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400 test chicken (1-day-old AA broilers) were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups. The test chicken in the blank control group was only fed with the basal diet, the test chicken in the test groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were fed with the basal diet + 0. 1% gentamycin, the basal diet + 0. 2% compounded Chinese herbal medicine preparation, the basal diet + 0. 2% fermented compounded Chinese herbal medicine preparation respectively. The effects of the fermented compound medicinal plant agent on the growth performance, blood biochemical indices and antioxidant properties of broilers were investigated. The results showed that at 1- 25 day-age, compared with control group, the daily weight gain of broilers in test groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 2. 24%, 2. 24% and 4. 50% respectively (P<0. 05), feed-to-weight ratio all decreased by 2. 21% (P<0. 05). At 26-49 day-age, the daily weight gain of the broilers in test groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 2. 31%, 4. 52% and 4. 99% respectively (P<0. 05), the daily weight gain of broilers in test group Ⅲ increased by 0. 45% and 2. 62% respectively compared with that in test groups Ⅱ,Ⅰ. The feed-to-weight ratio of the broilers in test group Ⅲ decreased by 0. 62% compared with that in test groups Ⅱ, Ⅰ (P<0. 05). Compared with the control group, the crude protein utilization rate of the broilers in test groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 1. 86%, 1. 77% and 3. 46% respectively (P<0. 05), and the crude protein utilization rate of the broilers in test group Ⅲ increased by 1. 66% and 1. 57% respectively (P<0. 05) compared than that in test group. The crude fat utilization rate of the broilers in test groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased by 0. 98%, 0. 97%, 1. 76% respectively (P<0. 05) compared with that in the control group. The crude fat utilization rate of the broilers in test group Ⅲ increased by 0. 77% (P<0. 05) compared with that in the test group Ⅰ. In conclusion, the addition of fermented compound medicinal plant preparations could improve the growth performance and antioxidant properties, reduce the feedto-weight ratio, and improve the morbidity, diarrhoea rate and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urinary tract infection is the most common infectious complication after kidney transplantation. To further reduce the incidence of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation, improve the diagnosis and treatment level of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation in China, prevent the development of bacterial drug resistance and ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug use, Branch of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association organized experts in the fields of kidney transplantation and infectious diseases to consider clinical status of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation in China, refer to “ Diagnosis and Treatment of Urological and Andrological Diseases in China (2022 edition)” and “Urinary Tract Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients in American Society of Transplantation Practical Guidelines for Infectious Diseases (2019 edition) ”, and formulate “Guidelines for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients in China” from the perspectives of clinical classification and definition, epidemiology and etiology, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urinary tract infection is the most common infectious complication after kidney transplantation. To further reduce the incidence of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation， improve the diagnosis and treatment level of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation in China， prevent the development of bacterial drug resistance and ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug use， Branch of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association organized experts in the fields of kidney transplantation and infectious diseases to consider clinical status of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation in China， refer to “Diagnosis and Treatment of Urological and Andrological Diseases in China （2022 edition）” and “Urinary Tract Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients in American Society of Transplantation Practical Guidelines for Infectious Diseases （2019 edition） ”， and formulate “Guidelines for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients in China” from the perspectives of clinical classification and definition， epidemiology and etiology， diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation， respectively.

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urinary tract infection is the most common infectious complication after kidney transplantation. To further reduce the incidence of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation, improve the diagnosis and treatment level of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation in China, prevent the development of bacterial drug resistance and ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug use, Branch of Organ Transplantation of Chinese Medical Association organized experts in the fields of kidney transplantation and infectious diseases to consider clinical status of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation in China, refer to "Diagnosis and Treatment of Urological and Andrological Diseases in China (2022 edition)" and "Urinary Tract Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients in American Society of Transplantation Practical Guidelines for Infectious Diseases (2019 edition)", and formulate "Guidelines for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients in China" from the perspectives of clinical classification and definition, epidemiology and etiology, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection after kidney transplantation, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further study the antibacterial activity of the hybrid antimicrobial peptide KL-21 and explore its application potential, the antibacterial activities of KL-21 and antibiotics against four common pathogenic bacteria were determined, and the synergistic effects of KL-21 combined with four common antibiotics were evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of KL-21 and four antibiotics were determined by microdilution method. Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FIC index) was measured by chessboard test to evaluate the synergistic effect of the combination. The results showed that KL-21 had strong antibacterial activity against four pathogenic bacteria, and had synergistic or partial synergistic effect when used in combination with kanamycin, gentamicin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol, which could reduce the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotic in vitro bacteriostasis test to 1/16-1/2. This experiment provides a reference for the practical application of KL-21, and provides more options for animal production and animal disease treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the effect of mixed antibiotics on the intestinal flora of mice to affect the immune regulation of the body, explore the role of intestinal flora in the development of obesity, and provide new ideas and ways for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Methods Seventy-two 10-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into blank control (Ctrl) group, high-fat diet (HF) group, antibiotic (ABX) group, and combined (COMB) group (n = 18). At the first 2 weeks (lavage intervention weeks), Ctrl and HF group were given normal saline gavage; ABX and COMB group were given mixed antibiotics gavage, and the gavage volume was 0.2 mL/animal/day. For the following 8 weeks (feeding weeks), Ctrl and ABX group were fed with ordinary diet, HF and COMB group were fed with high-fat diet. Body weight was measured weekly, and fasting blood glucose was measured before and after gavage, and at the 4th and 8th week of feeding. Oral glucose tolerance test was performed at the end of the experiment. The organ coefficient was measured and the cell morphology of white and brown adipose tissue was observed. Serum was collected for the determination of free fatty acid, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and total cholesterol. Serum TNF- a, IL-10, IL-4, IL-13, IL-33 and MCP-1 was detected by ELISA. The stool of mice was collected for second generation sequencing. Results High-fat diet increased body weight, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, IL-13, IL-33, TNF-α, MCP-1 content, and decreased glucose tolerance and organ coefficient in mice (P < 0.05). From the first feeding week to the end of the experiment, body weight in COMB group was significantly lower than that in HF group (P < 0.05). The level of glucose tolerance, serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, IL-13, IL-33, TNF-α and MCP-1 in COMB group was lower than those in HF group (P < 0.05). The α diversity of intestinal flora in ABX group was lower than that in Ctrl group (P < 0.05). Congestion and bleeding in WAT were obvious in HF group, but not in COMB group. The microbial community composition of ABX and HF group was similar to that of Ctrl and COMB group, respectively. Conclusion High-fat diet induces obesity, disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation in mice. Short-term mixed antibiotic use can regulate the intestinal flora of mice, mediate increased expression of related anti-inflammatory factors, up-regulate host immunity, and improve glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo develop a rapid and quantitative method for the detection of enrofloxacin in chicken and pork using magnetic solid phase extraction （MSPE） combined with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS）.MethodsMagnetic Fe3O4@ covalent organic framework （COF） nanocomposites were synthesized and applied as absorbent to separate and enrich enrofloxacin. The SERS spectra of enrofloxacin were collected by a portable Raman spectrometer with Ag nanoparticles as enhancing substrate. The characteristic SERS signals of enrofloxacin were used to realize its quantification.ResultsIntensities of SERS signals at 745.77 cm-1 and the logarithmic values of the concentrations of enrofloxacin in the range of 5.0×10-7 to 1.0×10-5 mol/L displayed a good linear relationship with a coefficient of determination of 0.962. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.07 and 0.23 µg/g respectively. The recoveries of enrofloxacin in chicken and pork were 80.97%~100.98% with relative standard deviations of 1.6%~4.6%.ConclusionThe developed method has the advantages of simple in operate， short in time， high in sensitivity and stability， which provides a new method for the rapid detection and on-site detection of enrofloxacin.

Heterojunction combining with two kinds of different band structures semiconductors was constructed, and its photocatalytic performance could be greatly improved with the wider optical response range. The BiO2-x/ZnWO4 composite was prepared by a simple two-step hydrothermal method. The structure, morphology and optical properties of BiO2-x/ZnWO4 were characterized by XRD, SEM and UV-vis diffuse reflectometry. The photocatalytic performance and cyclic stability of BiO2-x/ZnWO4 were studied by degrading tetracycline under visible light. The results showed that with the synergistic action between BiO2-x and ZnWO4, the photo-generated carriers of BiO2-x/ZnWO4 could be effectively separated and the light absorption capacity of BiO2-x/ZnWO4 could be significantly enhanced. After 90 min of visible light illumination, the photodegradation efficiency of the composite towards tetracycline reached 86.04%, and the light response range and photocatalytic activity of the composite were better than the monomer BiO2-x and ZnWO4. In addition, the composite displayed good light stability. The capture experiments and ESR showed that h+, O2·- and ·OH were produced by the composites under light, in which h+ and O2·- were the main active substances in the process of photocatalysis, and ·OH was the minor active species, following the order of h+>O2·->·OH. It was inferred that the electron transfer mechanism of BiO2-x/ZnWO4 was Z-scheme heterojunction.

To date, the systematic summarization and comprehensive review of analysis, distribution, migration, and degradation of chiral antibiotics in the vadose zone are limited. This review indicates that the physicochemical characteristics of chiral antibiotics are quite different, for instance, the solubility and octanol-water partition coefficient (lg Kow) of S-gemifloxacin are 301 times and 9.8 times larger than the values of R-gemifloxacin, which will affect their migration and degradation in the environment. High performance liquid chromatography with chiral column and chiral ligand-exchange chromatography are the common methods on the chiral antibiotics analysis. The concentrations of chiral antibiotics in soils, waters, and agricultural products in China and abroad are reported; flumequine, lomefloxacin and ofloxacin are the most common antibiotics. The adsorption rate and partition coefficient (Kd) of chiral antibiotics during their adsorption on minerals and microplastics are different, especially in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM); however, there is no relationship among the various types of chiral antibiotics. Chiral antibiotics can be complexed with the common cations, and their stability constants are quite different in the groundwater, for instance, the stability constant of Mg2+-levofloxacin is 22.9 times larger than that of Mg2+-ofloxacin. During the biodegradation process, the degradability and rate of chiral antibiotics are also different. Additionally, the chiral antibiotics can be transformed reciprocally. In this review, the distribution, migration, and degradation of chiral antibiotics in the vadose zone are investigated, which is beneficial to the study on the chiral antibiotics in the groundwater. As to the environmental fate of chiral antibiotics in the vadose zone, the following researches are recommended: (1) the resolution, analysis, toxicology, and standard establishment of chiral antibiotics; (2) the investigation, migration, and degradation of multiple chiral antibiotics; (3) the environmental processes of chiral antibiotics in the multi-interface.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics is the property of Xiangya Medical Periodical Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to study the spatio-temporal differentiation of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)in the East Dongting Lake, we collected sediment samples from the East Dongting Lake basin in wet and dry seasons and studied 4 classes of 12 antibiotics and 8 corresponding resistance genes using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The results showed that the antibiotic concentration level in sediments was ng ·g-1, and the detection rate and concentration level of 12 antibiotics in 4 classes were higher in the dry season than in the wet season. The sediment concentration ranges from ND to 176.94 ng·g-1 in the wet season, with an average concentration of 9.75 ng·g-1 . In the dry season, the concentration range was ND-101.34 ng· g-1, and the average concentration was 10.88 ng· g-1 . Sulfonamides and quinolones are the main antibiotics in East Dongting Lake. A total of 8 ARGs were detected in sediment samples during the wet period, and the absolute abundance range was ND1.03×107 copies·g-1 . The absolute abundance in the dry season ranged from 9.93×10² -6.32×109 copies·g-1 . Spatially, the total abundance of ARGs downstream was higher than that in the upstream. Antibiotics and ARGs in sediments showed a certain correlation, and the positive correlation was better in the dry season. Our results indicated that the concentration of antibiotics and ARGs in the surface sediments of East Dongting Lake varies significantly with time and space. The pollution level is higher in the dry season and the area close to aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythromycin fermentation residue (EFR) has been classified as a hazardous material, due to the high content of erythromycin and the spread of antibiotic-resistance genes. The removal of erythromycin from EFR can also be required for the hydrothermal pretreatment with the ultra-high temperature and high pressure for a long time (>160°C, >60 min), due to the stable 14-member-ring and the complex matric structure of mycelium. For instance, the spray drying flowered by incineration is expensive to afford, as well as organic wastes. Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been supposed as an alternative technology to reduce erythromycin with low energy consumption and bioenergy recovery. This study aims to investigate whether the EFR can be used as the substrate for AD without pretreatment. Methane potential experiments were then carried out via batch assays under different temperatures (20, 35, and 55℃). EFR with liquid phase (named LEFR) was chosen as the raw material. Modified Gompertz model and the first-order kinetic model were applied to verify the capacity and efficiency of EFR and LEFR for methane production. The content of nitrogen in EFR was 8.1% (using day matter), according to the elemental analyzer and Buswell equation. In order to avoid the influence of ammonia inhibition, 1 g of volatile solid (VS) of EFR or LEFR was added to each strum bottle. The highest concentration of ammonia nitrogen in theory was controlled within 1 250 mg/L. The methane potential experiment showed that the highest accumulated biogas production was 675.2 mL/g (methane of 460 mL/g) obtained from EFR under mesophilic conditions, which was 163% and 55.5% higher than that under psychrophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively. While thermophilic conditions showed that higher maximal methane yield rates (Rmax) were achieved in 32.30 and 11.70 mL/(g·d) for the EFR and LEFR than lower temperatures. In addition, the first-order kinetics of EFR presented outstandingly two-stage characteristics, compared with the LEFR. Among them, the first kinetics at 55℃ (k1=0.142 2 d-1 and k2=0.091 0 d-1) were significantly higher than that at 35℃ (k1=0.036 3 d-1 and k2=0.031 3 d-1) and 20℃ (k1=0.042 9 d-1 and k2=0.0 295 d-1). The lag period (λ) was ranked in the descending order of the thermophilic > psychrophilic > mesophilic conditions for the methane production from EFR. Even though λ under the thermophilic condition as long as 7.06 d, it was only 1.43 d at the mesophilic condition, which was common for the AD of high solid wastes. After mass balance calculation, the solid needed to be hydrolyzed, of which some was removed in LEFR together with soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). The hydrolysis efficiency of EFR increased step by step with the increase of digestion temperature, with the highest hydrolysis efficiency of 87% at thermophilic conditions. The highest methane conversion efficiency of EFR was 72.2% under mesophilic conditions, rarely unconverted volatile fatty acids. In conclusion, the relatively high hydrolysis efficiency and methane yield indicated that the residual erythromycin had no inhibitory effect on the anaerobic bacteria and methanogens. The recommended hydraulic retention time (HRT) for AD of EFR under mesophilic conditions was 35 d, indicating the time reaching 80% of the maximum biogas production. Therefore, the EFR was suggested as a promising organic waste to be treated via AD technology directly without any pretreatment. The finding can also provide a new idea to reduce the resource treatment of antibiotic fermentation residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Industrial Water Treatment is the property of CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes the research overview of the combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of oral, maxillofacial, and dental infections (OIOFR) in recent years. By reviewing and studying relevant literature on the diagnosis and treatment of OIOFR using a combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine, a systematic summary and analysis of the research results will be conducted. The integrated diagnosis and treatment technology of traditional Chinese and Western medicine can not only improve the clinical cure rate, shorten the healing cycle, but also reduce the recurrence rate in the treatment of OIOFR. The combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine provides a broad reference basis for the treatment of patients with OIOFR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Early life is a critical window period that determines the growth and development of children, but this delicate and complex period is highly susceptible to the disturbance of various exogenous chemicals, which in consequence may lead to short-term or long-term adverse health effects in human beings. The massive use of antibiotics has contributed to widespread exposure in early life, along with the potentially adverse effects on child health, and has caused great concern in public health. This review summarized recent epidemiological studies on the population with early-life antibiotic exposure and associated health outcomes such as growth and development, allergies, and psycho-behavioral problems in children, as well as potential biological mechanisms underlying these associations. Current findings suggested that antibiotic exposure early in life, including pregnancy and infancy, is strongly associated with childhood allergic diseases (e.g., atopic dermatitis and asthma), growth and development (e.g., obesity and birth length), and childhood psycho-behavioral problems (e.g., autism and anxiety). It also suggested that antibiotic exposure may affect individual health through gut microbiota, thyroid function, inflammation factors, mitochondrial function, and epigenetic mechanisms. In the future, more large prospective birth cohorts should be established to determine the levels of internal exposure to different types of antibiotics at multiple time points in early life and to explore their associations with child health outcomes, as well as to further validate relevant mechanisms, aiming to provide high-quality scientific evidence for research on child health associated with environmental exposure in early life.

BackgroundPollution prevention and control of surface water is the focus of joint prevention and control work in the Yangtze River Delta Demonstration zone. As an important part of the zone, Qingpu District of Shanghai is rich in water resources. However, there are many livestock, poultry, and aquaculture, which may result in potential pollution risks of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). ObjectiveTo investigate the pollution levels and distribution characteristics of typical PPCPs in the surface water of Qingpu District of Shanghai, and to conduct a preliminary environmental risk assessment for the chemicals with relatively high concentrations. MethodsSurface water samples at 15 pre-determined sites in Qingpu District of Shanghai were collected according to the Technical specifications for surface water environmental quality monitoring (HJ 91.2-2022), focusing on sewage treatment plants and animal husbandry and aquaculture farms with potential PPCP discharge. A total of 47 PPCPs were determined by automated solid phase extraction coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in the collected surface water samples. The regional distribution characteristics of different PPCPs were analyzed. Risk quotient was applied to access the preliminary environmental risk of 17 key PPCPs with relatively high concentrations. ResultsThe results showed that 36 PPCPs were positive with a maximum concentration range of 0.53–1720.00 ng·L−1 and a detection rate range of 6.67%–100.00%. The dominant detected PPCPs were neurostimulants (caffeine), sulfonamides, quinolones, and cardiovascular drugs. Caffeine was determined in a concentration range of 77.10–1720.00 ng·L−1, accounting for 65.28% of the total detected PPCPs. Sulfonamides accounted for 10.38% and the typical sulfonamides were sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole with the highest detected concentrations of 349.00 ng·L−1 and 23.40 ng·L−1, respectively. In contrast, quinolones and cardiovascular drugs had relatively low proportions (7.08% and 6.59%, respectively). According to the spatial distribution analysis of PPCPs in the surface water of Qingpu District, it exhibited a trend of high pollution level in the northeast and southern regions and a low pollution level in the central region, except for a few sites. Although the caffeine concentration in surface water was high, its ecotoxicity effect was low without obvious environmental risk. However, sulfadiazine and sarafloxacin had a potential high risk (risk quotient: 1.10–2.59). The environmental risks of sarafloxacin might be overestimated for its limited ecotoxicity data. Potential moderate risks (risk quotient: 0.103–0.980) were identified for sertraline, carbamazepine, fluoxetine, and ciprofloxacin, etc. Medium or high environmental risk was found in 2–5 kinds of PPCPs in each sampling site. ConclusionPollution of PPCPs to certain extent in the surface water of Qingpu District of Shanghai is determined. Identified potential environmental risks are posed by sulfonamides, quinolones, and neuropathic drugs. It is suggested to strengthen the supervision of sulfanilamides and quinolones, and formulate policies of the use and emission management of key neuropathic drugs.

This paper reviews some modification methods of biochar, including magnetic modification, heteroatom doping modification, ball milling modification, acid-base modification, and focuses on the application of these modified biochar in the adsorption of antibiotics. Biochar, as an efficient and low-cost adsorbent, has the potential to adsorb antibiotics because of the increasing environmental impact of antibiotics in wastewater. The removal mechanism of antibiotics from wastewater by modified biochar was also analyzed, including electrostatic interaction, H bond, 济interaction, and surface complexation. Some short・ comings of modified biochar were summarized and the corresponding prospects for future work were put forward, so that modified biochar could be better used in the treatment of antibiotics in wastewater and play a greater role in environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major public health concern. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may be horizontally transferred between human, animal, and environmental microbiomes, potentially linking their interdependent ecosystems to public health. Birds, being among the most diverse species on the planet, can facilitate the global spread of resistance genes through their long-distance dispersal, consequently posing significant health risks. This paper reviews how wild birds can actively mediate the transmission of ARGs in ecosystems and proposes their significant roles as transmission agents. It then describes the distinct roles of urban resident birds and migratory birds in the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes. Particularly, the review highlights the pivotal role of migratory birds in the long-distance transmission of ARGs. Therefore, researching the transmission of ARGs mediated by wild birds emerges as a critical direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of Bacillus velezensis H-7 supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal flora and ARGs of broilers under the action of chlortetracycline. A total of 360 1-day-old chicks with similar body weight, the same sex ratio and good health were selected and divided into 4 experimental groups with 6 replicates per group and 15 chicks per replicate. The basal diets containing 0, 50, 150 and 250 mg/kg chlortetracycline were fed for 28 days to determine the dosage and effect of chlortetracycline that had the greatest impact on the gut microbiota of broilers. Then 450 1-day-old chicks were selected and divided into 5 test groups, with 6 replicates per group and 15 chicks per replicate. For 1-7 days, the first 4 groups were fed with diets containing 150 mg/kg chlortetracycline, and for 7-35 days, the diets containing 0, 108, 109 CFU/kg and 1010 CFU/kg Bacillus velezensis were fed respectively, at the same time, the control group was fed basal diet for 1-35 days. The results showed that the structural composition of gut microbiota of broiler cecum changed with time and chlortetracycline dose. Especially at the age of 7 days in the early life, the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus in the middle-dose group (150 mg/kg) was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the abundance of common intestinal opportunistic pathogens Enterococcus, Enterobacter and ARGs in broilers have increased. Adding Bacillus velezensis H-7 to the diet increased the weight of broilers, but had no significant effect on growth performance (P>0.05), significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes (P<0.05), decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, and significantly increased F/B in the intestine of 21-day-old broilers after chlortetracycline treatment for 7 days (P<0.05). The addition of Bacillus velezensis promotes the enrichment of beneficial bacteria genera such as Akkermansia, Ruminococcus, Blautia, Bacillus and Lactobacillus, while it reduces the abundance of tetracycline resistance genes, which helps to improve the health of broiler intestines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Antibiotics are one greatest medical discoveries in the 20th century, which are extensively used to treat a variety of pathogenic microbial infections, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) . Although antibiotics have proven to be partially effective in improving clinical symptoms of IBS by clinical practice and several clinical studies, and nonabsorbable rifaximin has been also recommended for treating IBS without diarrhea by relevant guidelines and consensuses, the indications for the use of antibiotics in IBS are not clear, and there are concerns about the adverse effects associated with long-term antibiotic use. Meanwhile, making the balance between adverse effects and clinical benefits is difficult. However, several studies have also found that antibiotic use contributes to the development of IBS. This paper reviews recent studies on the effects of antibiotics on IBS, and summarizes that antibiotics may trigger IBS in several ways, including reducing intestinal microbial diversity, impairing epithelial barrier function and affecting cytokine production. This paper also points out the uncertainty of the indications for antibiotic application in IBS from two aspects, and argues that clinicians should pay attention to the effects of antibiotics on the development of IBS, evaluate the pros and cons of antibiotic treatment for IBS, and use antibiotics rationally and cautiously. The purpose of this article is to provide some reference for explaining the pathogenesis of IBS induced by antibiotic treatment, and for clinical application of antibiotics in IBS.

To construct a heterotrophic axenic system of Chlorella sorokiniana FZU60, the symbiotic bacteria were isolated and identified, and the effects of eight common antibiotics (cefotaxime, kanamycin, neomycin, ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin) on the cell growth of symbiotic bacteria and C. sorokiniana FZU60 were investigated. Results showed that the main symbiotic bacteria were Bacillus (78.76%) and Methylobacterium (3.14%). Besides, 10 mg/L cefotaxime, 10 mg/L tetracycline, 100 mg/L kanamycin, and 100 mg/L erythromycin showed excellent inhibitory effect on these two symbiotic bacteria but no obvious effect on the cell growth of C. sorokiniana FZU60. Based on the above-mentioned results, the inhibition effect of different antibiotic combinations on symbiotic bacteria of C. sorokiniana FZU60 was further investigated. It was found that the heterotrophic axenic system could be successfully constructed by using the combination of 10 mg/L cefotaxime, 10 mg/L tetracycline, and 100 mg/L kanamycin. Moreover, C. sorokiniana FZU60 could maintain stable and axenic growth after three generations. The experimental results would provide theoretical reference and experimental basis for the preparation of axenic microalgal seed for high-cell-density heterotrophic cultivation of C. sorokiniana.

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Objective To analyze the efficacy of scrotum cold compress combined with antibiotics on necrospermia patients with seminal tract infection. Methods We made a retrospective analysis of the patients who were confirmed as necrospermia by more than 2 times of semen examination and positive by sperm bacteria culture at the Andrology Department of our center from January 2019 to September 2022. The experiment group patients who were cured by scrotum cold compress combined with sensitive antibiotics and L-carnitine were divided into experiment group A (1 time/day) and experiment group B (2 times/day) according to the daily times of scrotum cold compress. Meanwhile, only sensitive antibiotics and L-carnitine were administered in the control group patients. We recorded the improvement of sperm parameters and the number of negative sperm bacterial cultures in different groups at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of treatment. Results A total of 145 patients were enrolled in the study. According to the principle of randomization, 49 patients in group A, 49 patients in group B, and 47 patients in the control group were enrolled. After 4 weeks of treatment, there was no significant difference between the experiment group and the control group in terms of abstinence time, the number of negative sperm bacterial cultures, semen pH, sperm ratio of forward motility, or the sperm survival rate (all P＞0.05). In terms of the sperm survival rate, group B (53.1±14.1) was superior to group A (46.2±16.4) (P＜0.05). In the results of the treatment at 8 weeks, the number of negative sperm bacterial cultures was significantly higher in the experiment group (74/98) than in the control group (26/47) (χ²=5.14, P＜0.05). Sperm ratio of forward motility was higher in the experiment group (26.5±11.9) than in the control group (22.8±12.6). The experimental group (53.1±14.6) also had a significantly higher sperm survival rate than the control group (47.6±13.4) (P＜0.05). However, the number of negative sperm bacterial cultures, sperm ratio of forward motility, and the sperm survival rate were lower in experiment group A (35/49, 25.5±10.3, 51.1±15.0) than in experiment group B (39/49, 27.5±13.2, 55.1±14.2), but there was no statistical difference between the two groups (all P＞0.05). After 12 weeks of treatment, the number of negative sperm bacterial cultures in the experimental group (67/98) was significantly higher than that in the control group (21/47) (χ²=6.11, P＜0.05). Sperm ratio of forward motility in the experiment group (30.9±11.2) was higher than that in the control group (24.7±13.4) (P＜0.05). The experiment group (56.3±13.0) had a significantly higher sperm survival rate than the control group (46.7±12.0, P＜0.01). However, in terms of the number of negative sperm bacterial cultures, sperm ratio of forward motility, and the sperm survival rate, there were no statistical differences between group A (31/49, 28.8±10.0, 55.9±12.7) and group B (36/49, 32.8±12.1, 56.7±13.4) (all P＞0.05). Conclusion Scrotum cold compress combined with antibiotics is superior to only antibiotic treatment on necrospermia patients with seminal tract infection, especially in the sperm ratio of forward motility and sperm survival rate, but it has little relationship with the times of cold compressions per day. Therefore, the method deserves application in this type of patients’ diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Antibiotic misuse is becoming a worldwide public health issue due to serious risk to human health and environment. Residual antibiotics in environment mainly come from the wastewater from pharmaceutical factories, aquaculture, animal husbandry and hospitals. Antibiotics are included in the newly published List of Newly Controlled Pollutants (2022 Edition) (Draft for Comments). However, test standards are still lacking. Highly accurate results of the trace amounts of antibiotics distributed in the environment can be obtained by mass spectrometry coupled with chromatography. Nonetheless, sample pretreatment is time-consuming and expert-required. Compared with laboratory detection, ambient miniature mass spectrometry can realize on-site detection of the antibiotics without or with little pretreatment. On-site detection can be used for rapid qualitative and semi-quantitative detection, which can reflect the levels of water body pollution and accurately trace the pollutant sources. On-site detection also can provide technical support for the regulatory governance of antibiotics. But now no-studies have been reported on the on-site detection of environmental antibiotics in the field. It is urgent to develop a rapid detection method for antibiotic residues in the environment to assess antibiotic pollution and provide support for regulation. In this paper, the detection of antibiotics was carried out based on flash desorption and acetone assisted photoionization source miniature ion trap mass spectrometry, the detection parameters of antibiotics were systematically optimized including gas flow and injection time sequence, and a rapid and high throughput detection method of antibiotics was established. The efficiency of thermal desorption was improved using pulse purging mode and halogen lamp flash thermal desorption, and the signal intensities of high boiling point antibiotics were significantly increased. Quantitative detection of antibiotics was realized by isotope internal standard, and preliminary detection of antibiotics in water was carried out. This method does not need complicated pre-processing and can be completed in 1 min. The detection limits of isoniazid (INZ), ethionamide (ETN) and voriconazole (VCZ) were 636, 160, 35 μg/L, respectively, calculated based on S/N=3 at the injection volume of 1 μL. It is applicable to the field, high-throughput and highly sensitive detection of antibiotics.

The pathogen of pullorum disease (PD) is Salmonella pullorum, which mainly causes intestinal inflammation in chickens. After infection, chickens mainly show "white" loose feces, so it is called "pullorum". Antibiotics are effective in treating PD, but there are many hidden dangers. Chinese herbal medicine has been used to prevent and treat pullorum in chickens for a long time, and the effect is significant without increasing the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, from the aspects of the etiological characteristics of PD, research on effective Chinese herbal medicines against Salmonella pullorum, and the antibacterial advantages of Chinese herbal medicines, the research progress of Chinese herbal medicines in the prevention and treatment of chicken pullorum in recent years is summarized to provide basis for the prevention, treatment and clinical application of Chinese herbal medicines in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of breast piercing and surrounding needling combined with antibiotics in the treatment of lactation mastitis and its influence on the degree of pain and inflammatory factors of patients. Methods: 80 patients with mastitis during lactation in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2022 were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into observation group and Matched group with 40 patients in each group. The Matched group was treated with conventional antibiotics, and observed the clinical efficacy of the two groups of patients treated with breast piercing and peripheral needling combined with antibiotics.The changes of TCM syndrome scores before and 7 days Post-treatment, the visual analogue scale（VAS) scores at different times, the time of pain resolution, and the changes of inflammatory factor levels before and 7 days Post-treatment were compared. Results: The total response rate was higher in the observation group compared with the control group（P＜0.05); Pretherapy, there was no difference between the two groups in the scores of aversion to cold and fever, local skin burning, breast swelling and pain, and breast agglomeration symptoms（P＞0.05). Post-treatment, the scores of aversion to cold and fever, local skin burning, breast swelling and pain, and breast agglomeration symptoms in the two groups decreased, and the scores in the observation group were different with matched group（P＜0.05); There was no difference in VAS scores between the two groups pretherapy（P＞0.05). The VAS scores of patients in the two groups gradually decreased on the first day, the third day and the sixth day Post-treatment, and the observation group was lower than the matched group（P＜0.05). The time of pain relief in the observation group was different with matched group（P＜0.05); There was no difference in the expression of WBC, PCT and hsCRP between the two groups pretherapy（P＞0.05). Post-treatment, the expression of WBC, PCT and hsCRP in the two groups decreased, and the observation group was different with matched group（P＜0.05). Conclusion: Breast piercing and surrounding needling combined with antibiotics can improve the clinical efficacy of lactation mastitis, reduce the symptoms of aversion to cold and fever, local skin burning, breast swelling and pain, breast lump, etc., reduce the pain feeling and duration, and reduce the level of inflammatory factors in patients, which is worthy of clinical application and promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is widely used as a common filling material in dentistry but still exhibits problems with secondary caries and fractures. Thus, the antibacterial and anti-caries performance of GIC needs to be further improved. In recent years, natural antimicrobial components have become more desirable due to their good biological properties and low drug resistance. In this review, the natural antimicrobial ingredients in GIC modification are classified, reviewed and summarized according to the different sources of antimicrobial ingredients. In terms of animal origin, chitosan and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate exhibit antimicrobial properties without affecting the mechanical properties of materials; propolis and bioactive enzymes have good biocompatibility; in terms of plant origin, polyphenols help improve the antimicrobial and mechanical properties of the material; arginine has a good remineralization effect; and plant essential oils have a certain ion release effect. In terms of microbial origin, antibiotics greatly improve the antibacterial properties of materials; in addition, the combined application of natural antimicrobial ingredients also exhibited excellent performance. Despite these advantages, the optimal addition concentration and biocompatibility in vivo are questions that need to be further explored before clinical applications can be achieved.

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Copyright of Journal of Donghua University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Journal of Donghua University (Natural Science) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance characteristics of pathogens in donors and recipients undergoing simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK). Methods Clinical data of 231 pairs of donors and recipients undergoing SPK were analyzed retrospectively. The pathogens of samples from donors and recipients were identified by VITEK-2 analyzer, and drug sensitivity test was performed by K-B method. The source distribution and composition ratio of pathogens in donor and recipient samples, distribution characteristics of multi-drug resistant organism, infection of recipients and drug resistance characteristics of pathogens were analyzed. Results A total of 395 strains of pathogens were cultured from 1 294 donor samples, and the detection rate was 30.53%. Gram-negative bacteria mainly consisted of klebsiella pneumoniae, Gram-positive bacteria mainly comprised staphylococcus aureus, and fungi primarily included candida albicans, respectively. In total, 2 690 strains of pathogens were cultured from 10 507 recipient samples, and the detection rate was 25.60%. Gramnegative bacteria mainly consisted of pseudomonas maltophilia, Gram-positive bacteria primarily comprised enterococcus faecalis, and fungi mainly included candida albicans, respectively. Among 395 pathogens of donors, 15 strains of methicillinresistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 16 strains of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) positive drug-resistant bacteria, 8 strains of carbapenem-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa (CR-PA), 21 strains of carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB), 2 strains of carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and 1 strain of multiple-drug/pan-drug resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR/PDR-PA) were identified. Among 2 690 strains of recipient pathogens, 73 strains of ESBL positive drug-resistant bacteria, 44 strains of CR-PA, 31 strains of CR-AB and 3 strains of MDR/PDR-PA were detected. One recipient developed donor-derived infection, 69 cases of pneumonia, 52 cases of urinary tract infection, 35 cases of abdominal infection and 2 cases of hematogenous infection were reported within postoperative 1 year. Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to certain antibiotics. Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to vancomycin. Fungi were sensitive to amphotericin B. Conclusions Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogens of SPK recipients, which are resistant to certain antibiotics. Empirical use of antibiotics can be delivered before culture results are obtained. Subsequently, sensitive antibiotics should be chosen according to the culture results to improve the survival rate of SPK recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic misuse is becoming a worldwide public health issue due to serious risk to human health and environment. Residual antibiotics in environment mainly come from the wastewater from pharmaceutical factories, aquaculture, animal husbandry and hospitals. Antibiotics are included in the newly published List of Newly Controlled Pollutants (2022 Edition) (Draft for Comments). However, test standards are still lacking. Highly accurate results of the trace amounts of antibiotics distributed in the environment can be obtained by mass spectrometry coupled with chromatography. Nonetheless, sample pretreatment is time-consuming and expert-required. Compared with laboratory detection, ambient miniature mass spectrometry can realize on-site detection of the antibiotics without or with little pretreatment. On-site detection can be used for rapid qualitative and semi-quantitative detection, which can reflect the levels of water body pollution and accurately trace the pollutant sources. On-site detection also can provide technical support for the regulatory governance of antibiotics. But now no-studies have been reported on the on-site detection of environmental antibiotics in the field. It is urgent to develop a rapid detection method for antibiotic residues in the environment to assess antibiotic pollution and provide support for regulation. In this paper, the detection of antibiotics was carried out based on flash desorption and acetone assisted photoionization source miniature ion trap mass spectrometry, the detection parameters of antibiotics were systematically optimized including gas flow and injection time sequence, and a rapid and high throughput detection method of antibiotics was established. The efficiency of thermal desorption was improved using pulse purging mode and halogen lamp flash thermal desorption, and the signal intensities of high boiling point antibiotics were significantly increased. Quantitative detection of antibiotics was realized by isotope internal standard, and preliminary detection of antibiotics in water was carried out. This method does not need complicated pre-processing and can be completed in 1 min. The detection limits of isoniazid (INZ), ethionamide (ETN) and voriconazole (VCZ) were 636, 160, 35 μg/L, respectively, calculated based on S/N=3 at the injection volume of 1 μL. It is applicable to the field, high-throughput and highly sensitive detection of antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo analyze the gender differences in the pathogen distribution and drug susceptibility of bacteria causing urinary tract infection among psychiatric inpatients in a hospital in Guangzhou， and to provide a basis for clinical diagnosis and rational use of drugs in treatment.MethodsClinical data of 326 psychiatric patients complicating urinary tract infection in a hospital in Guangzhou from 2019 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed， including 126 males and 200 females. Data including gender， age， identification results of urinary tract pathogens from urine samples and drug susceptibility results were collected. The differences in bacterial distribution and drug resistance rate of urinary tract infection pathogens in patients of different genders were analyzed.ResultsA total of 326 strains of urinary tract infection bacteria were isolated， including 103 strains （31.60%） of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Male and female urinary tract infection in patients with multi-drug resistant bacteria were detected 52 strains （41.27%） and 51 strains （25.50%）， the detection rate of multi-drug resistant bacteria in female patients was significantly higher than that in male patients， with statistical difference （χ2=8.895， P

Organic chlorine pesticides (OCPs) and antibiotics represent persistent organic pollutants and emerging pollutants, respectively. They can coexist in various environmental matrix, while their combined effects were seldom explored. Lindane was chosen to represent OCPs, and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and tetracycline hydrochloride (TET) were chosen to represent antibiotics. The present study focused on the influences on tumor migration which is essential for both carcinogenesis and cancer treatment and aimed to explore the effects of the binary mixtures on the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The individual effects showed that lindane significantly enhanced the tumor migration from the eye and brain of the larvae to the ventral nerve cord (VNC) in the concentration range of 40 -100 ng-g-1( P<0.05). SMX enhanced the tumor migration at the highest concentration of 400 ng-g-1, while TET increased the tumor migration from 600 to 1 000 ng-g-1 with a concentration-dependence. The binary mixtures were designed by direct equipartition method. The binary mixtures that contained lindane and SMX or TET significantly enhanced the tumor migration, with a dependence on the lindane-s concentrations. Compared with the predicted effects by independent action (IA) model, the binary mixtures showed synergistic toxicity interactions. Determination on the antioxidant responses showed that, lindane, SMX, TET and the binary mixtures commonly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) while decreased glutathione (GSH). The effects of binary mixtures containing lindane and SMX on tumor migration were negatively correlated with their influences on catalase (CAT) activities, while such correlation was not observed in the effects of mixtures containing lindane and TET. Such difference was attributed to the different effects of SMX and TET on the antioxidants. Moreover, the effects of binary mixtures containing lindane and SMX, and those containing lindane and TET showed different hierarchical clustering positions. The effects of binary mixtures containing lindane and SMX on tumor migration were closely connected with both ROS and superoxide dismutase (SOD), while those of binary mixtures containing lindane and TET were closely connected with ROS. Such differences supported the attribution to the individual effects of SMX or TET on the antioxidants and also indicated that the antibiotic types can influence the toxicity mechanism of the binary mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum MH079448 on the muscle quality of Anguilla japonica. A total of 810 juvenile fish were randomly divided into three groups, with three replicates in each group and 90 fish in each replicate. The fish in Lactobacillus plantarum group (LP group) were fed with diet supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum, while fish in quinac positive control group (OA group) and blank control group (C group) were fed diet supplemented with aseptic saline containing the same amount of Lactobacillus plantarum. Anguilla japonica in OA group were treated with 5 mg/L oxaquic acid antibiotics in a single drug bath for 12 h. The experiment lasted for 28 d. The results showed that the muscle hardness, viscosity, elasticity and chewability of Anguilla japonica in LP group were higher than those in C group (P>0.05). Compared with C group and OA group, the water content in muscle of Anguilla japonica in LP group was significantly increased (P<0.05), the content of delicious amino acids in muscle was significantly increased (P<0.05), the ratio of delicious amino acids to total amino acids was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the content of lysine was significantly increased (P<0.05). The study indicates that adding Lactobacillus plantarum can improve the muscle hardness, viscosity, elasticity and chewability of Anguilla japonica, increase the water content, and increase the content of delicious amino acids in muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective To perform a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing prophylactic antibiotics with placebo in patients with tension-free hernia repair for clinical effectiveness. Methods RCTs were searched from electronic Chinese databases including: ①China Biology Medicine Disc, ②China National Knowledge Infrastructure, ③China Science and Technology Journal Database, and ④Vanfund Urban Investment & Development, as well as electronic foreign databases including: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. The Review manager software (version 5.3) was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 10 RCTs with both prophylactic antibiotic group and placebo group involving 3 659 patients were included. It was shown in this meta-analysis that there was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative superficial incisional surgical site infection (SSSI) in low-risk environments (RR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.45-1.24) or postoperative deep surgical site infection (DSSI) (RR=0.71, 95% CI: 0.23-2.21) between two groups. The results from 4 RCTs showed that incidence of postoperative SSSI in high-risk environments in prophylactic antibiotic group was lower than that in placebo group(RR=0.34, 95%CI: 0.12-0.95, P=0.04). Conclusions Prophylactic antibiotics before tension-free hernia repair may help to reduce the incidence of postoperative SSSI in high-risk environments, but there is no significant evidence for that in low-risk environments.

BACKGROUND Currently, the environmental detection of antibiotics is receiving extensive attention, but there is still a lack of methods that can simultaneously analyze seven categories of antibiotics in surface water and groundwater. OBJECTIVES To establish a method that can detect thirty-seven antibiotics (15 sulfonamides, 2 tetracyclines, 3 macrolides, 8 quinolones, 2 chloramphenicols, 2 β-lactams and 5 other kinds) simultaneously. METHODS Solid phase extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to quantify the concentration of antibiotics. RESULTS The method had good sensitivity and enrichment effect for the surface water and groundwater, the recoveries ranged from 60% to 130%, the detection limits ranged from 0.6 to 10.6ng/L. The method was applied to the determination of antibiotics in surface water of the Yongding and Chaobai Rivers, and groundwater of the Chaobai River in Beijing. Sulfonamides, quinolones and macrolides were the main antibiotics in the surface water of the Yongding River, and the detection rates were 88.9%, 55.6% and 33.3%, respectively. The highest concentration of floxacin was 111.9ng/L. Sulfonamides, quinolones and chloramphenicols were the main antibiotics in the surface water of the Chaobai River with detection rates of 100%. The highest concentration of tilmicosin was 71.6ng/L. Sulfonamides, quinolones and β-lactams antibiotics were the main antibiotics in the groundwater of the Chaobai River Basin, and the detection rates of were 66.7%, 55.6% and 22.2%, respectively. The highest concentration of sulfadiazine was 69.3ng/L. In both surface water and groundwater, the detection rate and concentration near the sewage treatment plant were significantly higher than those at other points. CONCLUSIONS The method established in this study is simple, rapid and accurate, which can be used for the simultaneous determination of 37 antibiotics in seven categories in surface water and groundwater. It provides antibiotic analysis method support for surface water and groundwater investigation, and provides a scientific basis for rational utilization of water resources and management of new pollutants in water.

BackgroundPhysicians' irrational antibiotic prescriptions are fueling antibiotic resistance and seriously threatening public health. Physicians' knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use will directly affect their behaviors.ObjectiveTo describe the status in knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic use among primary care physicians in Hubei Province in 2018 and 2020, analyze the changes and relevant reasons over these two years, and to present relevant interventions, promoting rational antibiotic use in primary care physicians.MethodsTwo surveys were separately conducted (one was conducted from April to June 2018 with a stratified two-stage cluster sample, and the other was conducted from November 2019 to January 2020 with a two-stage cluster random sample) among Hubei's primary care physicians with the qualification of prescribing antibiotics who had written over 100 antibiotic prescriptions within 3 months prior to the survey. A self-developed questionnaire was used in the surveys to acquire information about demographics, knowledge of antibiotic use (whether antibiotics should be used in 10 common situations) , and attitudes (5 types of attitudes that may affect antibiotic use behavior) . A descriptive analysis was conducted on the accuracy rate and total scores of antibiotic use knowledge as well as total and item scores of attitudes to examine primary care physicians' knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use during 2018 and 2020. To determine changes in knowledge and attitudes within two years, propensity score matching (PSM) was used, with participants in 2018 designated as the control group and those in 2020 as the treatment group.Results637 respondents of the 2018 survey and 616 respondents of the 2020 survey were included for final analysis. Before PSM matching, the mean score of antibiotic use knowledge of the2020 survey respondents was statistically higher than that of 2018 survey respondents〔 (5.54±1.46) vs (5.25±1.35) 〕 (P0.05) . But in those from township health centers, the 2020 survey respondents had statistically higher total mean scores of antibiotic use knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use than did the 2018 survey respondents (P

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Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)