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Diabetic hyperglycemia in males is a significant contributing factor to the development of spermatogenesis disorder. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis serves as a crucial center for autonomic sexual function and the neuroendocrine network within the human body. It dominates physiological prominence in human reproduction, growth, and development, while also being susceptible to hyperglycemia, which is one of the key mechanisms in the development of spermatogenic disorder in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This mechanism involves kidney deficiency, which is a common etiology and pathogenesis of both spermatogenesis disorder and T2DM. The kidney storing essence, which encompasses the functions of "dominating reproduction, manufacturing marrow to fill up the brain" bears similarities to the HPG axis. Kidney tonifying therapy can regulate and improve the function of HPG axis, thereby establishing a theoretical basis for the use of kidney tonification therapy in the treatment of spermatogenesis disorder in T2DM. The traditional formula of tonifying the kidney can serve as a complementary treatment for both DM and spermatogenesis disorder. This approach offers a conceptual framework and methodology for the prevention and treatment of T2DM-induced infertility through kidney tonification.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease encompassing enzyme deficiencies in the process of adrenal steroidogenesis, which leads to adrenal cortex dysfunction. Hypersecretion of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and insufficient cortisol production often lead to enlarged adrenal glands. Existing studies have reported that most of space-occupying adrenal masses in CAH are benign, only very few are malignant. It is difficult for clinicians to distinguish the nature of space-occupying adrenal masses, and physicians have insufficient experiences in treating the disease. We reported a phenotypically male case of CAH with huge space-occupying adrenal masses and reviewed relevant literature, aiming to provide evidence on the diagnosis and treatment of this disease for clinicians. The space-occupying adrenal masses in CAH often show tumor-like hyperplasia before diagnosis and treatment or effective hormone replacement therapy, but most of them will be significantly reduced or disappear after glucocorticoid replacement therapy. But a follow-up of several years showed that space-occupying adrenal masses in the CAH patient encountered by us had no significant changes and no significant impact on the patient's body, even without effective drug intervention.

Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene/polyether (HT-PB/PE), serving as binders and fuel for rocket propellants, has been widely studied and applied. To meet the developing demand of industrialization, the modification of HT-PB/PE based on their structural and functional characteristics has become one of the hot topics. In this study, the modified HTPB and the modified HTPE were prepared by modification of end groups and main chains. After the preparation, the characteristic functional groups of the binders were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the effective end-group modification. Nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H-NMR) was used to characterize the main chain on modified binders through the variation of chemical environment of hydrogen. The analysis of the pyrolysis properties of the modified binders was performed by thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results effectively reflected the initial and maximum decomposition temperatures, as well as the pyrolysis stage of the above binders. The above characterization results confirmed the effective synthesis of modified binders and their good thermal properties. However, the present reports lacked the studies on the pyrolysis mechanism of these modified binders. To further investigate the effect of end group and main chain modification on the pyrolysis properties of binders, the pyrolysis of modified binders was conducted in a U-shaped fixed-bed reactor, which was connected to photoionization mass spectrometry (SPI-MS). SPI-MS was used to monitor the dynamic evolution of the pyrolysis product as a function of temperature in real-time. The mechanism of the pyrolysis process of the modified binders was studied based on the above tests. The results showed that the end-groups and main-chain modified binders of HTPB exhibited different thermal stabilities. The influence of main chain modification on the pyrolysis behavior was greater than that of end group modification. The pyrolysis mechanism of modified binders followed random bond breaking of C—C and C—O bonds and the increasing varieties of products. The esters and acids were found in the pyrolysis products of the end-group modified binders. The epoxides and alcohols were found in the pyrolysis products of the main-chain modified binder, showing the more pathways during their pyrolysis process.

Objective To analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of the extended endoscopic endonasal approach (EEEA) in the resection of suprasellar invasive pituitary adenoma. Methods and Results A total of 68 patients with suprasellar invasive pituitary adenoma admitted to The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from June 2019 to June 2022 were treated with EEEA for tumor resection, of whom 73.53% (50/68) achieved gross total resection (GTR), 17.65% (12/68) achieved subtotal resection, and 8.82% (6/68) achieved partial resection. The GTR rate of giant adenoma was 37.40% (10/27). The average follow⁃up was (12 ± 6) months, 75.81% (47/62) improved visual acuity, 19.35% (12/62) had no change after surgery, 4.84% (3/62) deteriorated visual acuity. The improvement rate of visual field defect was 74.14% (43/58), no change was 15.52% (9/58), and symptom aggravation was 10.34% (6/58). The symptoms of diplopia disappeared completely in the patients with oculomotor nerve palsy at the last follow ⁃ up (3 cases). Postoperative complications included cerebrospinal fluid leakage [1.47% (1/68)], central diabetes insipidus [16.18% (1/68)], intraoperative hematoma [4.41% (3/68)], delayed nasal hemorrhage [4.41% (3/68)] and intracranial infection [7.35% (5/68)], with no death. Conclusions EEEA for large or giant pituitary adenomas invading the anterior skull base, suprasellar region and the third ventricle has a high GTR rate, less trauma and fewer complications, and is worthy of clinical promotion.

An on-line pyrolysis-vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer was built for the analysis of pyrolysis products of tobacco. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization is a “soft” ionization method producing few or no fragments of molecular ions, and identifing the complex pyrolysis products in real time. In this work, the pyrolysis of tobacco leaves from various stalk positions (B2F, C3F and X2F) at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 ℃, and the effects of reaction temperature on the pyrolysis products intensity were studied. A series of mass spectra of pyrolysis products were obtained, and the changes of products at different pyrolysis temperatures were compared. The analysis results of products at different pyrolysis temperatures were helpful to reveal the formation mechanism of compounds in different parts of cut tobacco during pyrolysis/combustion. The dynamic curves of pyrolysis products such as vinylamine (m/z 43), isoprene (m/z 68) and dimethylfuran (m/z 96) with time were further observed at 500 ℃, so as to master the dynamic change process of pyrolysis reaction. It was found that the increase of temperature can dramatically shorten the reaction time. Generally, the primary products will be formed at the medium cracking temperature, and gradually pyrolyzed into secondary products with the increase of temperature, the secondary products will be accompanied by higher temperature cracking and thermal synthesis to form tertiary products. In order to quickly screen and identify different parts of tobacco, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the mass spectra of pyrolysis products, and the differences of chemical components in different parts of tobacco were identified. Then, the components with m/z 58, 96, 110 were the typical products of X2F, the components with m/z 43, 126 were the representative products of C3F, and the main representative product of B2F was the component with m/z 84. Based on the above results, photoionization mass spectrometry was important to study the dynamic changes of tobacco pyrolysis products, the pyrolysis products of different parts of tobacco were quickly identified at 300-700 ℃, and the main pyrolysis products were summarized. By comprehensively evaluating the main components and relative content of pyrolysis products, tobacco samples from different parts can be quickly distinguished.

With the extensive use of plastic products and the sharp increase of plastic waste, microplastics produced by degradation in the natural environment and artificially added by industry have been detected in food, air, ocean, and even extreme geographical environment. The environmental pollution and the biological health hazards caused by this new type of pollutant has become a global scientific problem to be solved urgently. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), as a typical model organism, has been widely used to evaluate the environmental pollution and health hazards caused by microplastics. This review on the research progress of model animal zebrafish in toxicity evaluation of microplastics mainly emphasized the toxic effects of microplastics on selected organs of zebrafish, briefly introduced the influencing factors of toxicity induced by microplastics, discussed the standardization of experiments for the evaluation of microplastic toxicity using zebrafish, and finally explored the future research directions.

The molecular model of nano-zirconia reinforced nitrile rubber （NBR） composite was established by molecular dynamics simulation. The reinforcement effects of three forms of nano-zirconia, namely, external filling, in-situ filling, and in-situ filling and coupling treatment on mechanical pro-perties of NBR were compared and analyzed, internal reinforcement mechanism of the mechanical properties of stator rubber was discussed from atomic level. The results showed that compared with pure NBR, the mechanical properties of NBR were significantly improved by introduction of three forms of nano-zirconia. The surface hydroxyl of in-situ filled nano-zirconia interacted with NBR to form hydrogen bond type dipole interaction. The addition of surfactant coupling agent bis-（3-triethoxysilane propyl） tetrasulfide further provided a chemical bridge with the rubber matrix, thus greatly improving the mechanical properties of NBR matrix. Compared with pure NBR system, the nano-zirconia filled in situ and treated by coupling had the best performance in enhancing the mechanical properties of NBR, and the young's mo-dulus, volume modulus and shear modulus of the composite system were improved the most. The conclusion that the addition of nano-zirconia improved the mechanical properties of stator rubber was verified by calculating the interface binding energy, non-bond energy, mean square displacement and diffusion coefficients.

The adversarial attack is firstly studied in image classification to generate imperceptible perturbations that can mislead the prediction of a convolutional neural network.Recently,it has also been extensively explored in image retrieval and shows that the popular image retrieval models are undoubtedly vulnerable to return irrelevant images to the query image with small perturbations.In particular,landmark image retrieval is a research hotspot of image retrieval as an explosive volume of landmark images are uploaded on the Internet by people using various smart devices when taking tours in cities.This paper makes the first trail to investigate the defending approach against adversarial attacks on city landmark image retrieval models without training.Specifica-lly,we propose to perform image feature transformation at inference time to eliminate the adversarial effects based on the basic image features.Our method explores four feature transformation schemes:resize,padding,total variance minimization and image quilting,which are performed on a query image before feeding it to a retrieval model.Our defense method has the following advantages:1) no fine-tuning and incremental training procedure is required,2) very few additional computations and 3) flexible ensembles of multiple schemes.Extensive experiments show that the proposed transformation strategies are advanced at defending the existing adversarial attacks performed on the state-of-the-art city landmark image retrieval models.

Magnesia refractories are promising high-temperature structural materials known for their high melting point, excellent high-temperature stability, and promising mechanical properties, which make them suitable for numerous high-temperature applications in steel manufacturing, metallurgy, building materials, and ceramics. However, traditional magnesia refractories do not meet the requirements established for advanced refractories. Low-carbon magnesia carbon refractories have several disadvantages, including poor slag and thermal shock resistances, owing to their reduced carbon content. Magnesia calcia refractories have poor hydration resistance due to the presence of free calcium oxide. Moreover, magnesia alumina refractories have poor sintering and mechanical properties owing to their volumes and thermal expansion mismatch. Therefore, the techniques used to prepare high-performance magnesia refractories have attracted widespread attention. Recently, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising new technology that is widely used improve refractory yield and in many other applications because of its excellent surface properties, small size, quantum dimensions, and macro quantum effects. The preparation of magnesia composite refractories using nanotechnology relieves the demand for high-performance magnesia refractories by high-temperature industries and also contributes to the development of lightweight and functional value-added products. Therefore, the use of nanotechnology in the preparation of magnesia composite refractories has great significance for the enhancement of their properties. In this paper, the research status and progress of nanotechnology in recent years with respect to the damage mechanisms in low-carbon magnesia–carbon refractories, magnesia calcia refractories, and magnesia alumina refractories in China and overseas were reviewed. In addition, the interaction mechanisms were analyzed, the challenges and developments in the application of nanotechnology were discussed.

Incoloy825 alloy is extensively used in the aerospace and petrochemical industries owing to its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. It is a solid solution-strengthened Fe−Cr−Ni-based corrosion-resistant alloy. The changes in the Al and Ti contents of the alloy determine the precipitation temperature of the strengthening phases γ '(Ni3AlTi) and Ti (C, N) in the alloy. At present, the main production methods of Incoloy825 alloy are vacuum melting and electroslag remelting. However, owing to the reaction of the components in the slag with the Al and Ti elements in the alloy during the electroslag remelting process, the axial component distribution of the Al and Ti elements in the electroslag ingot is not homogeneous, which seriously affects the quality of the electroslag ingot. It is necessary to control the Al and Ti contents in Incoloy825 alloy and reduce the volatilization of fluoride during the electroslag remelting process. The thermodynamic model of slag metal reaction was established using FactSage thermodynamic software. A low-fluorine slag system suitable for controlling Al and Ti contents was designed, and the relationship between the components in the slag and the activity ratios of Al2O3 and TiO2 was studied, the result was verified by a high-temperature slag metal equilibrium experiment. The results show that the CaO and Al2O3 contents in slag increases with increase in the \begin{document}$\lg \left( {{{a_{{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{3}}}}^2} / {a_{{\rm{Ti}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}^3}}} \right)$\end{document} value, while the Ti content in the alloy decreases with increasing Al content. Moreover, as the TiO2 content in the slag increases, the \begin{document}$\lg \left( {{{a_{{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{3}}}}^2} / {a_{{\rm{Ti}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}^3}}} \right)$\end{document} value decreases, Ti content increases and Al content decreases. The CaF2 and MgO contents in the slag increase have a little effect with the \begin{document}$\lg \left( {{{a_{{\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_{\rm{2}}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{3}}}}^2} / {a_{{\rm{Ti}}{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}^3}}} \right)$\end{document}value. When the difference between the Al and Ti contents in the alloy is large, the elemental Ti in the alloy is easy to be oxidized; when difference between the Al and Ti contents is small, the elemental Al is easy to be oxidized. When the mass percent of CaO and Al2O3 in the slag are 30%−33% respectively, the mass percent of TiO2 is 6%−12%, the mass percent of CaF2 is 20%−30%, the mass percent of MgO is 1%−5%, the Al and Ti contents in the alloy can be controlled.

Objective To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and surgical treatment of intracranial fungal infections of sinonasal origin. Methods and Results In this retrospective study, clinical data of 15 cases who were diagnosed as intracranial fungal infection from November 2004 to July 2019 at Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital were analyzed. Nine cases have a history of paranasal sinus surgery. Headache and visual disturbance were major presenting clinical features. Neurosurgical operations were performed in 14 patients: 8 cases were operated by the transcranial approach (2 cases by eyebrow incision), 4 cases by endoscopic sinus surgery, 2 cases by combined approach. Lumbar cistern drainage was performed in one case. All 15 patients were treated with antifungal treatment. Intracranial fungal granuloma (IFG) was in 9 cases, intracranial fungal abscess in 4 cases, diffuse fungal meningitis in 2 cases. Total resection was performed in 3 cases and subtotal resection was in 7 cases, and partial resection or biopsy was in 4 cases. Diagnosis of intracranial fungal infection was established by the histopathological analysis and/or fungal cultures. Aspergillus (10 cases) was the most common pathogen, followed by Candida albicans (3 cases), and Mucor (2 cases). During a follow⁃up period of 6 months to 14 years, 2 cases recurred and reoperated, 3 cases died. Conclusions Intracranial fungal infections of sinonasal origin may take the form of fungal granuloma or abscess formation. The morbidity and mortality are high. Aspergillus is the most common pathogen. Headache is the most common symptom. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult. The drainage of sinuses should be unobstructed. Frozen pathological examination during the operation can make a clear diagnosis in the early stage. Long⁃term antifungal treatment and long⁃term follow⁃up are needed after the operation. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.12.010

Cushing's disease, also known as pituitary adrenocorticotrophin⁃secreting adenoma, is a rare and serious neuroendocrine disease. At present, the diagnosis of disease is mainly based on the patient's clinical manifestations, imaging examinations and endocrine ⁃ related examinations. With the development of imaging technology, the refinement of laboratory tests and the maturation of genomics technology, the diagnostic level of the Cushing's disease has improved significantly. This article will review recent research advances on the qualitative and localized diagnosis of Cushing's disease in clinical manifestations, biochemical detection, imaging diagnostics, molecular markers and genomics detection. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2020.03.006

The gas-liquid two-phase flow in the up leg of the Ruhrstahl-Hereaeus (RH) unit is one of the main momentum sources of the whole device, and it affects the flow state of the molten steel in the ladle. A physical model of 300 t RH in 1:6 ratio was set up to simulate the bubble behavior process and to measure the change of the RH circulation flow in the up leg and in the vacuum chamber. The gas-liquid fraction and the movement velocity of bubbles were measured to assess the residence time of the bubbles in the vacuum chamber. In addition, the formation of the bubbles at different values of the RH circulation flow and liquid-level height in the vacuum chamber were recorded by a high-speed camera. One of the main factors influencing the bubble formation is the increase of the lifting gas flow in the vacuum chamber. With the increase of blowing gas, the large independent bubbles undergo multiple collisions, break into small bubbles, and finally small and large irregular-sized bubbles coexist. When the liquid height is>80 mm, the residence time of the bubbles in the vacuum chamber achieves a stable value and cannot be further affected by the increase of the liquid-level height in the vacuum chamber. At a lifting gas flow of 3000 L·min-1, a weak decreasing trend of the residence time of bubbles is observed, and the bubbles start polymerizing in the vacuum chamber. In conclusion, for the 300 t RH physical model, the liquid height in the vacuum chamber is recommended to be 80 mm, whereas the lifting gas flow should be set at 3500 L·min-1. After these optimization steps, the decarburization time decreases from 21.4 to 17.5 min.

In order to so1ve the prob1em of pi1ot contamination in massive MIMO systems，a pi1ot a11ocation scheme based on user 1ocation information was proposed.The proposed scheme arranged the users according to the po1ar ang1e of the user 1ocation in the po1ar coordinate system with the base station of the ce11 as the po1e，and assigned the pi1ots sequentia11y.Combining with the characteristics of directiona1 antenna，the scheme can reduce the pi1ot contamination and improve the achievab1e rate of the system by contro11ing the mu1tip1exing distance of the pi1ot to a far range.Simu1ation resu1ts show that the proposed scheme can not on1y reduce the pi1ot po11ution between users，but a1so reduce the performance gap between different users and improve the fairness of the system.

Pilot contamination is appeared in massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output) system when using the same pilot sequences at different cells to get the channel state information.It becomes a bottleneck problem of massive MIMO when the number of antenna goes infinite.In order to dealt with pilot contamination,a new TS-CSPA joint scheme was proposed.This scheme can mitigate pilot contamination by reduce the reuse of pilot sequence through the time domain and space domain.And the closed-form expression for the achieved rates and signal to interference plus noise ratio(SINR) to verify the advantages of the proposed scheme were given.Numerical results show that significant performance gains to mitigate pilot contamination problem compared to other methods.

The viscosity of solid-containing slags can be calculated using the Roscoe equation combined with the calculation functions of multi-component & multi-phase equilibria and pure-liquid slag's viscosity in FactSage software. An FeO-SiO2-Fe3O4-CaO-Al2O3-MgO system used in copper smelting was studied in this paper. Firstly, the parameters of the Roscoe equation were fitted using the measured viscosities of analogous slag in the literature, and the accuracy of viscosity calculated by the method for this slag system was verified additionally. Then, the effect of slag components' contents on the equilibrium phase-composition and viscosity was investigated based on the calculation model. Accordingly, the reasonable proportions of components in the slag were obtained. When the mass fractions of slag components are FeO 40%~60%, SiO2 25%~40%, Fe3O4 0%~15%, CaO 0%~10%, Al2O3 0%~8%, and MgO 0%~4%, the molten slag with good liquidity and fewer solids can be obtained in the smelting process.

Aiming at reducing the production cost of 82B steel and improving product quality,Shougang Iron & Steel Co. added vanadium titanium pellets as raw material in the blast furnace. The addition of vanadium titanium pellets led to several problems such as the low speed in the process of producing and slag melting in converter,the low efficiency of dephosphorization,and the non-ideal effects of slag splashing. In order to solve the above problems,taking the production process of 82B steel in converter in Shougang Iron& Steel Co. as the research object and using the Fluent software to conduct a numerical simulation in combined with high industrial test,this study optimizes the oxygen supply system when using high-V-high-Ti molten iron to smelt 82B steel in converter. In addition,the optimization of oxygen supply system serves as a guarantee for the enhanced ability in smelting 82B steel with high-V-high-Ti molten iron in convert. As a result,there exists increasing possibility for Shougang Iron & Steel Co. to produce high-quality and low-cost 82B steel.

The stairs- climbing wheelchair can be divided into several types according to the principle,including the crawler type,planetary wheel type and foot type,etc. The movement process of planetary stairs-climbing wheelchair is mainly analyzed,and the existing problems of the current stairs- climbing wheelchair is pointed out and a drive scheme which uses the concentric shaft to achieve different drive and can make a wheelchair move more stably is put forward. By using the CATIA software,the design of the structure and motion simulation are carried out,the feasibility of the design scheme is verified.

To improve the localization precision and avoid scanning unknown nodes repeatedly in mobile beacon assisted localization method,a multi-mobile-beacon assisted localization scheme was proposed.The ons keep a certain relative position while traversing the network and ranging with TDoA,and provide information to unknown nodes to estimate locations.Two path planning methods based on optimal coverage strategy were introduced.Simulation resu that the proposed scheme and paths perform well.

Battery is the core power component in electric vehicles, and the battery's thermal management system is an important guarantee for the best performance of the battery. Based on the 21700NCA cylindrical ternary lithium-ion battery, a battery pack system with foamed aluminum as the supporting framework was established in this paper. Phase change materials (PCM) were injected into the pores between the framework and the battery to improve the internal temperature uniformity of the structure. A liquid cooling plate was added to the bottom of the battery to enhance the cooling effect, and the coupled heat dissipation effect of the single battery was analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation technology. Results showed that, compared with the single cooling mode, the coupling cooling system of metal foam, phase change material and liquid cooling can achieve better cooling effect. For phase change materials, within a certain density range, the higher the density, the better the cooling effect of the battery system. The mixing ratio of PCM mainly affects the solidification and melting rate of PCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the problems of low accuracy, poor stability and weak generalization ability used in the traditional model when solving the problem of imbalanced data classification, a sequential three-way derision multi-granulation ensemble classification algorithm is proposed. A binary relationship is adopted to realize the dynamic division of the granular layer. The threshold value is calculated according to the cost matrix and a multilayer granular structure is constructed. The data of each granular layer is divided into a positive domain, a boundary domain, and a negative domain, and the derision on each granular layer is recombined according to positive and negative domains, positive and boundary domains, and negative and boundary domains to form a new data subset. A base is built on each data subset to achieve the ensemble classification of imbalanced data. Simulation results show that the algorithm can effectively reduce the imbalance ratio of data subsets and improve the difference of the base classify in ensemble earning. Under the two evaluation indexes of G-rriean and F-measure-i, the classification performance is better or partially better than other ensemble classification algorithms. The new algorithm effectively improves the classification accuracy and stability of the classification model, and provides new research thoughts for ensemble earning of imbalanced data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino silicone oil has been prepared with 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane and dimethyldimethoxysilane, and then it reacts with tetrahydroperfluorooctyl acryloyl benzoate to prepare fluoroalkyls-modified polysiloxane in cotton fabric finishing after emulsification. The chemical structure of product and fabric are characterized by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the liquid repellency and thermal stability of the finished cotton fabric were tested. The results show that the target product is successfully prepared in the experiment. The surface of the treated cotton fabric fiber is covered by fluoroalkyl modified polysiloxane, and the liquid repellency and thermal stability are improved. The water contact angles of cotton fabrics increases from 129° to 141°; the contact angle to ethylene glycol increases from 112° to 130°, the contact angle to glycerol increases from 124° to 137°. The temperature at 5% mass loss rate increases from 128.3 °C to 222. 2 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and surgical treatment of intracranial fungal infections of sinonasal origin. Methods and Results In this retrospective study, clinical data of 15 cases who were diagnosed as intracranial fungal infection from November 2004 to July 2019 at Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital were analyzed. Nine cases have a history of paranasal sinus surgery. Headache and visual disturbance were major presenting clinical features. Neurosurgical operations were performed in 14 patients: 8 cases were operated by the transcranial approach (2 cases by eyebrow incision), 4 cases by endoscopic sinus surgery, 2 cases by combined approach. Lumbar cistern drainage was performed in one case. All 15 patients were treated with antifungal treatment. Intracranial fungal granuloma (IFG) was in 9 cases, intracranial fungal abscess in 4 cases, diffuse fungal meningitis in 2 cases. Total resection was performed in 3 cases and subtotal resection was in 7 cases, and partial resection or biopsy was in 4 cases. Diagnosis of intracranial fungal infection was established by the histopathological analysis and/or fungal cultures. Aspergillus (10 cases) was the most common pathogen, followed by Candida albicans (3 cases), and Mucor (2 cases). During a follow-up period of 6 months to 14 years, 2 cases recurred and reoperated, 3 cases died. Conclusions Intracranial fungal infections of sinonasal origin may take the form of fungal granuloma or abscess formation. The morbidity and mortality are high. Aspergillus is the most common pathogen. Headache is the most common symptom. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult. The drainage of sinuses should be unobstructed. Frozen pathological examination during the operation can make a clear diagnosis in the early stage. Long-term antifungal treatment and long-term follow-up are needed after the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cushing's disease, also known as pituitary adrenocorticotrophin - secreting adenoma, is a rare and serious neuroendocrine disease. At present, the diagnosis of disease is mainly based on the patient's clinical manifestations, imaging examinations and endocrine - related examinations. With the development of imaging technology, the refinement of laboratory tests and the maturation of genomics technology, the diagnostic level of the Cushing's disease has improved significantly. This article will review recent research advances on the qualitative and localized diagnosis of Cushing's disease in clinical manifestations, biochemical detection, imaging diagnostics, molecular markers and genomics detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preferential flow is a physical process describing how water and solutes move along certain pathways through soil profile. Studying the cropland preferential flow patterns and its influential factors could quantify the deep percolation, improve water and fertilizer use efficiency and reduce the risk of agrochemicals contaminating shallow groundwater in oasis cropland. The dye tracer experiments were carried out in field oasis cropland, using a brilliant blue FCF solution. The results showed that between ridge and furrow, the number of stained paths densities differed significantly at the 7.3-16.7 cm depth of the soil profiles, while the maximum dye depth had no significant difference. The main influence factors of the maximum stained depth were the irrigation amount and the ant burrows. The maximum stained depth was (43.1 ±5.9) cm with the mean irrigation amount of 120 mm, however, the maximum stained depth was (68.3±7.6) cm with the irrigation amount of 55 mm under the influence of the ant burrows. Root played an important role in preferential flow, but only the fine roots (Φ≤2 mm) were significantly related to the preferential flow in oasis cropland, while the coarse roots were not. In oasis cropland, the characteristics of the preferential flow were influenced by the irrigation amount, the furrow and ridge planting, the ant burrows and the roots, and the ant burrows were an uncertain factor which affected the maximum infiltration depth of the preferential flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shengli brown coal was gasified at 800-900 °C in a simulated entrained-flow reactor to investigate the effects of steam, oxygen and their mixture atmospheres on the gasification characteristics. The impact mechanism of gasifying agents on the char structures and reactivity were systematically clarified using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results indicate that the addition of oxygen to the gasifying agent (i. e. steam) is considered to able to optimize the gasification reaction and increase the H2 yield, the largest increase valve of H2 being 13% in this study. The -OH, -CH3 and -CH2- functional groups drastically decrease during gasification. As a result, the regular structure of char and the aromatic degree increase. The reactivity of char from gasification in different atmospheres was evaluated by TGA, which shows the reactivity of char decrease with the increasing of the concentration of steam, and further addition of O2 restrain the reactivity index of char, whose minimum value obtained is 0.005 min-1. Under the oxygen atmosphere, the lower oxygen concentration demonstrates less influence on the reactivity of char. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the characteristics of ultrasound image acquisition and speckle noise statistics, this paper proposes an despeckling algorithm based on polar coordinate system and Monte Carlo estimation scheme. Firstly, it took logarithmic transformation to noisy images in polar coordinate system. Then, it acquired a set of samples in any radial direction with the estimated point in global spatial domain, and constructed weighting factor according to speckle noise model and the spatial correlation between sample point and estimated point. Consequently, the algorithmused the Monte Carlo method to achieve speckle noise likelihood-weighted estimate. Experimental results demonstrate that, the presented algorithm can better remove speckle noise while preserving image structures and details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study attribute reduction in formal concept, reducible attributes and irreducible attributes are introduced. And the related properties were studied. The judgment theorems of attributes reduction for object-oriented concept lattice are proposed. This is an effective method for reduction in object-oriented concept lattice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Chinese rural social structure of semi-small ownership landholding system, we construct an upward homogenous labor supply curve from the perspective of non-labor endowments, in which we can explain the rises of unskilled labor real wages during migration. There are numerous differences among endowments in different agricultural families in the same or different regions that each unit labor can use, which induces to differences in average product of labor and labor income despite of the homogenous labors. With the increasing demands of labors in the process of industrialization and urbanization, rural labors will migrate into industrial sectors along from low income to high income. Labors supply price and equilibrium wage rate will increase accordingly; and when labors with much less endowment leave the rural families, the labors who continue to be farmers will increase their endowments and agricultural income accordingly. In equilibrium,agricultural income of homogenous labors in different families will be the same as industrial wages, in which labors receive the optimal allocation, the differences in labor income will be due to heterogeneous human capital endowments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the psychology evaluation of self--concept of college students towards the form style of NOKIA mobile, which is the main object, by the way of demonstration. The separate dimension of the college students self--concept and the form style of NOKIA is studied. Then the difference of both is discussed, thus the dimension advantage and disadvantage of NOKIA will be explored. The research should be helpful to the national mobile phone manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the idea of cross-coupling compensation, a control scheme for MIMO sinusoidal vibration control system is put forward. The convergence of the proposed algorithm is analyzed considering the multiplicative output uncertainties of the system errors. The control algorithm is simulated to verify its effectiveness. A PC is used as the control center and the control system is constructed based on VXI bus module. The control software is programmed. The driving signals and response signals can be generated and sampled automatically. Experiments of dual-shaker sinusoidal vibration control are implemented on a cantilever beam. The control results show that the developed MIMO sinusoidal vibration control system is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the demands of high reliability of cable painting robot, a fault tree for the main event that the robot can not automatically climb and paint in high space was constructed. The fault tree was analyzed by fuzzy methods where each component's failure rate is considered as a triangular fuzzy number. The basic events' importance of the robot was calculated by fuzzy number median methods. It can be used to improve the system design and to insure the success of field tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to find an optimal threshold level of delay-line type surface acoustic wave (SAW) based identification-tag(ID-Tag), because each bit code suffers from the influence of multiple reflection and propagation losses and is not uniform in amplitude. The judgement probability of error of code "1" and code "0" in on-off coding tags in addition to the analytical relationship between the optimal threshold level and the signal-noise ratio, the dynamic separation were deduced. The theoretical threshold level is verified to be feasible in experiment, which is used in reading the reflected signal of ID Tag with 8 reflectors when the reading distances are 1 m and 1.5 m, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the 3D reconstruction models of natural porous rock, the Brazil disk splitting tests were simulated using numerical method. The fracture behavior of porous rock was investigated during splitting. The influence of porosity on cracks growth was probed in porous rock from the view of stress. In the meantime, the physical models of porous rock were fabricated using similar material. Based on the physical models with varied porosities, the Brazil disk physical tests were carried out. The experimental results verified the validity of numerical results. It is shown that the porosity seriously affects the stress distribution features and cracks growth of rock during splitting when the distribution characters of pores being changeless. With the increase of porosity, the symmetry of stress distribution gradually disappears. The maximum tensile stress deviates from the symmetry axis and lies on the region with intensive pores. With the increase of porosity, the maximum value decreases gradually in exponential function. The failure mode changes from single tensile failure to tensile failure and shear failure. It leads to multiple cracks run through the disk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the response relationship and spatial distribution characteristics of carbon reserve and land use change and predicting the change trend of carbon reserve caused by the change of land use type in the future can provide some reference for watershed policy formulation, land use structure adjustment, and the realization of the "two-carbon" goal. Based on the land use data from 2000, 2010, and 2020, the InVEST model was used to calculate carbon reserves and analyze the change characteristics and to simulate the land use change and its impact on carbon reserves in natural development, urban development, and ecological protection in 2030 with the help of the PLUS model. The study found that ① the main land types in the Shiyang River Basin from 2000 to 2020 were cultivated land, grassland, and unused land. The area of cultivated land, water area, and construction land in the Shiyang River Basin showed a significant increasing trend, and the construction land area increased the most. ② In the natural development scenario of 2030, cultivated land, water area, and construction all increased by 6.15%, 9.56%, and 29.9%, respectively. In the urban development scenario, the area of construction land increased the most. Compared with that in the other two scenarios, the area of forest land and grassland increased in the ecological protection scenarios. ③ The carbon reserves of the Shiyang River Basin from 2000 to 2020 showed a steady increase, with an overall increase of 0.035×10 8 t. The increased carbon reserves were mainly due to the increase in cultivated land area. ④ In 2030, the carbon reserves of the Shiyang River Basin showed an increasing trend in all three scenarios. The carbon reserves in the three scenarios were 5.65×10 8 , 5.64×10 8 ,and 5.73×10 8 t, respectively, with the largest increase in carbon reserves in the ecological conservation scenario, mainly due to the increase in grassland and woodland. The results showed that the expansion of construction land was the main cause of the loss of carbon reserves. If effective ecological protection measures are taken, the carbon reserves in the Shiyang River Basin will be improved, and the problem of the loss of carbon reserves caused by economic development can be solved.

Based on high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS~E) and molecular docking technique, bitter compounds of Ginkgo biloba extract(GBE) were characterized, and their relationship with bitter efficacy was investigated. Firstly, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS~E was used for qualitative analysis of GBE components, and 60 chemical components were identified. These chemical components were molecular-docked with bitter receptors, and 26 bitter substances were selected, mainly flavonoids. Secondly, sensory and electronic tongue bitterness evaluation techniques were used to verify that total flavones of GBE were the main bitter substances, which was consistent with the molecular docking results. Finally, network pharmacology was used to predict and analyze bitter substances. The relationship between the target of bitter substance and bitter effect was explored. The key targets of bitter substances are CYP2B6, ALOX15, and PTGS2, etc., and bitter substances may exert a bitter efficacy by ac-ting on related disease targets, indicating that bitter substances of GBE are the material basis of the bitter effect. In summary, the study indicated that the molecular docking technique had a guiding effect on the screening of bitter substances in traditianal Chinese medicine(TCM), and bitter substances of GBE had a bitter efficacy. It provides ideas and references for the study of the "taste-efficacy relationship" of TCM in the future.

Magnetic phosphorous biochar （MPBC） was prepared from Camellia oleifera shells using phosphoric acid activation and iron co-deposition. The materials were characterized and analyzed through scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， X-ray diffractometry （XRD）， specific surface area and pore size analysis （BET）， Fourier infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）， and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. MPBC had a high surface area （1 139.28 m 2 ·g -1 ） and abundant surface functional groups， and it could achieve fast solid-liquid separation under the action of an external magnetic field. The adsorption behavior and influencing factors of sulfamethoxazole （SMX） in water were investigated. The adsorbent showed excellent adsorption properties for SMX under acidic and neutral conditions， and alkaline conditions and the presence of CO 3 2- had obvious inhibition on adsorption. The adsorption process conformed to the quasi-second-order kinetics and Langmuir model. The adsorption rate was fast， and the maximum adsorption capacity reached 356.49 mg·g -1 . The adsorption process was a spontaneous exothermic reaction， and low temperature was beneficial to the adsorption. The adsorption mechanism was mainly the chemisorption of pyrophosphate surface functional groups （C-O-P bond） between the SMX molecule and MPBC and also included hydrogen bonding， π-π electron donor-acceptor （π-πEDA） interaction， and a pore filling effect. The development of MPBC adsorbent provides an effective way for resource utilization of waste Camellia oleifera shells and treatment of sulfamethoxazole wastewater.

Purpose: To investigate the application value of nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation comfort technique during tooth extraction in elderly patients with hypertension under electrocardiographic(ECG) monitoring., Methods: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, sixty elderly patients (over 65 years old) with hypertension for tooth extraction were randomly divided into 2 groups: the experimental group(nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation combined with ECG monitoring group, n=30) and the control group (routine ECG monitoring group, n=30). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) at T0 (baseline values before surgery), T1 (on local anesthesia), T2 (during operation) and T3(5 minutes after operation) were recorded. SPSS 25.0 software package was used for statistical analysis., Results: There was no significant difference in MAP and HR at each time point in the experimental group(P＞0.05). There was no significant difference in MAP and HR at T0 and T3 time points in the control group(P＞0.05). At other time points, MAP and HR were significantly different (P＜0.05). There was no significant differences in MAP and HR between the two groups at T0 and T3(P＞0.05). MAP and HR at T1 and T2 in the experimental group were significantly less than those in the control group(P＜0.05)., Conclusions: Nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation comfort technology can stabilize patients' emotions and maintain stable blood pressure and heart rate in elderly patients with hypertension during tooth extraction, thus improving the safety of tooth extraction.

Purpose: To investigate the influence of maxillary molars on the thickening of maxillary sinus mucosa by cone-beam CT (CBCT)., Methods: A total of 72 patients with periodontitis were included in the study and 137 cases of maxillary sinus were evaluated using CBCT for the following parameters: location, tooth, maximal mucosal thickness, alveolar bone loss, vertical intrabony pockets and minimal residual bone height. The maxillary sinus mucosal thickness ≥2 mm was defined as mucosal thickening. The parameters that could influence the dimensions of the maxillary sinus membrane were assessed. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis and binary logistic regression by SPSS 25.0 software package., Results: Mucosal thickening was present in 56.2% of 137 cases and increased in frequency as the alveolar bone loss of the corresponding molar progressed from mild (21.1%) to moderate (56.1%) to severe (69.2%), and the risk of maxillary sinus mucosal thickening increased by 6-7 times (moderate OR=7.13, 95%CI: 1.37-37.21; severe OR=6.29, 95%CI: 1.06-37.37). The severity of vertical intrabony pockets was correlated with the presence of mucosal thickness (no intrabony pockets 38.7%; type Ⅰ 63.4%; type Ⅱ 79.4%), with an increased risk of maxillary sinus mucosal thickening (type Ⅰ OR=3.72, 95%CI: 1.01-13.70; type Ⅱ OR=5.39, 95%CI: 1.15-25.30). The minimal residual bone height was negatively correlated with the presence of mucosal thickness(≤4 mm OR=99.00, 95%CI: 17.42-562.79)., Conclusions: Alveolar bone loss, vertical intrabony pockets and the minimal residual bone height in maxillary molars were significantly associated with mucosal thickening of the maxillary sinus.

Objective: To investigate the correlation of the anterior lobe thickness of the prostate (ALTP) with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), and evaluate the effect of ALTP on the clinical progression of BPH., Methods: This retrospective study included 159 cases of BPH. We obtained the clinical indicators of the patients, including ALTP, prostate volume (PV), postvoid residual urine (PVR), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), BOO index (BOOI) and IPSS, and analyzed the correlations of ALTP with IPSS, PV, Qmax, age, PVR and BOOI. Using the ROC curve and cut-off point of ALTP, we compared the clinical indicators between the small and large ALTP groups, and analyzed the correlation between ALTP and the clinical progression of BPH., Results: IPSS was not significantly correlated with ALTP (P > 0.05), nor was ALTP with PV and Qmax (P > 0.05). The area under the ROC curve was 0.742 (95% CI: 0.656－0.828) and the cut-off point of ALTP was 0.65 cm. Statistically significant differences were observed in PV, Qmax, IPSS and the rate of surgery between the small ALTP (<0.65 cm) and large ALTP (≥0.65 cm) groups (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: ALTP is not proportional to PV or to IPSS. ALTP ≥ 0.65 cm increases the incidence of BOO, and may be a risk factor for the clinical progression of BPH.

Jingfang Granules have the effects of inducing sweating to releasing exterior, dispersing wind and dispelling dampness. Modern studies have demonstrated that it has antipyretic and antiviral activities. Therefore, this trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Jingfang Granules in the treatment of common cold(wind-cold syndrome). A total of 138 common cold(wind-cold syndrome) patients meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly assigned into the experimental group(n=92) and the placebo group(n=46) at a ratio of 2∶1 and respectively received Jingfang Granules and Jingfang Granules simulation agent. The treatment lasted for 5 d, and the follow-up time was 8 d. Recovery time was employed as the main indicator of efficacy. The median reco-very time of the experimental group was 3.33 d, shorter than that 7.00 d of the placebo group. The efficacy of the experimental group was better than that of the placebo group(P&lt;0.000 1). The major symptom severity score-time AUC of the experimental group was 489.90±206.95, which was smaller than that of the placebo group(763.50±339.53). The recovery rate and marked effective rate of the experimental group were higher than those of the placebo group, The above outcomes were statistically significant between the two groups(P&lt;0.05). The disappearance time and rate of single symptoms including aversion to cold, nasal congestion, runny nose, cough, headache, pharyngeal itching/pain, white sputum, and somatalgia also had significant differences between the two groups(P&lt;0.05), indicating that Jingfang Granules had good performance in alleviating the above symptoms. During the study period, one case of the experimental group had a slight increase in serum creatinine, which returned to the normal level after re-examination. The incidence of adverse reactions was 1.10%, and no serious adverse reaction was found. The two groups had no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions. In conclusion, Jingfang Granules can significantly shorten the course of common cold(wind-cold syndrome) and quickly alleviate the clinical symptoms, demonstrating good safety and clinical advantages.

The high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) characteristic chromatogram of Xiaoer Ganmaoning Oral Liquid(oral liquid for short) was established. The medicinal materials corresponding to characteristic peaks, their index components and ranges of similarity with the reference chromatograms were clarified. The similarity between the characteristic chromatograms of 10 batches of the oral liquid and the reference chromatogram was higher than 0.994. Eighteen characteristic peaks were identified, which were derived from different medicinal materials including Scutellariae Radix, Arctii Fructus, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Gardeniae Fructus and Forsythiae Fructus. Further, 11 characteristic peaks were assigned by the comparison with reference substances as chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, scutellarin, forsythiaside A and arctiin. Also, the characteristic chromatogram of precipitate in the oral liquid was established, and the similarity between characteristic chromatograms of 10 batches of the precipitate and the reference chromatogram was higher than 0.940. The 14 characteristic peaks originating from the precipitate and those from the oral liquid were consistent in retention time, and the content of all index components in the precipitate was lower than 5% of that in the oral liquid. Moreover, the stability of precipitate during the accelerated stability test was explored with filtration and Matlab-based image sensory evaluation. The precipitate mass and precipitation degree both increased over the stability test duration significantly. The stability of the oral liquid was used as a model system in this study to establish the integrated quality control system which related to medicinal materials, preparations and precipitate with HPLC characteristic chromatograms and image sensory evaluation, which lays a foundation for the exploration of the quantity value transfer of the oral liquid.