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Objective To assess the nutritional status and dietary quality of medical students and its influencing factors. Methods Students from Shanghai Medicial College of Fudan University were recruited to complete the 7-day and 24-hour dietary records, with food consumption measured by weight. A comprehensive evaluation of the students’ dietary quality was carried out by comparing their actual nutrient intake against recommended levels and calculating the component score of the Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI). Factor analysis was used to extract dietary patterns. All subjects were further divided into high score group and low score group based on total CHEI. Binary Logistic regression was used to determine the factors influencing dietary quality. Results The study participants had an average daily energy intake of (2 057.02±501.87) kcal/d, 80% from on-campus canteen meals. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats contributed to 48.90%, 16.55% and 36.07% of the total energy intake, respectively. The CHEI median score was 67.55. Component scores for tubers, vegetables, fruits, dairy, fish and seafood, and nuts were below 60%, indicating an unbalanced diet. Being in the graduate stage (OR=0.53, 95%CI: 0.28-0.98) and having unreasonable body weight expectations (OR=0.37, 95%CI：0.17-0.81) were associated with lower CHEI scores. Conversely, higher CHEI scores were associated with the fruit-dairy dietary pattern (OR=8.20, 95%CI：3.39-19.84), the tuber-vegetable dietary pattern (OR=3.41, 95%CI: 1.58-7.32), and lower rates of on-campus dining (OR=1.92, 95%CI：1.02-3.59). Conclusion The energy intake of students at Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University appears to be adequate. However, a relatively high proportion of energy supply from fat intake indicates a need for improvement in their dietary structure. The dietary quality of students is mainly influenced by their educational level, weight expectations and dietary patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To describe the level and trend of energy consumption and percentage energy from macronutrients of three meals in Chinese adults from 1997 to 2011., Methods: The China Health and Nutrition Survey database(1997-2011) was used to analyze the trends of energy consumption of three meals and percentage energy from macronutrients of adult men and women aged 18-80 years. The dietary survey was conducted using the 3-day 24-hour dietary review survey method, and the energy consumption of three meals was calculated through self-reported., Results: From 1997 to 2011, there were significant differences in age, gender, smoking rate, alcohol consumption rate, physical activity amount, body mass index and urbanization index among the Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey populations, and the total energy intake of the whole day showed a decreasing trend year by year, the percentage energy from carbohydrates showed a decreasing trend year by year, and the percentage energy from fat and protein showed an increasing trend year by year. Stratified by gender, age and BMI, the percentage energy from macronutrients of three meals was consistent with the change trend of total daily intake. In addition, the energy and percentage energy from macronutrients of lunch and dinner were significantly higher than those of breakfast., Conclusion: From 1997 to 2011, the percentage energy from macronutrients for lunch and dinner of Chinese adults was significantly higher than that of breakfast, energy consumption and percentage energy from carbohydrate of three meals decreased year by year, and the percentage energy from fat and protein of three meals increased year by year.

Objective: To compare the differences in estimated food, energy, and nutrient intakes between the consecutive 3 days 24-hour dietary recall(24HR)(referred to as the 3-day method) and consecutive 2 days 24HR(referred to as the 2-day method) to provide a basis for the use of consecutive 2 days 24HR in China nutrition surveillance., Methods: Using objective sampling to select participants in northern and southern provinces, dietary data were obtained through consecutive 3 days 24HR, and the average intakes of food, energy and nutrients were calculated for three days from Thursday to Saturday and two days on Friday and Saturday, respectively. The 3-day method was considered as the reference standard method to evaluate the performance of the 2-day method for estimating food, energy and nutrient intakes., Results: Among 778 participants aged 18-60 years in urban and rural areas of two provinces, the errors of the mean and median of 2-day method for estimating the intake of four major food categories less than 6% compared with the 3-day method, and there were significant equivalencies(P<0.025) and no significant differences in four major food categories group(P>0.05). Of the 24 food groups estimated by the 2-day method, 17 had mean errors within 5%, the largest error was in animal offal(13.45%) and the smallest in fruit(0.15%), and there were significant equivalencies(P<0.025) and no significant differences in seven food groups(P>0.05). For energy and nutrients, the mean and median errors of energy were less than 0.5% and there were significant equivalencies(P<0.025) and no significant differences for energy(P>0.05). Among the 25 nutrients, except sodium, iodine and vitamin E, the mean and median errors of the other 22 nutrients were less than 5%, and there were significant equivalencies(P<0.025) and no significant differences in 16 nutrients(P>0.05)., Conclusion: There was little difference between the two survey method in assessing the intake of high consumption frequency foods, energy and most nutrients at group level, the 2-day method can be used as an alternative to the 3-day method to collect dietary intake data with high consumption rates in the population.

Objective: To understand the current status of protein, fat, carbohydrates, energy, vitamins, minerals and other contents in common dishes of large, small, and medium-sized restaurants in Shandong Province., Methods: From July to October 2021, 90 Shandong cuisine dishes were collected from 9 large, medium, and small restaurants in Shandong Province. One dish was collected from each restaurant, and samples from different types of restaurants were mixed as one sample. The content of nutrients and their carbohydrate and energy levels were detected and calculated., Results: The median fat and protein content detected in the 90 dishes collected were 7.7 and 6.8 g/100 g, respectively. The calculated median values of energy and carbohydrates were 528 kJ/100 g and 5.4 g/100 g, respectively. The energy supply ratio of carbohydrates per 100 g of dishes was 17.2%, fat was 55.3%, and protein was 21.4%. The content of vitamin A, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2, vitamin C and vitamin E was trace(tr)-26 700 μg/100 g, tr-0.12 mg/100 g, tr-0.40 mg/100 g, tr-56.5 mg/100 g and tr-5.31 mg α-TE/100 g. The medium number of dishes and potassium content was 375 and 219 mg/100 g. The detection rate of trans fat acid was 81.1%, and the median content was 0.06 g/100 g., Conclusion: The energy supply ratio of protein and fat in dishes is relatively high, while the energy supply ratio of total carbohydrates is relatively low. The sodium content is high, showing the characteristics of high sodium and low potassium. Vitamin, especially vitamin B_1 and vitamin B_2, has a low content.

Objective: To compare the relationship between the nutrient limit in new national standard Infant Formula(GB 10765-2021)(New GB)and the corresponding nutrients in Dietary Reference Intakes for China 2023(DRIs 2023), to determine the scientific and reasonable base of each nutrient in New GB, and provide supports for future revision of it., Methods: Using a data conversion method, the adequate intake(AI) of each nutrient recommended by DRIs 2023 for infants aged 0-6 months and the nutrient limit in the New GB were input into the Excel table. Based on authoritative data on the representative weight of 0-6 month infants and the recommended energy values, the conversion was done, the ratio of the lower limit of each nutrient in New GB and the AI of corresponding nutrient, as well as the ratio of the upper limit of nutrients in New GB and their tolerable upper intake level(UL) were calculated., Results: For most nutrients in New GB for infant formula, the ratio of the lower limit to their AI is close to 1. For those nutrients with a large ratio of the lower limit to AI, or with a ratio of the upper limit to UL were greater than 1, detail analysis was conducted., Conclusion: Based on DRIs 2023, the nutrient limit for each nutrient in New GB for infant formula was scientific and reasonable. For some nutrients with a large ratio, more studies should be done in the future to determine whether the limit in National Standard need to be adjusted.

Objective: To analyze the dietary patterns changes of young people aged 18-35 in 15 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) from 1989 to 2018., Methods: Using the data of China Health and Nutrition Survey, a total of 25 400 young people aged 18-35 with complete dietary and sociodemographic information from 1989 to 2018 in 15 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) were selected as the research objects. Nutrition survey was carried out by using 3 consecutive days of 24-hour review method combined with weighing accounting method. Energy and nutrient intake was calculated based on food composition list. The principal component cluster analysis was used to select food groups and K-mean cluster was uesd to extract dietary patterns. Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner was used to test the difference of food intake in different dietary patterns. Cochran-Armitage trend test was to analyze the change of dietary patterns with the years. Chi-square test was to analyze the difference of people with different dietary patterns in 2018., Results: The dietary patterns of young people aged 18-35 in 15 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) were mainly divided into three categories: "traditional rice", "traditional pasta" and "high-quality protein". In 2018, the proportion of "traditional rice" dietary patterns was higher for men than for women, and the proportion of "high-quality protein" dietary patterns was lower than for women. The proportion of "traditional pasta" dietary pattern in people aged 25-35 was higher than that aged 18-24, and the proportion of "high-quality protein" dietary pattern was lower than that aged 18-24. The proportion of people in urban with "traditional rice" dietary pattern was lower than that in rural areas, and the proportion of "high-quality protein" dietary pattern was higher than that in rural areas. The northern region was dominated by "traditional pasta" dietary pattern, while the southern region was dominated by "traditional rice" dietary pattern, and the proportion of people with "high-quality protein" dietary pattern was higher in the northern region than in the southern region. With the increase of education level and income level, the proportion of people with "high-quality protein" dietary pattern showed an increasing trend. From 1989 to 2018, the "traditional rice" dietary pattern had always maintained a high proportion among young people aged 18-35 in 15 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) in China, and the "traditional pasta" dietary pattern had been decreasing since 2009, and the "high-quality protein" dietary pattern had significantly increased since 2011., Conclusion: From 1989 to 2018, the proportion of young people aged 18-35 with reasonable dietary pattern has increased in 15 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities), but the traditional dietary pattern still needs to be improved.

Objective: To explore the dairy consumption among children and adolescents aged 7-17 in China., Methods: 10 rounds of follow-up data from the "China Health and Nutrition Survey" from 1991 to 2018 were collected, and individuals aged 7-17 were selected as the study subjects. Dietary data was collected by using 3-day 24-hour dietary review method and household weighing accounting method(edible oils and seasonings). Dairy consumption was calculated by converting various dairy products into liquid milk intake using the China Food Composition. After excluding those with missing demographic information, missing data from the "3 days and 24 hours" dietary survey, and abnormal daily energy intake, 18 529 participants were included in the final analysis. Joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the trend of changes in dairy intake., Results: The dairy consumption rate increased from 2.8% in 1991 to 42.3% in 2018, while it increased from 8.4% to 58.8% in urban and from 0.9% to 32.1% in rural areas. Meanwhile, the proportion of people whose dairy intake reaches the recommended intake(300 g/d) increased from 0.2% to 3.0%, and the proportion in rural area was 2.0%, which was lower than that in urban areas(4.9%). From 1991 to 2018, dairy intake increased at a rate of 12.97%(P=0.02), and the growth rate of urban and rural areas were 9.79%(P=0.03) and 15.67%(P<0.01), respectively. There was a faster growth trend from 1991-2004 compared to 2004-2018. The growth rate in urban and rural areas also showed different growth trends., Conclusion: The dairy intake of children and adolescents aged 7-17 in China improved significantly from 1991 to 2018, with higher consumption rate in urban areas than in rural areas, but it still need to be improved for health.

Objective: To explore the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and obesity in Chinese adult residents, and analyze the cut-off values of macronutrients for predicting obesity., Methods: Data was collected in China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)in 1991-2018. Adults who participated in at least two waves of the surveys and were not obese at baseline were selected as the study subjects. Obesity was defined as body mass index(BMI)≥28.0 kg/m~2. Generalized estimating equation was used to analyze the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and BMI and obesity, and receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) was used to analyze the cut-off values of percentage of energy intake from macronutrients to predict obesity., Results: The percentage of energy intake from protein and fat of adult residents in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) in China showed an increasing trend(P<0.01), and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate showed a decreasing trend(P<0.01) between 1991 and 2018. After adjusting for covariates, the group of percentage of energy intake from fat in 20%～30%(β=0.05, 95%CI 0.01-0.08)and ≥30%(β=0.15, 95%CI 0.11-0.18)were positively correlated with BMI compared with the group of percentage of energy intake from fat <20%, and the risk of obesity in 20%-30% and ≥ 30% was increased by 17%(OR=1.17, 95%CI 1.04-1.31)and 6%(OR=1.06, 95%CI 1.24-1.56), respectively. Compared with the group of the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate < 50%, the group of 50% to 65%(β=-0.08, 95% CI-0.11--0.05) and ≥ 65%(β=-0.17, 95%CI-0.20--0.13) was negatively correlated with BMI, and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate ≥ 65% reduced the risk of obesity(OR=0.71, 95%CI 0.63-0.80)., Conclusion: Carbohydrate intake was inversely correlated with the risk of obesity, and fat intake was positively correlated with the risk of obesity. Moderate intake of carbohydrates and reduced fat intake can prevent obesity.

Objective: To analyze the nutritional status of progeria, and to provide reference for scientific nutritional management of progeria. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 15 children with progeria who were treated at Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, between April 2022 and May 2023. Data of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, dietary survey and body composition were collected and analyzed. Results: Among 15 patients there were 7 males and 8 females, aged 7.8 (2.3, 10.8) years. Twelve of the 15 patients exhibited signs of malnutrition. A 24-hour dietary survey was carried out in 14 of them. The daily energy intake of 11 cases was below recommended levels. Carbohydrate intake was insufficient in 10 cases, protein intake was insufficient in 7 cases, and fat intake was insufficient in 12 cases. Deficiencies in calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc were noted in 13, 13, 9 and 10 cases, respectively. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 8 cases, and the bone mineral density was below average in 5 of them. Conclusions: Malnutrition, characterized by reduced energy intake, micronutrient deficiencies, and alteration in body composition, is prevalent in children with progeria. Regular routine nutritional assessment and proper interventions may benefit their long-term health status.

Objective: To analyze the trend of eating out among Chinese male adults and explore the association between eating out and dietary nutrition and health., Methods: Males aged 18 and above with complete data were selected from China Health and Nutrition Survey 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015 and 2018. Eating out behavior was defined as having consumption of food prepared outside the home during the three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls period. Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to analyze the trend of prevalence of eating out and the energy contribution from eating out foods in males from 2000 to 2018. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the differences in several food and dietary nutrient intakes and nutritional indicators by eating out in 2018., Results: The prevalence of eating out among Chinese male adults increased from 48.49% in 2000 to 57.51% in 2018, showing an increased trend followed by a decreased trend. Males in the 18-29 years old group, urban group, high income group, and high education level group had a higher rate of eating out(P<0.05). The energy contribution from eating out foods increased from 21.80% in 2000 to 28.77% in 2018, showing a slow upward trend. In 2018, the intake of rice, tubers and vegetables was lower in the eating out group, while intake of wheat, fruits, livestock and poultry meat, aquatic products, eggs and milk in eating out group was higher than those in the non-eating out group(P<0.05). The eating out group had a higher intake of energy, fat, protein, cholesterol, calcium, zinc, vitamin B_1 and vitamin B_2 than the non-eating out group(P<0.05). The eating out group had lower levels of systolic blood pressure, HDL-C, blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin than the counterparts. The levels of BMI, waist, body fat percentage, diastolic blood pressure and TG were higher in the eating out group than in the non-eating out group., Conclusion: From 2000 to 2011, the eating out rate of males in China showed an upward trend, and a downward trend after 2011. At the same time, the energy contribution of eating out foods is increasing. Eating out was associated with major food and nutrients intake and indicators of nutritional status in male adults.

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To analyze the intake of energy and macronutrients in the elderly aged 75 years and above in China., Methods: The data was sourced from the China National Chronic Non-communicable Disease and Nutrition Surveillance, which adopted a multi-stage stratified clustered random sampling method and selected 298 monitoring points from 31 provinces across the country to carry out chronic non-communicable disease and nutrition surveillance of Chinese adults. The condiments weighting method and 3-day 24-hour dietary review method were used to collect dietary data for residents. Based on the dietary survey result of 3368 elderly people aged 75 years and above in the surveillance, the intake of energy and macro nutrients of elderly people was analyzed., Results: Among the elderly aged 75 years and above included in the analysis, there were 1727 males and 1641 females, 1511 people in urban areas and 1857 people in rural areas, 1956 people aged 75-79, 1412 people aged ≥ 80. The average energy intake of the elderly aged 75 years and above in China was(1601.0±473.4)kcal, and the average intakes of carbohydrate, protein and fat were(219.6±76.6)g, (48.2±18.6)g and(60.2±31.5)g, respectively. The energy supply ratios of carbohydrate, protein and fat were 54.9%, 12.0% and 33.1% respectively. The carbohydrate intake and its energy supply ratio of the urban elderly((200.0±74.0)g and 51.8%) were significantly lower than those of the rural elderly((235.5±75.0) and 57.4%), while the protein intake and its energy supply ratio((50.2±18.9)g and 13.0%), fat intake and its energy supply ratio((61.2±30.2)g and 35.2%)of the urban elderly were significantly higher than those of the rural elderly((46.5±18.2)g and 11.2% for protein, and(59.4±32.5)g and 31.4% for fat). According to Chinese dietary reference intake standard, only 28.1% of the elderly aged 75 and above reached the recommended value of energy, 71.9% of the elderly did not take enough energy, the proportion of insufficient protein intake was 72.2%, 68.5% in urban areas and 75.2% in rural areas, the proportion of people with fat to energy ratio more than 30% was 58.5%, 65.3% in urban areas and 52.9% in rural areas., Conclusion: The energy intake of the elderly aged 75 years and above in China was insufficient, the protein intake was low, the fat to energy ratio was too high, and the dietary structure was unreasonable.

Nutritional therapy plays an important role in the treatment of severe burns. With the deepening understanding of metabolic patterns and body responses after severe burns, the concepts and measures of nutritional therapy are also constantly developing and improving. Permissive hypocaloric nutrition is a nutritional management approach for critically ill patients, which generally refers to a nutritional administration method in which energy intake is lower than 70% of caloric requirement. This article aims to review the metabolic characteristics after severe burns, as well as the implementation timing, duration, target calories, and nutritional content of permissive hypocaloric nutrition, in order to provide reference for clinical decision-making by clinical physicians, improve the efficacy of nutritional treatment for severe burn patients, and improve patients' prognosis.

Objective: To investigate the macronutrient and food intake of diabetics aged 45 years and above in China., Methods: The research data was based on the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance in 2015. The dietary nutrition status of diabetics living in community was investigated by questionnaire, condiments weighing and 3 days-24 hours dietary questionnaire. Assessment was compared with the recommended amount of macronutrient energy supply ratio in The guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China(2020 edition). The macronutrient energy supply ratio of patients with different types of diabetes was evaluated and their food intake was statistically analyzed., Results: The median of daily intake of total energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate were 1585 kcal, 50.1 g, 62.4 g and 200.1 g, respectively. The energy ratios of protein, fat and carbohydrate were 12.6%, 36.3% and 52.1%, respectively. In diabetics, the proportion of protein, fat and carbohydrate energy ratios that meet the recommendations in The guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China(2020 edition) were 20.5%, 21.7% and 40.4%, respectively., Conclusion: There is an unreasonable macronutrient energy ratio in the diet of diabetic over 45 years old in China, which mainly shows that the proportion of protein energy supply ratio in most diabetics is low, and the proportion of fat energy ratio exceeds the standard is high.

Objective: To explore the feasibility of applying graphical menu labeling., Methods: To design a radar chart menu label. From October 2020 to April 2021, convenience sampling was adopted to recruit 1407 research subjects(986 females and 421 males) through the online platform nationwide to complete the questionnaire and simulate ordering. The survey included basic information of the research subjects, their level of nutritional knowledge, and satisfaction with the graphic menu labels. The two simulated orderings were conducted using the regular menu and the menu with graphic nutritional information, respectively. Compare the nutrition scores of the two simulated orders, the selection ratio of each dish in each major category, the energy, fat, cholesterol and sodium content, and the amount of added oil and salt of the selected dishes., Results: Compared with using the normal menu, the nutritional score of the simulated meal ordering increased from 15.57±2.65 to 16.73±3.24(P<0.05) using a menu with graphic nutrition labels, in which people with an income of less than 4000 yuan and a graduate degree or above increased the most. The proportion of dishes with higher nutritional value has increased among pork, fish, vegetables, and soy products. The energy, fat, cholesterol, sodium content, added oil and added salt of the selected dishes are decreased from 8455(7738, 9033) kcal, 658.6(598.1, 709.3) g, 1418(1238, 1665) mg, 17 430(15 695, 19 129)mg, 455(405, 502)g, 41.5(36.5, 47.0)g to 7415(6693, 8191)kcal, 562.54(504.0, 631.2)g, 1274(1076, 1549)mg, 17 185(14 574, 19 576.8)mg, 375(334, 437) g, 38.5(32.4, 43.6) g respectively(P<0.05). The satisfaction score of the graphic nutrition label is relatively high., Conclusion: Graphical menu labeling helps consumers to make healthier choices for catering food.

Sweeteners are a kind of food additives, which can give food a sweet taste with little or no energy and provide a variety of options for people who have sugar control needs. Due to their stable process performance and good safety, they have been widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries worldwide in the past 100 years. The safety of sweeteners is based on strict food safety risk assessment, which has been affirmed by many international organizations, national/regional food safety risk assessment agencies and food safety management authorities. The proper use of sweeteners can provide sweetness, be beneficial to control energy intake, reduce the risk of dental caries, and provide more food choices for people with hyperglycemia or diabetes.

Objective: To explore the accuracy of a dietary recording tool based on the mobile phone WeChat applet-"Zhishi AI Dietitian" applied to dietary records., Methods: The research subjects were 109 full-time undergraduates from Zhejiang University. Respondents completed one round of dietary records of "Zhishi AI Dietitian" for three non-consecutive days and one round of non-consecutive three-day 24-hour dietary review method records. The two method must overlap for one day. The energy, nutrients and various food intake data obtained from the Zhishi AI nutritionist survey were sorted and compared with the corresponding survey result of the 24-hour dietary review method. Pearson correlation coefficient or Spearman correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis, intra-group correlation coefficient was used for reliability analysis, and Bland-Atlman scatter plot was used for consistency analysis., Results: In terms of reliability, the two method had certain reliability in assessing intake of various foods, energy and nutrients. After energy correction, the reliability of nutrient intake was enhanced. In terms of correlation, the correlation coefficients of food groups ranged from 0.34 to 0.79(mean 0.60), and the energy and nutrient correlation coefficients ranged from 0.34 to 0.72(mean 0.55). In terms of consistency, the proportion of research subjects outside the 95% consistency interval is less than 10%, indicating that the two have good consistency., Conclusion: Zhishi AI Dietitian applied to college students' dietary records has good accuracy.

Objective: To select the nutrient-rich food(NRF) index applicable to the food characteristics of Chinese residents through population-based dietary quality validation., Methods: Sixteen NRF indices were constructed based on the Chinese Food Composition Table and the Chinese Food Labelling Nutrient Reference Values, using 100 g as the base amount of food for calculation. The NRF indices were validated by the China Prime Diet Quality Score(CPDQS), a dietary quality assessment index, using food intake data collected from 14 068 adult residents in 15 provinces in 2018 under the China Health and Nutrition Survey. The CPDQS was used as the dependent variable and the dietary NRF index score was used as the independent variable. The multiple linear regression models were performed after adjusting the covariates and the NRF index with the largest coefficient of determination R~2 was used as the most appropriate index., Results: Regression analysis showed that the R~2 of NRF8.2 index was the largest, which was 0.16. Dried legumes, fungi and algae, nuts, vegetables, eggs and aquatic products scored higher on the NRF8.2 index. The high scoring subgroups had higher average daily intakes of cereals and potatoes, vegetables, fruits, soybeans and nuts, dairy, eggs and aquatic products, as well as lower consumption of livestock and poultry meat, beverages, salt and cooking oil, compared to the low scoring subgroup on the Dietary NRF8.2 Index. In terms of nutrient intake, the medium and high NRF8.2 subgroups had relatively high intakes of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals and relatively low intakes of fat and sodium., Conclusion: The NRF8.2 index explains the maximum variation in CPDQS and is a relatively suitable NRF index for the Chinese population.

Objective: To explore the relationship between red meat intake and the prevalence of diabetes., Methods: Using the data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015 and 2018, 1154 people aged 18-75 years were included, and age, gender, urban and rural, education, marital status, income, occupational physical activity, total energy intake, fat energy ratio, smoking, drinking, body mass index and hypertension were adjusted. The Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to calculate diabetes hazard ratio(HR) and corresponding 95%CI., Results: In the study population, the per capita intake of red meat increased from 40.59 g/d in 1997 to 73.91 g/d in 2018, and the prevalence of diabetes rose from 6.14% in 2009 to 7.00% in 2018. In the early adjustment model, compared with the control group, the red meat intake HR of 1-39 g/d group was 0.92(95% CI 0.51-1.68), and the HR of 40-74 g/d group was 0.86(95% CI 0.47-1.58), and the HR of the group ≥75 g/d was 1.02(95% CI 0.62-1.68). In model 2, compared with the control group, the red meat intake HR of 1-39 g/d group was 0.71(95% CI 0.37-1.35), and the HR of 40-74 g/d group was 0.71(95% CI 0.38-1.35), the HR of ≥75 g/d group was 1.06(95% CI 0.69-1.87). In the fully adjusted model, compared with the control group, the red meat intake HR of 1-39 g/d group was 0.75(95% CI 0.61-1.55), the HR of 40-74 g/d group was 0.66(95% CI 0.57-1.43), and the HR of ≥75 g/d group was 1.27(95% CI 0.87-2.04)., Conclusion: With the increase of red meat intake, the prevalence of diabetes was also increasing, but there was no statistically significant association.

Objective: To analyze the status of energy and macronutrient intake among adults aged 18 to 64 years old in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) of China., Methods: A sample of 9481 adults aged 18-64 years from the data of the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018 was analyzed. Three consecutive days of 24 h recalls combined with the weighing of household seasonings were used to collect information on food intake and condiment intake. Food consumption was converted into energy and various nutrient intakes by the China Food Composition Table., Results: The median daily intakes of energy were 1942.28 kcal and 1951.14 kcal in urban and rural areas, 1796.94 kcal, 1972.89 kcal, 1989.61 kcal and 1908.98 kcal in northwest, southwest, southeast and northern regions, respectively. The energy supply ratio of protein and fat were 13.61% and 35.85%, respectively, higher than 12.31% and 34.45% in rural areas, while the energy supply ratio of carbohydrates in urban(49.62%) was lower than that in rural areas(52.18%). The energy supply ratios of fat in the southwest and southeast regions were 38.90% and 36.80%, respectively, while the energy supply ratios of carbohydrates were 47.70% and 47.93%. The main food sources of energy, protein, and fat are different in different regions. The percentage of energy, protein, and fat from animal foods decreased with increasing age groups. The adults with low-income levels had a high intake of carbohydrates but a low intake of protein, and the adults with high-income levels had high proportions of energy, protein and fat from animal food sources., Conclusion: The total energy intakes of residents in different regions are relatively ideal, but the dietary structures are still unreasonable, and the energy supply ratios of fat are relatively high, especially in the southwest and southeast regions. The intake and food sources of the three macronutrients are varied in different regions and urban and rural areas. Age and income level affect the food choices of residents.

Objective: To analyze the dietary patterns of Chinese adults in 15 provinces and cities in China., Methods: A total of 9208 adults aged 18-64 from the "China Health and Nutrition Survey" in 2018 were selected as subjects. Food consumption data were collected through 3 d-24 h dietary recalls and weighing household cooking oil and condiments, and the average daily dietary nutrient intake was calculated by the food composition table. Clustering analysis was used to analyze dietary patterns in different regions, and data from the 2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey were used for comparison., Results: Three dietary patterns were obtained in this study, including northern pattern, coastal pattern and southern pattern. The analysis of demographic characteristics showed that the intake of cereals, vegetables and livestock were statistically different among different age groups, and livestock and poultry intake was higher in the 18-49 years; Fruit and milk were higher in women and other foods were higher in men; The intakes of cereals, tubers, legumes and vegetables were higher in rural areas, people with low income and low education levels, and other foods were higher in urban areas, people with high income and high education levels, especially milk. Compared with the dietary guidelines, it was found that the proportion of insufficient intake of dark vegetables, fruits and nuts in three patterns and milk, eggs in the southern pattern and aquatic products in the northern pattern was up to 80%, the other food intake was in 50%-80%; The proportion of excessive intake of livestock and poultry meat in the southern mode was significantly higher, reaching 78%. Nutrient analysis showed that the intake of carbohydrate, dietary fiber and carbohydrate energy ratio, vitamin E, magnesium and manganese were higher in the northern pattern; The intakes of protein, protein energy ratio, riboflavin, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, copper and selenium were higher in the coastal pattern; The southernpattern had a higher intake of energy, fat, fat energy ratio, niacin, retinol, zinc and vitamin C. In addition, the comparison between 2009 and 2018 showed that the intake of most foods except milk has decreased to varying degrees in the past decade, while the intake of some foods has increased., Conclusion: The 15 provinces in China were divided into three dietary patterns. Unbalanced intake of food and nutrients was common among them, and the intake was influenced by different demographic characteristics. In addition, most food intake has declined over the past decade.

Objective: To describe dietary intake of calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2 and vitamin C and compare the intake between urban and rural areas among preschool children aged 2-5 years based on the data from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for Children 0-17 Years of Age in China., Methods: Children from 14 provinces were selected by multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling, and the dietary data of preschool children aged 2-5 years were recorded using the 3 day 24-hour weighted food records method. SAS 9.4 was used to calculate dietary intake of these micronutrients based on the Chinese Food Composition Table and to compare the intake between urban and rural areas. The risk of insufficient or excessive intake of micronutrients among Chinese children aged 2-5 years was assessed according to the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs) 2013 edition., Results: A total of 820 children aged 2 to 5 years were selected. The median daily dietary calcium intake of children aged 2-5 years in China was 433.7, 338.9, 356.4 and 347.4 mg, respectively. The median daily dietary intake of vitamin B_1 of children aged 2-5 years was 0.5 mg for all age groups. The median daily dietary vitamin B_2 intake of children aged 2-5 years was 0.7, 0.6, 0.6 and 0.6 mg, respectively. The median daily dietary intake of vitamin C of children aged 2-5 years was 37.9, 37.4, 44.0 and 40.0 mg, respectively. The median daily dietary selenium intake of children aged 2-5 years was 17.1, 20.5, 22.7 and 22.3 μg, respectively. Dietary calcium intake for aged 2-5 years, dietary vitamin B_2 intake for aged 2-4 years, dietary iron, selenium, zinc and vitamin B_1 intake for aged 2-3 years was significantly greater in urban children than rural children. Among all nutrients, the proportion of dietary calcium intakes below the estimated average requirement(EAR) was the highest in aged 2-5 years(61.4%, 76.4%, 91.4% and 91.5%, respectively). The proportions of dietary vitamin B_1, vitamin C and selenium intake lower than EAR of children aged 2-5 years in China were 52.4%-63.2%, 42.8%-50.2% and 46.6%-58.7%, respectively., Couclusion: The dietary calcium intake of children aged 2-5 years in China remains insufficient for these children, especially for rural children. Dietary vitamin B_1, vitamin C and selenium intake should be improved.

Objective: To describe the energy and nutrients intake from complementary foods of children aged 6-23 months in different areas of China., Methods: The data was from the National Special Program for Science & Technology Basic Resources Investigation-China Children's Nutrition and Health System Survey and Application of 0-18 Years Old Children. Children aged 6-23 months(n=546) were included in the current study. Demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status and birth status were collected through questionnaire survey. We used 24-hour weighted dietary record method to collect the intake of complementary foods. Energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2 and vitamin C intakes were calculated by using Chinese Food Composition Database., Results: For children aged 6-8 months, 9-11 months, 12-17 months and 18-23 months, the energy intake from complementary foods was 156.1, 258.0, 388.7 and 581.1 kcal, respectively. The protein intake was 5.1, 10.1, 15.0 and 21.7 g, respectively. The fat intake was 3.3, 6.7, 9.5 and 15.9 g, respectively. The calcium intake was 38.7, 54.8, 78.6 and 106.9 mg, respectively. The iron intake was 1.3, 2.2, 3.5 and 5.3 mg, respectively. The zinc intake was 0.7, 1.4, 2.0 and 2.9 mg, respectively. The vitamin A intake was 83.7, 100.3, 157.4 and 180.4 μgRAE, respectively. The vitamin B_1 intake was 0.1, 0.2, 0.2 and 0.3 mg, respectively. The vitamin B_2 intake was 0.1, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg, respectively. The vitamin C intake was 1.8, 6.3, 9.5 and 19.2 mg, respectively. Compared with the World Health Organization recommended value of nutrients density, the density of protein from complementary foods for children aged 6-23 months was higher(2.6-3.8 mg/100 kcal vs.0.9-1.0 mg/100 kcal). The density of iron(1.0, 0.9 mg/100 kcal vs.4.5, 3.0 mg/100 kcal) and zinc(0.5, 0.5 mg/100 kcal vs.1.6, 1.1 mg/100 kcal) was lower for children aged 6-8 months and 9-11 months, respectively., Conclusion: The main issues of complementary food for children in China were high protein for children aged 6-23 months and low iron and zinc for infants aged 6-11 months.

Objective: To investigate the prospective association between sugar-sweetened beverage intakes and age at menarche among Chinese girls., Methods: Based on China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS) from 2004 to 2015, 293 girls aged 7-16 years with both data on sugar-sweetened beverage intake 1-5 years before menarche and age of menarche were included in the present study. Multivariate linear regression analysis and Logistic regression analysis were used to explore the influence of the sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on menarcheal age of Chinese girls., Results: The median age at menarche of girls was 12 years old. The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages(SSBs) was 0.5(0.2, 1.0) L/week for sweetened soft drinks, 0.5(0.2, 0.9) L/week for sweetened fruit drinks and 0.6(0.3, 1.3) L/week for total. After adjusting age at baseline, residency, maternal educational, level, energy intake at baseline and body mass index standard deviation score, no significant association was found between sweetened soft drinks, sweetened fruit drinks, total sugar-sweetened beverage intake and age at menarche., Conclusion: The intake of sugary beverages may not be prospectively related to the age of menarche among Chinese girls.

Objective: To investigate the dietary nutrient intake and the nutritional status of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and to explore the correlation between them, so as to provide theoretical basis for the formulation of proper nutritional treatment for children with DMD., Methods: A total of 223 children aged 2 to 14 years who came to West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University from July 2017 to April 2021, and who were diagnosed with DMD by genetic testing were enrolled as the subjects of the study. Dietary assessment was conducted with a 3-day 24-hour dietary recall, and serum vitamin D level was measured by chemiluminescence method., Results: Only 33.2% of the children with DMD were found to be of normal nutritional status. The incidences of stunted growth, underweight, overweight and obesity were 13.5%, 14.4%, 14.3% and 8.1%, respectively. Among the children with DMD, those with serum vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency accounted for 9.0% and 89.7%, respectively. According to the dietary recall of the children with MDM, the daily energy ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat were (47.40±6.64)%, (14.46±2.22)%, and (38.17±5.30)%, respectively. The daily intake of dietary calcium and vitamin D were (433.32±164.39) mg per day and (155.73±89.30) IU per day, respectively. The ratio of daily protein intake to the estimated average requirement for protein ( P =0.003) and ratio of daily energy intake to the estimated energy requirement ( P =0.007) were lower in children with stunted growth than those of DMD children of normal nutritional status., Conclusion: The dietary structure of children with DMD is obviously not suited to their condition and nutritional deficiency coexists with overnutrition among them. Further research needs to be done for developing appropriate nutritional guidance programs and standardized nutritional management measures for children with DMD., (Copyright© by Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences).)

Objective: To explore the relationship between children's dietary nutrient intakes and hypertension, overweight and obesity., Methods: In April 2016, 1033 children aged 9 to 12 from grades 3 to 6 in two primary schools in Hongshan District of Wuhan City were selected by cluster sampling method, with an average age of(10.55±1.10) years, including 545 boys(52.8%) and 488 girls(47.2%), for physical examination and dietary survey. Physical examination included height, weight, blood pressure, etc. Dietary survey was conducted using a 3-day 24 h retrospective method. Principal component factor analysis was used to explore the dietary nutrient patterns of children, and logistic regression was used to analyze the effects of different dietary nutrient patterns on children's hypertension, overweight and obesity., Results: In terms of M(P25, P75), compared with normal blood pressure group, hypertensive group had higher energy intake(1761.97(1617.17, 1940.43)kcal vs.1730.95(1556.06, 1905.71)kcal, P=0.011). Compared with normal weight group, overweight and obese group had higher carbohydrate(250.65(226.55, 281.29)g vs.244.41(220.04, 273.01)g, P=0.011), vitamin B_1(0.29(0.22, 0.36)mg vs.0.27(0.22, 0.34)mg, P=0.022), vitamin B_2(0.45(0.33, 0.60)mg vs.0.39(0.32, 0.51)mg, P=0.001), iron(12.64(11.06, 14.48)mg vs.12.39(10.57, 14.21)mg, P=0.033), zinc(5.11(4.00, 6.77)mg vs.4.60(3.87, 5.84)mg, P<0.001)intakes, lower calcium intake(185.52(136.92, 264.73)mg vs.207.39(141.25, 300.92)mg, P=0.007). Low cholesterol, low vitamin, high calcium pattern(OR=0.644, 95%CI 0.421-0.985) and Q2 of low protein, low fat and low cholesterol(OR=0.626, 95%CI 0.412-0.951) were protective factors for overweight and obesity., Conclusion: High carbohydrate may be a risk factor for overweight and obesity, while high calcium, low fat and low cholesterol may be protective factors for overweight and obesity.

Objective: To analyze the status of dietary micronutrient in takes among the children of 12-17 years old in China from 2016 to 2017., Methods: Multistage stratified random sampling method was used to collect data in 275 monitoring sites of the China National Nutrition and Health Survey of Chinese children and lactating mothers in 31 provinces of China from 2016 to 2017. Three consecutive 24-hour recalls method wasused to collect the information of food intake, and household or school canteen edible oil and condiments weighing were adopted. The dietary micronutrient were analyzed based on theChina Food Composition table., Results: The average daily intakes of vitamin A(retinol activity equivalents), vitamin B_1(thiamine), vitamin B_2(riboflavin), vitamin C(ascorbic acid), calcium, iron, zinc and sodium were 356.8 μ g, 0.8 mg, 0.8 mg, 60.5 mg, 342.8 mg, 19.2 mg, 9.8 mg and 5 230.4 mg, respectively. The proportion ofdaily average intakes of vitamin A, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2, vitamin C and calcium lower than 60% of the recommended value were 74.3%, 59.4%, 57.7%, 62.6% and 93.0%, respectively. The proportion of daily intake of iron and zinc reaching 80% of the recommended value were 73.8% and 64.8%, respectively. The proportion of daily average intake of sodium exceeded the appropriate intake by 94.4%. The average daily intakes of micronutrients increased with age among the children of 12-17 years old. There were differences of daily intake of vitamin A in gender, urban and rural areas(P<0.05), there was difference of vitamin C in urban and rural areas(P<0.01), there were differences of daily intake of vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2, calcium, iron and zinc in age, gender, urban and rural areas(P<0.01), there were differences in the average daily intake of sodium in age, gender(P<0.01)., Conclusion: The average daily dietary of iron and zinc intakes in the diet were basically enough in most children of 12-17 years old in China, that of sodium was too much, and that of some micronutrients was insufficient.

Objective: Analyze the relationship between dietary nutrients and body mass index of children and adolescents aged 7-17 in China., Methods: The data comes from the "China Health and Nutrition Survey", and 5562 children and adolescents aged 7-17 who participated in at least one round(2000, 2006, 2011 and 2015) of the survey and had complete dietary and physical measurement survey data were selected as the research objects. A three-level(community-individual-observation level) linear random intercept mixed effect model of body mass index was constructed to analyze the influence of dietary nutrient intake of children and adolescents of different genders in urban and rural areas on their body mass index(BMI).24 hours for 3 consecutive days and family weight accounting were used to evaluate the dietary nutrient intake., Results: BMI of urban children and adolescents is higher than that of rural children and adolescents. The BMI of children and adolescents aged 12-17 is higher than that of children and adolescents aged 7-11. BMI of boys was higher than that of girls, but the difference was statistically significant only in 2011 and 2015. After controlling for confounding factors such as individual level(survey year, age, physical activity and family per capita income) and community level(community urbanization index), the three-level model showed that the BMI of rural boys increased with the increase of cholesterol intake(P<0.01). BMI of urban girls increased with the increase of vitamin B_1 intake(P<0.05) and iron intake(P<0.01). BMI of rural girls increased with the increase of vitamin E intake(P<0.001) and sodium intake(P<0.05)., Conclusion: There are some differences in dietary nutrients that affect the BMI level of 7-17 years old children and adolescents between urban and rural areas.

Objective: To evaluation the dietary quality of Zhejiang population aged 40 years and older using the Dietary Balance Index(DBI) and to analyze the association between dietary quality and cognitive function., Methods: The dietary information was collected with the help of questionnaire survey, a 3-day dietary recall and household condiment weighing method from Zhejiang participants of the 2018 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey aged 40 years and older, and the food and energy intakes were calculated. The cognitive function was assessed by the Mini Mental Status Examination. Dietary quality was evaluated using the DBI method. A multivariate Logistic regression model was used to examine the association between dietary quality and the risk of cognitive impairment., Results: Among 640 participants aged 40 years and older, 14.2% had cognitive impairment. Univariate analysis showed that those with cognitive impairment had higher cereal(P=0.001), particularly, higher rice and products intake(P<0.001), as well as higher egg intake(P=0.008) than those with normal cognitive function; while the intake of soybean and its product(P=0.025) was lower. Those with cognitive impairment had higher DBI score of cereal(P=0.006) and high bound score(HBS)(P=0.028)than those with normal cognitive function. After adjustment for possible confounding factors, Logistic regression showed that moderated and severe over-consumption was positively associated with cognitive impairment(OR=2.486, 95% CI 1.130-5.470, P=0.024)., Conclusion: Over-consumption may increase the risk of cognitive impairment among aged Zhejiang population, and should be used to prevent or reduce cognitive decline by improving the quality of the diet through a reasonable dietary mix.

Objective: To develop the nutrient profiling model based on the nutrition and health status of Chinese residents, and comprehensively evaluate the nutritional quality of food and dietary pattern., Methods: Nutrient-and food group-indexes closely related to the main health problems of Chinese residents were screened and determined based on the level of evidence. Different food and dietary patterns were taken as examples to calculate the nutrient dense score., Results: The nutrient indexes of this model included protein, dietary fiber, vitamin D, sodium, potassium, calcium, saturated fatty acid and sugar. Food group indexes included whole grain and legume, fruit, vegetable, soybean and nut., Conclusion: Nutrient profiling model included both nutrient-and food group-indexes could provide a more comprehensive evaluation on nutrient density of food and diet, and the rationality of diet align with dietary guidelines.

Objective: To analyze the dietary energy and macronutrient intake status and changing trends of adults aged 18 to 35 in 15 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) in China from 1989 to 2018., Methods: Based on the data from 11 rounds of follow-up survey conducted by "China Health and Nutrition Survey" between 1989 and 2018, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to analyze the dietary data of 25 400 adults aged 18 to 35. The dietary survey was conducted by using 24-hour dietary recall in three consecutive days and household weighing accounting. The food consumption was converted into energy and nutrient intake by using the food nutrient data in the food composition list., Results: The dietary energy intake of adults aged 18 to 35 in China showed an overall downward trend. The intake of dietary fat showed an upward trend, while the intake of protein and carbohydrate showed a downward trend. From the perspective of the macronutrients energize, the contribution of carbohydrates had gradually decreased while the contribution of protein and fat increased. Meanwhile, among the surveyed population, the proportion of dietary protein intake below estimated average requirement, the proportion of fat energize contribution higher than 30%, and the proportion of carbohydrate energize contribution less than 50% were gradually increasing., Conclusion: The dietary macronutrient structure of Chinese adults aged 18 to 35 is becoming more and more reasonable, but there is still a gap with the recommended intake.

This study expounded the great impacts of excess energy intake and oxidative inflammation on national health in China and put forward the pathological mirror-image hypothesis of the relationship between obesity and oxidative inflammation. On this basis, an ideological framework was constructed to deal with oxidative stress and oxidative inflammation centered on the development of natural antioxidant products. The study contained the following four parts: the ways to improve national health in China; the promotion of cognition to oxidative inflammation to improve national health in China; prospects for the prevention and treatment of oxidative inflammation in China; the reason why Northwest Yunnan is a good place to develop high-quality natural antioxidants.

Objective: To describe shift in snacking behavior among Chinese female adults aged 18 to 49 years old in 2004-2015, and to analyze the contribution of snacks to energy and nutrients among them., Methods: The present study used data from "China Health and Nutrition Health" where a multistage stratified cluster design was employed to select a stratified probability sample. A total of 12 523 female participants aged 18-49 years old who participated in surveys conducted in 2004-2015 with completed data of demographic characteristics and dietary measurementswere selectedas subjects. There were 2376, 2149, 2142, 2844 and 3012 subjects in waves of 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, and 2015, respectively. Multivariate Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between socioeconomic factors and snack consumption. Generalized linear model was used to analyze the energy and nutrient intake of snack consumers and non-snack consumers, as well as the contribution of snacks to energy and nutrients., Results: The consumption rate of snacking for women aged 18 to 49 years old had an increasing trend over time(P<0.05), and the rate was 14.24% in 2015, 3.5 times as high as that in 2004. Participants aged 18 to 29 years old whose snake consumption rates were relatively higher compared to those of other aged groups in general waves; also, female adults from the higher education group, the higher yearly income group, and the higher urbanicity index group, and those with the history of smoking or the alcohol use tended to consumed snacks. The change of the influential factors in relation to the consumption of the participant's snack was observed, and age, income level, education level, living area, and the behavior of smoking and drinking were all important factors of snacking. The daily energy and nutrient intake of female snack consumers aged 18 to 49 years old was higher than that of non-snack consumers. The contribution rate of snacks to energy and nutrients varies significantly between survey years; and the contribution of snacks to energy and main nutrients was more than 20% in 2011., Conclusion: Snacks have become an important part of the diet of Chinese women aged 18 to 49 years old. Future health promotion programs should be targeted on nutrition education and intervention to guide a reasonable diet structure.

Objective: Meta-analysis was used to study the validity of image-based dietary assessment(IBDA) in evaluating energy and macronutrients intake, and compared with three traditional method: weighed food record(WFR), 24-hour dietary recall(24-HDR) and double-labeled water(DLW)., Methods: Studies were retrieved and collected from various databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), WanFang Database, VIP Database, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase, screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After extracting the data, all the data were Meta-analyzed through RevMan 5.4., Results: A total of 24 studies were included. Meta-analysis showed that, comparison of IBDA method and traditional method in energy intake assessment[MD=-54.71 kcal/d(95%CI-118.81-9.39), P=0.09], comparison of carbohydrate intake assessment[MD=-2.77 g(95%CI-8.86-3.31), P=0.37], comparison of protein intake assessment[MD=0.00 g(95%CI-2.09-2.09), P>0.05], comparison of fat intake assessment[MD=0.10 g(95%CI-2.06-2.25), P=0.93], these differences were not statistically significant. Subgroup analysis showed that, IBDA method compared with the 24-hour dietary review method in protein intake(P=0.01), the difference was statistically significant. IBDA method overestimated protein intake by about 7.3% on average compared with the 24-hour dietary review method., Conclusion: There was no significant difference between IBDA method and traditional method in the assessment of energy and macronutrient intakes.

Objective: To research the effect of sodium alginate intervention on the nutritional intake of healthy young men., Methods: Recruited 20 healthy university students as research subjects. The experiment was divided into two periods: the dietary balance period and the sodium alginate intervening period, and each period was expected to be 28 days. During the dietary balance period, all meals in every day of experiment are provided by the research team; during the sodium alginate intervening period, based on the diet during the balanced diet period, sodium alginate was added to the staple food steamed buns(10 g sodium alginate per person per day). The experiment compares the food intake types, main nutrient intake levels and serum amino acid changes of subjects before and after intervention., Results: Adding sodium alginate can significantly reduce the intake of energy(-242.4 kcal), protein(-11 g)and carbohydrates(-47.3 g, P<0.05)in healthy subjects, but there was no significant effect on the intake of fat(-2.9 g, P=0.496)and cholesterol(-14.9 mg, P=0.070), and because of the addition of alginate, the whole dietary fibers obtained a significant increase(+7.8 g, P<0.05). After the intervention of sodium alginate, there was no significant change in the intake of rice, soy products, poultry products and vegetable oil, while the intake of wheat products(-49.6 g), egg foods(-2.6 g), dark-colored vegetables(-29.1 g), light-colored vegetables(-63.8 g)and fruits(-37 g)decreased significantly(P<0.05). Most of the essential amino acids in the subjects' serum increased significantly after the intervention, especially the valine in serum rise from 226.9 μmol/L to 466.4 μmol/L(P<0.05)., Conclusion: Sodium alginate can play a dietary fiber-like effect, produce satiety, reduce nutrient intake of subjects, especially carbohydrates, so sodium alginate has the potential to limit energy intake and control postprandial blood sugar. And sodium alginate also has a potential positive effect on the metabolism of amino acids in healthy people, especially the metabolism of essential amino acids.

Patients with critical illnesses often require nasogastric tube feeding (NG feeding) to support their nutritional and caloric-intake needs because of therapeutic issues and an inability to self-maintain proper nutritional intake. The four primary NG feeding methods include continuous feeding, cyclic feeding, intermittent feeding, and bolus feeding. Each method is unique in terms of timing and relative advantages and disadvantages. In this article, the related literature is reviewed to strengthen the correct concepts of clinical medical staff with regard to NG feeding and nutritional care for patients with critical illnesses with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of care provided to this vulnerable patient population.

Objective: To analyze the intake and structure of energy and macronutrients of farmers under three kinds of job types: working, farming and housework in China, and analyzes the intake status under different work intensity., Methods: Based on the data of China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012, this paper analyzed the dietary intake of farmers over 18 years old at three job types and different work intensities., Results: The energy intake of farmers in China was 2149. 5 kcal/d, and that of men and women were 2345. 2 kcal/d and 1985. 4 kcal/d, respectively. Farming farmers took in the highest energy and the domestic farmers took in the lowest energy. The average protein intake of farmers was 60. 8 g, 66. 0 g for men and 56. 4 g for women. The protein intake of working, farming and housework farmers, showed a downward trend. The fat intake of farmers was 66. 6 g, including 71. 9 g for men and 62. 1 g for women. With the three main forms of working, farming and housework, the fat intake showed a downward trend. The carbohydrate intake of farmers was 327. 5 g, including 354. 6 g for men and 304. 7 g for women, with farming farmers taking in the highest carbohydrate. Among the working farmers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, the intake of carbohydrate increased in turn, but protein and fat had no obvious characteristics; among the farming workers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, carbohydrate, protein and fat showed an increasing trend. There were also differences in the dietary structure characteristics among the three job types of working, farming and housework. The proportion of energy from protein and fat was higher in working farmers, the proportion of high-quality protein was close to 35%, the proportion of energy from carbohydrate was the highest in farming farmers, the proportion of high-quality protein was only 27%, the proportion of high-quality protein in household farmers was 30%, and the ratio of fat to energy in both farming and household farmers was less than 30%. Among working farmers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, the proportion of energy from carbohydrate increased, while the proportion of protein from animal food decreased; among farming farmers, under the light, medium and heavy work intensity, the proportion of protein from animal food increased slightly., Conclusion: There are some differences in the energy and macronutrients intake among the working farmers, farming farmers and household farmers in China. The farming farmers have the most energy intake, and with the increase of work intensity, the proportion of carbohydrate intake increases, and the protein intake is insufficient, especially the heavy work intensity. The nutrition needs of the population should get more attention.

Objective: To analyze the intake of energy and macronutrients of employees at different levels of work intensity in China., Methods: Based on the data of National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012, this paper analyzed the energy and macro nutrients intakes of employees at three levels of working strength., Results: The energy intake of employees in China was 1952. 7 kcal/d, the intakes of protein, fat and carbohydrate were 62. 7 g/d, 76. 6 g/d and 254. 0 g/d, respectively, the energy supply ratios were 13. 1%, 34. 9% and 52. 4%, respectively. From food sources of energy, the percentage of total energy provided by cereals and animal foods was 47. 7% and 18. 2%, respectively. The percentage of protein from cereal, legumes and Animal food was 39. 8%, 6. 7% and 37. 5%, respectively. The percentage of fat from animal food was 34. 8%. From the age and work intensity groups, the energy intake was lower in the low age group and the light work intensity of employees. There was the lowest intake of protein and fats in high age groups with heavy work intensity. Energy levels form protein and fat were highest in the light intensity group. Energy supply from cereal food was the highest in the group with heavy work intensity and energy supply from animal food was the highest in the group with low age group and light work intensity. The intake of high quality protein and animal food fat decreased with the increase of age and work intensity., Conclusion: The energy intake of employees in China is lower than the recommended energy intake for Chinese residents, and fat provides a higher proportion of energy. Employees with high age and heavy work intensity have insufficient protein intake, and the unreasonable dietary structure was particularly prominent with them, and their nutritional status needs to be paid more attention.

Objective: To survey the intakes of energy and macronutrients in 6-11 years old age group in 2016-2017 in China., Methods: Multi-stage cluster randomization sampling method was used to collect the data from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016-2017 in 257 surveillance sites of 31 provinces. 24-h dietary recalls for three consecutive days were used to obtain the dietary information. The intakes of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate were calculated by the China Food Composition, and the intakes of protein were assessing by Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs)., Results: A total of 8777 children in 6-11(9. 2±1. 6) years old group were recruited in this surveillance, the number of boys and girls were 4364 and 4413, respectively. The general intakes of energy were 1591. 7 kcal and that of boys and girls were 1624. 1 kcal and 1559. 7 kcal, respectively. The energy intakes in urban children were higher than rural children. The energy intakes in the east region were the highest and the middle region were the lowest. The general protein intakes were 50. 0 g, and that of boys and girls were 50. 9 g and 49. 1 g, respectively. The intakes of protein in urban children were higher than in rural. The intakes of protein in east region were higher than that in the middle and west regions. The ratios that above RNI of protein intakes were 52. 4%, and the ratios of urban and rural were 63. 0% and 42. 9%, respectively. The general fat intakes were 69. 6 g and that of boys and girls were 71.4 g and 67.8 g, respectively. The fat intakes in urban children were higher than in rural, but in the rural of the west the fat intakes were higher than in the urban of the east. The general intakes of carbohydrate were 196. 3 g, and that of boys and girls were 199. 5 g and 193. 2 g, respectively. The carbohydrate intakes in urban children were higher than in rural, and in the west region the intakes of carbohydrate were higher than in the east region. But in the rural populations, the carbohydrate intakes in the west region were higher than that in the east region., Conclusion: Comparing with 2010-2013, obvious changes of energy and macronutrients intakes in China 6-11 y children were observed in 2016-2017 surveillance. Inadequate intakes of protein were still the problem in rural children populations. The increase of fat intake was larger and more significant in the western region.

Objective: To analyze the intakes of dietary energy and macronutrients among the elderly aged 65 and above in China in 2015., Methods: Data was from the China National Chronic Non-communicable Disease and Nutrition Surveillance of adults in 2015. Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used. The valid dietary data of 18 161 the elderly aged 65 and above were extracted from 302 surveillance sites in 31 provinces. Consecutive 3-day 24-hour dietary recall method and household cooking oils and condiments weighting method were applied to collect dietary intakes data. The intakes of daily energy and macronutrients were calculated using China Food Composition Tables 2004 and 2009, and the dietary quality were evaluated according to 2013 Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes., Results: The study showed that the average intake of daily energy was 1595. 5 kcal, the average intake of carbohydrates, proteins and fats were 208. 7 g, 47. 9 g and 63. 6 g, respectively. The proportion of energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats were 52. 7%, 12. 1% and 35. 4%, respectively. The carbohydrates intake and proportion of energy from carbohydrates among urban elderly were 202. 3 g and 51. 4%, all lower than that in rural(213. 6 g and 53. 7%, P<0. 05). While the proteins intake and proportion of energy from proteins among urban elderly were 50. 8 g and 12. 9%, all higher than rural elderly(45. 6 g and 11. 5%, P<0. 001). The fats intake and proportion of energy from fats among urban elderly were 64. 1 g and 35. 9%, rural elderly were 63. 3 g and 35. 0%, there were no significant differences in fats intake and proportion of energy from fats between urban elderly and rural elderly(P>0. 05). The dietary intake of energy and macronutrients among the oldest old were lowest, especially those in rural areas, were 1394. 4 kcal, 182. 4 g, 40. 1 g and 56. 4 g. In 2015, the rate of energy lower than EER among the elderly was 75. 8%, and the rate of percentage of energy from carbohydrates lower than DRIs was 41. 5%. The rate of proteins lower than recommended nutrient intake was 76. 6%. The rate of percentage of energy from fats higher than dietary reference intakes was 64. 5%., Conclusion: In China, the unreasonable dietary intake among the elderly aged 65 and above is severe, and the oldest old especially those in rural areas have the most serious deficiency in proteins intake.

Objective: To study the effect of calorie-enriched formula on postoperative catch-up growth in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD)., Methods: A total of 100 infants with cyanotic CHD who underwent surgical operation from January to December, 2017, were randomly divided into a high-calorie group (receiving calorie-enriched formula after surgery) and a conventional group (receiving standard formula after surgery), with 50 infants in each group. All infants were followed up for 6 months. The observation indices included body height, body weight, prealbumin, and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide before surgery, at the time of ventilator weaning and extubation after surgery, and at 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Height-for-age Z-score (HAZ), weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), and weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) were also assessed. Adverse reactions were recorded for both groups., Results: There were 25 cases (50%) and 21 cases (42%) of malnutrition in the high-calorie group and the conventional group respectively before surgery ( P > 0.05). The nutritional status of the two groups improved 6 months after surgery ( P < 0.05). At 6 months after surgery, compared with the conventional group, the high-calorie group had a lower proportion of infants with malnutrition (18% vs 36%, P < 0.05) and also a lower proportation of infants with a WAZ score of < -2 ( P < 0.05). The infants with malnutrion in the high-calorie group had higher HAZ, WAZ, and WHZ than those in the conventional group ( P < 0.05). No gastrointestinal intolerance was observed in both groups during hospitalization., Conclusions: Compared with the standard formula, calorie-enriched formula can better help with postoperative catch-up growth in infants with cyanotic CHD.

Objective: To explore the relationship between dietary quality and the risk of diabetes and prediabetes among urban women based on alternative healthy eating index-2010（AHEI-2010). Methods: From March to July 2016, a total of 1 061 female residents from 8 cities, Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Lanzhou, Xuchang, Jilin, Wuhu and Chenzhou in China, were selected by using the multi-stage sampling method. The basic characteristics of all participants were collected by using self-made questionnaire, and the dietary status of the subjects was collected by using 24-hour dietary recall method. AHEI-2010 scores were calculated and the diet was divided into low, medium and high dietary quality group according to the third quartile. All participants received physical examination, systolic blood pressure test, fasting blood glucose test and glycosylated hemoglobin test. Unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between dietary quality and the risk of diabetes and prediabetes. Results: The age of all participants was（48.0±17.5) years old. The median（ P 25 ) of AHEI-2010 score was 46.52（40.04, 54.88). The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes were 13.3%（141 cases) and 50.0%（530 cases), respectively. Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, city, education, diet control, physical activity, energy intake and waist circumference, compared with the low diet quality group, the P 75 ) of AHEI-2010 score was 46.52（40.04, 54.88). The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes were 13.3%（141 cases) and 50.0%（530 cases), respectively. Unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age, city, education, diet control, physical activity, energy intake and waist circumference, compared with the low diet quality group, the OR （95% CI ) values of medium, high dietary quality group and diabetes risk were 0.96（0.57-1.62) and 0.63（0.36-1.09), respectively; the OR（ 95% CI ) values of medium, high dietary quality group and prediabetes risk were 0.93（0.64-1.35) and 1.28（0.87-1.88), respectively. Conclusion: The dietary quality of urban women based on AHEI-2010 evaluation is not related to the risk of diabetes and prediabetes.

Objective: To investigate the dietary nutrition status of lactating mothers in Beijing and the relationship between dietary nutrition level and breast milk composition., Methods: Using convenient sampling, fifty-two lactating mothers were investigated and their breast milk was collected from May 2018 to July 2018. Dietary nutrient intake and the incidence of insufficiency nutrients intake were calculated. Dietary nutrient intake was compared with the dietary reference intake of Chinese residents. The relationship between dietary nutrition and breast milk composition was analyzed by multiple linear regression., Results: The total energy intake was(1674. 15±655. 85) kcal, which was lower than the recommended value; protein(72. 77(45. 33, 92. 25)g), fat(66. 94(39. 26, 83. 83)g) and carbohydrates((208. 34±85. 77)g) were insufficient, of which the energy supply ratio of carbohydrates(49. 8%) was lower than the recommended value, while the protein(17. 39%) and fat(35. 99%) were higher than the recommended value. The insufficiency rate of vitamin A(73. 1%), folic acid(76. 9%), calcium(75. 0%) were also high. The ratio of energy produced by three meals was about 3∶4∶3, and the proportion of high-quality protein in dietary protein exceeded 50%. The fat(P=0. 007), dry matter(P=0. 006) and total energy(P=0. 006) in breast milk were affected by the protein in the diet, but protein(P=0. 283)and sugar(P=0. 307) in breast milk were not affected by dietary factors., Conclusion: The intakes of many nutrients of lactating mother are insufficient, especially energy and macronutrients. The fat, dry matter and total energy in breast milk are affected by the protein in the diet.

The energy adjustment models in nutritional epidemiological studies could substantially reduce the confounding effect of total energy intake from the intake of dietary components, and it could explore the real relationship between the intake of dietary component and research outcomes. Four energy adjustment models were introduced in this article, including the standard multivariate model, multivariate nutrient residual model, energy partition model, and multivariate nutrient density model. The four energy adjustment models were applied to analyze the association between the intake of saturated fatty acids and the risk of all-cause mortality based on the data of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The consistent results of different energy adjustment models could indicate that the four models could better control the confounding effect of total energy intake.

Objective: To analyze dietary energy and macronutrients intake among Chinese older adults from 2010 to 2012., Methods: Data was from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Dietary intake information was collected by three days food recall and weighed record of edible oil and condiments among 16 612 older adults. Daily energy and three macronutrients intake were calculated according to Chinese Food Composition 2004 and 2009 edition, and then evaluated by 2013 Chinese dietary reference intake., Results: The daily average energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat intake of Chinese older adults was(1840. 9 ± 636. 7) kcal/d, (255. 9 ± 106. 8) g/d, (55. 6±22. 7) g/d and(66. 8±35. 0) g/d, respectively. The mean proportion of energy supplied from carbohydrate, protein and fat was(55. 7% ± 12. 1%), (12. 3% ± 3. 4%)and(32. 5% ± 11. 7%), respectively. Total energy intake, carbohydrate intake and proportion of energy from carbohydrate among urban elderly were lower than that in rural, whereas protein and fat intake as well as their contribute rate for energy were higher in urban than those in rural. Regardless of urban and rural areas, four regions and genders, there was a decreasing trend of energy and macronutrient intake with the increase of age(P<0. 01). There 57. 0% of male and 53. 8% of female had lower protein intake than the recommended value, while 56. 7% of male and 56. 8% of female had higher fat contribution for energy upper than 30%. The rate of protein intake deficiency among participants aged 60-69 years old, 70-79 years old, 80 years old and above was 51. 0%, 61. 2% and 68. 6% respectively, and the proportion of energy from fat that exceeded 30%was 56. 9%, 56. 3% and 57. 1%, respectively., Conclusion: The daily average macronutrients intake model was unreasonable with higher fat but lower protein among Chinese older adults.