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Macrophages are highly heterogeneous and related to a variety of diseases such as tumors and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, the application of macrophages as a potential target for treatment of these diseases has received more and more attention. Although genetic engineering is widely used to modify cells, it is still difficult for efficient transfection of macrophages by existing methods. Recently, through continuous attempts and improvements, the efficiency of genetically engineered macrophages has been significantly improved. We herein introduce several transfection methods which are currently used in macrophages and discussed their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, potential applications of genetically engineered macrophages in treatment of tumors, autoimmune diseases and anti-graft rejection are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing diversity and complexity of material requirements for underground water conservancy and water pipeline networks, the efficient and convenient design of special materials to meet individual needs through machine learning has become a hot topic of concern.Traditional supervised learning methods are all based on a large dataset to train models, but obtaining large datasets for special materials required in deeply buried underground water pipeline networks and high-end military equipment, such as rare and high-entropy alloys, etc.requires extremely high cost and a long period.To solve this problem, we propose a small sample expansion model-RX-SMOGN, using XGBoost and RFECV algorithms for feature screening.We enrich the dataset with the SMOGN algorithm.In this paper, the phase structure of high-entropy alloys is used as the research object, and traditional machine learning models are trained to predict them to verify the effectiveness of the RX-SMOGN model.From the results of 5-fold cross-verification and 4 evaluation indicators, it can be seen that the RX-SMOGN model fully improves the performance of the machine learning model, provides a more convenient method for alloy material design, and fully improves the efficiency of alloy material design.

C1 gases including CO, CO 2 and CH 4 , are mainly derived from terrestrial biological activities, industrial waste gas and gasification syngas. Particularly, CO 2 and CH 4 are two of the most important greenhouse gases contributing to climate change. Bioconversion of C1 gases is not only a promising solution to addressing the problem of waste gases emission, but also a novel route to produce fuels or chemicals. In the past few years, C1-gas-utilizing microorganisms have drawn much attention and a variety of gene-editing technologies have been applied to improve their product yields or to expand product portfolios. This article reviewed the biological characteristics, aerobic or anaerobic metabolic pathways as well as the metabolic products of methanotrophs, autotrophic acetogens, and carboxydotrophic bacteria. In addition, gene-editing technologies (e.g. gene interruption technology using homologous recombination, group Ⅱ intron ClosTron technology, CRISPR/Cas gene editing and phage recombinase-mediated efficient integration of large DNA fragments) and their application in these C1-gas-utilizing microorganisms were also summarized.

Unnatural amino acid orthogonal translation machinery can insert unnatural amino acids at desired sites of protein through stop codon by means of foreign orthogonal translation system composed of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and orthogonal tRNA genes. This new genetic engineering technology is not only a new tool for biochemical researches of proteins, but also an epoch-making technology for the development of new-type live viral vaccines. The mutated virus containing premature termination codon in genes necessary for replication can be propagated in transgenic cells harboring unnatural amino acid orthogonal translation machinery in media with corresponding unnatural amino acid, but it cannot replicate in conventional host cells. This replication-deficient virus is a new-type of live viral vaccine that possesses advantages of high efficacy of traditional attenuated vaccine and high safety of killed vaccine. This article reviews the application and prospect of unnatural amino acid orthogonal translation machinery in the development of novel replication-deficient virus vaccines.

Teaching in experiments of biology is important for the cultivation of life science talents. In view of the rapid development of life science and the increasing demand for research-oriented talent training, teaching in experiments of biology should set up a variety of learning outcomes: to train experimental skill, to cultivate students' experimental design and operation abilities, and to improve students' scientific thinking and innovative consciousness. We have carried out an educational reform on experimental genetic engineering blended course. In this paper, we introduced our methods of organizing online materials, the curriculum design of the blended course, the implementation details, and a preliminary analysis of teaching effects. We found that experimental genetic engineering blended course could support students' active learning and a learning-centered teaching model. Moreover, it could facilitate students' achievement of improving experimental skills, cultivating a rigorous scientific attitude, professional research quality and academic innovation ability.

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the increasing diversity and complexity of material requirements for underground water conservancy and water pipeline networks, the efficient and convenient design of special materials to meet individual needs through machine learning has become a hot topic of concern. Traditional supervised learning methods are all based on a large dataset to train models, but obtaining large datasets for special materials required in deeply buried underground water pipeline networks and high-end military equipment, such as rare and high-entropy alloys, etc. requires extremely high cost and a long period. To solve this problem, we propose a small sample expansion model-RX-SMOGN, using XGBoost and RFECV algorithms for feature screening. We enrich the dataset with the SMOGN algorithm. In this paper, the phase structure of high-entropy alloys is used as the research object, and traditional machine learning models are trained to predict them to verify the effectiveness of the RX-SMOGN model. From the results of 5-fold cross-verification and 4 evaluation indicators, it can be seen that the RX-SMOGN model fully improves the performance of the machine learning model, provides a more convenient method for alloy material design, and fully improves the efficiency of alloy material design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from participating the high-level professional competition, our school has built a talent training system with the spirit of "biomaker" and an innovative practical ability training system. Such system takes the interest of student as the starting point, and relies on the strong scientific research and teaching infrastructure. The programme gives full play to students' initiatives and enhances the scientific research literacy and comprehensive ability of undergraduates majoring in biotechnology. It is an effective exploration of the traditional university education model and meets the urgent demand for innovative talents training in the era of rapid development of life sciences.

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress in Modern Biomedicine is the property of Publishing House of Progress in Modern Biomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Large-scale genetic manipulation of the genome refers to the genetic modification of large fragments of DNA using knockout, integration and translocation. Compared to small-scale gene editing, large-scale genetic manipulation of the genome allows for the simultaneous modification of more genetic information, which is important for understanding the complex mechanisms such as multigene interactions. At the same time, large-scale genetic manipulation of the genome allows for larger-scale design and reconstruction of the genome, and even the creation of entirely new genomes, with great potential in reconstructing complex functions. Yeast is an important eukaryotic model organism that is widely used because of its safety and easiness of manipulation. This paper systematically summarizes the toolkit for large-scale genetic manipulation of the yeast genome, including recombinase-mediated large-scale manipulation, nuclease-mediated large-scale manipulation, de novo synthesis of large DNA fragments and other large-scale manipulation tools, and introduces their basic working principles and typical application cases. Finally, the challenges and developments in large-scale genetic manipulation are presented.

Xylanase is widely used in papermaking, feed, energy, food, medicine, and other industries. It is of great significance to use genetic engineering technology to quickly tap xylanase resources suitable for industrial production. Based on bioinformatics analysis, we successfully constructed mutant X-N, X-C, and X-f based on molecular modification of the C/N terminal and "Thumb" structure of xylanase XynH. Compared with the proenzyme XynH, the optimal pH of X-N was 5.5, and the other enzymes showed the highest enzyme activity at pH 5.0. The residual enzyme activity of all mutants and XynH at pH 4.0 - 6.0 was about 60%, and they had good acid resistance. The optimum temperature of X-N (60°C) was increased by 5°C compared with other enzymes. After heat preservation at 55°C for 1 h, the residual enzyme activity of X-N and X-f was higher than that of XynH, and the heat resistance of X-N was better. All the mutants showed weak affinity to beech xylan, but showed higher conversion rate. In this paper, the molecular modification of xylanase by genetic engineering means was used to construct three mutants, all of which showed good acid resistance, the optimal pH of X-N was slightly higher than that of the original enzyme, and the stability was better at high temperature. N-terminal replacement improves the thermal stability of xylanase, and C-terminal replacement may involve a part of the catalytic domain, resulting in a change in enzyme activity. The modification of the end of "Thumb" may narrow the cracks at the active site, preventing the entry of the substrate, resulting in a reduction in the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. The difference between the mutant and the original enzyme in enzymology and the relationship between structure and function revealed by the mutant provide some ideas and strategies for the improvement and application of xylanase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Medical Education Technology is the property of China Medical Education Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Precious Metals / Guijinshu is the property of Precious Metals Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). As an RNA virus, there are extensive variations in the genome of PRRSV, of which NSP2 and ORF5 genes are predominant. As the strains of different lineages have characteristic nucleotide sequences in ORF5, ORF5 can be used for the typing of PRRSV. ORF5 encodes the GP5 protein. GP5 protein contains multiple epitopes, which can interact with cellular receptors thus affect viral infection and replication. In recent years, molecular epidemiological investigations on PRRSV tend to reveal amino acid mutations unique to different strains. These mutations usually occur in the signal peptide coding region, non-neutralizing epitope, neutralizing epitope and transmembrane region of GP5 protein. Therefore, some studies have correlated these mutation data with the virulence and neutralization capacity of the virus. Some researchers tried to speculate about the conformational or functional changes in GP5 protein by mutation and explain this link from the structural basis of protein interaction. The tertiary structure of GP5 cannot be observed by traditional high-resolution cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography method, therefore, bioinformatics methods become the only option for related researches. In addition, GP5 can be used for the development of genetic engineering vaccines. This article reviews bioinformatics studies on GP5 protein in recent years, and summarizes the effects of GP5 protein on virus infection, replication, virulence and neutralization as well as the performance evaluation of GP5-based genetic engineering vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant virus is one of the most economical devastating microorganisms for global agriculture. Although several strategies are useful for controlling viral infection, such as resistant breeds cultivation, chemical bactericides treatment, blocking the infection source, tissue detoxification and field sanitation, viral disease is still a problem in agricultural production. Genetic engineering approach offers various options for introducing virus resistance into crop plants. This paper reviews the current strategies of developing virus resistant transgenic plants.

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Copyright of Current Biotechnology (2095-2341) is the property of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan University of Technology Natural Science Edition is the property of Henan University of Technology Journal Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The international genetically engineered machine (iGEM) competition is a global top college academic competition in synthetic biology. The iGEM competition has exhibited extensive international influence and attracted teams from more than 40 countries and regions around the world to participate in. The annual iGEM outputs have attracted the attention of top academic journals or international media such as Science , Nature , Scientific American , The Economist , British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), etc. High school teams participated in iGEM since 2011, and the number of high school teams has increased year by year. High school participants are increasingly becoming one of the most important forces to promote the development of iGEM and synthetic biology. IGEM competition has also become an important platform to foster the core literacy of high school students. This paper summarized the track rules, topic selection tendency and awards of high school teams based on data of 2017 to 2021 iGEM competition. In addition, we analyzed the significance of iGEM competition on fostering of high school students' core literacy and discussed the development trend of global high school teams, with the aim to provide a reference for high school team building in the future.

Resveratrol synthase (RS) plays a key role in resveratrol (Res) biosynthesis. RS gene has been formerly reported to be transformed into many plant species and microorganisms, and to play certain roles in metabolic and regulation processes. In this paper, the transformations of RS gene in plants, and the related changes of biological properties, such as metabolites, anti-pathogen activities, anti-radical properties, and developmental characters in transgenic plants, as well as the production of resveratrol in microbes by utilizing RS gene were summarized. Moreover, the application prospects of RS gene in bioengineering were also addressed.

BACKGROUND: A large number of studies have confirmed that the therapeutic effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell secretome is comparable to that of mesenchymal stem cells, but the mechanism of its action is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress of mesenchymal stem cell secretome in recent years, to investigate the molecular mechanism of its therapeutic effect, to analyze the current problems and to look forward to the future development. METHODS: The terms “exosomes, mesenchymal stem cells secrete, extracellular vesicles, mesenchymal stem cells, mechanism” were used as English search terms in the PubMed database. Articles that were not related to the research purpose of the article and duplicated articles were excluded. At the same time, we combined the method of literature tracking. Finally, 109 articles that met the criteria were incuded for the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The mesenchymal stem cell secretome promotes tissue repair and regeneration through delivering genetic material, immunomodulatory factors, growth factors, etc. to target cells, by activating anti-apoptotic, regulating angiogenesis, modulating fibrosis and pro-survival pathways in target cells. (2) The potential of mesenchymal stem cell secretome in disease therapy has also been confirmed. Numerous research results have shown that mesenchymal stem cell secretome can be used as a new cell-free treatment for inflammatory and degenerative diseases. (3) Mesenchymal stem cell secretome has been engineered to have more efficient therapeutic effects in recent years. However, due to the heterogeneity of the mesenchymal stem cell secretome and the complexity of its components, the exact mechanism of its therapeutic effect is still unclear. (4) At present, further research is needed to identify the key targets of mesenchymal stem cell secretome, and innovative specific and enhanced mesenchymal stem cell secretome should be developed by combining with engineering and genetic engineering technologies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms play an important role in the degradation of lignin. The structural characteristics of lignin, the latest development of microbial species (including fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria), key enzymes (laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, dye-decolorizing peroxidases, etc.) and mechanism of lignin degradation by the key enzymes, and synthesized high value-added products (including lipids, polyhydroxyalkanoates, vanillin, and feed, etc.) are reviewed. However, the degradation rate of lignin is still relatively low, which gready limits its application. Some efficient methods are proposed for improving the degradation efficiency and transformation efficiency of lignin, including genetic engineering and metabolic engineering technologies. The main aim is to provide theoretical support for the comprehensive utilization of lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic Engineering is an important specialized basic course for the students majoring in life sciences. The quality of teaching is directly related to the students' professional quality and innovation ability. In order to improve the teaching quatity and train advanced biotechnical students, we made some reforms to the contents and teaching methods of Genetic Engineering according to the experience accumulated in recent years.

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31) is an important ubiquitous cytosol enzyme that fixes HCO3 together with phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and yields oxaloacetate that can be converted to intermediates of the citric acid cycle. In plant cells, PEPC participates in CO2 assimilation and other important metabolic pathways, and it has broad functions in different plant tissues. PEPC is also involved in the regulation of storage product synthesis and metabolism in seeds, such as affecting the metabolic fluxes from sugars/starch towards the synthesis of fatty acids or amino acids and proteins. In this review, we introduced the progress in classification, structure and regulation of PEPC in plant tissues. We discussed the potential applications of plant PEPCs in genetic engineering. The researches in functions and regulation mechanism of plant PEPCs will provide beneficial approaches to applications of plant PEPCs in high-yield crops breeding, energy crop and microbe genetic engineering.

Biodiesel is a renewable biofuel and alternative diesel, but the first generation of biodiesel, which has many defects in properties and in production methods, mainly comes from the chemical transesterification of triglyceride from plant oil. With the fast development in the field of synthetic biology and metabolic engineer-ing, the researchers can choose suitable microbes and engineer its metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid bio-synthesis pathway and isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, to directly produce the second generation of advanced biodiesel---long chain hydrocarbons, which have better properties and quality using the newest biotechnology techniques. In this review, we summarized the research progress about microbial production of advanced bio-diesel and also pointed the deficiencies and future direction in this new field.

Acremonium chrysogenum, cephalosporin C (CPC) producing strain, is an important industrial microorganism. CPC is used to produce 7-ACA, a major intermediate for manufacturing of many first-line anti-infectious cephalosporin-antibiotics. The fermentation level of CPC determines the production, quality and cost of its downstream products. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the strains of A. chrysogenum. Along with the development of molecular biology, genetic manipulation technique is becoming more and more important in the field of molecular breeding. This paper reviews the latest research progresses on CPC biosynthesis and its regulation. Genetic manipulations of A. chrysogenum were summarized and concluded. We suggested that strain improvement of A. chrysogenum by means of induction and expression of biosynthetic and regulatory genes, as well as exogenous genes, and further optimization could be applied to different aspects including CPC production enhancement and metabolic pathway elongation, etc. Future direction of this field is also proposed. We believed that incorporation of comparative proteomics and genomic shuffling with molecular breeding could lead the achievements close to industry promptly.

Defensin is a kind of cysteine-rich small peptide, which has a broad spectrum of resistance to bacteria with a special resistance mechanism. So far, a large number of studies on defensins have been reported, and the different types of defensins have been isolated from various organisms. A broad prospect of application on defensins has been displayed both in genetic engineering and medicine field. This article reviewed the classification and the biological characteristics of defensins, including mammalian α-, β-, θ-defensins, insect defensins, and plant defensins. The molecular structures, antibacterial activities, and antibacterial mechanisms of these definsins were summarized. The two mechanisms of de-fensin, including independent membrane mechanism and targeting of intracellular compounds by defensins, are ex-pounded. This paper also summarized the researches on isolation and expression of defensin genes and disease resistance genetic engineering of mammal and plant defensins. A prospect of the future applications of defensin both in biophar-maceutical sciences and plant disease resistance genetic engineering was discussed.

Plant male sterility is a kind of resource of heterosis, which has important value in production. It may be derived from natural mutations, artificial mutations, distant hybridizations, and now through cell engineering and genetic engineering. This paper reviews the progress of strategies in production of plant male sterile lines and their corresponding fertile lines via genetic engineering approach. All strategies can be grouped into "single component strategy" and "two-component strategy". "Single component strategy" produces conditional (reversible) male sterile line, whose fertility can be switched under given condition. Conditional male sterile line has two roles, which are CMS and maintainer line for breeding in practice; "two-component strategy" takes advantage of gene interaction and parental hybridization to generate male sterile line. Otherwise, it develops sterile line and restorer line respectively for three-line hybrid system for seed production through gene interaction. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of gene engineering approaches of "single component strategy" and "two-component strategy" for developing male sterile line and corresponding restorer line, as well as the current status and perspective of these approaches in practice.

Microalgae, with the ability to harness solar energy to fix CO 2 and convert it into organic compounds, have emerged as promising green cell factories. With the rapid development of cutting-edge biotechnologies, the research and application of photosynthetic microalgae have been expanding, leading to comprehensive and in-depth engineering of microalgae. The synthetic biology and genome editing technologies have enabled the applications of microalgae in medicine, agriculture, food, energy, and the environment. However, the survival and spreading of engineered microalgae in the natural environment pose potential safety risks to ecosystems and human health. To curb the risks caused by the spreading of engineered microalgae in the environment, biosafety policies should be formulated for engineered microalgae and the prevention and control technologies should be developed. Toward this goal, researchers have developed biocontainment systems, including positive strategies such as the design of toxic protein-based kill switches and passive strategies such as knocking out essential genes to construct the strains with nutritional deficiencies, thereby spatially containing engineered microalgae. This article summarizes the application of cutting-edge biotechnologies in the engineering of microalgae, the biosafety risks and management regulations associated with the escape of engineered microalgae, and the progress in novel biocontainment technologies established for engineered microalgae. Finally, this article gives insights into the future development direction of microalgae biocontainment.

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Silk fiber is increasingly recognized for its potential in a wide range of interdisciplinary applications due to its superior comfort, exceptional mechanical strength, biocompatibility, bio-degradability, and its harmless and non-irritating nature to human skin. However, it also faces several challenges, such as susceptibility to photo-yellowing, aging, microbial-induced distortion or deterioration, difficulties with machine washing, and demanding maintenance requirements. Consequently, there is a pressing demand for technological advancements to create high-performance and multifunctional silk fibers suitable for more diverse uses. This review comprehensively examines the latest methods for producing advanced multifunctional silk fibers, encompassing genetic engineering, dietary interventions, physical and chemical modifications, while also highlighting the associated issues and obstacles. Building on this analysis, the paper explores prospective avenues for the evolution of high-performance and multifunctional silk fibers, aiming to offer theoretical insights that could facilitate the transformation and progress of China's sericulture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Improvement of stress tolerance to various adverse environmental conditions (such as toxic products, high temperature) of the industrial microorganisms is important for industrial applications. Ethanol produced by yeast fermentation is inhibitory to both yeast cell growth and metabolisms, and consequently is one of the key stress elements of brewer's yeast. Research on the biochemical and molecular mechanism of the tolerance of yeast can provide basis for breeding of yeast strain with improved ethanol tolerance. In recent years, employing global gene transcriptional analysis and functional analysis, new knowledge on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of yeast ethanol tolerance has been accumulated, and novel genes and biochemical parameters related to ethanol tolerance have been revealed. Based on these studies, the overexpression and/or disruption of the related genes have successfully resulted in the breeding of new yeast strains with improved ethanol tolerance. This paper reviewed the recent research progress on the molecular mechanism of yeast ethanol tolerance, as well as the genetic engineering manipulations to improve yeast ethanol tolerance. The studies reviewed here not only deepened our knowledge on yeast ethanol tolerance, but also provided basis for more efficient bioconversion for bio-energy production.

Probiotics are defined as viable microorganisms that exhibit a beneficial effect on the health of the host when they are ingested. They have many beneficial effects for health, and are commonly recognized as safe. With the development of the protein expression technique for probiotics, the study of probiotics to be used as protein, antigen and antibody delivery vehicles becomes a new highlight. This paper used Lactobacillus as the delegate of probiotics, summarized the effect principle, relevant technique and advances of genetic engineering vaccine delivered by probiotics.

Cancer immunotherapy has rapidly become the fourth mainstream treatment alternative after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, with some promising results. It aims to kill tumor cells by mobilizing or stimulating cytotoxic immune cells. However, the clinical applications of tumor immunotherapies are limited owing to a lack of adequate delivery pathways and high toxicity. Recently, nanomaterials and genetic engineering have shown great potential in overcoming these limitations by protecting the delivery of antigens, activating targeted T cells, modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and improving the treatment efficacy. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis, which was first reported to have antitumor activity in 1927. BCG therapy can activate the immune system by inducing various cytokines and chemokines, and its specific immune and inflammatory responses exert antitumor effects. BCG was first used during the 1970s as an intravesical treatment agent for bladder cancer, which effectively improved immune antitumor activity and prevented tumor recurrence. More recently, nano-BCG and genetically engineered BCG have been proposed as treatment alternatives for bladder cancer due to their ability to induce stronger and more stable immune responses. In this study, we outline the development of nano-BCG and genetically engineered BCG for bladder cancer immunotherapy and review their potential and associated challenges.

The microencapsulated genetic cells may be a new platform instead of genetic engineering drugs, as they can overcome the genetic engineering drugs' shortages such as short half-life in vivo, low activity, and incomplete elimination of organic solvent. This article reviews and summarizes the advantages, possible problems and solution and the feasibility of using microencapsulated genetic engineering cells in the treatment of cancer.

The objectives of this study are to explore the mechanism of pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila XDMG strain infecting fish, and to compare its genome structure, function and evolutionary relationship with the reference strain. The whole genome of A. hydrophila XDMG strain was sequenced, and the original data obtained by sequencing were assembled, spliced and annotated using Newbler, SeqMan, Glimmer and other software. Based on the constructing phylogenetic tree analysis from housekeeping genes and determining evolutionary relationships, the genomes of A. hydrophila were compared with those of four A. hydrophila strains in different regions. The complete genome sequence of A. hydrophila XDMG strain was 4.99 Mb in length and the GC content was 60.84%. A total of 4 935 coding genes were predicted, 4 137 genes with clear function were found, 99 tRNAs and 3 rRNAs were found; 4 061 genes had ortholog family classification, 3 228 genes were related to gene ontology, and 2 663 genes related to metabolic pathways; 101 tandem repeats and 14 gene islands were predicted in the genome of A. hydrophila XDMG strain, with genes related to three QS systems: AI 1, AI 2, and AI 3. Through genome comparative analysis, A. hydrophila XDMG was closely related to domestic A. hydrophila J-1 strain and US-derived A. hydrophila AL0971 strain; it was more conserved with US-derived A. hydrophila AL0971 in the comparison of virulence genes, outer membrane proteins, and O-antigen gene clusters. Comprehensive genome annotation and comparative analysis of the genome of A. hydrophila XDMG strain provide basic data for the study of functional genomics and genetic engineering vaccines of A. hydrophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amygdala is an important brain region, where inhibitory neurons play key roles in the modulation of anxiety. The major subregions of the amygdala, including the basolateral amygdala （BLA） and the central amygdala （CeA）, have different subtypes of inhibitory neurons that are categorized by specific protein expressions. Understanding how these inhibitory neuron subtypes regulate anxiety is important for identifying the neurological basis of anxiety disorders. However, little progress has been made in this regard due to the limitations of experimental techniques. The development and application of genetic engineering and optogenetics in the field of neuroscience enables precise manipulation of the activity and investigation of the function of a locally dense group of neurons expressing the same biomarker. Moreover, they provide effective methods for the functional study of different subtypes of inhibitory neurons in the amygdala. This study presents a literature review on inhibitory neurons in the amygdala in anxiety and, in particular, the neuronal activity and molecular mechanisms that modulate anxiety, to promote a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying anxiety and provide new strategies for the treatment of associated disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganism has shown great functional potential in practical application, but the defects of free microorganism causing high production cost, low efficiency, poor environmental tolerance and low recovery inhibit its use, while the immobilization technology can improve the above properties of microorganism and has been applied in many fields. Among various methods, the combined immobilization based on adsorption has achieved remarkable results, and it is of great significance to increase the adsorption capacity and adsorption capacity of carrier materials, thus the development of efficient, durable and low-cost carrier materials is the key to the popularization and application of microbial immobilization technology. In this paper, the application of natural biomass materials as the immobilized carrier of microorganisms for environmental treatment is reviewed. The research on the modification and optimization of carriers based on biomass materials and substitution of mycelium pellets are summarized and prospected. The strategy of combining chemical engineering and genetic engineering to strengthen the application efficiency of microbial immobilization is emphasized in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic Biology is one of the most promising fields of modern Biology and a frontier interdisciplinary subject in the 21st century. With the rapid development of synthetic biology, the International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition has emerged. The iGEM competition, based on the subject foundation of Synthetic Biology, intends to solve the biological problems in our daily life by applying modern biological technology. In recent years, with the continuous increase of participating teams, the iGEM competition has received extensive attention and achieved great progress. On the basis of the development of Synthetic Biology, we analyzed the 2018-2020 award-winning projects of the iGEM competition and illustrated the role and significance of the iGEM competition in cultivating college students' innovative thinking and ability with the participation experience of the iGEM team of Southwest Jiaotong University as an example.

Objective: To prepare pneumolysin as a new protein carrier of vaccine against otitis media with genetic engineering technology and establish the base of the study on pneumococcal conjugative vaccines., Methods: Genomic DNA was isolated from streptococcus pneumoniae. A pair of primers which included two restriction sites was designed based on the published pneumolysin gene sequence. The pneumolysin gene was amplified from pneumococcal DNA with PCR technology. The restriction enzyme digested fragment was linked into the cloning vector PET-28a and the recombinant plasmid DNA containing pneumolysin was then transfected into host cell E. coli JM109 (DE3)., Results: DNA fragments were subcloned to construct the complete pneumolysin gene by a conventional coning and PCR. The inserted pneumolysin gene sequence was confirmed by DNA sequencing and the pneumolysin protein was successfully expressed. The relative molecular mass of the expressed product was 52 000. The expressed product amounted to 8% of the total host cell protein., Conclusions: The pneumolysin gene was successfully cloned into host cell using genetic engineering technology. The recombinant pneumolysin was expressed and purified for preparation. This work laid a foundation of the preparation of pneumococcal conjugative vaccines.

Secondary metabolism plays an important role in plant life as well as the interaction between plants and environmental factors. Many secondary metabolites derived from plants have been used for the production of medicines, dyes, insecticides, food flavors, fragrances and so on. With increasingly comprehensive understanding of the plant metabolic networks, great progress has been made in the genetic improvement of plant secondary metabolic pathways through gene engineering. Strategies for the genetic engineering of plant secondary metabolism include: (1) enabling the host plant to accumulate a novel desirable compound by transformation of single/multiple enzyme gene (s) or a whole metabolic pathway; (2) decreasing target gene expression or inhibiting competitive metabolic pathway to achieve metabolic flux towards higher production of particular molecules through antisense RNA and RNA interference technologies; (3) effectively manipulating the transcription factors responsible for the metabolic regulation at multiple steps in a given pathway so as to have a great synthesis of the target bio-chemicals. Basing on author's research work on flavonoid synthesis mechanism in soybean seed and its gene engineering, recent progress in the engineering of plant secondary metabolism involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, benzoic acid derivatives etc are reviewed.