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The research progress on the conversion of cellulose into typical platform compound molecules 5-hydroxymethylfurfural under different catalytic systems is systematically summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of the different catalytic systems used are described. The main factors limiting the efficient conversion of cellulose into platform compounds at present are analyzed, and it is pointed out that future efficient catalysts should have both efficient catalytic activity and easy separation. Among them, the coupled reaction of temperature-responsive ionic liquid catalyst and two liquid phase system can achieve the efficient homogeneous catalytic reaction, and the purpose of product separation, which will be widely used in this field in the future. It will provide a reference for future research on the efficient conversion of cellulose into platform compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Packaging & Food Machinery is the property of Packaging & Food Machinery Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Harbin University of Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Harbin University of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Geodesy & Geodynamics (1671-5942) is the property of Editorial Board Journal of Geodesy & Geodynamics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Secondary jarosite encasement of gold was observed in the oxygen-pressed residue obtained from acidic pressure oxidation pretreatment of Carlin-type gold concentrates. An environmentally friendly gold extraction agent was used to extract gold, with a gold leaching rate of approximately 81 %. To further improve the gold leaching rate, the decomposition law of jarosite in the oxygen-pressed residue under different process parameters in an alkaline system was investigated, as well as its effect on the gold leaching rate, and the optimal conditions were determined. The results showed that efficient decomposition of jarosite can be achieved under the conditions of pH 11.0 – 12.0, liquid-solid ratio of 4, stirring speed of 400 r/min, time of 3 h, and temperature of 90 °C. The gold extraction rate of up to 89.6% was achieved using the environmentally friendly gold extraction agent with the optimized jarosite decomposition residue as the raw material, indicating that the jarosite decomposition process in an alkaline system can effectively relieve the encased gold and effectively improve the gold leaching rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatio - temporal fusion can generate image sequences with sufficiently high temporal and spatial resolution. However, current studies tend to improve prediction accuracy using as much spatio - temporal data as possible and complex non - linear models, while few of them focus on analyzing images themselves by making full use of their intrinsic features, such as trends and textures. This study proposed a 2DSSA spatio - temporal fusion model (2DSSA - STFM) based on 2D singular spectrum analysis (2DSSA) . In this model, the major spatial trends and details of the existing images at the target moment can be predicted by decomposing the images into trend and detail components. Firstly, the linear relationship between the trend of high - spatial - resolution data and low - spatial - resolution data was built to calculate the trend components of the images at the target moment. Then, the linear relationship between the low - resolution and the high - resolution detail components in two time phases was established to determine the detail components of the images at the target moment. Finally, the calculated trend and detail components were combined to form the target prediction images. The 2DSSA - STFM was applied to two sets of medium - resolution Landsat7 ETM+ and MODIS images, yielding smaller experimental errors than conventional spatio - temporal fusion models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the generation and decomposition characteristics of methane hydrate and its influencing factors, a high-pressure fully transparent double-reactor test platform was designed and built to conduct initial and secondary generation and decomposition tests of methane hydrate with high-purity methane and deionized water as the study objects. During the tests, the samples were stirred or not stirred to make a comparison. The experimental results showed that the hydrate generation included four stages: induction, rapid generation, slow generation and stabilization. Stirring could promote the hydrate generation. At the speed of 400 r / min, the lower reactor consumed 93. 6% more methane than the upper reactor. Meanwhile, the memory effect was more obvious, and the induction time in the secondary generation was shortened by 62. 5 %, and the methane consumption was increased by 254. 0% compared with the primary generation. There is much for reference of the study for the development of hydrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litterfall is the carrier of material and energy conversion between plants and soil, and an important link of the nutrient cycle in terrestrial ecosystem. In this paper, during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons (May -- October), we studied the production, decomposition and turnover of the litterfall of two Reaumuria soongorica communities, located in the Sangong River basin with different growth, as well as their association with soil factors and responses. In the research process, we used the collector and decomposition bag method. The results showed that the monthly litterfall production of the two communities increased initially, and decreased thereafter with time. Their production reached the maximum value in July and August, respectively. The annual litterfall production of community 1 and community 2 was 25.42 g·m–2·a–1 and 34.05 g·m–2·a–1, respectively. The supplement amount of litterfall to soil organic carbon was 11.81 g·m–2·a–1 and 17.65 g·m–2·a–1, respectively. The residual rate was 71.81% and 75.60% after a year's decomposition in community 1 and community 2, respectively. When the litterfall decomposition reached 50% and 95%, it took 2.52 and 14.64 years for community 1 and 3.69 and 20.13 years for community 2, respectively. The turnover of litterfall in community 1 and community 2 was 1.21 times·a–1 and 0.98 times·a–1, respectively. Soil water content, pH and bulk density were the main factors affecting the decomposition of litterfall in the two communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the gradual exploitation of minerals and the increasing shortage of high-quality mineral resources, the separation and recovery of "poor, fine and miscellaneous" minerals need to be solved urgently, and people's requirements for mineral processing technology are higher and higher. Some special microorganisms themselves or their metabolites can dissolve the ions in minerals or change the surface properties of minerals. Moreover, compared with traditional mineral processing reagents and leaching agents, microorganisms have the advantages of lower cost and less environmental pollution. Therefore, the micro biological flotation and microbial metallurgy technology has been developed rapidly. This paper introduces the research progress of bioleaching, oxidation, decomposition, adsorption, chemical reaction and cell surface chemistry of microorganisms at home and abroad.

Copyright of Electric Machines & Control / Dianji Yu Kongzhi Xuebao is the property of Electric Machines & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ginseng，American ginseng and notoginseng are closely related species of Panax genus. They have similar morphologies and chemical compositions. These three species all have the characteristics of continuous cropping obstacle. After continuous cropping of Panax，the soil environment gradually becomes unsuitable for its growth and the plant growth becomes weak and susceptible to disease，leading to inhibited growth, serious root rot, fibrous root loss, and even plant death. One of the main reasons for the continuous cropping obstacles of Panax genus is allelopathic autotoxicity. The residue degradation product of Panax genus is one of the main sources of ginseng allelochemicals. It can reduce the germination rate of seeds, increased mortality of seedlings, aggravates diseases such as root rot and eventually cause continuous cropping obstacles. During the continuous crop of Panax genus, the soil is also directly or indirectly affected by changes in soil physicochemical properties through the exchange of allelochemicals with the soil. In this paper, the research progress of decomposed allelopathy of Panax genus and the effect of decomposition on soil components are reviewed. It provides references for decomposed allelopathy of Panax genus and soil utilization research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Signal Processing is the property of Journal of Signal Processing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the gradual exploitation of minerals and the increasing shortage of high-quality mineral resources, the separation and recovery of "poor, fine and miscellaneous" minerals need to be solved urgently, and people's requirements for mineral processing technology are higher and higher. Some special microorganisms themselves or their metabolites can dissolve the ions in minerals or change the surface properties of minerals. Moreover, compared with traditional mineral processing reagents and leaching agents, microorganisms have the advantages of lower cost and less environmental pollution. Therefore, the micro biological flotation and microbial metallurgy technology has been developed rapidly. This paper introduces the research progress of bioleaching, oxidation, decomposition, adsorption, chemical reaction and cell surface chemistry of microorganisms at home and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A high-speed, low-complexity, reconfigurable frequency offset recovery implementation scheme based on the L&R (Luise and Reggiannini) algorithm is proposed to meet the high-speed and high-reliability requirements of the satellite payload data transmission system. The function of the algorithm is decomposed and modularized to facilitate the implementation of the algorithm logic architecture. The decomposed autocorrelation function modules are reused to reduce the resource consumption of the multiplier. The autocorrelation function of the pilot is superimposed in multiple sections to improve the accuracy of the L&-R algorithm. The results show that the demodulation performance loss of the high-speed, low-complexity, reconfigurable frequency offset recovery scheme is close to 0 dB. Compared with the direct structure, the optimized algorithm can reduce the multiplier consumption by 92. 59%, and the decomposed autocorrelation function module has reusability and reconfiguration. The algorithm can work at operating frequency up to 370. 37 MHz, which has an extremely high application value in high-speed receivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology is the property of Journal of East China University of Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A straw returning technique has been one of the most important measures for the comprehensive utilization of straw in ecological agriculture in the world. The soil fertility can also be improved to protect the environment during the sustainable development of farmland. The amount of straw returning is ever increasing in China in recent years. It is necessary to optimize the straw returning for higher efficiency during resource utilization. The nitrogen content can also be added to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio of straw for the rapid decomposition, thus improving the nutrient release rate with the better straw returning. In this study, different exogenous nitrogen sources were added to determine the dynamic changes of rice straw during decomposition. The suitable nitrogen source was also screened. Indoor cultivation was adopted at the constant humidity. Four treatments were set, including the control (CK), the application of urea (PU), the application of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), and the application of lime nitrogen (CaCN2). The results showed that the highest decomposition rate of rice straw was achieved at 0-5 d with 0.39-0.47 g/d, followed by the 5-30 d with 0.12-0.16 g/d, and the lowest was 0.045-0.050 g d-1 during 30-150 d. The addition of exogenous nitrogen significantly increased the cumulative decomposition rate of rice straw (P<0.05), compared with the CK. There was no significant difference in decomposition rate, whereas, a relatively significant difference was found in the decomposition characteristics of rice straw at different stages among the three treatments of exogenous nitrogen. Specifically, the decomposition rates of rice straw in the PU, UAN, and CaCN2 treatments in 0-30 d were 0.076, 0.077, and 0.078 g/d, respectively. The decomposition rates of the PU, UAN, and CaCN2 treatments at 30-150 d were 0.46, 0.46, and 0.50 g/d, respectively. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were attributed to the decomposition rates of rice straw at different stages. The maximum decomposition rates of cellulose treated with the PU, UAN, and CaCN2 were 13.23%, 3.78%, and 2.13% higher than those with the CK, respectively. The PU treatment also presented the best promoting effect on cellulose decomposition. The decomposition rates of hemicellulose treated with the PU, UAN, and CaCN2 were 5.89%, 6.40%, and 4.74% higher than those with the CK, respectively. The PU and UAN presented the best promoting effects on hemicellulose decomposition. The PU and UAN treatments contributed the most to improving the early decomposition rate of rice straw. The maximum decomposition rates of lignin treated with the PU, UAN, and CaCN2 were 30.19%, 25.28%, and 41.98% higher than those with the CK, respectively. The CaCN2 treatment presented the best promoting effect on the lignin decomposition, thus improving the decomposition rate of rice straw in the late stage. Consequently, the different types of exogenous nitrogen can be combined to achieve the best decomposition. This finding can provide a theoretical basis to improve the nutrient utilization of rice straw for the feasibility and sustainability of straw returning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Of Sichuan University (Natural Sciences Division) / Sichuan Daxue Xuebao-Ziran Kexueban is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Sichuan University Natural Science Edition and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Straw returning has widely been used in circular agriculture and soil conservation tillage in recent years. This study aims to explore the decomposition impacts of the wheat stalk under three tillage modes on the paddy filed in the summer rice and winter wheat system. A field experiment was conducted at the Shajiang black soil zone in the middle-lower reaches of Huaihe River. Three tillage treatments were set in the paddy filed, including “ploughing+rotary+puddling (PRP)”, “rotary+puddling (RP)”, and “puddling+rotary (PR)”. The decomposing parameters were then measured, such as the decomposing rates, the residual contents of the wheat stalk nutrients and components from 0 to 90 days (45 days as step length). A laser confocal scanning microscopy (OLS-4100, Olympus) was selected to characterize the microstructure of wheat stalk. The results showed that: 1) The decomposition rate varied fast in the early stage, but slowly in the late stage. Specifically, the decomposition rate rapidly reached 45%-55% during 0-45 days, while the maximum value of the decomposition rate was less than 58.27% under different tillage and straw returning modes at 90 days. 2) There were significant effects of returning time on the parameters, such as wheat stalk nutrients (including carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)), micro structures (including radial or X-direction length (Lx), axial or Y-direction length (Ly)), and mechanical properties (including shearing strength (SS), bending strength (BS), compressive strength (CS)) (P<0.05). The influence of returning time was found on the wheat stalk components (including Lignin (L), cellulose (Ce), Hemicellulose (He)). The residual contents of the wheat stalk components and nutrients such as C, N, P, L, and He increased to 1.01-1.33, 1.81-3.45, 1.15-1.82, 1.15-1.39, 1.45-2.77 times than those of the indexes at 0 day. Meanwhile the residual contents of the wheat stalk K and Ce decreased to 0.04-0.11, 0.77-0.95 times than those of the indexes at 0 day. The Lx and Ly of micro-structure parameters were 5.65-13.60, 2.48-9.18 times than those of the indexes at 0 day. The wheat stalk SS, BS, and CS at 45 and 90 days would decreased to 0.07-0.34, 0.26-0.58 and 0.43-0.76 times than those of the initial parameters at 0 day. 3) There were significant effects of tillage on the residual contents of the wheat stalk N, P and K (P<0.05), while impacts on the residual contents of the wheat stalk L, Ce and He. Comparing with the treatment of RP and PR, the treatment of PRP rapidly reduced the residual contents of the wheat stalk N, P, K, and Ce, but quickly increased residual contents of the wheat stalk L, while there was no reasonable order of residual He. Consequently, the PRP treatment presented a better performance for straw degradation in this case. This finding can greatly contribute to reduce the mechanical strength of wheat stalk and release nutrients when returning wheat straw to the field in sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mixture of wheat straw and common vetch is widely used for synthetic fertilizers returning to the cropland of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China. Their decomposition and nutrient release characteristics are essential to improve soil fertility, while reducing chemical fertilizer application. In this study, a field experiment was performed on the wheat straw (S), common vetch (J) and mixtures in soil by litter bags. Four treatments were set as the wheat straw (S), common vetch (J), the mixture of low ratio of S to J (SH1J), and the mixture of high ratio of S to J (SH2J). The results showed that the decomposition rates were relatively fast at the beginning, and then slowed down gradually. The 0-33 d after incorporation into the soil was the rapid decay stage with the highest decay rate for J (83.8-208.5 mg/d), whereas, the 34-97 d was the slow decay stage with the highest decay rate for S (24.6 mg/d), while the 97-333 d was the steady decay stage with no significant differences for the decay rate among treatments (2.6-3.4 mg/d). At the end of decomposition, the decomposition rates of S, J, SH1J, and SH2J were 51.5%, 82.2%, 78.6%, and 75.2%, respectively, indicating that the wheat straw decayed the slowest, while the common vetch decayed the fastest, and the mixtures fell in between. Nitrogen (N) release in the 0-33 d accounted for 70%-83% in the whole decay stages, indicating that N in organic materials released mainly in the first month. At the end of decomposition, the cumulative N release ratios of S, J, SH1J, and SH2J were 21.3%, 81.5%, 79.3%, and 79.0%, respectively. Phosphorus (P) release of common vetch in the 0-33 d and wheat straw in the 0-97 d accounted for 90% and 88% of the total P release, indicating that P in J and S released mainly during 0-33 d and 0-97 d, respectively. At the end of decomposition, the cumulative P release ratios of S, J, SH1J and SH2J were 60.1%, 76.3%, 4.2%, and 82.2%, respectively. As such, the potassium release ratio in the 0-33 d was accounted for more than 95% of the total release ratio. A bi-pool exponential decay model was selected to characterize the decomposition of dry matter, where the N and P had a determination coefficient of above 0.93. The mixture of wheat straw and common vetch increased the labile fraction of N pools, to significantly prolong the average turnover time of labile N. Specifically, the labile fraction of N pool and average turnover time of S were 19.4% and 23 d, while those of CV were 78.8% and 18 d, respectively. The mixture of S and J improved the labile fraction of N pools (14% by SH1J and 25% by SH2J), but prolonged the turnover time (5 d by SH1J and 6 d by SH2J). The mixture of high ratio of S to J also significantly improved the labile fraction of the P pool, 21% higher than the predicted values. Additionally, the K released quickly for both wheat straw and common vetch. The 0-33 d after incorporation into the soil was the rapid decay and nutrient release stage, where the wheat straw decayed and released nutrients the slowest. The mixtures significantly enhanced the labile fraction of N and P pool, thereby prolonging the average turnover time of N, particularly beneficial to nutrient uptake by succession crops. Consequently, the finding can provide promising theoretical and technical support for crop residue incorporation in the cropland of the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By simulating the processing of roasted chicken wing roots, the experimental environment, thawing water, contact surface, and meat products were sampled and tested to study the source of pathogenic microorganisms and the law of bacterial phase change during the processing of roasted chicken wing roots. The results showed that during the processing of roasted chicken wing roots, the highest number of colonies in the experimental ambient was in the thawing zone, which was 165 CFU/dish, followed by the pretreatment zone, which was 105 CFU/dish. The number of microorganisms in the thawing water showed an overall upward trend with the thawing process. The total number of bacterial colonies in the hands of the experimenters in the pretreatment area was higher than that of the experimenters in the vacuum packaging area, and the hands of the experimenters in the pretreatment area had a certain amount of E. coli and fungi. The total number of colonies on the contact surface of the scissors and the basket of the thawing tank and the pretreatment area was large, and the total number of colonies on the contact surface of the packaging basket reached the highest value of 4.1 CFU/cm². As the processing progresses, the number of microorganisms in the roasted chicken wing roots increased first and then decreased. In the process of thawing, pretreatment and tumbling, the total number of colonies in the semi-finished product was significantly higher, and the number of microorganisms decreased significantly after roasting. By taking measures such as controlling the sanitary condition of raw materials, disinfecting the experimental environment in real time, strictly abiding by operating regulations, shortening the thawing time, and reducing secondary pollution, the pollution of pathogenic microorganisms could be effectively controlled and the quality of products could be guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the optimization of anti-jamming agile waveform for helicopter borne fire control radar, an agile phase coding waveform suitable for multi-pulse and short code length is designed based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and cyclic algorithm. First, we construct the constrained quadric optimization problem with low sidelobe ambiguity function in the target region. Second, the quartic is transformed into the quadric according to SVD decomposition, and an iterative convergence algorithm is designed. Third, a quadric iterative convergence algorithm is deduced based on the cyclic algorithm. Finally, the simulation results show that the two algorithms are close to each other in the design of agile waveform optimization performance, but the SVD decomposition algorithm has faster convergence speed, and the cycle calculation algorithm has higher operation speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwanese Journal of Agricultural Chemistry & Food Science is the property of Agricultural Chemical Society of Taiwan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gully erosion has become a key disturbance factor in the sloping farmland, particularly in the black soil area of the Northeast China. This is because the gully erosion can damage land resources site off the tractor travel, and thereby threaten the sustainability of crop production. As such, a new technology was introduced to the rehabilitation engineering of gully filling with straw. However, two scientific questions need to be answered in this technique: Firstly, whether the new gully that induced by the surface runoff can change the original site after the rehabilitation. Secondly, whether the collapse that induced by the decomposition of straw bundle can occur in the original site, where the decomposition has existed due to the organic matter of straw. These two problems can also determine the feasibility of the technique. Therefore, in this study, the drainage function and straw decomposition were investigated in a rehabilitated gully, to verify the drainage capacity of the technique, and further to explore the straw decomposition in different rehabilitation years. A rehabilitated gully (47°21′22.52″N, 126°49′56.71″E) was selected, located in Guangrong village, Hailun City, Heilongjiang Province. The capacity parameters were measured, including the soil infiltration, seepage infiltration, water holding of straw bundle, and the drainage. Taking Yinlonghe farm (48°45′N, 126°36′E) as the research area, located in Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province, China, the straw decomposition test was conducted to measure the thickness, bulk density, and components of straw bundle. The results showed that the water storage of straw bundle layer was 463 kg/m3 in the rehabilitated gully bed. The runoff in the rainy season can be completely stored by the straw layer. The sloping farmland after rehabilitation can resist the uniform rainfall intensity of 44 to 80 mm/h. 95% surface runoff was transformed into the underground runoff, indicating a great reduction in the soil erosion induced by surface runoff. From the surface runoff to underground runoff, there was no new gully reformed in the original site. In addition, the thickness of straw bundle layer decreased at an average annual rate of 1.4 cm. The settlement of straw layer can be filled by the spring plough and the sediment deposition in the rainy season. Therefore, there was no collapse occurred in the original site. Furthermore, the decomposition rate of straw component varied in different rehabilitation years. There was a rapid increase in the decomposition rate of hemicellulose and cellulose after 20 years, whereas, the lignin hardly decomposed, where the content ranged from 26.8% to 38.8%. Long term anaerobic environment, water saturation, and half a year freezing period can significantly suppress the decomposition of straw. The technology of rehabilitation from the gully erosion can be widely used for the rehabilitation of 200 000 gullies in the sloping farmland in the black soil area of the Northeast China. The finding can provide a scientific basis for the reclamation of erosion gully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in New & Renewable Energy is the property of Editorial Office of Advances in New & Renewable Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Control Theory & Applications / Kongzhi Lilun Yu Yinyong is the property of Editorial Department of Control Theory & Applications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Crop straw is of great significance in improving farmland ecological environment, soil fertility, and enhance crop quality and yield. The application of decomposed livestock manure into soil can not only provide a good breath environment and energy for microorganisms, but also have a short growth cycle of microorganisms, and livestock manure can cause rapid changes in microorganisms. Taking the typical dark brown soil cultivated land in Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, as the experimental area, the characteristics of in-situ strip composting of livestock manure and corn straw in the field by nylon mesh bag landfill method was studied. Four treatments were set up in the experiment: corn straw (CS), corn straw + pig manure (SPM), corn straw + chicken manure (SCM), corn straw + cow dung (SCD). The samples were collected at 30 d, 60 d, 90 d, 120 d and 150 d after bag burying and the mass loss rate and nutrient release rate of corn straw under each treatment were measured. The results showed that by 150 days after the end of the experiment, the mass loss rate of corn straw under the four treatments increased rapidly in the early stage and slowly increased in the later stage, and the cumulative mass loss rate of corn straw ranged from 42.48%~53.28%. At the same time, the cumulative release rates of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in corn straw under the four treatments were 56.87%~66.95%, 41.01%~46.15%, 44.92%~48.94%, 94.14%~96.24%, respectively. The addition of livestock manure accelerated the decomposition of corn straw, and increased the mass loss rate and nutrient release rate of straw. The best performance was SCM treatment, and the difference between SCM treatment and other treatments was significant (P<0.05). In addition, the cumulative mass loss rate was SCM>SPM>SCD>CS, and the cumulative release of nutrients was K>C>P>N. In conclusion, corn straw in situ strip composting combined with different livestock manure is beneficial to the decomposition of corn straw and promotes the release of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in corn straw, and the straw returning to the field with chicken manure being the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The humification coefficient of input organic material（h）and decomposition rate（k）of soil organic carbon（SOC）are two key parameters that control the SOC turnover processes. Many previous studies have investigated how elements such as water and temperature can affect these processes, but how the SOC content can affect its own turnover processes is seldom concerned. We developed computer models to test the effect of the SOC content on the SOC turnover processes and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that however h and k changed the SOC content, it also changed asymptotically with time, and eventually reached equilibrium; When assuming that these two parameters were constant with the SOC content, the SOC content would linearly increase without being limited by the C input level; The SOC content would increase asymptotically with the C input level when assuming that h decreased with the SOC content and k increased simultaneously; An asymptotic relationship between the SOC content and C input level would occur. The changes in h and k with the SOC content were termed as negative feedback to SOC turnover. Further study on the mechanisms underlying the negative feedback supported the asymptotic relationship between the SOC content and C input level. We suggest that the negative feedback of SOC turnover is reasonable, and it is necessary and possible to consider this effect in model development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Signal Processing is the property of Journal of Signal Processing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The remained litter mass, and the contents of As, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the litters of Phragmites australis and Suaeda salsa under different flooding conditions in the Yellow River Delta were determined to investigate the litter decomposition rates and heavy metal return characteristics. Results showed that the decomposition of S. salsa litters was significantly faster than that of P. australis litters (P<0.05), and the decomposition under tidal flooding conditions was faster than that under the short- term flooding conditions. In terms of P. australis litters, their contents of As, Cr and Cu were higher compared to the initials, and these heavy metals contents of P. australis litters under tidal flooding conditions were higher than those under short-term flooding conditions. For S. salsa litters, all heavy metals exhibited an increase in the study, and the contents of As, Cu and Pb under tidal flooding conditions were significantly higher than those under the short-term flooding conditions (P<0.05). Pb and Zn were released during the decomposition for both P. australis and S. salsa litters. The findings of this study contributed to further studies on the influences of the tidal waves on the litter decomposition and metal returns in the Yellow River Delta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The synthetic chiral polysilane adopts a rigid rod-like spiral structure, which has unique circular dichroism (CD) characteristics in near ultraviolet (UV) region and can be easily decomposed by UV irradiation. Therefore, chiral polysilanes have become excellent chiral scaffolds for inducing supramolecular chiral assembly of achiral polymers in recent years. In order to further verify the chiral scaffolding capability of chiral polysilane and enrich the types of achiral or optically inactive polymers that were induced to perform supramolecular chiral assembly, hyperbranched polyfluorenes (HPF8s) with different branching units were synthesized on the basis of Suzuki polycondensation reaction, which laid a foundation for further realization of chiral supramolecular assembly of hyperbranched main-chain conjugated polymers induced by using chiral polysilanes as the chiral scaffolds. The supramolecular chiral assembly of HPF8s was successfully induced by an enantiomeric pair of rigid rod-like helical polysilanes bearing (S)- and (R)-2-methylbutyl groups (PSi-S(R)) in a binary solvent mixtures of chloroform and methanol. Optimizing experimental conditions were crucial for boosting the CD amplitudes of HPF8/PSi-S and HPF8/PSi-R hetero-aggregates. The effects of various conditions on the supramolecular chiral assembly behavior of hyperbranched polyfluorenes induced by chiral polysilanes were systematically investigated. Results showed that the choice of cosolvent, the volume ratio of good and poor solvent, the mass concentration ratio of HPF8s to PSi-S(R), and the branching unit content of HPF8s presented great impacts on the chiral expression of the hetero-aggregates. In addition, the optically active HPF8s homo-aggregates were produced by complete photoscissoring reactions at 313 nm, which could be assigned to the Siσ-Siσ* transitions of PSi-S and PSi-R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South China Agricultural University is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Returning crop residues to soil is regarded as a beneficial agricultural management practice. The decomposition of the returned organic residues is a research concern, and the soil fauna plays an important role during the degradation process. Earthworms are generally regarded as a major and beneficial component of soil fauna. In the present study, the decomposition process was simulated by mixing the maize stover with the ignited quartz sand. The mucus of the earthworm Eiseniafetida which was an important component of drilosphere, glucose or glutamate were added to the mixture. Besides, glucose and glutamate were easily utilizable substrate for the microorganism. The total carbohydrate and crude protein contents in the mucus were analyzed. The total carbohydrate content was 1.3 mg/mL, and the crude protein content was 3.4 mg/mL. SDS-PAGE showed that the protein in the mucus was mainly comprised of two specific protein molecules with molecular weight approximately 44.6 and 21.5 kDa. The carbon and nitrogen mineralization, enzyme activity and microbial community structure were investigated in detail. In the experiment, the carbon mineralization rates of Glc and Glu groups reached a peak value at around 10th day, while that of Muc group reached a maximum value at 20th-30th day. The maximum nitrogen mineralization rates in both Glc and Glu groups were in the 20th-30th day, while those in Muc group were in the 30th-40th day. The effect of the mucus was compared with that of glucose and glutamate. During the whole experiment process, the carbon mineralization rate of Muc group was always higher than that of the control group. After comparing with the control group, it could be observed that the mucus had stimulatory effect on carbon and nitrogen mineralization. The delay effect of the mucus was observed when it was compared to glucose and glutamate. The activities of protease and dehydrogenase in Muc group were higher than those in CK group. On the 10th day, the activities of carboxymethyl cellulase and urease in Muc group were 4 times and 1.5 times of those in CK group, respectively. The average values of ACE and chao for bacterial community in Muc group were 2.6 and 3 times of those in CK group, respectively. The values of ACE and chao for fungal community in Muc group were 2.4 times and 2.3 times of those in CK group, respectively. In addition, the Shannon-wiener diversity index of bacterial and fungal communities in Muc group was 1.4 times and 4.8 times of that in CK group, respectively. The relative abundance of Fusarium in Muc group was 2.5 times of that in CK group. The activity of cellulolytic enzyme, protease, urease and dehydrogenase was increased by the addition of the mucus. The microbial abundance and diversity in the group treated with the mucus was higher than that in the control group. The predominant microbial genera in the group treated with the mucus were lingo cellulolytic microorganism and some were involved in nitrogen cycle. This indicated that the mucus of drilosphere played an important role in decomposition of crop residues after being returned to soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differential evolution algorithm is an efficient optimization technique that has been successfully applied to multiobjective optimization problems. However, there are also some defects, i. e. the slow convergence and poor diversity of the Pareto optimal set. Addressing these issues, this paper presented a multi-objective differential evolution algorithm based on decomposition and multi-strategy mutation (MODE/DMSM). MODE/DMSM utilized the decomposition-based approach to decompose a multi-objective optimization problem into multiple single-objective optimization problems. Moreover, MODE/DMSM adopted the efficient non-dominated sorting approach to select solutions which had both good convergence and diversity to guide the differential evolutionary process. Eventually, MODE/DMSM employed the multi-strategy mutation approach to balance the convergence and diversity in the evolutionary process. The results of simulations on 10 test functions of ZDT and DTLZ show that MODE/DMSM outperforms than the other six representative multi-objective optimization algorithms in terms of the good convergence and diversity of the Pareto optimal set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the influence of roots of understory plant entering litter layer on litter decomposition in forest ecosystems, we examined the effects of different treatments of Lolium multiflorum root biomass on microorganisms and enzyme activities during leaf litter decomposition of Symplocos setchuensis, a dominant species in a mid-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, through a litter bag simulation experiment. Results showed that diversity index of bacterial and fungal communities of leaf litter surface under three treatments, i.e. no root (N), less roots (L), more roots (M), in a 240-day decomposition process showed the following pattern; M > L > N. The effects of these different root biomass treatments on the composition and quantity of fungal community were more significant than those on bacterial community. The biomass of living roots growing in the litter bag gradually decreased at the end of the growing season of L. multiflorum. The impacts of root growth on the composition of the fungal community gradually decreased during decomposition. At the same decomposition stage, the activities of acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase on the litter surface were higher in the treatments with roots than that without roots. These results indicated that root growth could change the composition and quantity of microbial com- munities and increase the extracellular enzyme activities of microbes, and thus stimulating litter decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea have strong detergency capabilities and are often deployed as wetland plants in the same constructed wetland for sewage treatment. As a kind of allelopathic plant, Phragmites australis has strong allelopathy effects on Phalaris arundinacea and P. arundinacea would be instead of Phragmites australis in both natural wetland and constructed wetland. This phenomenon is related to the soil moisture content and the allelopathic inhibitory effect of P. australis decomposing soil on Phalaris arundinacea is closely related to the amount of total phenolic acids in the decomposing soil. Therefore, high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was used to separate and identify phenolic acids substances in Phragmites australis decomposing soil under different moisture content conditions to select the types of phenolic acids that the most obvious responded to moisture in this paper. The competition balance between P. australis and Phalaris arundinacea can be achieved through the regulation of wetland soil moisture, therefore, the long-term stable coexistence of the two species in the constructed wetland can be achieved. The results showed that eight kinds of phenolic acids were separated and identified, which were gallic acid, coumaric acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, and benzoic acid, respectively. The contents of three kinds of phenolic acids of coumaric acid, benzoic acid, and ferulic acid were higher among eight kinds of identified phenolic acids. There was a significant linear negative correlation between content of every identified phenolic acid and the relative moisture content of the Phragmites australis decomposing soil. With the increase of relative moisture content of P. australis decomposing soil, content of every identified phenolic acid showed a downward trend, and the response curve of content of every identified phenolic acid to the relative moisture content of P. australis decomposing soil could be fitted well with a linear equation. Responses of coumarinic acid, gallic acid, and ferulic acid to soil moisture were the most obvious among eight kinds of identified phenolic acids. Therefore, coumanic acid, gallic acid, and ferulic acid can be used as the main regulatory targets, the allelopathic inhibitory effects of P. australis on Phalaris arundinacea can be weakened by regulating the moisture content of wetland soil so as to maintain the stability of Phragmites australis and Phalaris arundinacea community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Local characteristic-scale decomposition（ LCD） method is improved in this paper. The reason of appearance of the stagnation point on low frequency intrinsic scale component（ ISC） is analyzed and a new method which called eliminate stagnation point-based Local characteristic-scale decomposition method is presented. The results from the simulation signal have shown the obvious advantages of the improved LCD method. Based on the improvement of the LCD,the combination of the LCD and envelope analysis is applied to the roller bearing fault diagnosis. The roller bearing vibration signals is composed by the improved LCD into some intrinsic scale component（ ISC）. The envelope analysis method based on Hilbert is used to analyze the ISCs and the work state of rolling bearing can be identified. The experimental results showed that the improved LCD method and Envelopment analysis method have a good result to apply to the rolling bearing fault diagnosis.

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