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Temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma, which is rare in the clinical setting, is the most common type of temporal bone malignancy. Its rarity makes the staging, the way of temporal bone resection, the management of parotid gland and cervical lymph node, and the application of radiotherapy and chemotherapy still controversial.There is no unanimous consensus and guideline about it to date at home and abroad.This paper reviewed the recent advance in the diagnosis and treatment of temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma in the hope of providing some help and reference for the management of the disease., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Cholesteatoma is a non-neoplastic, keratinizing lesion, characterized by the proliferation of epithelium with aberrant micro-architecture into the middle ear or mastoid cavity. The exact pathogenic molecular mechanisms behind the formation and propagation of cholesteatoma remain unclear. Without timely detection and intervention, cholesteatomas can become dangerous and result in numerous intracranial and extracranial complications. In this review, the current researches about inflammatory mediators, enzymatic activity, growth factors, oxidative stress,infection and genetics in acquired cholesteatoma pathogenesis are discussed.

A 39 years old male patient was admitted with the right of facial abnormalities and gradually protruding in right eye more than 30 years. CT shows high mixed density, clear boundary, and the right eye was crowded to the right. Giant tumor had completely been excised, and the result was fine. The outline figure and function of patients were obviously improved. The pathological examination after resection showed ossifying fibroma.

Myoepithelioma is an uncommon benign tumor that most likely occurs in the salivary gland. Extra-salivary myoepithelioma are sporadic and rare, especially the quantities occur in the sinonasal cavity are fewer in related literature reported. In this paper, we present a rare case of benign myoepithelioma that occurred in the nasal cavity, and the related process of pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are discussed.

Objective: In this study, we investigated the potential of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) for use as a source of transplants for the restoration of auditory hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons., Methods: We co-cultured the mouse iPSC with the cells of the cochlear organ of Corti or the modiolus in vitro. The cochlear organ of Corti (which contains cochlear hair cells) and the modiolus (which contains auditory spiral ganglion neurons) were obtained from postnatal day 3 (P3) CD-1 ICR mice. After 18 days of coculture with the cells of newborn mouse cochleae. The expressions of hair cell markers (Myosin VIIa, Math1, Calretinin, Espin) and Spiral ganglion neuron markers [Nestin, Neurofilament-M, β-III Tubulin, Vesicular glutamate transporter 1(VGluT1)] were detected by immunocytochemical analysis., Results: Immunocytochemical analysis results indicated that the differentiated iPSC expressed auditory hair cell markers (MyosinVIIa,Math1, Calretinin, Espin ) and spiral ganglion markers (Nestin, Neurofilament-M,β-III Tubulin,VGluT1)., Conclusion: Mouse iPSC in virto cultured could successfully be induced to differentiate into hair cell-like cells and spiral ganglion-like cells with hair cell and spiral ganglion molecular markers.

Objective: To explore the effect of surgery added with antifungal agents in treatment of fungal rhinosinusitis., Method: One hundred and two consecutive patients with fungal rhinosinusitis were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (n=48) were treated with surgery alone, the treatment group (n=54) were treated with surgery plus antifungal therapy during operation and postoperation. The patients were followed up for 6 months and the relapse rates between two groups were compared., Result: No relapse was observed in the treatment group. The relapse rate of the control group was 20.8% (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: Surgery plus antifungal therapy can prevent the relapse of fungal rhinosinusitis significantly.

Objective: To discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of traumatic pseudoaneurysm., Method: We report 4 unusual cases of traumatic Pseudoaneurysms of the artery of head and neck. The data of the 4 cases was analysed retrospectively., Result: Four patients were with history of trauma and traumatic pseudoaneurysm were diagnosed by CT and DSA. Two of them accepted interventional vascular therapy, the others accepted surgical operation. Both methods are safe and effective., Conclusion: Traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the artery of head and neck are rare but potentially lethal. The diagnosis is not difficult. The interventional treatment should be the first choice if possible, while the surgical approach is another choice. Doctors should try to repair the arterial wall, to keep the artery patency and to decrease the unnecessary complications.

Objective: To provide a detailed anatomic description of middle ear endoscopy via different approaches., Method: Using 0, 30 and 90 degree rigid endoscopes, 6 dry temporal bones and 11 temporal bone blocks were examined to define the average range of view obtained by three approaches: 1. via the external ear canal approach; 2. via a retroauricular incision: including two subdivided routes, the mastoid-tympanic antrum route and mastoid-retrotympanum route; 3. via the middle ear cranial fossa. Each region of the middle ear was chosen for inspection., Result: 1. via the external ear canal approach, all sites of the tympanic cavity structures were seen with 0, 30 and 90 degree rigid otoendoscopes, including the hidden areas such as the tympanic sinus, facial recess, anterior epitympanic recess, orifice of eustachian tube et al. 2. via the mastoid-tympanic antrum route, the structures of the mastoid cavity, tympanic antrum, epi-mesotympanum were clearly defined; via the mastoid-retrotympanum route, the structures of the mastoid cavity and meso-hypotympanum were also observed; 3. via the middle cranial fossa approach, the structures of the epitympanum, tympanic antrum, mastoid cavity and lateral wall were inspected, most mesotympanic structures were evaluated., Conclusion: Middle ear endoscopy through the different approaches provides the otosurgeons a clear view field of the middle ear structures, can therefore decrease the incidence of cholesteatoma recurrence and evaluate the state of the postoperative middle ear cavity. The 30 degree otoendoscope can provide a better visualization of the middle ear structures, via the three approaches, the 90 degree otoendoscope is suited for the inspection of the posterior epitympanum via the transmeatal approach and retrotympanum via mastoid cavity-tympanic antrum route.