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In this paper, the Lightweight Gradient Boosting Tree Model (LGB) is employed to simulate and forecast monthly runoff sequences of the Three Gorges Reservoir, and the forecasting uncertainties are analyzed by using the Hydrological Uncertainty Processor (HUP). The findings of this paper are as follows: ① the comparison between predictions of GBDT and LGB models indicates that the LGB model has higher accuracy than the GBDT model for both calibration and validation periods; ② the preferred forecasts (Q50 values) generated by the HUP model present a higher accuracy than the deterministic prediction generated by the LGB model, especially for the flood season; ③ the 90% uncertainty confidence interval with a narrow bandwidth for both calibration and validation periods can cover most observed points, which suggests that the result of uncertainty analysis is accurate and reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Rural Water & Hydropower is the property of China Rural Water & Hydropower Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering is the property of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] The present paper aimed to provide theoretical reference for the breeding of rapeseed varieties with high photosynthetic efficiency, QTL mapping of chlorophyll content (CC) and candidate genes within QTL confidence interval were identified. [Method] The chlorophyll content of KN double-haploid (KN DH) population containing 348 lines was investigated under two ecological environments. Based on the KN high-density genetic linkage map and the phenotype data for chlorophyll content, QTLs for chlorophyll content and candidate genes within QTL confidence interval were identified. [Result] Thirty- four QTLs for chlorophyll content were detected. According to QTL integration, 31 consensus QTLs were identified, among which three QTLs were detected in at least two plant environments. Two QTLs cqCC.A7-3 and cqCC.A7-5 were identified in winter and spring ecological environments, which were regarded as the environmental stably express QTLs. In particular, one major QTL for chlorophyll content was identified in winter ecological environment and regarded as one major QTL of the winter environmental stably. Sixty-six candidate genes within QTL confidence intervals were detected, and their function involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation, light signal and electron transport, etc, such as BnaA01g14880D (ACD1-LIKE), BnaA07g29990D (AtWSCP), BnaA01g22670D (LHCA3), BnaC08g43200D (PSAO), BnaC06g28800D (FTSH1), BnaC08g19460D (SAUL1), etc. [Conclusion] QTLs for chlorophyll content and potential candidate genes in rapeseed can provide gene resources and theoretical basis for fining mapping, genetic analysis and high photosynthetic efficiency of chlorophyll content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective Xuanwei and Fuyuan are rural counties, located in the late Permian coal poly area of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou, where lung cancer mortality rates are among the highest in the China, with similarity for both men and women, younger age at diagnosis and death, and higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In this paper, long-term follow-up of lung cancer cases in local peasants was conducted to observe their survival prognosis and its influencing factors. Methods Data of patients diagnosed with lung cancer from January 2005 to June 2011, who had lived in Xuanwei and Fuyuan counties for many years, were collected from 20 hospitals at the local provincial, municipal and county levels. To estimate survival outcomes, individuals were followed up until the end of 2021. The 5-year, 10-year and 15-year survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Survival differences were examined with Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models. Results A total of 3,017 cases were effectively followed up (2,537 peasants and 480 non-peasants). The median age at diagnosis was 57 years, and the median follow-up time was 122 months. During the follow-up period, 2,493 cases (82.6%) died. The distribution of cases by clinical stage was as follows: stage I (3.7%), stage II (6.7%), stage III (15.8%), stage IV (21.1%) and unknown stage (52.7%). Treatment at the provincial, municipal and county-level hospitals accounted for 32.5%, 22.2% and 45.3%, respectively, and surgical treatment was performed in 23.3% of cases. The median survival time was 15.4 months (95%CI: 13.9-16.1), and the 5-year, 10-year and 15-year overall survival rates were 19.5% (95%CI: 18.0%-21.1%), 7.7% (95%CI: 6.5%-8.8%) and 2.0% (95%CI: 0.8%-3.9%), respectively. Peasants with lung cancer had a lower median age at diagnosis, higher proportion residing in remote rural areas, and higher use of bituminous coal as a household fuel. They also have a lower proportion of early-stage cases, treatment at provincial or municipal hospitals, and surgical treatment, leading to poorer survival outcomes (HR=1.57). Even when considering factors such as gender, age, residential location, clinical stage at diagnosis, histological type, hospital level of service, and surgical intervention, peasants still exhibit a survival disadvantage. Multivariable Cox model analysis comparing peasants and non-peasants reveals that surgical intervention, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, and hospital level of service are common factors influencing survival prognosis, while the use of bituminous coal as a household fuel, hospital level of service and adenocarcinoma (compared to squamous cell carcinoma) are independent prognostic factors for lung cancer survival among peasants. Conclusion The lower lung cancer survival rate among peasants is associated with their lower socioeconomic status, lower proportion of early-stage diagnoses, lower proportion of surgical interventions, and treatment at provincial-level hospitals. Furthermore, the impact of other factors such as high-risk exposure to bituminous coal pollution on survival prognosis requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of South China University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The single image haze removal algorithm based on dark channel priori is currently the most efficient image defogging technology. However, when the image does not fully satisfy the dark channel priori, many artifacts and color distortion will appear in the processed image, so that the method should be modified according to the image situation. This paper proposed the hypothesis that the brighter the scene, the less credible the dark channel priori would be; the lower the scene saturation, the less credible the dark channel priori would be. Based on this assumption, this paper designed an image's dark channel confidence to limit the dark channel value when the scene didn't fully satisfy the dark channel prior. Furthermore, the image was post-enhanced to improve the visual effect. It selected three typical fog weather images to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs better in preserving color and removing artifacts comparing to some current related defogging algorithms. A new dark channel confidence calculation method is designed to overcome the problem that the estimation of dark channel value will be too large when the image scene does not fully satisfy the dark channel priori. The proposed method improves the adaptability of the dark channel priori defogging model to different foggy scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pairwise constraint-based semi-supervised clustering algorithms are a hot research topic in semi-supervised learning. To address the problem that the performance of semi-supervised clustering algorithms is limited by the number of pairwise constraints, most of the existing research relies on the number of original pairwise constraints. Therefore, this paper firstly proposes the Initialization Algorithm of Pair Constraints Based on Grey Relational Analysis（PCIG）. The algorithm calculates the similarity between data objects by degree of balance and approach, and determines the confidence interval based on the value of similarity, then expands the pairwise relationships between data objects by drawing on the initialization method of network structure. Finally, applying it to the label propagation clustering algorithm. Through the experiments on 5 benchmark datasets, the label propagation clustering algorithm based on improved pairwise constraint expansion has improved NMI and ARI values compared with other methods. Experimental results show that improving pairwise constraint expansion can effectively improve the clustering effect of label propagation algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Of Sichuan University (Natural Sciences Division) / Sichuan Daxue Xuebao-Ziran Kexueban is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Sichuan University Natural Science Edition and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and objective Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIS) have good efficacy on most advanced tumors, which brings new hope to patients with advanced tumors. However, the immune system activated by ICIs may attack human normal tissues and organs, resulting in corresponding immunotoxicity, such as checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis. This article carried out a meta-analysis on the incidence and risk of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor-associated pneumonia in advanced tumors patients. Methods The computer retrieval of PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMbase and CNKI was performed, and the studies on the occurrence rate of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor-associated pneumonia in terminal cancer patients were collected, with the retrieval time limit of January 2000 to January 2020. Statistical analysis was conducted by using Revman 5.3 and R 3.6.2 software to compare the occurrence rate of pneumonia under different circumstances. Results 15 studies were included, involving 8,642 patients, of which those with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor were treatment group, and those with chemotherapy were control group. The odds radio of all grades of immune pneumonia was 6.63, and that of high grade was 4.87. The occurrence rate of all grades of pneumonia in the ICI group with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was 1.658 times than other tumors, and that of high grade was 2.299 times. The occurrence rate of all grades of pneumonia in second-line or more treatment with ICI was 0.489 times than that in first-line, and that of high grade was 0.449 times than that in first-line or more treatment with ICI. Conclusion Compared with chemotherapy, the risk of immune-associated pneumonia is higher in PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, and its occurrence risk is high in the ICI group with NSCLC and the first-line treatment with ICI. This paper provides guidance for clinic treatment of terminal cancers and prevention of complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition characterized by paroxysm of seizures due to abnormal electrical discharge from central nervous system neurons. Several new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were listed over the past two decades, and they were believed to be equally effective and have better tolerability and side effect profiles. This paper aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive topiramate in refractory partial seizures. Methods Relevant research articles about randomized controlled trials of adjunctive topiramate in refractory partial seizures, with topiramate, Topamax, add - on treatment, adjunctive treatment, add - on therapy, adjunctive therapy, refractory partial seizure, refractory partial epilepsy both in Chinese and English as retrieval words, were retrieved from PubMed (1995-2014), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 1995-2014), The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR, 1995-2014), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI, 1995-2014) and Wanfang Data (1999-2014). Two reviewers independently evaluated the quality of the included articles and abstracted the data. A Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.0 software. Results According to the enrollment criteria, 13 prospective, randomized controlled clinical trials with a total of 1622 patients were finally selected. The proportions of patients with reduction in seizure frequency ⩾ 50% (OR = 3.710, 95% CI: 2.870-4.810; P = 0.000), ⩾ 75% (OR = 7.220, 95% CI: 3.310-15.750; P = 0.000) and seizure free (OR = 3.380, 95%CI: 1.720-6.640; P = 0.000) in topiramate group were significantly higher than that in control group. The treatment withdrawal ratio was significantly higher compared to placebo in 600 mg/d and 800 mg/d subgroups, but not in 200 mg/d subgroup (200 mg/d: OR = 2.170, 95%CI: 0.470-9.950, P = 0.320; 600 mg/d: OR = 2.090, 95%CI: 1.020-4.270, P = 0.040; 800 mg/d: OR = 8.000, 95%CI: 1.390-46.140, P = 0.020). The common side effects included somnolence, anorexia, ataxia, aprosexia, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, thinking abnormality, paraesthesia and weight loss. The occurrence rate of side effects in topiramate group was higher than that in control group. Conclusions Topiramate is effective when added to existing therapy in patients with refractory partial seizures. The withdrawal rate of 200 mg/d topiramate is similar to control group. Compared with the control group, adverse effects are more common but mild or moderate, mainly related with the central nervous system. However, trials included in this study are of relatively short duration, and provide no evidence for the long- term efficacy of topiramate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between the ratio of low - density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and risk factors for acute ischemic stroke, and to investigate the effect of LDL-C/HDL-C on the 3-month outcome of acute ischemic stroke. Based on baseline characteristics and laboratory data on admission, 150 patients with non-cardiac acute ischemic stroke were divided into 2 groups (LDL-C/HDL-C ⩽ 3 and LDL-C/HDL-C > 3). The outcome of 3 months after stroke was analyzed, and the risk factors were compared between 2 groups. There was significant difference in history of diabetes, history of coronary artery disease, history of smoking and atherosclerotic lesions between 2 groups (P < 0.05, for all). After using multifactor stepwise Logistic regression analysis, only the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio > 3 (OR = 1.781, 95%CI: 1.343-2.374; P = 0.001) and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on admission (OR = 1.923, 95%CI: 1.232-5.944; P = 0.032) were significantly and independently predictive for 3-month outcome. Therefore, the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C serves as a positive predictor of the 3-month clinical outcome of acute ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Number needed to treat (NNT) is a simple and effective index for clinical therapeutic effect assessment worldwide accepted in recent years. By calculation of absolute risk reduction (ARR) of classified variables, it made the effect estimate reflect objectively the therapeutic effect of an intervention. However, clinical application of this index was introduced rarely in Chinese literature. With the examples from some published clinical reports, the calculation of NNT and its 95% confidence interval were demonstrated in this paper, and its application was illustrated by some relevant terms explanation and Meta-analysis methods introduction.

Background: Proper control of diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder, is important to maintaining health. Exercise has been associated with blood glucose control and the delay of diabetes-related complications. Qigong is a traditional health care exercise that improves the harmonious flow of energy (qi) and blood inside the body, balances the organs, modulates channels and collaterals, and strengthens the bones. However, the empirical effects of qigong in peoples with diabetes remaining uncertain. Purpose: This paper uses published randomized-controlled and controlled clinical trials to analyze the effect of qigong on blood glucose control outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis were used. Searches were conducted in databases including Airiti Library, China Journal Full-text Database, National Central Library, Wiley Online Library, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscu, Cochrane Library, and LWW Nursing and Health Professions Premier Collection. The search focused on articles published between 1975 and 2012. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles addressing relevant randomized and controlled clinical trials were extracted. Of these, 9 provided sufficient data for pooling and analysis. The main outcomes assessed were HbAlc, fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity or insulin resistance, and fasting insulin. Results: The 9 studies showed that the qigong intervention had significant effects on HbAlc and fasting blood glucose, with respective effect sizes of -0.42 (95% CI = [-0.62, -0.23]) and -0.90 (95% CI = [-1.38, -0.41]). There was no significant effect on insulin sensitivity/insulin resistance, with an effect size of -0.04 (95% CI = [-0.33, 0.26]). Conclusion: This study indicates that qigong may improve HbAlc and fasting blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further study is needed to help health care staffs better advise patients on the effects of exercise in type 2 diabetes patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TAP (terrain aided position) likelihood function reflects the probability of the position of AUV (autonomous underwater vehicle) in space. Due to the strong nonlinearity and randomness of the terrain and the non-Gauss distribution of the measurement error, the likelihood function also shows the characteristics of non-Gauss. The error of TAP is closely related to the local topographic and measurement error. Because the existing method does not consider the local topographic features, the statistical confidence interval of the measurement error is only established, so the estimation results of the TAP are obviously smaller. In this paper, a jump model of the TAP position Xp is established. It can jump to any point in the searching interval, and the probability jumping to any point is positively correlated with the likelihood function of the point. When the confidence of the jump to a certain point is less thana?X^ will not jump to this point and this point is called the boundary point of the confidence interval. Assumed the sum of squares of the matched residuals in the confidence interval of the TAP is quadric surface, Xp is regarded as the parameter of the quadric surface, and the confidence interval of TAP with confidence 1 _ a can be obtained by the confidence interval estimation method of the surface parameters. The confidence interval obtained by new estimate method is larger than the existing method. The experimental results show that the confidence interval estimation will be abnormal when the measuring beam is less. The increase of the measurement beam can improve the estimation accuracy of the tidal and measurement errors? thus can promote the estimation accuracy of the confidence interval, but the compensation method under the condition of non-Gauss distribution of measurement error is still needed in further work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrographic Surveying & Charting / Haiyang Cehui is the property of Hydrographic Surveying & Charting Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper makes a generalization to the situation when two competing populations with relative merits are simultaneously exposed to the same step stress accelerated life test (SSALT). Under the assumption of cumulative exposure model (CEM), we analyze a joint type-II censoring data when the lifetime of two populations follow independent exponential distribution. Firstly, we obtain the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) for unknown parameters, and establish the conditional distribution for MLE through the use of moment generating function (MGF). Then, two approaches, one based on exact distribution, and the other based on percentile Bootstrap method, are developed to construct the confidence intervals (CIs) for parameters. A comparison of the two methods is also made by Monte Carlo simulation in terms of coverage probabilities. And finally, we provide a numerical example to illustrate our methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Suppose that the operational loss severity distribution is the Weibull, this paper derives the standard deviation and confidence intervals of heavy-tailed operational risk's regulatory capital at high confidence levels in accordance with the synthesis mechanism of operational VaR's uncertainty. After the sensitivity of regulatory capital and measurement accuracy is in theory researched by the elasticity analysis method, a rule is discovered that the regulatory capital and its measurement accuracy vary with the characteristic parameter. And their sensitivity's variation has only something to do with shape parameter and frequency parameter. The theorems are verified by the numerical example. Accordingly, the theorems not only distinguish the monitoring parameters and simplify the monitoring system, but also the valuable suggestions are given for the allocation means of regulatory capital. This research improves the application of the loss distribution approach to the operational risk measurement and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimation (UMVUE) and the Bayes estimation under the square loss in scale and the parameter-type empirical Bayes (PEB)estimation of shape parameter of the Burr, distribution family are studied in this paper. The fine properties of UMVUE and PEB estimations under the mean-square error(MSE) criterion are compared. The large sample properties of the PEB estimation of the parameters relative to its Bayes estimation are presented and the convergence rate o(n-1) is obtained. Finally the numerical simulation of the confidence interval of the PEB estimation of the parameters is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the fact that conventional color image filtering algorithms do not distinguish whether the pixels in the sliding window are noise pixels and thus leading to poor filtering results, this paper proposed a switching vector median filtering method based on fuzzy decision. Firstly, it used the switching conditions to determine whether the center pixel of a neighborhood was noisy. For the corrupted pixels in color image, it constructed a membership function for removal of noise pixels according to fuzzy mathematical theory, estimated all the pixels' memberships in the sliding window according to the proposed membership function. And then it removed some pixels with high membership in terms of the confidence interval. Finally, it employed VMF in the optimized sliding window. Compared with the existing method, the novel method could improve the filtering results by removing the suspected noise pixels in the sliding window. Experimental results show that the proposed method performs better performance of robustness and practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the risk factors of anti - N - methyl - D - aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis with acute symptomatic seizure (ASS), and establish a Nomogram model based on clinical indicators. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 84 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis who were diagnosed in Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University from May 2012 to October 2020. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the risk factors of anti - NMDAR encephalitis with ASS, and a Nomogram model was constructed. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curve of the model were plotted, and Hosmer - Lemeshow goodness of fit test was performed. Results In all 84 patients, 63 cases (75%) presented with ASS, and 35 cases (41.67%) had ASS as the initial symptom. Logistic regression analysis showed male (OR = 7.680, 95%CI: 1.811-32.562; P = 0.006), psychosis and abnormal behavior (OR = 6.486, 95%CI: 1.818-23.141; P = 0.004), anti-NMDAR antibody titer in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ≥ 1:32 (OR = 9.322, 95%CI: 2.132-40.766; P = 0.003) were the risk factors of anti-NMDAR encephalitis with ASS, older age was the protective factor (OR = 0.942, 95%CI: 0.903-0.983; P = 0.006). A Nomogram model was established based on the 4 risk factors, and the area under curve (AUC) of ROC was 0.862 (95%CI: 0.776-0.949, P = 0.000). Calibration curve showed a good agreement between the predicted probability and the actual probability of ASS occurrence, and Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed there was no statistical difference (χ² = 4.318, P = 0.827). Conclusions Male, young age, psychosis and abnormal behavior, and anti-NMDAR antibody titer in CSF ≥ 1:32 are more likely to have ASS in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. This Nomogram model constructed based on the above 4 indicators may accurately and conveniently predict ASS and provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The result, of non-parametric Malmquist index and its decompositions would not be always precise enough when the number of decision making units (DMU) was limited. To decrease its influence, this paper adopts the kernel method to generate large number of consistent bootstrap pseudo samples, and estimates the confidence intervals of the revenue Malmquist index. The result indicates that the efficiency evaluation method, which is based on the production frontier, can effectively lower the influence derived from the number of DMU. As a result, this confidence intervals estimation method enriches the Malmquist index research a lot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the pointwise confidence interval and bias-corrected confidence interval are developed based on kernel estimation. Considering that the bandwidth plays an important role in kernel estimation and interval estimation, an iterative method is proposed to select proper bandwidth in estimation. The estimated intervals are proven to be asymptotically accurate and their satisfying performace are shown by simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliability of the products need to test because many products require the index of reliability in daily life. The geometric distribution has an important application in testing the life of products, so the analysis of the reliability of geometric distribution is valuable both in theory and practical. In this paper, the confidence limit of the reliability of the geometric distribution is discussed by k factor, the expression of the confidence limit is obtained under the historical data and lack of historical data of the products. The result with the matlab programming is simpler and preciser than traditional method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of lamotrigine in the treatment of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Methods Retrieve relevant clinical guidelines, systematic review (including Meta - analysis), randomized controlled clinical trials, case - control studies, retrospective cohort studies and case observation studies on lamotrigine treating JME from online databases (January 1, 1980-December 31, 2017) as PubMed, EBMASE/SCOPUS and Cochrane Library with key words: juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, idiopathic generalized epilepsies, lamotrigine, antiepileptic drugs, random. Jadad Scale, Cochrane System Evaluation Handbook and RevMan 5.3 statistical software were used for quality assessment and Meta-analysis. Results The research enrolled 1220 articles, from which 6 studies with Jadad score ≥ 4 (4 randomized controlled clinical trials and 2 case observation studies) were chosen after excluding duplicates and those not meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 314 JME patients (166 cases treated by lamotrigine and 148 cases treated by valproate) were enrolled in 6 studies. Meta-analysis showed the occurrence rate of adverse reaction in lamotrigine group was significantly lower than that in valproate group (RR = 0.540, 95% CI: 0.320-0.910; P = 0.020), but there was no significant difference on rate of epileptic seizures decreasing > 50% (RR = 1.200, 95% CI: 0.870-1.650; P = 0.260). Conclusions Lamotrigine is safe and effective in the treatment of JME. It has better tolerance and less adverse reaction, and its effect is similar to that of valproate. It is the first choice for patients with JME, especially for adolescent female patients with JME. However, there is still lack of high-quality trials to confirm whether the combination with other drugs has any benefit in terms of efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the safety of valproate (VPA) on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in children with epilepsy. Methods Retrieve relevant research from online databases (January 1, 1980-March 1, 2018) as PubMed, EBMASE/SCOPUS and Cochrane Library with key words: epilepsy, bone, child. Selection of studies was performed according to pre - designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality of studies was evaluated by using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). All data were pooled by RevMan 5.2 software for Meta- analysis. Results The research enrolled 1455 articles, from which 13 studies with NOS score ≽ 6 were chosen after excluding duplicates and those not meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 683 children with epilepsy using VPA and 436 children in control group were included. Meta - analysis showed that comparing with control group, bone mineral density of lumbar (BMDL) in children treated with VPA has no significant difference (MD = - 0.019, 95% CI: - 0.044-0.006; P = 0.140), but there was a significant decrease in bone mineral density of femur (BMDF; MD = - 0.037, 95% CI: - 0.069-- 0.005, P = 0.020). There was no significant change in serum calcium (SMD = - 0.284, 95% CI: - 0.951-0.382; P = 0.400), phosphorus (SMD = - 0.164, 95%CI: - 0.457-0.129; P = 0.270), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; SMD = 0.363, 95%CI: - 0.294-1.020, P = 0.280), parathyroid hormone (PTH; SMD = 0.102, 95%CI: - 0.291-0.495, P =0.610) and 25 - hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D; SMD = - 0.104, 95%CI:- 0.620-0.413, P = 0.690] in bone metabolic markers. Sensitivity analysis showed Meta - analysis of BMDF, serum phosphorus and 25(OH)D was unstable, therefore, it should be cautious when explaining the results. Conclusions VPA has less effect on bone mineral density and bone metabolism, but for children with epilepsy using VPA, their BMDF should be monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Nursing is the property of Taiwan Nurses Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery is the property of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)