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Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: In recent years, studies have shown that obesity is closely related to chronic inflammation. Due to excessive energy intake, inflammatory macrophage infiltration and inflammatory response occur in visceral adipose tissue, which is crucial for the regulation of adipose tissue fibrosis. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the molecular mechanism of inflammation-related signals involved in the regulation of adipose tissue fibrosis and to provide reference for the treatment of adipose tissue fibrosis and related metabolic diseases through anti-inflammatory pathways. METHODS: Relevant documents were retrieved from CNKI and PubMed, and the Chinese and English search words were “inflammation, inflammatory factors, inflammatory signals, lip fibrosis, adipose fibrosis, adipose tissue fibrosis” respectively. The search period was from January 2003 to December 2022. Finally, 52 documents meeting the criteria were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During obesity, visceral adipose tissue expands through adipocyte proliferation and hypertrophy to store excess energy, and defects caused by remodeling or functional changes mainly include impaired angiogenesis, adipocyte apoptosis promoted by white adipose tissue hypoxia, macrophage infiltration, and adipocyte fibrosis. Adipose tissue fibrosis has adverse effects on the natural growth of adipose cells. The factors that trigger chronic inflammation of adipose tissue include a variety of signal stimuli, such as adipocyte death caused by hypoxia, mechanical signal transduction caused by extracellular matrix remodeling and lipogenic factor imbalance. Inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-type lectins and adiponectin secreted by adipocytes and other inflammatory signaling pathways such as nuclear factor-κB, transforming growth factor-β/Smad and MAPK jointly regulate the process of adipose tissue fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The quality of conventional paraffin sections prepared by traditional reagents (formaldehyde solution fixation, ethanol dehydration, xylene transparent dewaxing) used for tissue pretreatment is low, which has become the bottleneck of pathological diagnosis of adipocytic tumors. Moreover, traditional reagents are easy to pollute the laboratory environment and cause various health hazards to laboratory personnel. OBJECTIVE: To explore the application value of environmental friendly tissue sample preparation solution in the detection of MDM2 gene in adipocyte-tumor hematoxylin-eosin staining and atypical lipomatous-tumor/well differentiated liposarcoma. METHODS: From February 2016 to July 2022, 592 samples of adipocyte tumors were selected as the research objects. The same sample was cut in half. According to the different reagents used in the pretreatment of samples, they were randomly divided into two groups: the traditional group and the environmental protection group. In the traditional group, 592 conventional paraffin sections were made by formalin fixation, alcohol dehydration and xylene transparent dewaxing. In the environmental protection group, 592 slices were made with environmental protection tissue sample preparation solution. According to the different grades of hematoxylin-eosin staining quality of sections, the excellent and good rate of the matoxylin-eosin staining was compared between the two groups. Further, 33 specimens of atypical lipomatous tumor/well differentiated liposarcoma confirmed by pathology were sectioned again, and the MDM2 gene was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization to compare the difference in the amplification rate of MDM2 gene between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the traditional group, the tissue sections of the adipocyte tumors in the environmental protection group were more stretched and complete; the cells were not folded; the staining was clearer; the red blue contrast was better and the cell structure was denser. (2) The excellent and good rate of hematoxylin-eosin staining of tissue sections in the environmental protection group was higher than that in the traditional group, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.000). (3) Compared with the traditional group, the MDM2 probe and the CSP12 probe of the environmental protection group bound only in the specific region of the sample chromosome, which was more specific. (4) The number of successfully hybridized cells in the environmental protection group was higher than that in the traditional group, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.000). (5) There was no significant difference in MDM2 gene signal number, MDM2/cell value, CSP12 signal number, CSP12/cell value and MDM2/CSP12 value between the traditional group and the environmental protection group (P > 0.05). (6) There was no significant difference in the amplification rate of MDM2 gene between the two groups (P=0.31). (7) The results showed that the environment-friendly tissue sample preparation solution is conducive to improving the excellent and good rate of hematoxylin-eosin staining of adipocyte tumors and ensuring the detection quality of MDM2 gene in atypical lipomatous tumors/well differentiated liposarcomas and has the value of clinical promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caveolin-1 ( Cavl) is a structural protein component of the Caveolae and a major regulator of a variety of signaling molecules involved in a variety of cellular processes including signal transduction, endocytosis, cholesterol distribution and cell migration, and is a candidate target for the prevention and treatment of many diseases. With further research, the role of Cavl in maintaining bone metabolic balance was also discovered. In this paper, the gene structure and protein structure of Cavl were reviewed, and the regulatory mechanism of Cavl on bone metabolism was respectively summarized from osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells ( MSCs) and osteoclastic differentiation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells ( HSCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As important genetic germ plasm resources and new potential cells for regenerative medicine, animal stem cells are broadly researched and utilized. In this study, Holstein bovine umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) were isolated and investigated, and their multi-directional differentiation potential etc. biological characteristics were researched. The cells were isolated from 3-month-old fetal umbilical cords of Holstein cows using type IV collagenase, cultured in vitro. The obtained cells showed a typical "S" shape growth curve, and the population doubling time gradually decreased with the increase of generation. The expression of specific surface marker genes in isolated cells were identified by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR techniques, the results showed that CD29, CD73, CD90 and CD166 expressed, while CD45 didn' t express. After induction of adipogenesis, lipid droplets stained with oil red stain were seen, and adipogenic genes LPL and PPAR-γ both expressed. After induction of osteogenic differentiation, calcium nodules were stained with alizarin red, and osteogenic genes OPN and collagen type I gene COL-I expressed; after induction of chondrogenic differentiation, the chondrocytes were stained with Alisin blue, and they expressed chondrogenic key gene transcription factor gene SOX9 and ACAN. In this study, mesenchymal stem cells with good proliferation viability and adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic abilities were successfully isolated from the umbilical cord of Holstein cattle at 3-month-old embryonic, which provided basis for the conservation of animal germplasm resources and regenerative medicine as well as potential cell resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In some preclinical and clinical studies, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have shown promising therapeutic results but limited efficacy. Therefore, enhancing the function of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells by priming provides a new idea for the development of stem cell culture technology. OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes of biological properties and mechanism of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells primed with inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α. METHODS: The human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were cultured to the sixth generation and primed with inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor-α. The changes of immunomodulatory ability, anti-inflammatory function, surface markers, doubling time, and adipogenesis and osteogenesis ability were evaluated in control group and tumor necrosis factor-α-primed group of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, the transcriptome analysis of the two groups was compared to illustrate the precise mechanism. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, different mass concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α-primed human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells inhibited T cell proliferation and promoted Treg cell proliferation significantly. The effect of 1 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-α was the most significant. (2) Compared with the control group, different mass concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α-primed human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells released lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and higher levels of interleukin-10 in inflammatory model in vitro, and their anti-inflammatory ability was significantly enhanced. (3) There was no significant difference in cell multiplication time and surface marker expression between the control group and tumor necrosis factor-α-primed group, and both groups had strong osteogenic and lipogenic differentiation abilities. (4) Transcriptome changes between control group and tumor necrosis factor-α-primed group were mainly reflected in the activation of nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and tumor necrosis factor-α signaling pathway. (5) These results indicated that tumor necrosis factor-α-primed human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells significantly enhanced their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Swimming exercise and diet control are currently recognized as important interventions to improve metabolic abnormalities. Hypothalamic sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) are important factors regulating energy metabolism, but the correlation between the effects of swimming exercise and diet control on hypothalamic lesions in apolipoprotein E knockout (APOE-/-) mice with high-fat diet and the PGC-1α-SIRT3 pathway is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible mechanism of swimming exercise and diet control in regulating hypothalamic lesions of APOE-/- mice with high-fat diet. METHODS: Fifty 20-week-old APOE-/- mice were randomly divided into normal diet group, high-fat diet group, diet control group, swimming exercise group and diet control+swimming exercise group, with 10 mice in each group. Except for the control group (normal diet), the other groups were fed with high-fat diet (21% fat, 0.15% cholesterol) for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding, the diet control group and the diet control+swimming exercise group were normally fed, and there were no changes in the other groups. The swimming exercise group and the diet control+swimming exercise group were given no weight-bearing swimming for 8 weeks in total. Mice were weighed at the same time each week, and changes in hypothalamic metabolites, including N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), choline complex (Cho), creatine (Cr), and myo inositol (MI) were detected by magnetic resonance spectrum of the hypothalamus. Morphological changes of mitochondria and myelin sheath in the hypothalamus were detected by electron microscopy. SIRT3 and PGC-1α protein expression was detected by western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The body mass of the control group was significantly lower than that of the other four groups after high-fat diet feeding. After 8 weeks of intervention, the body mass of swimming exercise group, diet control group, diet control+swimming exercise group was significantly lower than that of high-fat diet group (P < 0.05), and the decreasing trend of diet control+swimming exercise group was the most obvious. Compared with the control group, the NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr of the high-fat diet group decreased significantly, and the MI/Cr increased significantly (P < 0.05). Compared with the high-fat diet group, the NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr of the diet control group, the swimming exercise group and the diet control+swimming exercise group increased significantly, while the MI/Cr decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The improvement effect on NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr of diet control+swimming exercise group was better than that of diet control group and swimming exercise group. The protein levels of SIRT3 and PGC-1α in the hypothalamus of diet control group, swimming exercise group and diet control+swimming exercise group were significantly higher than those of high-fat diet group (P < 0.05). The results of electron microscopy showed that in the high-fat diet group the mitochondria of mice were swollen, the crists were broken, disappeared or vacuolated, the myelin mechanism was blurred, most of the myelin was separated from the middle and edge, and the vacuolated degeneration was observed. The morphology and structure of mitochondria and myelin were improved after diet control and swimming exercise intervention. These findings indicate that both swimming exercise and diet control can effectively improve high-fat-induced hypothalamic lesions, and the combination of the two achieves better outcomes. The underlying mechanism is related to up-regulating the expression of mitochondria-related proteins PGC-1α and SIRT3, improving hypothalamic neurometabolism, and alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) cell clusters and functional heterogeneity were analyzed through single cell RNA sequencing technology. Human GMSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro, GMSCs were sequenced by 10× scRNA-Seq platform. The cells were grouped according to the gene expression differences, and analyze the expression of surface markers and cell cycle differences in each cluster. Differences in gene expression and gene expression profile of osteogenic, lipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation were compared，and the interactions between different clusters of cells were also analyzed. Human GMSCs were successfully extracted and grew in a vortex like manner. The GMSCs were composed of 9 cell clusters. ENG, NT5E, THY1, ITGB1 and CD44 were highly expressed, and CD34, CD14, PECAM1 and PTPRC were negatively expressed. The proportion of G2/M phase of GMSCs was 41.59%. The G2/M phase ratio of cell cluster 6 was the lowest (16.44%), while the cell cluster 2 was the highest with 99.08%. The expressions of adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteoblastic differentiation related genes were not identical in the 9 cell clusters. Nine clusters had different gene expression profiles, and 2/4 cell clusters showed high similarity, with relatively high expressions of TOP2A, UBE2C, KPNA2, CENPF genes. DKK1, KRT7 and ID1 genes were highly expressed in the cell cluster 5. MALAT1, FN1 and NEAT1 genes were highly expressed in the cell cluster 9. Moreover, GO analysis showed that each cell cluster enriched different pathways. The communication between cell cluster 9 and other cell clusters were the most active. The single-cell level study suggests that there are different functional clusters of GMSCs, and the proliferation capacity and genomic expression profile of each cluster were heterogeneous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are precursor cells of osteoblasts. Exploring its differentiation mechanism is of great significance for guiding the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Eucommia ulmoides Oliver can induce the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. However, it is unclear about the effects of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver on proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Nur77/MDM2/p53 pathway. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and mechanism of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. METHODS: The aqueous extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark was used to treat human and mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI assay were used to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The expression of proliferation and apoptosis related proteins and the expression of Nur77 and its downstream MDM2, p53 pathway related proteins and the ubiquitination of p53 protein were detected by western blot assay. After directed induction of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, the degree of differentiation was evaluated by detecting the expression of adipocytes and osteoblasts marker proteins using western blot assay. Nur77 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells treated with 10 mg/mL Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation were detected. Finally, after knocking down Nur77, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were treated with p53 inhibitor (Pifithrin-α), and the changes of cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation were detected to clarify the mechanism. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract promoted the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, inhibited cell apoptosis and adipogenic differentiation. (2) Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract upregulated Nur77 and MDM2 protein expression and promoted p53 ubiquitination. Knockdown of Nur77 inhibited MDM2 protein expression and p53 protein ubiquitination, promoted p53 protein expression, and further inhibited bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. (3) Pifithrin-α reversed the effects of Nur77 siRNA, promoted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation, and inhibited cell apoptosis and adipogenic differentiation. (4) It is concluded that the Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation via the Nur77/MDM2/p53 pathway, which provides a theoretical reference for the research of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver in bonerelated disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: The balance between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells plays a key role in bone metabolic diseases. Our previous study confirmed that TLN1 can regulate osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, but its effect on adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role and mechanism of TLN1 in the adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were induced to adipogenic differentiation and TLN1 expression was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot assay. CCK-8 was used to detect the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells after TLN1 knockdown. The Oil red O staining and quantification were performed after adipogenic induction. Besides, qRT-PCR was used to detect the gene expression levels of the key molecules of adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells including PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α. Western blot assay was used to detect the classic pathway of adipogenesis. Meanwhile, TLN1 was knockdown and β-catenin activator was added to detect the adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, to explore the specific molecular mechanism of TLN1 regulating adipogenesis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: TLN1 expression was down-regulated during adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. TLN1 knockdown had no significant effect on the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, but significantly increased the adipogenic induction of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. TLN1 knockdown could inhibit the expression of active β-catenin, while activation of β-catenin signaling pathway could reverse the enhancement of adipogenesis mediated by TLN1 knockdown. These findings suggest that TLN1 expression is gradually down-regulated during the adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and TLN1 knockdown can promote the adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting β-catenin signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the regulation of osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via Trb3 through Compound Kidney-Invigorating Granules（CKG） medicated serum. Methods hBMSCs were intervened with different concentrations of CKG-medicated serum. Cell viability was measured by CCK8 assay, hBMSCs osteogenic differentitation was observed by ALP activity and alizarin red staining, and adipogenic differentiation by oil red O staining. hBMSCs were examined by Western blot for osteogenic/adipogenic marker protein expression. Western blot and qPCR were performed to defect Trb3 protein and gene expression. Trb3 siRNA was transfected with hBMSCs to observe the expression of osteogenic/adipogenic related factors by Western blot. Results CKG medicated serum promoted hBMSCs proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. CKG medicated serum enhanced ALP activity and mineralized nodules. It upregulated Runx2 and Osterix protein expression, and inhibited PPARγ and FABP4 protein expression and lipid accumulation. Mechanistic studies revealed that Trb3 knockdown reversed the ability of CKG medicated serum to promote osteogenic differentiation and inhibit adipogenic differentiation. Conclusion CKG-medicated serum promotes osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs via Trb3 at the expense of adipogenic differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The lipid-lowering effects of a water extract of Jasminum grandiflorum L. (WE) and its chemical components on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was investigated. To determine the inhibitory effects of J. grandiflorum samples on lipid droplet development, oil red O staining was used to quantify and detect triglyceride (TG) contents following the induction of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to produce mature adipocytes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical components in the water extract of J. grandiflorum, an MTT assay was used to determine the effects of J. grandiflorum and its components on the proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and western blotting was performed to determine the expression of AMPK, C/EBPα, FAS, ACC, CPT1, Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins. The results revealed that the WE can significantly inhibit the formation of lipid droplets in a dose-dependent manner. A high concentration of WE (500 µg/mL) was found to reduce the contents of neutral lipids and TG by 23.59% and 30.20%, respectively. These effects were found to be most significant during the early stage of fat accumulation, and it was established that the active constituent contributing most to this lipid-lowering effect was oleuropein, with a content of 13.77%. Furthermore, WE and oleuropein were shown to activate the phosphorylation of AMPK (123.19% and 115.98%, respectively) and its downstream target ACC (451.06% and 1 050.0%), and to downregulate the protein expression of its downstream target FAS (81.72% and 60.50%). This had the effect of reducing adipogenesis and increasing the expression of CPT1 (164.84% and 292.19%), and accelerating fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, it inhibited the expression of C/EBPα (68.97% and 34.57%), thereby affecting the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, and also upregulated the expression of Bax (154.60% and 139.37%) and downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 (41.10% and 45.62%), thus inducing 3T3-L1 cell apoptosis. These findings indicate that a WE of J. grandiflorum can inhibit cell growth, differentiation, and lipid synthesis, and promote fatty acid oxidation during the early stage of 3T3-L1 cell differentiation, thereby effectively inhibiting lipid accumulation, the underlying mechanism of which may involve the regulation of AMPK and Bax/Bcl-2 pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This study aimed to establish an immortal porcine preadipocytes cell line with high adipogenesis efficiency. [Methods] The primary porcine subcutaneous preadipocytes (PSPA) were obtained from the back fat of a 1-day-old Yorkshire piglet and immortalized by SV40T-overexpress-lentivirus. From the immortalized PSPA, 107 monoclonal cell lines were picked with the limit dilution method. The monoclonal cell line with the highest adipogenesis efficiency was screened out and named as Pig#4. The adipogenesis efficiency of Pig#4, immortalized PSPA, and 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes cell lines were compared, we showed that Pig#4 had the highest adipogenesis efficiency, even in high passage. [Results] The morphological characteristics of Pig#4 in high passage (P30) were similar to immortalized PSPA, and the adipogenesis efficiency was comparable to 3T3-L1. Moreover, compared with the primary PSPA cells, Pig#4 PSPA cells had a higher expression of differentiation and adipogenic related genes. [Conclusions] We established an immortalized porcine subcutaneous preadipocytes cell line with high adipogenesis efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To culture and expand primary rat aortic vascular stem cells in vitro and evaluate their characteristics as mesenchymal stem cells., Methods: The thoracic and abdominal aortas isolated from 2- to 3-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were cut into vascular segments 2.0 mm in length and cultured in culture flasks till adhesion and solidification of the outer membranes. The primary cells were further cultured to 80%-90% confluence before passaging. The morphology and growth characteristics of the cells were observed under a microscope, and the expressions of surface marker CD molecules on the cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation assays were performed to assess the capacity of the cells for multilineage differentiation., Results: After 3 days of culture, a small number of spindle, star-shaped or polygonal cells migrated out from the peripheral of the vascular segments. At 5-6 days, island-like cell clusters occurred and the cells began to proliferate rapidly. The cell clusters expanded radially and showed signs of cell cloning. At 7-8 days, the cells fused into sheets and displayed a vortex-like distribution. The cells in the third passage presented with a uniform morphology, showing a typical fibroblast-like arrangement. Flow cytometry showed that the cells expressed predominantly CD44 (80.3%), CD73 (62.2%) and CD90 (46.8%) with low expressions of CD34 (1.1%), CD45 (0.2%) and CD11b/c (0.2%). Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation experiments demonstrated that the cells were capable of lipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro ., Conclusion: Rat aortic vascular stem cells with mesenchymal stem cell characteristics can be successfully isolated and cultured by adherent culture of the segmented outer membrane.

BACKGROUND: Icariin is the main active ingredient of epimedium, a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of osteoporosis, but its molecular mechanism needs to be studied in depth. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect and mechanism of icariin on osteoporosis in mice. METHODS: The osteoporosis models of C57BL/6 mice were constructed by subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone for 5 weeks. Totally 20 successfully modeled mice were randomly divided into a model group and a treatment group (n=10). An additional 10 non-modeled C57BL/6 mice were used as a control group. The treatment group was given a suspension of icariin and saline by intragastric administration; the model group and the control group were given the same amount of saline, once a day. The state of the mice was monitored every day during the administration, and the body weight was measured. Two months after the treatment, Micro-CT machine was used to scan the proximal tibia metaphysis to analyze the microstructure of the bone tissue in mice, and to study the therapeutic effect of icariin on osteoporosis in mice. Simultaneously, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and cultured in each group. The expression levels of alkaline phosphatase, osteogenic specific transcription factor, osteocalcin, transforming growth factor β, and RUNX family transcription factor 2 were detected by flow cytometry. The expression levels of osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ mRNA were determined using qRT-PCR. Alizarin red staining and oil red O staining were applied to detect osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, the bone wet weight, bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number significantly decreased (P < 0.01), trabecular separation became larger (P < 0.001), and bone cortical thickness became thinner in the model group (P < 0.001). Compared with the model group, above indicators of mice in the treatment group were significantly improved (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the model group, the expression of osteogenic related genes or proteins was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the expression level of lipogenic related gene peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma mRNA was significantly decreased in the treatment group. (3) Compared with the model group, the absorbance value of alizarin red staining was significantly increased in mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of the treatment group (P < 0.05), while the absorbance value of oil red O staining was significantly reduced (P < 0.05). (4) The results suggest that icariin may relieve osteoporosis by promoting osteogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, inhibiting their adipogenic differentiation, improving bone marrow microenvironment, and finally promoting trabecular bone formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (1001-1803) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway are closely related to the regulation of cell growth, which can be a pivotal part that participates in production and development of bovine adipocytes, bovine mammary epithelial cells and bovine oocytes, can also be a participant, indirectly regulating inflammatory factors, metabolic processes, et al. The paper reviews the components, mechanism and effect on growth of different cells of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway, to provide reference for the follow-up study on how livestock cell growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of osteogenic growth peptide conbined with physical hypoxia on the adipogenic differentiation of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Methods The study was randomly divided into four groups: group A( under normal oxygen level ); group B (under I % oxygen level); group C (with 10-9 mol/L OGP under normal oxygen level); group D (with OGP under I% oxygen level). Cells were collected at 24 h to detect the hypoxia inducible factor I CY ( HIF-1 CY) through ELISA .At 14 d, cells were collected to observe the formation of lipid droplets in the cells and to detect the mRNA and protein level of PPAR--y and C/EBPCY using qPCR and western-blotting. Results Compared with group A and group C, the expression of HIP- la in the group B and group D upregulated obviously. Compared with that in group A, the lipid droplets accumulation increased and the expression of PPAR--y and C/EBPa on the mRNA and protein level upregulated in the group B, group C and group D; compared with that in group B and group, the lipid droplets accumulation increased and the expression of PPAR--y and C/ EBPa on the mRNA and protein level upregulated in the group D. Conclusion OGP and hypoxia can both inhibit the BMSCs adipogenesis and OGP plus hypoxia have co-effect to inhibit the adipogenesis of BMSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Disorders of lipid metabolism are closely related to the metabolic diseases such as obesity. Autophagy is the main process of host cells to clear and degrade cellular contents. Different autophagy types play different roles in processing lipids and interact with traditional lipase-mediated lipolysis pathways. Autophagy also plays an important role in regulating adipocyte differentiation. Mitophagy is a form of selective autophagy that can regulate the differentiation of adipocytes and maintain the balance of beige adipocytes, which can provide new ideas of targeted therapy to the prevention of obesity and other metabolic diseases.

BACKGROUND: A large number of animal and clinical experiments have confirmed that local transplantation of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction can promote articular cartilage repair. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of constructing tissue-engineered cartilage with acellular dermal matrix/biomineralized collagen integrated bone cartilage scaffold combined with autologous adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction. METHODS: The groin fat pads of both sides of the female rabbit were taken out under sterile conditions, and the stromal vascular fraction was obtained by enzyme digestion. Flow cytometry was used to detect the surface specific protein and observe the ability of adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (experimental group), adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells containing transforming growth factor-β3 (cartilage induction group) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells containing 10% fetal bovine serum (control group) were co-cultured on acellular dermal matrix/biomineralized collagen scaffold. CCK8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation. The number of cells was observed under fluorescence microscope. Real time-quantitative PCR detection was used to detect cartilage related gene expression. The content of glycosaminoglycan in extracellular matrix was determined by dimethylmethylene blue colorimetry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The results of flow cytometry showed that the adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction had high expression of CD44, CD105 and CD90, and low expression of CD14, CD19 and CD45. Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction had the ability to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes. (2) CCK8 assay showed that with the extension of culture time, the number of three kinds of cells on the acellular dermal matrix/ biomineralized collagen scaffold increased, and the number of cells in the experimental group was higher than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Under the fluorescence microscope, the number of cells in the experimental group was more than that in the other two groups at 7 days after culture. (3) Real timequantitative PCR results showed that at 21 days after culture, the mRNA expression levels of Sox9, proteoglycan and type II collagen in the experimental group were higher than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). (4) Dimethylmethylene blue colorimetry results demonstrated that at 7, 14, and 21 days, the content of glycosaminoglycan in the experimental group was higher than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). (5) The results showed that adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction combined with acellular dermal matrix / biomineralized collagen scaffold could effectively support cartilage formation in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of activation of BMP signaling in MLO-Y4 cells on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation by ST2 cells and its mechanism. Methods After MLO-Y4 cells were treated with 0. 5%o DMSO and 0. 5 μmol/L BMP agonist (FK506) for 24 h, the cell activity was tested using CCK-8. The expression of target genes BMP, IDl, and ID2 was detected with quantitative real-time PCR. ST2 cells were cultured with 20% supernatant collected from MLO-Y4 culture and 80% fresh medium. The cells were divided into DMSO group and FK506 group. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining represented the ability of osteogenic differentiation. The mRNA expression of osteogenic markers ALP, osteocalcin (OCN), bonesial oprotein ( BSP), and Runx2, and the adipogenesis-related markers peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors γ ( PPARγ) and C/EBP were detected using qPCR. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of β-catenin and p-smad5, the downstream signal of Wnt and BMP in ST2 cells. Results Compared to those in DMSO group, BMP signal target genes IDl and ID2 were upregulated in FK506-activited MLO-Y4 cells, with no effect on cell liability. The osteoblastic differentiation factors ALP, OCN, BSP, and Runx2 increased and expression of PPARγ and C/EBP decreased (P<0. 001) in ST2 cells of FK506 group, compared to those in DMSO group. The protein expression of β-catenin in ST2 cells was upregulated (P<0. 05). Conclusion After BMP signal in MLO-Y4 cells is stimulated, the supernatant promotes osteogenic differentiation and inhibits lipogenesis in ST2 cells. The enhancement of osteogenesis ability is related to the enhancement of intracellular Wnt signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: miR-17-5p can regulate the differentiation of adipocytes, but its action mechanism is not clear. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α can promote vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription and promote angiogenesis, and has a regulatory effect on adipocyte formation. However, the specific mechanism of hypoxia inducible factor-1α in regulating adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis is not clear OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molecular mechanism of miR-17-5p regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α mediated adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis. METHODS: miR-17-5p expression level and adipocyte differentiation and the expression of angiogenesis markers in mature adipocytes were verified by RTqPCR. The adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis markers expression of adipocyte transfecting with miR-17-5p inhibitor, pri-miR-17-5p mimic and hypoxia inducible factor-1α knockdown vector were determined by western blot assay. The proliferation of adipocytes was detected by Oil Red O staining assay and MTT assay after transfection with miR-17-5p inhibitor, pri-miR-17-5p mimic and hypoxia inducible factor-1α knockdown vector. The predicted relationship between miR-17-5p and hypoxia inducible factor-1α was further verified by EGFP report gene assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared to immature adipocyte, miR-17-5p was highly expressed in mature adipocyte (P < 0.05); overexpression of miR-17-5p increased the adipocyte proliferation (P < 0.05), and upregulated adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis markers level (P < 0.05). (2) The miR-17-5p directly targeted with hypoxia inducible factor-1α 3′UTR; knockdown hypoxia inducible factor-1α inhibited the adipocyte proliferation (P < 0.05), and decreased adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis markers level (P < 0.001). (3) It is concluded that miR-17-5p regulation of hypoxia inducible factor-1α mediated adipocyte differentiation and angiogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To summarize the dynamic and synchronized changes between the hair cycle and dermal adipose tissue as well as the impact of dermal adipose tissue on hair growth, and to provide a new research idea for the clinical treatment of hair loss., Methods: An extensive review of relevant literature both domestic and international was conducted, analyzing and summarizing the impact of dermal adipose precursor cells, mature dermal adipocytes, and the processes of adipogenesis in dermal adipose tissue on the transition of hair cycle phases., Results: Dermal adipose tissue is anatomically adjacent to hair follicles and closely related to the changes in the hair cycle. The proliferation and differentiation of dermal adipose precursor cells promote the transition of hair cycle from telogen to anagen, while mature adipocytes can accelerate the transition from anagen to catagen of the hair cycle by expressing signaling molecules, with adipogenesis in dermal adipose tissue and hair cycle transition signaling coexistence., Conclusion: Dermal adipose tissue affects the transition of the hair cycle and regulates hair growth by secreting various signaling molecules. However, the quantity and depth of existing literature are far from sufficient to fully elucidate its prominent role in regulating the hair cycle, and the specific regulatory mechanisms needs to be further studied.

Objective: To systematically screen and identify long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) associated with bone marrow adiposity changes in aplastic anemia (AA)., Methods: The PPARγ and C/EBPα ChIP-Seq data in ChIPBase was analyzed by bioinformatics and the potential lncRNA co-transcriptionally regulated by PPARγ and C/EBPα was screened. The expression of candidate lncRNA was verified by qRT-PCR in the in vitro adipogenic differentiation model of BM-MSC, BM-MSC infected with lenti-shPPARγ and lenti-shC/EBPα as well as clinical BM-MSC samples derived from AA and controls., Results: PPARγ and C/EBPα were significantly highly expressed in AA BM-MSC, and knock-down of PPARγ and C/EBPα impaired the adipogenic capacity of AA BM-MSC. PPARγ and C/EBPα cotranscriptionally activate LINC01230 promoter activity in binding sites dependant manner. The LINC01230 was also aberrantly highly expressed in AA BM-MSC compared with controls., Conclusion: PPARγ and C/EBPα are aberrantly expressed in AA BM-MSC and may promote the adipogenic differentiation of AA BM-MSC, and to a certain extent mediate the bone marrow adiposity alteration by transcriptionally activating LINC01230 expression.

Objective: To investigate the effects of α 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist on β3-adrenoceptor agonist-induced impairment of white fat homeostasis and beige adipose formation and heat production in obese mice., Methods: Forty obese C57BL/6J mice were randomized into high-fat feeding group, β3-adrenoceptor agonist-treated model group, α 7 nAChR agonist group, and α 7 nAChR inhibitor group ( n =10), with another 10 mice with normal feeding as the blank control group. White adipose tissue from the epididymis of the mice were sampled for HE staining of the adipocytes. The expression levels of TNF- α , IL-1β, IL-10 and TGF-β in the white adipose tissue were determined by ELISA, and the mRNA levels of iNOS, Arg1, UCP-1, PRDM-16 and PGC-1 α were detected using RT-qPCR. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression levels of NF-κB P65, p-JAK2, p-STAT3 in the white adipose tissue., Results: Compared with those in the blank control group, the mice with high-fat feeding showed significantly increased body weight, more fat vacuoles in the white adipose tissue, increased volume of lipid droplets in the adipocytes, upregulated iNOS mRNA expression and protein expression of TNF- α and IL-1β, and lowered expression of Arg-1 mRNA and IL-10 and TGF-β proteins ( P < 0.01). Treatment with α 7 nAChR significantly reduced mRNA levels of PRDM-16, PGC-1 α and UCP-1, lowered TNF- α and IL-1β expressions, increased IL-10 and TGF-β expressions, and reduced M1/M2 macrophage ratio in the white adipose tissues ( P < 0.05 or 0.01)., Conclusion: Activation of α 7 nAchR improves white adipose tissue homeostasis impairment induced by β3 agonist, promotes transformation of M1 to M2 macrophages, reduces inflammatory response in white adipose tissue, and promote beige adipogenesis and thermogenesis in obese mice.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells have been widely applied in autoimmune diseases and graft-versus-host diseases because of their immunomodulatory capabilities. However, mesenchymal stem cells have plasticity in immunomodulation, which leads to heterogeneity and instability when used in vivo. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the polarization of human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells to an immunosuppressive phenotype (MSC2) in the inflammatory microenvironment induced by interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide. METHODS: Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and cultured in vitro, and then were identified by morphological characteristics, surface markers, adipogenesis and osteoinduction activity. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells were treated with interferon-γ (10 μg/L), lipopolysaccharide (100 μg/L), or their combination for 24 hours, respectively, and were then co-cultured with phytohemagglutinin pre-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 5 days under direct or Transwell indirect contact. The percentages of regulatory T cells and T helper 1 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry at different times. The mRNA expression levels of Toll-like receptors 2, 3 and 4 were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells exhibited spindle-shaped or fibroblast-like morphology, highly expressed CD73, CD90 and CD105, and lacked expression of CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. (2) Under direct or indirect co-culture, human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells pre-treated with interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide could promote the generation of regulatory T cells, which was superior to the interferon-γ, lipopolysaccharid, un-treated and control groups (P < 0.05). (3) The percentage of T helper 1 cells gradually decreased over time. (4) Under indirect co-culture, human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells pre-treated with interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharide were polarized into immunosuppressive MSC2 phenotype at an earlier period and highly expressed Toll-like receptor 3 (P < 0.05). (5) In conclusion, the combination of interferon-γ (10 μg/L) and lipopolysaccharide (100 μg/L) results in the high-efficient polarization of mesenchymal stem cells toward the MSC2 phenotype under indirect co-culture, and the immunosuppressive capability of MSC2 is independent of intercellular contact, which provides clinical evidence for the MSC2-derived exosome therapy in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Construction of seedless tissue-engineered adipose tissue from acellular adipose tissue is a hot research topic in so!t tissue filling. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of preparation methods of acellular adipose tissue on the induction of adipose regeneration after transplantation in recent years, and to look forward to its clinical application prospects. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed and Elsevier databases was performed to retrieve papers regarding acellular adipose tissue preparation and transplantation published between January 1971 and December 2018 with the search terms "adipose tissue engineering; adipose tissue extracellular matrix; soft tissue repair; angiogenesis; adipogenic induction". The retrieved papers were summarized from the perspectives of improvement in preparation methods of acellular adipose tissue, cross-linking cytokines and biomaterials. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Retrieved studies have shown that extracellular matrix of adipose tissue can act as an ideal scaffold material for soft tissue filling. Subcutaneous implantation of extracellular matrix of adipose tissue can recruit host stem cells and induce their proliferation and adipogenesis. However, existing acellular schemes can lead to the loss of extracellular matrix proteins and structures. This greatly affects the fat regeneration ability of acellular adipose tissue implanted in vivo. However, supercritical carbon dioxide deoiling, mechanical pretreatment, cross-linking cytokines or biomaterials can reduce the loss of extracellular matrix proteins and supplement the proteins that promote tissue regeneration during the preparation of acellular adipose tissue. This can ultimately enhance the angiogenesis and adipogenesis of acellular adipose tissue after transplantation. Acellular adipose tissue has strong application prospects in adipose tissue engineering because of its natural adipogenic induction ability. If the loss of extracellular matrix protein can be overcome during preparation of acellular adipose tissue or under the premise of safety and controllability, acellular adipose tissue is expected to become a suitable soft tissue filler that allows allogeneic injection and in situ adipogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells. It has been found that mesenchymal stem cells can also differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and myocytes. Current results show that marrow adipose tissue could negatively regulate the osteogenesis process because mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes in priority. Exercise promotes bone formation and plays an important role in preventing fractures. Exercise, diet, and rosiglitazone are shown to affect the generation of marrow adipose tissue, but the relationship between them is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the effects of exercise, diet and rosiglitazone on marrow adipose tissue and their relationship with bone mineral density. METHODS: Studies related to exercise regulating marrow adipose tissue published from January 1999 to June 2019 in CNKI, WanFang and PubMed databases were retrieved. The search terms were "marrow adipose tissue, exercise, rosiglitazone, high fat-diet, mesenchymal stem cell" in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally 66 eligible articles were enrolled for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Based on the current research results, exercise can affect the regulation of high-fat diet and rosiglitazone on the formation of bone marrow adipose tissue. Exercise intervention can inhibit the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into marrow adipose tissue. In the process of exercise intervention on marrow adipose tissue, there are many other ways participating in the regulation of fat synthesis, lipid absorption, bone metabolism, bone marrow hematopoietic function. Therefore, exercise intervention has an important part in regulating the above metabolic processes. In the future, the specific mechanism of exercise intervention in bone marrow adipose tissue should be further explored to make exercises become an important measure for regulating the above metabolic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given continuous development in society and the economy, obesity has become a global epidemic, arousing great concern. In addition to genetic and dietary factors, exposure to environmental chemicals is associated with the occurrence and development of obesity. Current research has indicated that some chemicals with endocrine-disrupting effects can affect lipid metabolism in vivo , causing elevated lipid storage. These chemicals are called "environmental obesogens". Synthetic phenolic compounds (SPCs) are widely used in industrial and daily products, such as plastic products, disinfectants, pesticides, food additives, and so on. The exposure routes of SPCs to the human body may include food and water consumption, direct skin contact, etc . Their unintended exposure could cause harmful effects on human health. As a type of endocrine disruptor, SPCs interfere with adipogenesis and lipid metabolism, exhibiting the characteristics of environmental obesogens. Because SPCs have similar phenolic structures, gathering information on their influences on lipid metabolism would be helpful to understand their structure-related effects. In this review, three commonly used research methods for screening environmental obesogens, including in vitro testing for molecular interactions, cell adipogenic differentiation models, and in vivo studies on lipid metabolism, are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared and discussed. Based on both in vitro and in vivo data, three types of SPCs, including bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues, alkylphenols (APs), and synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), are systematically discussed in terms of their ability to disrupt adipogenesis and lipid metabolism by focusing on adipose and hepatic tissues, among others. Common findings on the effects of these SPCs on adipocyte differentiation, lipid storage, hepatic lipid accumulation, and liver steatosis are described. The underlying toxicological mechanisms are also discussed from the aspects of nuclear receptor transactivation, inflammation and oxidative stress regulation, intestinal microenvironment alteration, epigenetic modification, and some other signaling pathways. Future research to increase public knowledge on the obesogenic effects of emerging chemicals of concern is encouraged.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from different sources share many similar characteristics, they also exhibit individual properties. OBJECTIVE: To compare the biological characteristics of MSCs derived from umbilical cord and decidua parietalis. METHODS: Growth curve, cell doubling time, clone formation rate, immune phenotype, differentiation capacity and secreted cytokine levels were analyzed in MSCs derived from umbilical cord and decidua parietalis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: MSCs from umbilical cord and the decidua basalis exhibited similar morphology, spiral growth, S-shaped growth curve, immunophenotype, and differentiation potentials to osteogenesis and adipogenesis. For two kinds of MSCs, the positive rates of CD73, CD90 and CD105 were over 95% and the positive rates of CD34 and CD45 were below 1%. The growth rate, cell doubling time and clone formation rate of umbilical cord derived MSCs at passages 2 and 5 were significantly higher than those of decidua parietalis derived MSCs at passages 2 and 5 (P < 0.05). The level of epidermal growth factor secreted from umbilical cord MSCs was significantly higher that that from decidua basalis derived MSCs, while the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and stem cell growth factor from umbilical cord derived MSCs was significantly lower those from decidua basalis derived MSCs (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that MSCs from both sources have similar biological properties, but umbilical cord derived MSCs are deemed to have better application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Serum concentrations in culture medium influence the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. OBJECTIVE: To study the proliferation and adipogenic differentiation potential of adipose-derived stem cells under culture with different concentrations of fetal bovine serum. METHODS: The mouse adipose-derived stem cells were harvested from subcutaneous adipose tissue of C57 mice at 7-10 days of age. Concentrations of fetal bovine serum in the culture medium were set to 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The passage 3 cells were used for subsequent studies. The proliferation of cells cultured with different serum concentrations was tested using the cell counting kit-8 assay. The adipogenic differentiation potential of cells was evaluated with Bodipy staining. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blot assay were used to determine expression levels of Cebpa and Pparg mRNA as well as C/EBP-α and PPAR-γ protein levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no statistical difference in the cell proliferation among cells cultured with different serum concentrations, even though adipose-derived stem cells cultured with 20% fetal bovine serum showed lower absorbance value at 450 nm than those cultured with 5%, 10% and 15% fetal bovine serum. The expression levels of Cebpa and Pparg mRNA and C/EBP-α and PPAR-γ protein in the 5% and 10% groups were considerably higher than those of the 15% and 20% groups, and the expression levels were highest in the 10% group. To conclude, different concentrations of fetal bovine serum have no significant effects on the proliferation of adipose-derived stem cells, while the adipogenic differentiation potentials of cells are different when cultured with different serum concentrations. High serum concentration can inhibit the adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To examine the effect of miR-301b in the regulating the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes. Methods Murine ST2 stromal cells were isolated, cultured and induced with adipogenic agents. The expression of miR-301b was detected by qRT-PCR in adipogenic differentiation group and control group. Stromal ST2 cells were transfected with miR-301b mimics followed by adipogenic treatment. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were conducted to detect the changes of adipocyte specific genes and protein expression levels in the miR-301b mimics transfection group and negative control (NC) transfection group. Results qRT-PCR showed that the expression of miR-301b was decreased after adipogenic treatment in ST2 cells. The relative expression level of miR-301b was less in the adipogenic differentiation group (0.219 ± 0.021) than that of the control group (1.000 ± 0.425, P＜0.05). The relative expressions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and adipocyte fatty acid binding proteins (aP2) were lower in the miR-301b mimics transfecting group than those in the NC transfecting group (P＜0.05). The protein levels of the marker gene aP2 and transcription factors PPARγ and C / EBPα decreased in miR-310b mimics transfecting group compared with those of the NC transfecting group (P＜0.05). Conclusion miR-301b can reduce adipocyte differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that adipose-derived stem cells have pluripotent differentiation potential, but only 30%-40% of cells can differentiate into mature adipocytes with low adipogenic differentiation potential. Therefore, how to improve the adipogenic differentiation ability of adipose-derived stem cells is a key problem to be solved in the process of soft tissue regeneration. OBJECTIVE: To observe the relationship between the surface marker CD54 of rabbit adipose-derived stem cells and their adipogenic capacity, and to explore the adipogenic differentiation of CD54+/CD54- adipose-derived stem cells under the same induction. METHODS: We successfully isolated and cultured the adipose-derived stem cells from inguinal subcutaneous fat pads (3 ml) of New Zealand white rabbits, aged 8-12 weeks, which were induced into multi-differentiation and used to detect surface markers. We sorted the passage 3 adipose-derived stem cells by immunomagnetic beads and divided into two categories including CD54+ and CD54- adipose-derived stem cells. After 14 days of adipogenic induction, the cells in the two groups were subjected to oil red O staining and were compared by detecting the density of mature adipocytes and lipid droplet contenT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cultured adipose-derived stem cells possessed the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells that could differentiate into mature adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes, with CD29, CD44, CD49d, CD54, CD73, CD90 and CD105 positive expression while CD31, CD34 and CD45 negative expression. Fourteen days after adipogenic induction, the density of mature adipocytes and the intracellular lipid droplet content in the CD54+ group were significantly higher than those in the CD54- group (P < 0.05). We also found that the mRNA expressions of PPARγ, ADD1, C/EBPα related to adipogenic differentiation in the CD54+ group were significantly higher than those in the CD54- group (P < 0.05). Taken together, CD54+ adipose-derived stem cells have excellent adipogenic differentiation capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) with multiple differentiation potential can be induced into osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation under certain conditions. OBJECTIVE: To review the related factors regulating the adipo-osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. METHODS: A computer-based search of CNKI and PubMed databases was performed for literature concerning the related factors regulating the adipo-osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs published from January 2006 to August 2016. The search terms were “bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteogenic differentiation, adipocyte differentiation” in Chinese and English, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Signaling pathways, transcription factors, and small molecule compounds that are interacted are key factors in the regulation of BMSCs differentiation, so the techniques to intervene BMSCs differentiation based on these key molecules may correct bone or fat abnormality and can be applied to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in the future. Additionally, the biological clock is also one of the most important factors for adipo-osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by regulating signaling pathways or transcription factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many pathways involved in bone development, such as Wnt, Notch, BMP, and Hedgehog signaling pathway. In the past 20 years, it has been proved that the Hedgehog signaling pathway is important in bone formation. Sonic hedgehog is the most widely expressed in the Hedgehog family, which is of great importance in the bone formation of axial skeleton, limb bone or craniofacial bone. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis in general is that the balance between bone formation and bone reabsorption is broken, with the decrease of osteoblast bone formation as one of the main reasons. This article reviews the relationship between sonic hedgehog and the main factors resulting in osteoporosis, in order to provide evidence for treating osteoporosis through the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of diosgenin on mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR), fatty acid synthase(FASN), hypoxia inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA) expression in liver tissues of rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and explore the mechanism of diosgenin on lipogenesis and inflammation in NAFLD. Forty male SD rats were divided into a normal group(n=8) fed on the normal diet and an experimental group(n=32) fed on the high-fat diet(HFD) for the induction of the NAFLD model. After modeling, the rats in the experimental group were randomly divided into an HFD group, a low-dose diosgenin group(150 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), a high-dose diosgenin group(300 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), and a simvastatin group(4 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)), with eight rats in each group. The drugs were continuously given by gavage for eight weeks. The levels of triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), alanine transaminase(ALT), and aspartate transaminase(AST) in the serum were detected by the biochemical method. The content of TG and TC in the liver was detected by the enzyme method. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to measure interleukin 1β(IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) in the serum. Lipid accumulation in the liver was detected by oil red O staining. Pathological changes of liver tissues were detected by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining. The mRNA and protein expression levels of mTOR, FASN, HIF-1α, and VEGFA in the liver of rats were detected by real-time fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Compared with the normal group, the HFD group showed elevated body weight and levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, ALT, AST, IL-1β, and TNF-α(P&lt;0.01), increased lipid accumulation in the liver(P&lt;0.01), obvious liver steatosis, up-regulated mRNA expression levels of mTOR, FASN, HIF-1α, and VEGFA(P&lt;0.01), and increased protein expression levels of p-mTOR, FASN, HIF-1α, and VEGFA(P&lt;0.01). Compared with the HFD group, the groups with drug treatment showed lowered body weight and levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, ALT, AST, IL-1β, and TNF-α(P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.01), reduced lipid accumulation in the liver(P&lt;0.01), improved liver steatosis, decreased mRNA expression levels of mTOR, FASN, HIF-1α, and VEGFA(P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.01), and declining protein expression levels of p-mTOR, FASN, HIF-1α, and VEGFA(P&lt;0.01). The therapeutic effect of the high-dose diosgenin group was superior to that of the low-dose diosgenin group and the simvastatin group. Diosgenin may reduce liver lipid synthesis and inflammation and potentiate by down-regulating the mTOR, FASN, HIF-1α, and VEGFA expression, playing an active role in preventing and treating NAFLD.

Objective: To investigate the effect of adipocytes in the bone marrow microenvironment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) on the pathogenesis of MM., Methods: Bone marrow adipocytes (BMA) in bone marrow smears of health donors (HD) and newly diagnosed MM (ND-MM) patients were evaluated with oil red O staining. The mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from HD and ND-MM patients were isolated, and in vitro co-culture assay was used to explore the effects of MM cells on the adipogenic differentiation of MSC and the role of BMA in the survival and drug resistance of MM cells. The expression of adipogenic/osteogenic differentiation-related genes PPAR-γ , DLK1 , DGAT1 , FABP4 , FASN and ALP both in MSC and MSC-derived adipocytes was determined with real-time quantitative PCR. The Western blot was employed to detect the expression levels of IL-6, IL-10, SDF-1α, TNF-α and IGF-1 in the supernatant with or without PPAR-γ inhibitor., Results: The results of oil red O staining of bone marrow smears showed that BMA increased significantly in patients of ND-MM compared with the normal control group, and the BMA content was related to the disease status. The content of BMA decreased in the patients with effective chemotherapy. MM cells up-regulated the expression of MSC adipogenic differentiation-related genes PPAR-γ , DLK1 , DGAT1 , FABP4 and FASN , but the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related gene ALP was significantly down-regulated. This means that the direct consequence of the interaction between MM cells and MSC in the bone marrow microenvironment is to promote the differentiation of MSC into adipocytes at the expense of osteoblasts, and the cytokines detected in supernatant changed. PPAR-γ inhibitor G3335 could partially reverse the release of cytokines by BMA. Those results confirmed that BMA regulated the release of cytokines via PPAR-γ signal, and PPAR-γ inhibitor G3335 could distort PPAR-γ mediated BMA maturation and cytokines release. The increased BMA and related cytokines effectively promoted the proliferation, migration and drug resistance of MM cells., Conclusion: The BMA and its associated cytokines are the promoting factors in the survival, proliferation and migration of MM cells. BMA can protect MM cells from drug-induced apoptosis and plays an important role in MM treatment failure and disease progression.

Objective: To investigate the expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in myeloma bone disease (MBD) and its effect on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs., Methods: BMSCs were isolated from bone marrow of five patients with multiple myeloma (MM) (MM group) and five with iron deficiency anemia (control group) for culture and identification. The expression of PKM2 protein were compared between the two groups. The differences between osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs were assessed by using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and oil red O staining, and detecting marker genes of osteogenesis and adipogenesis. The effect of MM cell line (RPMI-8226) and BMSCs co-culture on the expression of PKM2 was explored. Functional analysis was performed to investigate the correlations of PKM2 expression of MM-derived BMSCs with osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation by employing PKM2 activator and inhibitor. The role of orlistat was explored in regulating PKM2 expression, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MM-derived BMSCs., Results: Compared with control, MM-originated BMSCs possessed the ability of increased adipogenic and decreased osteogenic differentiation, and higher level of PKM2 protein. Co-culture of MM cells with BMSCs markedly up-regulated the expression of PKM2 of BMSCs. Up-regulation of PKM2 expression could promote adipogenic differentiation and inhibit osteogenic differentiation of MM-derived BMSCs, while down-regulation of PKM2 showed opposite effect. Orlistat significantly promoted osteogenic differentiation in MM-derived BMSCs via inhibiting the expression of PKM2., Conclusion: The overexpression of PKM2 can induce the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in MBD. Orlistat can promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via inhibiting the expression of PKM2, indicating a potential novel agent of anti-MBD therapy.

Objective To investigate the pluripotency of human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs), and provide a novel cell source for tissue engineering. Methods With informed consent from volunteers, fresh and healthy gingiva were collected. The hGFs were obtained from the gingiva by tissue culture. The third passage of hGFs was cultured in osteogenic medium, chondrogenic medium and adipogenic medium. Cells without differentiation were taken as control. Cells were examined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, Alizarin red staining, Alcian blue staining and oil red O staining for detecting of the ability of differentiation pluripotency. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to examine the expression of osteogenic marker genes ALP, runt-related transcript factor 2 (Runx2), chondrogenic marker aggrecan (AGR) and adipogenic marker peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARγ2). Results The hGFs cultured in osteogenic medium showed massive violet deposit at day 7 and calcium nodulus at day 28, meanwhile, the expressions of ALP and Runx2 were higher than those of control (P < 0.01). In chondrogenic group cells were found blue deposit at day 14. In adipogenic group lipidfilled droplets stained with oil red O were found in cells at day 14. However, hGFs in control group had no any positive staining. Furthermore, expressions of AGR and PPARγ2 were significantly higher than those of control (P < 0.01). Conclusion Human gingival fibroblasts have the pluripotency of osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graves' ophthalmopathy is the most common clinical orbital disease, and T helper (Th) cells play an important role in the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Th17 cells are a major subpopulation of Th cells and abnormally highly expressed in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Th17 cells and the related cytokines interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-21 and IL-23 are involved in regulating the inflammatory response, fibrosis and adipogenesis. Th17 cells are unstable and exhibit a degree of plasticity, and they can differentiate into IL-17A and interferon (IFN)-γ dual-producing Th17.1 cells, which exacerbate the pathogenicity of Th17 cells. In addition, Th17 cells and the relevant factors are strongly associated with disease activity and severity in Graves' ophthalmopathy.