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In the context of low-carbon economic transformation, achieving a win-win situation for corporate green governance and employment is currently a challenge for China's development. While existing literature predominantly addresses the influencing factors on employment and the economic and environmental benefits of adopting green governance, limited attention is given to its social benefits, particularly its impact on employment. This paper addresses this gap by analyzing the influence of green governance on employment through the lenses of social identity theory and cost theory. Further, the paper builds a two-sector model including the polluting and non-polluting industry to verify the technical progress mechanism between green governance and employment. The model analysis suggests that, technical progress is an important channel connecting green governance and employment, and the technical progress mechanism varies between the heavy pollution industry and non-heavy pollution industry. Empirically, utilizing firm-year financial and environmental data sourced from CSMAR and WIND databases, this study constructs a corporate green governance index employing the Janis-Fadner coefficient method. Total factor productivity is employed to gauge technical progress, with the DEA-Malmquist approach facilitating the decomposition of technical progress into technical and efficiency changes. Through OLS regression, the impact of green governance on employment is examined, with the mediating effect of technical progress tested. Empirical findings indicate a significantly positive relationship between corporate green governance and employment, with technical progress mediating this association.The conclusion is still valid after the robust test by considering the endogeneity of the model and replacing key variables. We also find a divergence between the mechanism of green governance impacting employment for the heavy pollution industry and non-heavy pollution industry. Specifically, technical change shows a suppression effect in all sectors, while efficiency change has a positive mediating effect in the non-heavy pollution industry. This study contributes to the literature on the following three aspects. Firstly, the study extends existing concerns of economic and environmental to social benefits of corporate green governance. Secondly, the study provides a theoretical explanation for the underlying mechanism of technical progress. Thirdly, the study examines the heterogeneous effects of green governance on employment between the heavy pollution industry and non-heavy pollution industry. In conclusion, this paper sheds light on how corporate green governance promotes employment and its mechanism, and provides valuable implications for enterprises and policymakers to implement green governance and promote high-quality development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Economic Science is the property of Modern Economic Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of University Chemistry is the property of Peking University, College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper clarifies the community-based farm corporation's employment strategy, channels and job selection of employment structure of agricultural workers in Tajimi City, Gifu Prefecture. It additionally examines the profile of such corporations in view of this employment structure. In settlement A, Tajimi City, many farmers retired early, and a community-based farm corporation (company B) was established to maintain the farmland. The agricultural products planted by B are divided into two types according to the purpose of production. The first type consists of rice and blueberries, planted to maintain all farmland in settlement A. Strawberries and micro leaves are the second type, and B continues to obtain high profits from these agricultural products. Key workers in the production of the first type are women living in Tajimi City, who engage in unskilled labor (1). For the second type, full-time employees with agricultural skills are hired (2). The relationships that have matched them with company B differs between (1) and (2). While (1) were matched through introductions from women living in A, the emphasis for (2) is on their formal relationship with the Gifu prefectural agricultural college. In addition, the wage levels also differ between the two categories. For (1), this is set at the minimum wage of the Gifu Prefecture, while for (2), it is the same level as that offered by non-farming companies in Tajimi City. By raising the wage level for (2), B aims to recruit better worker and, it can be said that B has a peasant profile as its purpose is to maintain the farmland, while at the same time incorporating an entrepreneurial profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural vitalization strategy is the ballast stone for China to cope with international competition, and talent support is the core element of rural vitalization. As the “main force” of high-quality talents, most college students are unwilling to return to their hometown for employment and entrepreneurship. The reasons are low income, poor environment, lack of social security, lack of development opportunities, lack of interpersonal attraction and so on. To solve the above problems, this paper studies the relationship between rural complex and college students returning home. The study found that the rural complex can provide good infrastructure, high-quality job opportunities and interpersonal attraction, and is the ideal carrier for college students to return home. Finally, this paper puts forward the basic strategies for the development of rural complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Archaeology is the property of Agricultural Archaeology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Focusing on “ professional, employment, entrepreneurship”, from the aspects of curriculum system, practical teaching system, government and school enterprise cooperation and education mechanism, teaching staff, employment and entrepreneurship service system, this paper systematically summarizes the new farmers’ “ professional, employment and entrepreneurship integration” training mode, in order to provide reference for vocational colleges’ rural revitalization personnel training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment is the foundation of people ’s livelihoods, and a low-carbon transition is a key development theme for China in the future. The impact of reducing CO2 emissions as a hard macroeconomic constraint on the labor market is an important economic issue. This paper used China’s low-carbon city pilot policy as a representative policy to study the low-carbon transition. Firstly, based on the analysis of typical economic facts and policy texts, it was found that there might exist two distinct low-carbon transition approaches in China. The study then examined the differences in the policy impact on labor employment in the first and second batches of pilot cities, analyzed the underlying mechanisms, and finally constructed a general equilibrium model based on the empirical findings to further elaborate the heterogeneous impact pathways from a theoretical perspective. The study showed that: ① There was a difference in the policy impact on employment in the first and second batches of pilot cities. The policy increased employment in secondary and tertiary industries and total employment in the first batch of pilot cities, but it increased employment in tertiary industries and decreased employment in secondary industries in the second batch of pilot cities. ② There was a difference in the mechanisms of policy impact on employment in the first and second batches of pilot cities. Under the influence of the policy, the first batch of pilot cities adopted the low-carbon transition approach of focusing resources on the secondary industry, while the second batch of pilot cities adopted the lowcarbon transition approach of focusing resources on the tertiary industry. ③ The low-carbon transition approaches of the two batches of pilot cities had their own advantages and disadvantages. The approach of the first batch of pilot cities achieved a reduction in total CO2 emissions and an increase in the number of jobs, with the disadvantage of increasing the intensity of CO2 emissions and reducing the disposable income of workers, failing to improve the quality of employment. However, the approach of the second batch of pilot cities reduced the intensity of CO2 emissions, increased employment in the tertiary industry, and increased the disposable income of workers, effectively improving the quality of employment but failing to achieve a reduction in total CO2 emissions and an increase in total employment. Accordingly, China’s goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality can be achieved either by industrial transformation and upgrading or by enhancing the development of the tertiary industry, but the best way is to develop the tertiary industry on the basis of industrial transformation and upgrading without blindly adopting the de-industrialization approach to achieve the peak carbon emission goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on existing research consensus about the ring structure of metropolitan areas, this paper divided the metropolitan areas of London, New York, Tokyo and Paris into four spatial spheres with a radius of 5 km, 15 km and 30 km, and carried out comparative analysis on the same scale. Data analysis, spatial analysis, historical process review and deduction methods were used to reveal the distribution characteristics of population and employment. The results show that the population distribution patterns of metropolitan areas are diversified, while the central area generally experiences the process of population decentralization and re-concentration. With a common monocentric pattern of employment distribution in chosen metropolitan areas, the success or failure of new town planning and construction has a significant impact on the center-periphery relationship. The current development trend is both the promotion of sub-centers in peripheral areas and the internal differentiation of the strong center at the same time. The jobs-housing organization patterns of chosen metropolitan areas can be divided into the "respective balance" mode represented by New York and the "gradient balance" mode of the other three. The former mode keeps the working and living space closer and helps reduce long-distance commuters, while the latter mode can enhance efficiency by constructing mass public transport. Based on the similar spatial scale and development stage, Beijing and other developing metropolitan areas in China can learn from the experiences of the chosen four metropolitan areas. It is also important to leave room for adjustment for long-term development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Forestry Economy is the property of China Forestry Economy Magazine Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic Science / Jingji Kexue is the property of Economic Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Eastern Liaoning University (Social Sciences) is the property of Department of Journal of Eastern Liaoning University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Whether environmental regulation can increase employment is still controversial in academic circles around the world. An important reason lies in the validity of an empirical method. Using China’s inter-provincial panel data from 2003 to 2015 and the synthetic control method (SCM), this paper focuses on a test that was carried out on the basis of a quasinatural experiment of the 2007 Emission Trading Pilot (ETP) policy. The test results show that the ETP policy has increased the average employment level by 3.25 percentage points and passed a robustness test. The robustness test using the regression control method (RCM) shows that the average employment level has risen by 3.21 percentage points. This means that the ETP policy has significantly increased employment. The paper also puts forward three policy recommendations: optimizing the trading system for emissions rights, encouraging companies to carry out cleaner production and innovation, and incorporating environmental performance assessments.

The Gender Equality in Employment Act was enacted to protect gender equality in the workplace. Increasingly tight controls over operating costs by employers and the increasingly heavy workloads of nurses pose major challenges to the labor rights of female nurses. This article introduces the labor rights of female nurses as stated in relevant laws and regulations such as the Gender Equality in Employment Act, the Labor Standards Act, the Labor Insurance Act, Regulations on Leave-Taking for Workers, Regulations on Implementing Unpaid Parental Leave for Raising Children Pension Act, and the Employment Insurance Act. In addition, this paper introduces three judicial decisions that highlight domestic judicial practice with regard to labor rights in nursing. It is hoped that nurses may gain a better understanding of their rights and challenges from these judicial decisions. Finally, this article makes recommendations to help nurses overcome the difficulties in implementing labor rights. It is hoped that this article helps increase the general awareness among nurses of their labor rights and encourages nurses to pursue and secure their rightful labor rights from their employer.

Level of development in the nursing profession affects healthcare quality and safety. The nursing profession in Taiwan today faces myriad external pressures such as the global financial crisis and rapidly changing national health insurance policies and social issues. For example, cutbacks in nursing manpower at medical institutions and increasingly difficult healthcare working conditions are increasing nurse workloads and turnover, conflict in the workplace, and difficulties in recruiting new nursing staff. Such negative developments directly and negatively impact professional development, healthcare quality, healthcare safety, and workplace morale. In terms of maintaining and enhancing the quality of new nurses entering the profession, rapid growth in numbers of technology schools and nursing students have severely strained insufficient resources and resulted in teaching quality and education outcomes below expectations. Poor passing rates on the national nursing license examination and increasingly high new nurse turnover are now significant negative factors influencing clinical manpower availability. Imbalances among education, licensing, and hiring clearly and negatively impact nursing professional development and social needs and cause the inefficient allocation of limited education resources. This article discusses and analyzes the causes underlying current imbalances in nurse hiring, licensing, and education. We provide the following suggestions: (1) Integrate education and licensing activities based on professional recruitment considerations to promote nursing competent and manpower stability; (2) revise the focus and content of the national license examination to resolve the current disconnect between license examination and hiring needs; (3) redesign curricula, update teaching material, and adjust teaching methods based on professional competencies in order to resolve key education and recruitment problems. All nursing schools should prepare their students well to pass the license examination in order to resolve the current state of inconsistent educational standards, and (4) train international nursing talent to address and reflect international medical care trends and policies in Taiwan. This paper is intended to serve as reference for both policymakers and professionals in the nursing and healthcare fields.

There will exist great pressure for sustaining employment in China when GDP growth is under 8% in the context of the adjustment in economic structure which can cause social instability. How can this outcome be avoided? In a review of the literature, this paper supposes that tourism development is one of the most effective ways for solving the problem of structural unemployment during this period of economic transition. However, most researches pay attention to employment in the formal tourism sector and its pull effects and neglect the informal employment of tourism. In fact, the informal sectors have absorbed a large number of laid-off workers and migrant workers since China's reform and opening - up policies were launched which has been ignored and discriminated against by many Chinese local governments. In order to discover true power of informal sectors, the employment of the tourism informal sector was selected as a representative of the service industry. First, the paper presents many categories of informal employment of tourism showing the evidence of informal employment spreading over most industries. Second, the paper reveals the different tourism multipliers between domestic scholars and WTTC(Word Travel & Tourism Council) reports and explains why the different multipliers come out, pointing out that WTTC underestimates the employment effects of tourism since 2001. Thirdly, based on the above analysis, the paper takes advantage of statistical data and re-estimates the population of informal employment in the nation. Fourthly, using the stable weights of employment in the service industry to total employment, the paper measures and calculates with different methods, the scale of informal employment of tourism and its structural pull effects which demonstrate that the tourism informal sectors supply 20.4 million jobs and its multiplier was 9.98 in 2011. Grounding on the research conclusion, we argue that the pull effects of informal employment of tourism is much bigger than that of indirect employment by domestic scholars and WTTC in terms of sector structure, which suggests that the government should attach much more importance to the informal tourism sector during the period of industrial restructuring in China. At the end of the paper, some suggestions for governments are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism industry convergence is that, by using new technology and ideas, tourism enterprises constantly seek mutual integration opportunities inside and outside the tourism industry, and they further dynamic integration development among tourism resources, tourism talents, the capital market, and the business market to realize their own comprehensive value maximization. Tourism industrial structure refers to a mutual connection and interacting relationship among the tourism economic departments, regions, various kinds of economic compositions and the composition of each link in economic activities. In light of the rapid development of tourism industry convergence, the integration of the tourism industry has become an important source of power to improve the tourism industry structure. However, when it comes to research regarding current improvement and evolution of the tourism industry structure, the usage of integrating the tourism industry has been ignored. From the perspective of evolution, based on composition analysis of the driving three behind the industrial structure's evolution, and combined with the dynamic mechanism that is used to upgrade the tourism industry structure for integration, this paper studies the upgrade of the tourism industrial structure evolution path against the backdrop of tourism convergence. Then, by using the synergetic theory, according to the tourism industrial structure evolution mechanism under the dynamic action, a collaborative and dynamic model of tourism industrial structure evolution is constructed. The metrics of the tourism industry's integration and innovative system have been set up in addition to the metrics of the tourism industry's structure evolution. The former metrics include technology integration, business integration, market integration, 1R & D expenditure convergence, 1R & D personnel integration and other indicators. The latter metrics include technology structure, demand structure, employment structure, output structure, and size structure. In addition, by using the collaborative and dynamic model, this paper uses the tourism industry of Xi'an in 2009 and 2010 to show the relationship between the integration of the tourism industry and its structural evolution. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The degree of integration and innovation in the tourism industry is the order parameter in the structural evolution of the tourism industry. When the level of tourism industry convergence innovation reaches a certain extent, the tourism industry structure will form a new degree of order. Therefore, the integration of the tourism industry, as an innovative element of the tourism industrial system, is one important force to promote a disruption in tourism's industrial structural balance ; (2) There is a kind of synergistic effect between the integration and innovation of the tourism industry and the improvement of the tourism industry's structure, and it is a crucial factor in promoting the improvement of the structure; (3) As for the tourism industry in Xi'an, a positive feedback mechanism that could accelerate the degree of integration in the tourism industry has not been established; (4) There is a negative feedback mechanism between the development of tourism industry integration and the improvement of the tourism industry structure, which means the improvement of the tourism industry structure will consequently slow down, while the order degree of the tourism industry structure is continuously improving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The professional cognition of a tour guide is an important aspect to understand the present state of this profession and future orientation. The paper, with the help of "social cognitive career theory", the latest study result of psychology, taking undergraduates, the special employment groups as study object, makes an analysis and readjustment of relevant data in accordance with three patterns based on SCCT model--career interest, career choice pattern and evaluation of work performance, thus obtaining the forming element of diversified career cognitive differences. The paper believes there exists the possibility of developing and improving this cognitive analysis, which can be important reference for the cultivation of professional talents and improvement of discipline speciality. In the end, relevant countermeaures are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the politics of the liberalization of the German welfare and employment regime and the repercussions on underlying political coalitions in the last two decades. The German welfare and employment system has been confronted with moves towards liberalization without approaching a liberal market economy. This paper traces the shifts of preferences of key actors in two distinct arenas: the economic arena dominated by employers and unions and the public finance arena dominated by fiscal constraints on public budgets. This paper argues that the shifts of positions of key actors in both arenas were interrelated but that they responded to two different sets of problems. This suggests that a wider set of environmental factors are of crucial importance for the maintenance of political economy institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper briefly outlines definitions and examples of social entrepreneurship with the objective of urging young people to adopt a new mode of thinking in their career development. The paper argues that a career should not just be confined to employment but can also include entrepreneurship. Young people should consider the option of setting up their own businesses and combine this with passion and innovation to tackle social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the economic performance of Hong Kong's cultural and creative industries, and its contribution to the local economy. It also examines the salient features of creative manpower as well as the structure of the labour market. Analysis of these areas will help policymakers to have a better understanding of the dynamic relationship between the creative industries and the labour market, and to set the right policy measures. The paper proposes some theoretical premises about the constituents of the creative manpower market, in the hope of filling the gaps in this research topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores social stratification and social inequality in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan by comprehensively analyzing the effects of occupation on one's class status. In this paper, the author examines the effects that a person's occupational conditions, such as occupation (interpreted narrowly), employment status, type of employment contract (standard or non-standard), and company size, have on his/her individual income and class consciousness, and how these effects vary within East Asian societies on the basis of each society's unique labor market structure and local institutions. The analysis of the 2005 Social Stratification and Social Mobility (SSM) survey data led to the following findings. On the whole, the effects of occupational conditions on income and class consciousness are similar within all these societies. However, the relative impacts of these conditions differ considerably. While occupation (narrowly interpreted) has predominant effects in Taiwan, the effects of company size and type of employment contract are also considerable in Japan, and partly so in Korea. It is also notable that in the case of Japanese males, company size and type of employment contract have significant effects on class consciousness, even after the effects of individual income are controlled. These effects can be attributed to some factors that are unique to the Japanese management system, such as career-long employment and the wage seniority system that are usually offered to the standard male employees of large companies. From these findings, we can conclude that we should focus on local institutional factors as well as global factors for a better understanding of present-day social stratification and social inequality in East Asian societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to offer an overall assessment and discussion on the merits, shortcomings and controversies of the law and practice of prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in employment in the United States. The main contents of the paper are divided into four sections. Section One describes the general background of various hardships faced by sexual minorities in the job markets in the States. Section Two analyzes the reasons why federal fair employment statutes and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission cannot provide them with adequate protections. It also discusses several related decisions rendered by the federal courts and reform measures offered by Congress in recent years. Section Three details other legal remedies provided by the Federal Constitution, local statutes and regulations and common law. Section Four discusses the controversial issues arising from the treatment of gay and lesbian members of the U.S. armed forces. It also offers a comparative study of the same legal regime adopted by the European Union and evaluates whether the American experience in this field can provide any lessons for Taiwan given its recent endeavors to reform anti-discrimination measures in the legal system dealing with employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to evaluate, from an unofficial perspective, how Chinese youth can participate in a world undergoing globalisation. It suggests that Chinese young people should learn about Chinese and Western cultures in tandem and know how to tell the differences, and the advantages and disadvantages of both. There are four parts to the paper: 1) globalisation or internationalisation, 2) the extent of knowledge about globalisation amongst China's youth, 3) globalisation and employment issues for China's youth, and 4) Chinese culture for China's youth in the midst of the impact of globalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine how the relation between general education and the world of work was structured, and what supported it in the early Showa Era, when the relationship appeared, through an analysis of the state of vocational guidance in primary school. Section 1 points out that the "Japanese" pattern of transition from school to work dates from the prewar period, and that earlier studies only clarified the intention and the actual situation on the part of companies or employment agencies. However, in order to grasp the entire historical process of the structuring of the system, it is necessary to elucidate the intention and the actual situation on the part of schools, and to inquire again on the issue of transition as a problem of education. The paper then explains the significance of clarifying the problem mentioned above. Section 2 examines the opinion of the Ministry of Education on the introduction of institutions for vocational guidance, and considers the kind of problems that occurred in school. It shows that setting up a special subject of vocational guidance has consistently been shelved although teachers thought the problems emerged because of the lack of such courses. In the background was an essential aporia regarding vocational guidance. The aporia was caused by the fact that the transition from school to work was not always successful even if vocational aptitude tests were complete, because it depended on the situation of the labor market. Section 3 clarifies that two methods for giving vocational guidance in primary schools emerged. The two methods were as follows: (1) directly helping students to find jobs, (2) cultivating a "spirit of enterprise." In addition, the paper points out that this divergence corresponded to an aporia in vocational guidance, based on "ideal" versus "reality." These methods led to the development of the relation between general education and the world of employment in postwar times, with "continuity in system" and "discontinuity in substance." Section 4 discusses "Love," which was used to support vocational guidance in school. "Love" was a magic word used to justify both methods, and to hinder any examination of the methodology of vocational guidance. The paper then argues that "Love" was the trigger for the emergence of the issue regarding transition as a problem of education. Section 5 is a summary and discussion. It points out that the divergence of methods for giving guidance was an inevitable result considering the matter of transition as a problem of education. Moreover, it hypothesizes that the two methods of vocational guidance in school were united by the justification of the practices using the word "Love". The word "'Love" continued to be used in postwar times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of age composition on labor force participation rate as well as the change in age-specific labor force participation rate for both males and females in Taiwan.... Data [are] obtained from the Taiwan Manpower Utilization Survey from 1979 to 1990. Results from the standardization analyses indicated that the age composition change from 1979 to 1990 has a leveling effect on the labor force participation rate (LFPR) for both males and females. During the period of time, rate of male labor force participation has...decreased while female labor force participation rate has...increased and then [leveled] off." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

"The purpose of this paper is to compute the effects of changes in the composition of age, sex, and labor force participation rate, and education of population and labor force on the overall unemployment rate in Taiwan. The results show that the changes in the composition of age-sex and labor force participation rate have had an increasingly significant downward pressure on the overall unemployment rate. However, the compositional changes in...education [and sex] have exerted considerable upward pressure on the overall unemployment rate...." Recommendations for future policy directions are made. (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

In recent years, vocational education has become well-respected in the competitive world of work in Hong Kong. Drawing on relevant research literature and other documents, this paper considers the current nature, role, and significance of vocational education, with a particular focus on how vocational education promotes competitiveness in the young people of this region. Suggestions are then given for enhancing vocational education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the enrollment expansion of colleges and universities, and colleges and universities in a professional setting, curriculum structure and personnel training are not consistent with employment market demand, it leads to employment difficulty. This paper analyzes university students employment market demands for medicine students ability and the problems existing in the practice teaching in our school, puts forward the construction of "pharmaceutical multidimensional practice platform" using modern education technology. The provides a "simulation lab", remote guides intern graduation thesis writing, and pharmacy practice skill training and so on. It works to have good effects. The platform can improve our pharmaceutical and related professional students practical and innovative ability, strengthen the graduate employment competitiveness, and promote the graduates to adapt to work faster, make the students, schools and enterprises to win more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the relationship between international trade and employment by the panel data of 63 countries from 1991 to 2008. It is found that export openness from the global perspective has significant positive effect on employment, but import has negative effects on employment, though not significant. As for the developed and developing countries, export can benefit the employment for both, but import will damage the employment of the north and south and the developed countries will have a more serious negative influence. As for regional regression, export can still help increase the employment of all regions, but the effect in Latin American is not significant; the developing countries of East and Southeast Asia have the most significant positive effect, but the import has a negative impact on employment, and only that in the Latin American countries can promote their employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparing the employment statuses of graduates before and after the educational expansion, most people think that the graduates' employment in China has became worse after the expansion. However, that argument ignores the following issue: If those graduates did not enroll in college, then what their employment status would be? In this paper, I use the methods of descriptive analysis and propensity score matching estimator to answer the above point according to two nationwide population survey data sets. The results indicate that the relative dominant position of university graduates to high school graduates in employment does not change by higher education expansion. The reality of unemployment rate increasing of the highly educated after expansion has resulted more from individual's ability and household background. It suggests that employment policy should pay more attention to the lower educated; in fact, further expansion of post-secondary school is still demanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to reveal the assumptions of the fixed effect model, which is widely used for analyzing panel data, and develop an alternate model that is able to distinguish the patterns of changes in independent variables. Although the fixed effect model cannot distinguish the direction and path of changes and the status of unchanges in independent variables mainly because it neglects the sequential order of panel data, in the real world, these elements in changes and unchanges may have unique effects on a dependent variable. By applying original parameterization to the ftrst difference model, the author attempts to relax the assumptions of the fixed effect model and develop a model that can capture the unique effects of these elements on the premise that changes in independent variables directly cause changes in a dependent variable. The author uses this model to analyze income changes that follow changes in employment status, and theoretically investigates in what situations one should relax the assumptions of the fixed effect model and distinguish the direction and path of changes and the status of unchanges in independent variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the serious situation of high unemployment, the Chinese government has enforced demand-side anti-cycle economic policies. But evidence shows that these policies are inefficient and cause other problems. To improve the efficiency of the government anti-cycle economic policies, the efficiency of the supply-side policies must first of all be evaluated. This paper studies the effects of the cut of tax and other firm's burden using the data of the investigation of China's 120 cities directed by the World Bank in 2005. The regression based estimation shows that employment is very sensitive to tax cut, which proves tax cut is an effective policy to increase employment. The estimation also shows that good governance is of great help to increase employment. It is imperative that we adjust the currently implemented policies and pay more attention on supply-side policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grim fact of difficult practice is an awkward response to the argument that strengthening the practice can improve the college students' difficult employment. And so it is an urgent matter to construct effective university-enterprise alliance mechanisms. In order to explore the alliance mechanisms suitable for China's national situation, it can play a role of finding root and source to rationally analyze the internship union's embarrassing situation and explore the evolution mode. However, it is scarcely seen to quantitatively discuss the problem. This paper attempts to utilize the evolutionary game theory to explore the change of alliance mode. First an asymmetric game model is given, and then the alliance model's change, the evolutionary equilibrium and the evolution path are analyzed succussively based on the duplicate dynamics equations. Finally, two pieces of constructive advice are given for the government to positively construct the alliance mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a survey conducted among 2,537 young men who have already found employment in 12 cities across the country, the paper first describes the major approaches to employment of the young people living and working in cities and the distribution of their employment patterns and then analyzes the major factors influencing their gaining employment. The result shows that about 50 percent of them seek employment through job market independently, 20 percent are offered the job through the institutes where they have received education, and about 25 percent get help from other social channels. Such factors as their birth origin (i. e. they are from urban or rural origins), work experience and education background play a significant role in their obtaining employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship promoting employment is an important policy of employment strategy in China. This paper, by establishing a generalized linear model, studies the effects of economy growth and factor price on the number of people who start their own business and the employment. It finds that the real GDP growth has a positive effect on increasing the number of entrepreneurship and promoting employment while the rental price, wage, lending rate, and other changing factor prices have a negative relationship with the number of entrepreneur and employment. Therefore, to give a full play to the effects of entrepreneurship on employment not only can maintain the steadiness of national economy and the rapidity of the development, but also take various measures to alleviate the pressure on the factor costs of enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has the largest population in the world, and textile industry is the typical labor-intensive industry, so textile industry upgrading shouldn't ignore employment. Based on the analysis of China's textile industry upgrading and employment, the paper has built a conceptual model on industry upgrading and employment expanding, and put forward some countenneastues to realize benign interaction between industry upgrading and expand employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the CHIP rural household survey data, this paper estimates the returns to education in wage employment in rural China in 1995, 2002, and 2007. OLS estimation shows that the rates of return to education (RORE) for all rural wagers are 3% -4% in this period. After controlling ability bias and sample selection bias, the RORE for all rural wagers drops from 3.2% in 2002 to 2.6% in 2007, that for local wagers from 3.5% in 2002 to 2.0% in 2007, and that for migrant wagers is insignificant in 2002 but jumps to 4. 5% in 2007. Furthermore, education increases the probability of being a non-farm wager, especially a local wager. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine how the aspects of occupational practices derived from the gender-based division of labor affect people's opportunities for career advancement such as departure from/continuity of full-time employment and access to a position of authority and control in the workplace. On the basis of occupational history data from the Social Stratification and Social Mobility Survey conducted in Japan in 2005 as well as information on the proportion of male and female workers in each detailed occupational category, we reveal gender disparities in their job histories, career attainment process, and job authority. Despite the significant increase in dual-earner households, gender remains an important constraint to women's employment continuity and attainment of workplace authority. The findings presented here suggest that highly educated women do not necessarily remain longer in the full-time labor force and that their spouse's job stability appears to increase the probability of departure from the labor force for married women. The analysis also reveals that women in both heavily female- and male-dominated occupations tend to have better access to workplace authority than women in other occupations. However, our findings suggest that women's own human capital, such as education and labor force experience have limited effects on the authority attainment process. Furthermore, birth cohort, which refers to the entry cohort in the labor market, appears to be a determinant of promotional opportunities, and those who entered the labor market during the Heisei recession tend to have limited opportunities for promotions. The implications for policies promoting gender equality are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a very early time the Chinese economy had been characterized by a high man-arable land ratio as compared with the European history. Chinese rulers had not been pressed by severe labor shortages to institute tight control over labor. Consequently, local labor markets for hiring developed very early in China and, with a few exceptional periods, remained fairly free. This paper attempts to trace the development of labor markets and determine the extent to which waged workers were employed in the Chinese history. From scattered quantitative data, an increasing trend of labor employment over time seems discernible. Wage data have been compiled, too. When converted into real terms, i.e. the amount of grain that could be purchased with the cash wage at the price prevailing then, the wage data display a clear trend of decline in the long history. The level of real wages in the 19th century was more than ten times the level in the 19th century. It is believed that the decline reflects the enormous multiplication of population and labor, which depressed the marginal product of workers. Moreover, the decline in real wages was accompanied by a sharp deterioration of employment conditions. It is emphatically pointed out, however, that in most cases employment contracts were made on a voluntary basis. As long as this was true, the inferior status of workers should be interpreted as part of the worsening terms of employment rather than a symbol of slavery. In a basically uncontrolled labor market, the worker had the freedom to reject a job offer if he considered any of the employment terms unacceptable. The fact that the near-slave status of hired hands appeared after the 12th century suggests that the pressure of excess supply of labor forced workers to accept both the falling wage and the debased status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]