg∙m-2 foliar Se（OM+15Se）. The results showed that compared with the CK, the OM, OM + 5Se, OM + 10Se and OM + 15Se treatments significantly increased the leaf area of A. macrocephala by 12.3%, 25.3%, 22.5%, and 10.4%, respectively. The OM + 5Se and OM + 10Se treatments produced a marked increase in leaf dry weight, of 10.7% and 13.0%, respectively, while also decreasing the leaf length width ratio by 15.6% and 18.4%, respectively. The OM + 5Se treatment increased the specific leaf area significantly, by 13.0%. The OM, OM + 5Se, OM + 10Se and OM + 15Se treatments also increased the yield of A. macrocephala significantly, by 37.3%, 121.7%, 91.7%, and 65.2%, respectively. The promotion of the growth in A. macrocephala leaves by the application of foliar Se（based on the application of organic manure）showed an increasing trend when Se was applied at low levels but a decreasing trend when Se was at high levels. Correlation analysis showed that the growth of A. macrocephala could be understood preliminarily by measuring its leaf functional characteristics. The OM, OM + 5Se, OM + 10Se and OM + 15Se treatments significantly increased the content of organic matter, alkaline N, and available P and K in the rhizospheric soil of A. macrocephala, compared with the CK. Thus, the application of both mineral fertilizers only partially substituted with organic manure and that combined with foliar Se treatments all increased the growth and yield of A. macrocephala. The application of mineral fertilizers partially substituted with organic manure combined with 5 mg∙m-2 foliar Se was the optimal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To analyze the main growth factors affecting the fruit weight of Tainong No.17 pineapple, and provide a reference basis for its high-quality and high-efficiency cultivation. [Method] Determine the single fruit weight, leaf number, leaf weight, leaf area, and leaf area of ​​Tainong No.17 pineapple. Underground stem weight, suction bud length, support bud length, top bud length, suction bud weight, support bud weight, top bud weight and D leaf (the longest leaf with the best growth potential) area, and perform linear correlation, partial correlation, and recovery Correlation and regression linear path analysis. [Results] The results of correlation analysis showed that the weight of a single fruit of Tainong No.17 pineapple was significantly positively correlated with the number of leaves, leaf weight, leaf area, underground stem weight, stem length and weight (P<0.01, the same below), the degree of correlation is expressed as the number of leaves (r=0.680)> leaf weight (r=0.665)> leaf area (r=0.664)=underground stem weight (r=0.664)> bud weight (r =0.470)> Suspension bud length (r = 0.302), positively correlated with apical bud length and D leaf area but not significantly correlated (P>0.05, the same below), and extremely significantly negatively correlated with suction bud length (r=- 0.312) (P<0.05, the same below), which was significantly negatively correlated with the weight of sucked buds (r = -0.258), and had no significant correlation with the weight of apical buds. The results of partial correlation and multiple correlation analysis showed that the weight of underground stems, the number of leaves, The five growth indicators of leaf area, sucking bud weight, and holding bud weight have different effects on single fruit weight in partial correlation and multiple correlation. The three growth indicators of holding bud length, sucking bud length and leaf weight have different effects on single fruit weight. The degree of influence in partial correlation and multiple correlation is the same. Among them, the degree of positive correlation in partial correlation is in the order of underground stem weight (r=0.218)> bud weight (r=0.179)> leaf area (r=0.064)> suction bud Weight (r = 0.054)> number of leaves (r = 0.049); the degree of positive correlation in the multiple correlation is ranked as number of leaves (r = 2.102)> underground stem weight (r = 1.344)> bud weight (r = 0.718)> The weight of sucking bud (r=0.255)> leaf area (r=0.015); the order of negative correlation degree in partial correlation and multiple correlation analysis is the length of sucking bud> the length of sucking bud> leaf weight. The results of path analysis show that Weight (direct path coefficient=0.485) has the greatest direct impact on the weight of a single fruit, followed by underground stem weight (direct path coefficient=0.419) and leaf area (direct path coefficient=0.318) and the number of leaves (direct path coefficient=0.190); the indirect positive effect of the bud weight through the underground stem weight on the single fruit weight is the largest, and the underground stem weight has the largest indirect positive effect on the single fruit weight through the underground stem weight. The weight of the buds has an indirect positive effect on the weight of a single fruit, and the number of leaves has an indirect positive effect on the weight of a single fruit through the weight of the underground stem and leaf area. [Conclusion] The weight of the underground stem, the weight of the bud, the leaf area and the number of leaves are the influences of the Tainong No.17 pineapple. The main growth index of single fruit weight can be used as a reference for the high-yield characteristics of Tainong No.17 pineapple. In the cultivation of Tainong No.17 pineapple, the increase in underground stem weight, leaf area and number of leaves during the vegetative growth period should be promoted and in the fruit formation stage. Keep the support buds and gradually remove the support buds after the single fruit has been re-formed and stabilized to achieve the goal of high-quality and efficient cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] In order to explore the salt-alkali tolerance of Chimonanthus praecox seedlings, and promote the large-scale production of Chimonanthus praecox in saline-alkali areas. [Method] Using two-year-old winter chinensis'Xiaoqingkou' as the test material, 4 kinds of salt NaCl and Na2SO4 were selected., NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 (1:10:10:1, pH 8.78), simulated 7 salt concentrations (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2%) stress environment, the analysis is different The effect of salt-alkali stress on the growth and physiological indexes of Chimonanthus praecox. [Result] With the increase of salt concentration and stress time, the salt damage index, salt damage rate, relative conductivity, SP, Pro, MDA and SS content of Chimonanthus rose. Trend: Chimonanthus leaf length, leaf width, new shoot growth, and leaf tissue water content show a downward trend; SOD activity and POD activity show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Leaf length growth and leaf width growth are significantly positively correlated, and MDA is significantly negatively correlated; new shoot growth is significantly positively correlated with SP, and is significantly negatively correlated with relative conductivity and MDA; relative conductivity is significantly positively correlated with MDA, and significantly negatively correlated with SP and Pro; SS and SP There is a significant positive correlation between Pro and Pro. [Conclusion] The salt tolerance threshold is 0.340%, and the Chimonanthus praecox seedlings have a certain salt-tolerant ability, while the leaf length growth, leaf width growth, new shoot growth, relative conductivity, MDA, SP and Pro can be used as the main indicators to evaluate the salt and alkali resistance of wintersweet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract：In this study, a model for estimating the chlorophyll content of sugar beet in arid areas was established to clarify the quantitative relationship between chlorophyll content of sugar beet and remote sensing of hyperspectral vegetation, and to monitor the growth status of sugar beet in real time. We investigated this relationship in Xinjiang drip-irrigated sugar beet（Beta vulgaris‘Beta356’）. Spectral reflectance of each treatment was collected by ASD field hyperspectral radiometer and chlorophyll content was measured in the period of rapid leaf growth, root expansion period, and sugar accumulation period. The correlations between original spectral reflectance, first-order differential spectral reflectance, and chlorophyll content were analyzed, and a hyperspectral remote sensing model for estimating chlorophyll content, as well as a sensitive band vegetation index, was established. The results showed that the original spectral reflectance in the near-infrared region（700~1 300 nm）first increased, but thereafter decreased with the increase in nitrogen application rate, and the red edge（680~760 nm）showed the same trend. The original spectral reflectance in the near-infrared region increased with the change in nitrogen management mode, and the red edge（680~760 nm）showed the same trend. The original spectral reflectance and the first-order differential reflectance were correlated with chlorophyll content. Maximum positive correlation was observed near 902 nm（r=0.574, P< 0.01）and 676 nm（r=0.843, P<0.01）, while maximum negative correlation was observed near 611 nm（r=-0.664, P<0.01）and 1 138 nm （r=-0.727, P<0.01）. While testing the accuracy of 12 established linear models, the determination coefficients of real and predicted vegetation index values of DR676-DR446 and DR676 reached 0.774 and 0.781, respectively, and the estimation model established using DR676 was found to be the best. This study provides information on the rapid and non-destructive monitoring of sugar beet growth and the development and regulation of a nitrogen management program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the core of photosynthesis, the accurate prediction of maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) is crucial to photosynthetic rate and vegetation productivity. At present, there are many studies which have predicted Vcmax by physiological parameters and spectral data. However, the studies mainly focus on forest, and study on leaf Vcmax of cotton has not been reported. In this experiment, “Guoxinmian 9” was selected as the experimental material, and four nitrogen application levels were set to determine the physiological parameters and leaf reflection spectra of cotton leaves in different growth periods. The relationships were explored between leaf Vcmax and physiological parameters, spectral indexes, and the hyperspectral indexes that could accurately retrieve the leaf Vcmax of cotton were screened out. Then leaf Vcmax estimation models were constructed. The results showed that the leaf Vcmax of cotton was not affected by the level of nitrogen application from the seedling stage to the bud stage due to the nitrogen in the soil without nitrogen fertilizer is enough to ensure that the leaf Vcmax of cotton maintain a high level from the seedling stage to the bud stage. As the growth period progressed, nitrogen became one of the main factors affecting the Vcmax of the leaves, and the correlation between leaf Vcmax and nitrogen content (R2 = 0.717) was higher than that of chlorophyll and leaf mass area. The Vcmax of the leaves had strong correlations with the combination of blue light and red-edge wave band through regression analysis of spectral indexes. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using reflectance at 697 and 445 nm, as well as Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI) using reflectance at 445 and 694 nm had the best fitting effects, and their values of R² all exceed 0.75. In addition, from the 27 predecessor vegetation indexes, three vegetation indexes with a higher degree of correlation with leaf Vcmax were obtained: Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index(MCARI), Modified Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(mND705), and the absolute value of the correlation coefficient of them were greater than 0.6. Finally, based on physiological parameters and spectral index, the estimation models of leaf Vcmax were established by general linear regression and multiple stepwise regression. The accuracy of the multiple stepwise regression model established by RVI445,694, PRI and mND705 was highest (R² =0.809, RMSE=16.93 μmol/(m²Â·s)), followed by the multiple stepwise regression model established by nitrogen and chlorophyll content in leaves (R² =0.801, RMSE=17.01 μmol/(m²Â·s)). In summary, leaf Vcmax of cotton is more sensitive to leaf nitrogen compared other physiological parameters.The accuracy of the leaf Vcmax estimation model based on leaf spectrum established in this study is higher than that using leaf nitrogen content, chlorophyll and leaf mass area as independent variables, indicating that it is feasible to invert leaf Vcmax through leaf spectrum. It is shown that hyperspectral index can effectively estimate the Vcmax of cotton leaves, and the results can provide support for accurate inversion of leaf Vcmax and assessment of photosynthetic capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persimmon Lannin is an imporLanL food funcLional componenL，which is widely used in food indusLry，medicine and oLher fields. Therefore，Lhe sLudy on persimmon Lannin biological producLion paLLern has iLs significance Lo Lhe industry application. ‘ Gongcheng5 persimmon is the unique cultivar in Guangxi, this cultivar is a typical astringent type which means it has high level tannin content. In the present study, took ‘ Gongcheng， persimmon was taken as experiment material, to reveal the changes of soluble tannin comp)onent content in fruits and leaves at the growth and development periods. Soluble tannin contents in the flesh, peels and leaves of persimmon fruits at young period, expansion period, early mature period, mature period and late mature period were determined. Six tannin components such as gallic acid (GA) , gallocatechin (GC) , catechin (CA) , rutin (Rutin) , epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin (EC) in all samples were quantitatively analyzed by LC-MS. The results were as follows: Soluble tannin wrere rich in persimmon flesh and skin, and the content was the highest in the expansion period, reaching 21.93 and 18.41 mg * g 1 , then decreased significantly as fruit matured. The soluble tannin content in persimmon leaves was low, and there was no significant changes during the whole growth period. In addition, three tannin components like GA, GC and CA were detected in persimmon flesh, while GA content was significantly higher than other components. Five components such as GA, GC, CA, Rutin and EGC were detected in persimmon peels, while the content of CA was the highest, and EGC only had trace detection at young and expansion periods. All six tannin components were detected in persimmon leaves, among wrhich CA content wras markedly high during the wrhole growth period, however both EGC and EC wrere just detected in trace amounts. Therefore, more soluble tannin production wrould be found in persimmon fruits from young period to expansion period, the flesh contains a great quantity of GA and the peel contains a large amount of CA component. Persimmon leaves could produce abundant CA component in the whole growth period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts on the length and width of new citrus leaves under the pre¬cise root domain irrigation technology, citrus was taken as the research object and set different irrigation amount for irrigation. In the experimental group under the precise root field irrigation, 35, 30, 25L/ (plant • times) were respectively set and irrigated once in sev¬en days； in the control group under the micro - sprinkling irrigation method, 130L/(plant • times) irrigated once in 15 days. After ir¬rigating different amount of water, the growth of slightly new tip of the tree and the length and width of new leaves were recorded. Re¬sults showed that the root domain precision irrigation under different irrigation amount had a significantly influence on the new tip of the tree and the length and width of new leaves. In the 14 days observation period, test II had the best growth potential, the total growth of the new tip of the tree was 72. 1 mm, compared with the control group, the growth volume increased by 17. 7 mm and increased by 32.5% year - on - year. The total growth of new leaf length was 48. 9 mm, increased by 9. 6 mm compared with the control group, in¬creased by 24.4% year - on - year, and the total growth of leaf width was 23. 3 mm, which was higher than that of the control. The growth of the group increased by 5. 3 mm, a year - on - year increase of 29. 4% . Therefore, the irrigation amount of 30 L/( plant • times) under the precise root domain irrigation technology is more suitable for the growth of fresh citrus leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The factors influencing the cutting of three kinds of Primulina were studied,and the cutting conditions were optimized to provide a basis for its production.【Method】Adopting L9（34） orthogonal test design,cutting test of three kinds of different factors（plant growth regulators,concentrations and leaf positions） was carried out in P. eburnea,cutting test of four substrates（peat,perlite,vermiculite and rice shell carbon） of P. longii and P. linearifolia were carried out to explore the influence of each factor on cutting survival rate,number of new plant and total number of new leaves,and to select the best combination.【Result】Plant growth regulators（IBA,NAA and IAA） had significant effects on P. eburnea’s survival rate,new plant number and total number of new leaves（P<0.05,the same as below）. Plant growth regulator concentrations（50,100 and 150 mg/L） and leaf positions（upper,middle and lower parts） had no significant effects on P. eburnea’s survival rate,new plant number and total number of new leaves（P>0.05,the same as below）. The best combination of cutting P. eburnea is to use 150 mg/L IBA to treat the lower part of the leaves and then to cut them. Peat had a significant effect on P. longii’s new plant number and total number of new leaves,but had no significant effect on the survival rate. Perlite,vermiculite and rice shell carbon had no significant effect on the survival rate,new plant number and total number of new leaves. The optimal combination of the cuttage substrate of P. longii is the volume ratio of peat,perlite,vermiculite and rice shell carbon being 8∶2∶4∶1. Peat had a significant effect on P. linearifolia’s survival rate,but had no significant effect on new plant number and total number of new leaves;vermiculite had no significant effect on the survival rate,but had a significant effect on new plant number and total number of new leaves;perlite and rice shell carbon had no significant effect on the survival rate,new plant number and total number of new leaves. The optimal composition of cuttage substrate for P. linearifolia is the volume ratio of peat,perlite,vermiculite and rice shell carbon=4∶2∶4∶3.【Conclusion】In the production,the lower part of the leaves was used as the cuttings,and 150 mg/L IBA used to dip the leaves of P. eburnea could obtain better cutting effect. P. longii and P. linearifolia respectively with peat,perlite,vermiculite and rice shell carbon（volume ratio of 8∶2∶4∶1） and peat,perlite,vermiculite and rice shell carbon（volume ratio of 4∶2∶4∶3） as the substrates can obtain better propagation effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is significant to reveal the physiological mechanism of water-saving and yield-increasing effects of spring maize (Zea mays L.) under mulched drip irrigation. The objective of this study was to explore the photosynthetic characteristics response of spring maize in a field with drip irrigation under film mulching. Field experiments were carried out from May 2017 to October 2018 for two years at the Heilongjiang Hydraulic Science and Technology Experimental Research Center (45°22′ N, 125°45′ E), located in a typical area of Northeast China, and three treatments were applied: film mulched drip irrigation (MD), non-mulched drip irrigation (ND), and traditional rain-fed practice as a control (CK). The effects of mulched drip irrigation on grain yield and water-use efficiency of maize were analyzed. Based on photosynthetic-light response curves of spring maize leaves at different growth stages from 2017 to 2018, the effects of mulched drip irrigation on photosynthetic capacity, apparent quantum yield, stomatal conductance, specific leaf weight, and 13C carbon isotope discrimination rate of maize were also analyzed. In 2017, the results showed that the yield of MD, ND and CK treatment was 11.0, 10.7 and 9.1 t/hm² respectively, and water-use efficiency was 2.34, 2.06 and 2.11 kg/m³ for MD, ND and CK treatment respectively. In 2018, the results showed that the yield was 12.0, 11.3 and 9.8 t/hm² respectively, and water-use efficiency was 2.70, 2.22 and 2.07 kg/m³ for MD, ND and CK treatment respectively. From 2017 to 2018, photosynthetic capacity first increased and then gradually decreased with the advance of the growth period, and the photosynthetic capacity values ranged from 13.4 to 63.6 μmol/(m²·s). The apparent quantum yield value of different treatments fluctuated between 0.026 and 0.067. The value of stomatal conductance increased first and then decreased with the development of the growth period, and reached the highest value at the jointing stage. The range of stomatal conductance was 0.12-0.50 mol/(m²·s) in 2017 and 0.07-0.47 mol/(m²·s) in 2018, respectively. The specific leaf weight values increased first and then decreased with the advancement of growth stage, and reached the maximum value during the tasseling milk stage. The range of specific leaf weight was 0.040-0.087 kg/m² in 2017 and 0.062-0.084 kg/m² in 2018, respectively. 13C carbon isotope discrimination rate value increased with the growth period. From 2017 to 2018, the MD treatment significantly increased the yield by 20.9%-22.4% compared with the CK as well as significantly increased the water-use efficiency by 13.6%-21.6% compared with the ND, respectively. The MD treatment increased the average photosynthetic capacity value significantly by 12.9%-22.8% (P < 0.05), also increased stomatal conductance by 15.7%-27.2%, increased specific leaf weight by 5%-14%, and decreased the 13C carbon isotope discrimination rate of maize, especially in the early growth stage, compared to CK. It showed that mulched drip irrigation could improve the photosynthetic parameters of maize. Also, the MD treatment significantly affected the linear correlation between leaf nitrogen content and photosynthetic capacity, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity, compared with CK, the slopes of the regression line in the MD and ND treatments were higher, which meant that for a given leaf nitrogen content and stomatal conductance, the MD and ND treatments had a higher photosynthetic capacity values than that of the CK. Also, the results showed that photosynthetic N utilization efficiency and stomatal conductance of leaves was significantly improved by film mulching drip irrigation, which might be the physiological reason for the improvement of photosynthetic capacity, and this might be the key reason for that why yield and water-use efficiency in MD treatment could be significantly increased. Based on the above comprehensive analysis, it was found that the increasing or decreasing of these key photosynthetic parameters under mulched drip irrigation was the key reason for the increase of yield and water-use efficiency of spring maize. This study result provided a theoretical basis for the implementation of film-mulching and drip-irrigation technology in cold spring and water-deficient areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective]This paper aimed to explore the effects of fertilization on the growth and development of spring maize and the absorption and utilization of its nutrient elements. [Method] A field experiment was designed to study the effects of different fertilization patterns on the growth characteristic and nitrogen use efficiency of corn for continuous three years. [Result] With the growing period, the contents of chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein in the leaves of corn by fertilization and CK showed a similar increasing trend, ordered as FP > OTP > CK in the same period. The plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, 100 grain weight, panicle grain number and panicle grain weight of corn at mature stage all showed FP > OTP > CK. Further, superoxide dismutase (SOD) , catalase, peroxidase activity of corn showed a similar increasing trend, while the leaf malondialdehyde content decreased with the fertilizer, and the difference between fertilizer and CK gradually expended with the growing period, suggesting that fertilization promoted the synthesis of spring maize growth and leaf physiological characteristics, especially in the mature period of performance. The accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in soil under energy application was mainly concentrated in the 0 - 10 cm soil layer, and the nitrate nitrogen content in the 0 - 10 cm soil layer accounted for 15.32 % -35. 64 % in soil (0 -30 cm soil layer) , supporting the surface-aggregation. Total nitrogen uptake under fertilization treatment showed FP > OTP>CK, with significant differences (PcO.05). Compared with CK, the total nitrogen uptake of spring corn under FP and OTP treatment increased by 58. 9 and 82. 9 kg/hm2 , respectively, and the nitrogen utilization rate was higher under FP treatment. [Conclusion] Altogether, it was considered that the fertilization mode significantly increased the grain weight and grain number per ear of spring corn at the ma-ture stage, indicating that fertilization promoted the increase of grain number per ear of spring corn to some extent and thus increased the yield of spring corn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) is an important enzyme in secondary metabolism of phenylalanine synthesis pathway. We analyze the expression of the four genes(0s01g082000 , 0s02g0467600 , 0s02g0467000, and Os05g0320700) in rice with different al-lelopathic potential to reveal the mechanism of the allelopathic rice. [Method] Allelopathic rice PD 12777 and non-allelopathic rice Lemont were chosen to be treated with SA and JA. The expression of the four genes were evaluated by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). The effect of aqueous extracts from two rice leaves on root growth of barnyard grass was calculated and determined. [Result] Aqueous extracts from the two rice leaves showed the inhibitory effects on root growth of barnyard grass. After treatment by JA and SA. the inhibitory effects for PD 12777 was increased by 40 % and 28 % , while for Lemont was by 22 % and 18 % , respectively. The result of q-PCR showed that OsO 1 g0820000 and the 0s02g0467000 had similar expression level in the two rice alter treatment with JA and SA, but 0s02g0467600 and 0s05g0320700 were up-regulated in PI312777 .which were more than that in Lemont. [Conclusion] Allelopathic potential of rice could be regulated by JA and SA, and the allelopathic potential of rice was enhanced alter being treated by JA and SA. The expression of the 4 genes was different between two rice, especially for 0s02g0467600 and 0s05g0320700. The results suggested that the genes 0s02g0467600 and 0s05gQ320700 might be the important element result to different allelopathy potential in rice varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]