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The International Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) issued a new version of the general rules on food hygiene in 2020, which revised and improved the structure, definition and technical contents of the standard, clarified the important role of good hygiene practices in food safety management, and emphasized the advantages of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCPL) in dealing with more complex food safety issues. It also added the latest achievements of standardization research in the field of food safety in recent years, such as allergen control and food safety culture. By comparing the new version of the standard with the 2003 edition of general principles of food hygiene, this paper expounds and analyzes the main changes of the new version of the standard in detail, so as to provide reference for the formulation and implementation of food-related standards in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological reference material is a primary standard to ensure the accuracy of geological sample analysis results. After more than 40 years of development, China has developed and certified thousands of geological reference materials covering different media such as rock, ore, soil, sediment, organism, and water. China’s metrological management department divides the certified reference material into two classes according to the classification class, the first-class reference material (GBW) and the second-class reference material [GBW(E)]. According to their attributes and application fields, they are divided into 13 categories, and the geological reference materials belong to the seventh category [GBW07 and GBW(E)07]. It can be seen from the National Sharing Platform for Reference Materials (https://www.ncrm.org.cn) that by the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan, the total number of geological reference materials approved by the State Administration for Market Regulation is 1013, including 718 first-class certified reference materials, and the amount of first-class certified reference materials ranks first in the 13 categories (Fig.1). Geological materials are the most important and basic raw materials in the development of human society, with various types, complex components, and large differences in component content. It is because of the complexity of geological materials and the demand for reliable quantitative analysis that thousands of geological reference materials have been developed. Some reference materials developed by some industrial geological agencies are classified into other categories in classification management, such as isotope reference materials belonging to the fourth category, biological composition reference materials belonging to the tenth category, coal reference materials belonging to the eleventh category, these reference materials are widely used in related geological work, and in this paper they will be classified as geological reference materials. To systematically grasp the development status of geological reference materials in China, the first-class geological certified reference materials are comprehensively sorted, and are divided into six categories according to the type of matrix, property value and application scope: basic, ore, marine, environment, energy and special purpose (Table 1), and the development situation of each type, matrix characteristics and fixed value index respectively are summarized. On the basis of summarizing the results, on one hand, the main problems existing in the application of geological reference materials and the causes of these problems are analyzed. On the other hand, the detailed technical problems that may affect the uncertainty in the process of homogeneity, stability and characterization are discussed, and the views and suggestions are expounded. In this paper, the first-class geological certified reference materials are divided into the following six categories to summarize the development of each type： 　　(1) 260 basic geological reference materials have been developed, the type of matrix including rock, soil and river sediments. The characteristic components of the certified value are generally 70 elements and compounds, which are mainly used as monitoring standards for sample analysis in basic geological surveys and research. 　　(2) 272 ore geological reference materials have been developed, including precious metal ore, metal ore, single mineral, and non-metallic ore. The specific mineral types are shown in Table 1. There are generally 20 property values, which are the main technical indicators in mineral exploration. They are mainly used as a monitoring standard for geological exploration, mineral processing and smelting, comprehensive utilization, commodity inspection and trade amongst other fields. 　　(3) 16 marine geological reference materials have been developed, including marine sediments and marine minerals. The specific samples include 10 marine sediment reference materials namely, 1 near sea, 1 Yellow Sea, 2 South China Sea, 1 East China Sea, 3 deep Pacific Ocean, 1 Antarctic Ocean and 1 Arctic Ocean. Six marine mineral reference materials are three polymetallic nodules and three ocean cobalt-enriched crusts. The characteristic composition of the certification value is the same as that of the basic geological reference material, but slightly less, generally 51-71 kinds. This is a necessary chemical composition measurement standard for marine sediment measurement and marine mineral resource survey and research. 　　(4) 101 standard materials for environmental geology have been developed, including the available state of soil elements, the form of soil and sediment elements, the valence state of groundwater elements, the extractable state of soil elements, biological inorganic elements, organic pollutants in soil and sediment and other reference materials. The characteristic components of the matrix and certified values are the total amount of inorganic elements in biological samples, the available states, and forms of elements in soil and sediment, the valence states of elements in water and organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and sediment. This kind of reference material provides analytical quality monitoring standards for land quality geochemical surveys and evaluation, regional ecological geochemical evaluations, multi-objective geochemical surveys and detailed surveys of soil pollution. 　　(5) 23 energy geological reference materials have been developed. The property values of oil-generating rock reference materials are organic carbon, pyrolysis hydrocarbon S2, pyrolysis peak temperature Tmax, and chloroform asphalt “A”. The property values of coal reference material are calorific value, ash, volatile matter, total sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, true relative density and phosphorus, chlorine, fluorine, and arsenic. The property values of the reference materials of highly evolved hydrocarbon source rock are pyrolysis hydrocarbon S2, pyrolysis peak temperature Tmax, and total organic carbon TOC. This is the monitoring standard for the exploration, evaluation and rational utilization of energy and mineral resources. 　 　(6) 129 reference materials for special purposes have been developed, including 20 synthetic reference materials for emission spectroscopy and 4 synthetic reference materials for X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. The property values are 28-29 inorganic chemical elements. There are 38 isotope reference materials, and the property values of those include isotope abundance and abundance ratio. There are 35 electron probe reference materials, and the property values are generally two principal components of their minerals. There are 15 reference materials for phase analysis, and the property values are the corresponding main phase. There are 5 soil limit water content reference materials, and the property values are 10mm liquid limit, plastic limit, and plastic index. There are 12 soil pH reference materials, and the property values are pH. It can be seen from the classification and summary that the geological reference material matrix in China is rich in types and quantities, which establishes an influential quality monitoring system for geological sample analysis, ensures the reliability and consistency of geological sample test data, and significantly improves the comparability and scientific value of relevant data. 　 　At present, there are still some problems in the application and development technology of a large number of geological reference materials. The problems are discussed and analyzed, hoping to draw attention to improving the value determination class of geological reference materials. In the aspect of application, the specific problems existing in different types of geological reference materials and their causes at the present stage are analyzed and development suggestions are proposed, according to the work needs of current mineral resources, international cooperation, marine strategy, ecological civilization and other fields. In the aspect of development technology, some detail technologies which may affect the value determination class in the process of homogeneity, stability and characterization are analyzed. In the aspect of development technology, some detail technologies which may affect the setting in the process of homogeneity, stability and value setting are analyzed. The test method of homogeneity and the evaluation method of stability uncertainty are discussed. Suggestions are made for the uncertainty evaluation method of unexamined elements for homogeneity test and control limit of relative extended uncertainty. 1. Three problems existing in the current application of geological reference materials are analyzed： 　 　(1) The quantity of some types of reference materials developed is small, the gradient distribution of characteristic values is insufficient, and the matrix type is simple. For example, the amount of marine geology, micro-area analysis, energy and mineral resource reference material development is small. The ore-forming elements of key metal ore reference materials are mainly low content, lacking rich ore grade or higher content grade. The matrix types of the samples of organic pollutant reference materials are only soil and sediment, and the property values are only organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other compounds, and the matrix types and target compounds are few. The main reasons for these problems are difficulty in obtaining samples, little working demand, difficulty in ensuring the uniformity and stability of the sample preparation technology, large error of analysis technology unable to determine the value. 　　(2) There are many components in the geological reference materials with mature development technology that have no certified values. The reasons of low element content and test interference are mainly analyzed. 　　(3) At the current class of analytical technology, there is only one measurement method for several elements, and for some elements, with the widespread application of modern instrumental analysis technology, the optional measurement method is gradually becoming singular. 　　2. The detail technology of four aspects in the development of reference material is discussed： 　　(1) Uniformity testing method. XRF is a widely used measurement method for the uniformity test of geological standard materials due to its high testing precision. However, due to its large sample size, XRF cannot meet the requirements of minimum sample size. Since the release and implementation of China National Technical Specification for Measurement “General and Statistical Principles for Characterization of Reference Materials” (JJF1343) in 2012, the uniformity of reference materials was tested by ICP-MS and ICP-OES under 0.1g weighing sample[24-30] . The measurement precision of these two methods is not as good overall as that of XRF, and the accuracy of individual elements is poor, which may cause the numerical value to be too large when calculating the uncertainty introduced by uniformity, thus affecting the reasonable evaluation of the uncertainty of property value. For this reason, some scholars[34-35] improved the XRF sample preparation device, studied the accuracy and precision of the method under 0.1g weighing sample, and verified the application effect for uniformity testing. However, only 10 major components in the reference materials of soil and stream sediments were tested under 0.1g weighing sample, while the reference materials of other matrix types and other trace elements, especially heavy elements, have not been studied and tested. Therefore, the feasibility of the XRF method with a sample size of 0.1g still needs to be verified. 　 　(2) Uncertainty calculation method for elements without uniformity test. The composition of geological materials is complex, and its reference substances generally have multiple attribute values, and the content of each component is greatly different, so it is usually difficult to test the uniformity of all attribute values. According to the provisions of JJF1646—2017, the characteristic of representative and less homogeneous should be selected for uniformity evaluation. The uncertainty of the untested elements can be evaluated according to the concentration and geochemical properties with reference to the uncertainty introduced by the tested elements. However, the exact calculation method was not specified. An evaluation method that considers both element properties, content and test methods (Table 2) is presented here. The specific calculation method is to multiply the relative uncertainty (Ur ) of the uniformity of the detected element by the standard value μ of the undetected element and take it as the uncertainty component ubb of the undetected element. 　　(3) Evaluation method of stability uncertainty. At present, trend analysis method is generally used to evaluate the stability uncertainty (us ) of geological reference materials, and the calculation formula is us=s(b1 )·t. It can be seen from the formula that the longer the stability monitoring time, the greater the stability uncertainty introduced. The stability uncertainty data of several reference materials were compared and determined to be the main contribution to the total uncertainty, which is inconsistent with the long-term observation of the stability of the geological reference materials. Therefore, this calculation method is not suitable to evaluate the uncertainty introduced into the stability of geological reference material. Meng et al.[42] suggested using the analysis of variance to calculate, and the comparative analysis showed that us was still the main contribution to the total uncertainty. Wang et al.[43] used range method to calculate us, but the application of this method in geological reference materials has yet to be verified. In conclusion, the reasonable evaluation of stability uncertainty of matrix reference materials with more test error sources needs to be studied further. 　　(4) Control limits for relative extended uncertainty. The determination of the property value of geological reference materials usually has certain control requirements for relative extended uncertainty (Urel), but these control limits are rarely introduced in the public information of the reference material. It was not until the specification JJF1646 published in 2017 that Urel was required in principle. Urel is the embodiment of the quality of property value data. Urel control limits in Table 3 are proposed on the basis of the principle requirements of JJF1646—2017 by referring to the control limits in the development of existing reference materials and the analysis of different types of geological reference materials. In the process of development, the developer also needs to comprehensively consider the matrix condition, setting index, element content of the sample and formulate reasonable Urel control limits of uncertainty in combination with the current analysis technology class, to obtain accurate and reasonable property value and uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants of the lycophyte genus Phlegmariurus contain the chemical compound Huperzine A, the effective medicinal component treating Alzheimer’s disease, thus with huge economic value. To protect the natural resources, plants of the whole genus are listed as the National Key Protected Wild plants in China. In this paper, we revised the taxonomy of Phlegmariurus distributed in China based on morphological, ecological, and geographical evidence. We recognized 21 species from China, and organized them into four sections. Sect. Fargesiani X. C. Zhang ＆ R. H. Jiang is newly established, and the other three sections were revised based on previous studies, i.e., Sect. Hamiltoniani C. Y. Yang, emend. X. C. Zhang ＆ R. H. Jiang; Sect. Phlegmariurus; and Sect. Squarrosurus（Herter） X. C. Zhang ＆ R. H. Jiang, comb. ＆ stat. nov. We reduced the following taxon names to synonymies of various species of Phlegmariurus: Huperzia medogensis, Phlegmariurus austrosinicus, P. changii, P. nylamensis, P. cancellatus var. minor, P. qiongzhongensis, and P. shangsiensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based field works, specimen collections and lots of literatures reading, we found a newly recorded species of Phyllanthaceae from China——Sauropus racemosus Beille. It differs from other species of Sauropus in having glabrous young branches, glabrous leaves, racemoses 3 to 5 clustered on the lower part of the old stem branchlets. In this paper, a detailed description, color photographs and geographical distribution of S. racemosus are given. In addition, we consider S. racemosus as ‘Endangered'(EN)based on the IUCN categories and criteria. The discovery of S. racemosus enriched the diversity of plant species in the Sino-Vietnanese border area. It reflects that the Sino-Vietnanese border area are biodiversity hotspots in the world and key areas for biodiversity conservation. It also shows that the plant investigation in this area is not enough, and further investigation and research are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity is the material basis for human survival. At present, the conservation of biodiversity is mainly carried out through nature reserves. As an essential supplement to the existing nature reserve systems in China, the mini reserve is an essential means to connect fragmented habitats for animals and plants and maintain the integrity of ecosystems. This study systematically collates and analyzes the organizational structure, system construction, daily work, and preliminary results of the community-based Qu'nan mini reserve through a literature review and field investigations. The results are as follows: (1) The construction of the Qu'nan mini reserve is based on the mindset of “self-construction, self-financing, self-management, and self-benefit”. It is managed mainly by “equal discussion and democratic consultation” which has been recognized and supported by local community residents, the local government, and the outside world. (2) The establishment, construction, and development of the mini reserve have not only enhance the protection awareness of community residents and increase the number and diversity of surrounding animal and plant populations. It also improves the living environment of the Qu'nan community and enriches the spiritual culture of residents, significantly contributing to the protection of local biodiversity and traditional culture. In addition, this paper also discusses the hidden dangers in the construction of conservation communities. Some feasible suggestions are proposed to provide a reference for developing biodiversity conservation and other mini reserves in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the leadership of the Chinese presidency, the second part of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted 62 decisions, in particular Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(KM-GBF), which is based on the theory of transformative changes. KM-GBF, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievements of other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broad-based action to bring about a transformation in our societies' relationship with biodiversity by 2030, and draws a new blueprint for global biodiversity governance. This paper provides an interpretation of the three core targets of the framework — the “3030 target” for protected areas, resource mobilisation, and digital sequence information of genetic resources, a brief introduction to the relevant decisions to ensure the implementation of the framework, and recommendations for future conservation actions in China: (1) To strengthen the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation. Revision of China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan(2011-2030) is an opportunity to involve the whole government and society in the process and to take action to promote the goals and targets of the KM-GBF; (2) To further develop detailed conservation plans, clarify the scopes, purposes and management measures of conservation areas, and implement responsible authorities and specific measures for implementing the plans. Researches on the Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) are needed to incorporate into the management system for biodiversity conservation; (3) To develop an operational indicator system and monitoring plan in accordance with the monitoring requirements of the framework targets; (4) To continue to strengthen awareness and education on biodiversity conservation, raise public awareness and attention to biodiversity conservation, and promote sustainable production and sustainable consumption in society as a whole; (5) To promote international cooperation vigorously to explore and promote Nature-based Solutions on a larger scale, and find pathways for economic and social development that have positive and beneficial effects on nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the continuous growth of coal-fired power generation in China, as the most important solid waste of coal-fired power plants, the emission of fly ash has also increased sharply with the growth of coal consumption. Fly ash is a by-product of burning coal in coal-fired power stations. Large amounts have been discharged from power plants and dumped on reclaimed land or into the sea, posing potential risks to the environment around these areas and causing serious social and environmental problems. On the other hand, the content of aluminum and silicon elements in fly ash is very high, which has a very high extraction value. Due to the special physical and chemical properties of hydrogen, physical adsorption storage of hydrogen energy has the advantages of safety and reliability, rapid adsorption and desorption of hydrogen under mild conditions. In this paper, ZSM-5 zeolite with high crystallinity is directly synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis using fly ash pretreatment and its hydrogen storage performance is studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnoliaceae plants in China have a long history of cultivation and rich species of Magnoliaceae plants have high scientific, ornamental, ecological and economic values. However, the existence of many Magnoliaceae plants is threatened due to the limited self-reproductive capacity and habitat destruction. The traditional propagation method is inefficient. Tissue culture technology promotes the conservation and utilization of Magnoliaceae plants. It can be applied in the conservation of endangered resources, breeding and commercial production of clonal seedlings. There are many studies on the in vitro shoot propagation, and the system is relatively perfect. Some studies can achieve rooting seedlings through this way. However, there are few studies on organogenesis, and the problems of callus induction and adventitious bud differentiation have not been solved effectively. Also, there are few studies on the somatic embryogenesis in China. This paper reviewed the research on different regeneration ways of Magnoliaceae plants such as in vitro shoot propagation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. The influences of explant selection, medium selection, growth regulator concentration and culture conditions on in vitro growth of Magnoliaceae plants were analyzed. Meanwhile, the paper summarized the problems and the solutions of rooting and browning, and prospected the future research directions. It will provide theoretical basis and technical reference for rapid propagation of Magnoliaceae plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the process of studying the diatom diversity of Hunan Province, we find that a Cymbella species collected from Xiang River possesses the following diagnostic features:(1)Cells are small and their lengths are less than 29 μm;(2)Valves exhibit slight dorsiventrality;(3)Distal raphe fissures are dorsally deflected;(4)Apical pore fields are very small and composed of 1-3 transapical rows of porelli, which comprise two forms, one is slit-like, similar to the areolae on the valve face, and the other is rounded with internal openings covered by the flap-like silica projections;(5)Striae 10-12/10 μm at the dorsal middle part, 11-13/10 μm at the ventral middle part, and areolae 30-40/10 μm;(6)And 1-2 stigmata exist near the valve ventral central area. After comparing this species with the type population of Cymbella pavanaensis A. Vigneshwaran et al., in this paper, it is identified as C. pavanaensis. This paper provides a clearer knowledge of the ultrastructure of C. pavanaensis, enlarges its geographical distribution region, and reports it for the first time in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gunpowder is one of the four great inventions of ancient China, which once had an important impact on the world pattern and development process. However, after the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, gunpowder firearms gradually declined in China. Gunpowder moved to the West with the war and became black powder, which promoted the birth and development of modern chemical science. The development of chemical science is of great significance to the dynamite family. The brilliant achievements of China's modern king of dynamite revitalize the glory of Chinese gunpowder. This paper reviews the legendary development course and the groundbreaking role of dynamite, describes the properties, rich types and unique working principles of its special chemical energy, and tries to trace the internal mechanism of gunpowder combustion and explosion. It aims to highlight the importance of scientific thinking mode and the development of chemistry discipline to the study of explosives, so as to continuously enrich the knowledge connotation of chemistry students, stimulate their enthusiasm for innovative thinking, enhance their professional confidence, cultural confidence and national confidence, and promote the spirit of scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: With the continuous accumulation of data resources around the world, the application of data visualization has become more urgent, and the methods of data visualization have also shown diversified characteristics. Data visualization is a scientific and technical research on the visual representation of data, which studies how to display relatively obscure data visually in a real and accurate way, to vividly and intuitively express the information and rules contained in the data. Literature is an important carrier of knowledge dissemination, with systematic characteristics, continuity, a large quantity and fast update, and is an important source of information. The visualization research of literature is of great significance to the dissemination of knowledge. At present, the visualization research of document data is mostly combined with the bibliometric analysis method, which visualizes the relationship between documents in the form of a scientific knowledge map. The application of this technology and method has played an important role in mining the information and rules contained in document data, but it is slightly insufficient in the spatial attribute mining of document data, which requires in-depth research in this field. OBJECTIVES: To provide new solutions for expanding the application of literature data in the field of spatial visualization, thereby further enhancing the usable value of literature data. METHODS: GIS technology was used to carry out the research on the spatial visualization method of document data, excavate the common content features and spatial features of document data, and gather the structured document data of a certain volume of spatial feature information to lay the data foundation for the visualization research. At the same time, the combination point between GIS technology and document data was studied, and the strategy and technical route for information mining and spatial visualization of document data were formed. Taking the data of more than 140 Re-Os isotope dating documents published since 2015 to 2020 as an example, the application test of this technical method was carried out. A Re-Os isotope data visualization service system with a five-tier architecture including layers of support, data, service, application and user has been developed, to realize the spatial visualization application of Re-Os isotope dating document data results. RESULTS: The results show that: (1) The study area contains more than 140 ore producing areas that carried out Re-Os isotope dating research from 2015 to 2020, covering the eastern, central, and western regions of China. (2) There are 19 main minerals in the study area, mainly copper (29. 0%), molybdenum (28. 3%), tungsten (12. 4%) and gold (11. 0%). (3) There are 12 kinds of detection objects, and the proportion of molybdenite as the detection object is 80. 7%, which indicates that molybdenite is still the preferred research object of the Re-Os isotope dating method, which is inseparable from the high Re / Os value of molybdenite. (4) The detection age falls in the lower age range of 0 - 200Ma, accounting for 62. 1% of the ore - producing areas, which are mainly distributed in the northeast and southeast regions of China, indicating that the Re-Os isotope ages in the eastern region are concentrated in the Mesozoic era, which is consistent with the existence of large - scale Mesozoic mineralization events in the eastern region of China. The ore - producing area in the age range above 200Ma accounts for 37. 9%, which is mainly distributed in the central and western regions of China, indicating that the Re-Os isotope ages in the central and western regions are concentrated before the Mesozoic era and have the characteristics of multiple mineralization. CONCLUSIONS: The research shows that the document data visualization technology and method proposed in this paper can be used to excavate the spatial characteristics of the document data, expand the application of the document data in the field of spatial visualization, and solve the problems of how to analyze and extract the common information of the document data, locate the spatial feature information, and realize the spatial visualization technology. In terms of revealing important target areas, key research minerals and main application technologies, it can provide spatial visualization information, and provide reference for finding the hot spots and difficulties of current metallogenic chronology research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petrocodon Hance is one of the famous ornamental flowers, but most of them are assessed as extremely dangerous (CR), or at least above vulnerable (VU) due to climate turbulence and strong interference of human activities. To reconstruct the temporal and spatial changes of the potential suitable areas of Petrocodon since the last interglacial period, and explore the response of the suitable areas to environmental changes, which provided theoretical guidance for the origin of Petrocodon, the study of geographical differentiation, the conservation of unique germplasm resources in China, and the development and utilization of gardens. In this paper, combined with 120 distribution records and 17 environmental variables, the optimal MaxEnt model and geographic information technology (ArcGIS) were used to simulate the suitable areas and distribution pattern of Petrocodon in China and Indo-China Peninsula. Based on stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, redundancy analysis and Monte-Carlo test, the dominant variables affecting the current geographical distribution of Petrocodon were evaluated. The results were as follows: (1) The prediction accuracy of the optimized MaxEnt model was high, and the AUC value was greater than 0.96. The potential suitable areas of Petrocodon for the present distribution are continuous from Southwest China to North Vietnam, scattered in central and southern China and blocky in North Myanmar, of which the South Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in China was the most suitable. (2) The environmental variables which restrict the geographical distribution of Petrocodon included precipitation of the driest month (bio14), precipitation of the warmest quarter (bio18), precipitation of the wettest quarter (bio16), SD of the temperature seasonality (bio4), min temperature of the coldest month (bio6) and altitude (alt). (3) Under the climate change scenario, the expansion and contraction areas of the suitable habitat of Petrocodon were located in the north and northeast of the current potential distribution area, which were sensitive areas susceptible to climate change. During the last interglacial period, the suitable area of Petrocodon expanded on a large scale, but there was almost no suitable distribution area of Petrocodon in the dry and cold environment during the last glacial maximum. After that, with the aggravation of climate warming, the suitable habitats of Petrocodon increased rapidly to high latitudes, while the suitable habitat in low latitudes decreased. (4) The centroid position of the suitable area for Petrocodon migrated northwards from Yongfu County, Guangxi (110.10° E, 24.69° N) to Chengbu County, Hunan (110.29° E, 26.05° N). To sum up, global warming has a positive impact on the potential distribution area of Petrocodon, but extreme warming will cause the suitable habitat of Petrocodon to shrink, and the niche of Petrocodon will narrow. Southwest China to North Vietnam, which has the advantage of mature karst landform, may be its main refuge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-capillary spray modified on the basis of paper spray ionization in order to facilitate the combination with portable mass spectrometry is an ambient ionization technique, which can be uesd to detect compounds rapidly without the restriction of location and environment. Paper-capillary spray and ambient ionization portable mass spectrometry in positive ion mode were used to collect mass spectrum information of 40 kinds of cathinones controlled in China. The ［M+H］+ peak of MS1, the characteristic fragment ions of MS2 and MS2_DDA mode and their relative abundance ratio were analyzed. The obtained mass spectrum information was used to establish a database for the rapid screening of 40 cathinones. It was found that C—N cleavage at the α site existed in all the cathinones through the study of their fragmentation characteristics. Whether the highest ion peak was ［M—H2O+H］+ fragment peak could infer the existence of secondary and tertiary amine structures. A series of characteristic peaks of m/z 98+CnH2n would exist when the N was substituted by pyrrolidinyl. The characteristic ion of ［M+H］+ lost 48 u or that of non ［M+H］+ lost 30 u would exist when the benzene ring was substituted by methylenedioxy. The fragmentation characteristics were studied to design and establish a complete analysis strategy for the unknown cathinones. The strategy could be applied in the following three aspects. 1) To judge whether they are cathinones; 2) To judge whether they are 40 kinds of cathinones in the database; 3) To infer the characteristic structure of cathinones outside the scope of the database. The strategy was successfully used for the structural identification of 10 analytes, which included the common categories of drugs controlled in China. No interference or misjudgment was found, and the database could be used normally. The structures inferred by the analysis strategy were consistent with the actual structure, and the isomers involved would also be distinguished because of their different fragment ions, indicating that this scheme was feasible. This method only needs simple sample loading operation and integrated small mass spectrometer, and is not limited by location and environment. In the investigation of such drug cases, this method can carry out rapid screening and timely feedback, which plays an important role in the rapid and accurate crackdown on the crime of cathinones and it is expected to be a new way to study and judge the crime of cathinones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: With the wide application of iridium and rhodium in aerospace, electronics, energy and other fields, it has become a very attractive metal in the world. In China, iridium and rhodium ore resources are relatively scarce with low grade, so it is essential to recover iridium and rhodium from secondary mineral resources. Copper anode slime enriches most of the precious metals such as iridium and rhodium in ores, which has high comprehensive recovery value. At present, there is no detection standard for iridium and rhodium in copper anode slime. The migration behavior of iridium and rhodium was not clear, so it was difficult to achieve directional enrichment and efficient extraction of iridium and rhodium metals. Therefore, the development of detection methods for iridium and rhodium in copper anode slime is an important prerequisite for the recovery and extraction of iridium and rhodium. OBJECTIVES: An analytical method for accurate determination of iridium and rhodium in copper anode slime was established to maximize the utilization of mineral resources and the recycling rate of iridium, rhodium and other precious metals. At the same time, it could provide data support for the purification of iridium and rhodium in copper anode slime. METHODS: In this paper, a method for determination of iridium and rhodium in copper anode slime by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with nickel sulphide fire assay was established. In the experiment, the precious metals iridium and rhodium in the sample were captured by nickel sulphide fire assay. The NiS beads were dissolved with 50% hydrochloric acid so that the precipitation of rhodium and iridium was separated from silver and other impurity elements through filtration when it was hot. The precipitates containing iridium and rhodium were effectively separated from silver and other impurity elements. The precipitate of iridium and rhodium with filter film were transferred into a closed digestion tank and dissolved in 50% aqua regia. The contents of iridium and rhodium in the solution were directly determined by ICP-MS. RESULTS: The conditions such as the ingredient of nickel sulphide fire assay, the concentration of hydrochloric acid, tellurium coprecipitation, the sealing digestion time and temperature were studied. The experimental results showed that the molten slag was acidic when the ratio of nickel to sulfur was 4 ∶ 1, and it could effectively capture the iridium and rhodium in the sample with good fluidity of molten slag and the separation effect of slag buckle. When the NiS beads were dissolved by 50% hydrochloric acid, the dissolution reaction of NiS beads was suitable and complete. The precipitation containing rhodium and iridium was separated from impurity elements and filtered when hot. The precipitation was sealed and digested by dilute aqua regia (1 ∶ 1) at 160℃ for 2-3h. The possible MS interference was eliminated by selecting a suitable determination isotope. The 185Re was selected as the internal standard of 103Rh and 203Tl as the internal standard of 193Ir to eliminate the effect of signal drift, the results of iridium and rhodium had high precision and accuracy. The standard solution series of iridium and rhodium were determined under the optimized experimental conditions. The results indicated that the mass concentration of iridium and rhodium in the range of 10-100μg / L were linear to the ratio of the intensity of iridium and rhodium to the internal standard mass spectrometry. The calibration curves of iridium and rhodium were y = 36674. 6x+8264. 7 and y = 45686. 7x+288. 6, respectively, and the linear correlation coefficient ( r) of calibration curves of iridium and rhodium were more than 0. 999. The detection limits for iridium and rhodium were 0. 007μg / L and 0. 011 μg / L, respectively, and the lower limits of detection were 0. 024μg / L and 0. 038μg / L, respectively. The content results of rhodium and iridium in 8 actual samples with the method showed that, the relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 7) was between 1. 40% and 4. 57%, and the recovery was in the range of 95. 00% to 103. 65%. CONCLUSIONS: The method has high efficiency and accuracy and can meet the detection requirements of copper anode slime samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corydalis saxicola is a perennial herbaceous plant, which mainly distributed in the karst areas of southwest China. Due to its important ecological and medicinal value, Corydalis saxicola has great prospects for development and utilization. With fragile living environmental condition and anthropogenic harvesting pressure, the wild resource of Corydalis saxicola is on the verge of exhaustion, so it has been included in the list of national key protected wild plants in 2021. In order to explore the causes for the endangerment of Corydalis saxicola and provide reference for its conservation and seedling breeding, this paper investigated the influencing factors on seed germination that including seed preservation methods, chemical pre-treatments, temperature, light, drought, pH, mix with wet sand and refrigerate treatment. The results were as follows:(1)Low-temperature storage can prolonged the seed activity, germination rate of 2-years stored seed could still reached 30%.(2)Germination rates of seed pre-treatments by HCl and NaClO solutions can reached to 50%～60%; germination rate was 50% at 20 ℃, while closed to zero at 30 ℃; darkness was more favorable for seed germination than periodic light condition; the seed germination rate kept decreasing with deepening drought; the seed germination rate did not changed significantly under the conditions of pH 3.0～8.0.(3)Mix with wet sand and refrigerate treatment can significantly promoted the seed germination potential and germination rate, and the germination rate was twofold of the control. In summary, the seed inactivation at room temperature and germination inability at high temperatures above 30 ℃ are more related to its endangerment; efficient seed germination methods can provide an effective way for conservation and industrial application of Corydalis saxicola. The results provide a theoretical and technical guarantee for the conservation of wild Corydalis saxicola, and technically support is cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer has become the most common type of cancer in the world, harming the majority of women's physical and mental health and challenging clinical prevention and treatment of tumors. With the in-depth research on the pathogenesis and metastasis mechanism of breast cancer, as well as the development of translational research such as multiomics technology and tumor immunity, it has been proved that breast cancer has highly heterogeneous molecular and clinical characteristics. The clinical treatment methods of different subtypes of breast cancer are different and related, and the achievements in the field of breast cancer clinical research are fruitful. In 2022, results of important clinical trials have achieved for different subtypes of breast cancer. For the neo-adjuvant treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive breast cancer, the PHEDRA study provided new adjuvant treatment options for HER2 positive breast cancer patients; And for the HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer, PHILA study and SYSUCC-002 study results provided reference for clinicians. For patients with brain metastasis, PERMEATE study showed that pyrrolitinib combined with capecitabine regimen was to become the preferred treatment scheme for HER2 positive brain metastasis population, especially for patients with brain metastasis without local radiotherapy. In hormone receptor positive breast cancer, a number of clinical trials (monarchE study, DAWNA-1 study, MONALEESA series of studies, etc.) of arbacilli, daracilli, rebosilli and others reported their efficacy on visceral metastasis. For triple-negative breast cancer, many clinical trials are under way. This paper aimed to review the recent advances in clinical research on breast cancer in the past year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato is an important vegetable crop in China, and its yield ranks the top among vegetables in the world. It has important nutritional value, with rich and varied tastes. Plant male sterility is caused by the abnormal development of stamens, which cannot produce pollen with normal function, while pistils develop normally and can be fertilized by foreign normal pollen. Tomato is a typical self-pollinated plant with obvious heterosis and strong disease resistance and stress resistance. At present, the production of tomato F1 hybrid seeds in China basically depends on artificial emasculation and pollination, therefore, a lot of manpower and material resources are needed in the process of seed production. In the use of tomato male sterile seed production, the seed production process can be simplified, costs be greatly reduced and and seed purity be improved, in this case, tomato yield and quality will be increased significantly. Therefore, the research and utilization of tomato male sterility is of great practical significance to tomato genetic breeding, and has always been an important research topic for the domestic and foreign scholars. This paper mainly outlines the current situation of male sterility of tomato in recent years, summarizes the types of tomato male sterility, the application of genetic engineering technology of tomato male sterility, the fine positioning and functional study of tomato male sterility gene, and the analysis of cell biological mechanism of tomato male sterility. The effect of temperature on tomato male sterility is expounded from the perspective of genetics, and the physiological and biochemical mechanism and the gene function and regulation mechanism in response temperature changes are discussed. Then, the heterosis of tomato male sterility and its utilization value in production and application are analyzed. On this basis, the problems existing in the current research work are put forward, and the innovation and basic research of tomato male sterility technology in the future are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a form of new emerging pollutant, antibiotics have been detected in soil, surface water, groundwater, sediment and other different environmental media. As a major country in the production and usage of antibiotics, China’s production and usage are increasing year by year. However, most antibiotics used for humans or animals cannot be fully absorbed and metabolized and will enter the environment in the form of prototypes or metabolites through waste and wastewater accumulating in soil and leaching into groundwater. Antibiotics entering the environment may affect microbial ecology, produce resistance genes, and even threaten human health. Compared with surface water, polluted groundwater is hidden, lagging and difficult to recover. The pollution of antibiotics in groundwater, as the main source of drinking water, has attracted much attention. So far, the research on antibiotics in China is still mainly on surface water and soil, and there are few observations on antibiotics in groundwater. In order to systematically grasp the current pollution situation of antibiotics in groundwater in China, relevant literature on antibiotics in groundwater from 2012 to 2021 is reviewed in this paper. Twenty-eight antibiotics detected more than 100 times in environmental media in China were selected as target antibiotics, and the detected concentrations were summarized and analyzed. It was found that the concentrations of 28 antibiotics commonly detected in groundwater varied by more than 4 orders of magnitude, from 0. 1ng / L to more than 1000ng / L. The most frequently detected antibiotics were norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, enrofloxacin, and erythromycin. Through comparative analysis of the detection of antibiotics in various places, it can be seen that the concentration of antibiotics in groundwater is controlled by the properties of antibiotics, the location of pollution sources, hydrogeological structure and the amount of usage and emissions. From the perspective of spatial distribution, sulfonamide antibiotics are the most detected in northeast China, quinolones are the most detected in North and East China, quinolones and tetracyclines are the most detected in southwest China, and the research on antibiotics in groundwater in northwest China is relatively low. So far, restrained by the detection limits and detection types of the analysis methods, a comprehensive investigation and evaluation of antibiotics in groundwater is not possible. Due to the wide variety of antibiotics, their different structures lead to different physical andchemical properties. They exist in trace concentrations in the complex environment media, which also affects the accuracy of their qualitative and quantitative analysis. Therefore, the establishment of a sensitive and specific multi-component simultaneous analysis method has been a key issue for antibiotics research. The analysis methods of antibiotics are summarized, which are divided into qualitative analysis methods and quantitative analysis methods. The principle, advantages, disadvantages and application range of several antibiotic analytical methods are presented. These methods include microbial inhibition method (MIT), thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatogram-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatogram-nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC-NMR) and liquid chromatogram-mass spectrometry ( LC-MS). Liquid chromatogram -mass spectrometry ( LC -MS) is the most commonly used method for antibiotic analysis because of its high sensitivity, low detection limit and simultaneous determination of multiple antibiotics. With the rapid development of antibiotic analysis methods, some antibiotics in groundwater can be accurately quantified by using HPLC-MS / MS and other technologies. However, the number of antibiotics that can be analyzed and identified at one time is still limited. The research group of authors has established the qualitative spectrum library of common drugs by UPLC -MS / MS. In the future, the types of antibiotics that can be qualitatively identified in the spectrum library can be expanded by adding the mass spectrum information of antibiotics. Under specific conditions, the spectrum library can be used to carry out semiqualitative identification of antibiotics in groundwater. At present, the commonly used quantitative detection methods include enzyme - linked immunoassay, capillary electrophoresis, and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. Compared with the other two methods, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has the advantages of high sensitivity, good selectivity and accurate quantitative ability. It is commonly used for the detection of trace antibiotics in reported water samples. Antibiotics exist in the environment at trace levels and the matrix of environmental samples is complex, so the pretreatment process, including antibiotic separation, purification and concentration, often becomes the key step of determination. For example, the samples to be tested should be adjusted to an appropriate pH to enhance the enrichment of target antibiotics on HLB columns, and Na2EDTA should be added to inhibit its complexation with calcium and magnesium and other metal ions in groundwater. The accuracy of antibiotic determination will be improved, and the detection limit will be lowered for water samples by solid phase extraction and the subsequent concentration process. In addition to the detection limit and recovery rate of antibiotics affected by the analytical instrument, the presence states of antibiotics in water samples will also affect the accuracy and precision. Antibiotics may exist in the ionized state, complex state, adsorption state and other forms in groundwater. At different pH values, antibiotics may exist in neutral, cationic, anionic, orzwitterionic forms. When it coexists with metal ions, complexation reaction will occur under certain conditions to form antibiotic-metal complex which will reduce the peak area to a certain extent or cause tailing phenomenon on the reverse analytical column. The formation of the complex may also change the environmental behavior (migration, transformation, toxicity, etc. ) and ecological effects of antibiotics. In addition, the analysis of antibiotics in different adsorption states can be used to evaluate the differences in microbial killing effects of different adsorption forms, especially the differences in ARG production and spreading. This will be helpful for accurately evaluating the potential effects on the environment or human beings and effectively controlling the risks of antibiotics in environmental media. Therefore, the existing form analysis of antibiotics is of great significance for the further accurate determination of antibiotics and the evaluation of environmental effects. Up to now, limited by the detection limits and detected types of antibiotics in analytical methods, there has not been a comprehensive national-scale investigation and evaluation of antibiotics in groundwater in China. Only by clarifying the concentration level and spatial distribution of antibiotic pollution in China’s groundwater can it help to understand the contents of relevant laws and regulations on new emerging pollutants and support the establishment of a regulatory framework for natural resources and the environment. In conclusion, optimizing qualitative and quantitative detection methods, analyzing different existing forms of antibiotics, comprehensively investigating antibiotics in groundwater, and scientifically evaluating the relationship between antibiotic forms and ecotoxicological effects are the main contents of antibiotics research in groundwater in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ancient porcelain is the treasure of Chinese civilization. In this paper, multiple surface analysis tools were applied to characterize the attractive silvery bright spots on the glaze of black-glazed tea bowl fragment. The raindrop-shaped silver flecks covering the surface were symbols of North China oil spots. High-resolution time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry（TOF-SIMS） data confirmed the main component of the oil spot was iron oxide. Positive ions were Fe+（m/z 55.93）, FeO+（m/z 71.93）, Fe2O+（m/z 127.86）, and negative ions were FeO-（m/z 71.93）, FeO-2（m/z 87.92）. A series of peaks were detected by micro-Raman spectroscopy, such as 230, 294, 412, 502, 611, 1 337 cm-1. This suggested existence of hematite（α-Fe2O3） in the spot. Secondary ion imaging of TOF-SIMS indicated the oil spots（～120 μm） was formed by self-organization and dispersion of hundreds hexagonal hematite crystal（～2-10 μm）. Hematite was spatially complementary to alkaline calcareous glaze that contains silicon, aluminum, calcium, and sodium. TOF-SIMS depth profiling of the spot suggested a more than 5 μm continuous hematite layer on the glaze of black-glazed tea bowl. The main mineral of α-Fe2O3 crystals was hematite, which was ochre usually. Specular hematite, a subspecies of hematite with silver or black color, was believed to play critical role in the formation of the oil spot. With the optical microscope observations, we believed that the silvery material on the surface of the oil spots should be a thin layer of specular hematite and the lower ochre layer was hematite. In fact, the oil spot appeared silvery-white and reflective when viewed from 15° to 165°, while it appeared ochre when the angles of gaze was not greater than 15° from the glazed surface of the specimen. The extraordinary visual property of color changing with different angle of gaze formed the charm of Song dynasty oil spot tea bowls. With these results, a hypothesis for the formation of the North China oil spots was enlightened. The molten phase of Fe-rich soy-black glaze gradually formed micron-sized hematite particulates at sealed kiln of high temperature（1 250 ℃）. When the kiln was unsealed, the hot porcelain was exposed to cold air immediately. A thin layer of specular hematite was generated on top of hematite particulates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an economic crop, ginseng has been planted in China for thousands of years. Because of its various pharmacological activities, ginseng is widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics and other fields, but the actual output of ginseng can't meet the market demand at present. Improving the production efficiency of ginseng is still the primary objective of ginseng planting research. In recent years, many new modes, technologies, methods and instruments have emerged in the production, such as site election, seed treatment, sowing, scaffolding, cultivation and harvesting. This paper summarizes the research status of ginseng cultivation from cultivation mode and techniques, hoping to provide reference for improving the production efficiency of ginseng. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Cardio-oncology that focuses on the management of cardiovascular toxicity associated with cancer therapy, has grown rapidly worldwide as an emerging interdisciplinary discipline over the past decade. This study aimed to summarize the hot spots and development trends of cardio-oncology to provide a reference for scientific researchers in related fields based on bibliometrics. Methods: CiteSpace was employed to conduct the visualized analysis of annual publications, authors, countries, citations and keywords of the related papers from 2012 to 2022 in the Web of Science Core Collection and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Results: A total of 4 287 English articles and 1 165 Chinese articles were included after screening. At present, the number of foreign literature in the field of cardio-oncology, showed a trend of rapid growth, while our country has "slow development period" and "rapid development period" with 2016 as the boundary. The United States is the country with the largest number of publications in Web of Science, accounting for about 34.21% of the total, followed by China, Italy and other countries. The institutions with the largest number of publications at home and abroad are the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University. Bonnie KY, Ana Barac, Paaladinesh Thavendiranathan are the main contributors abroad, and Xia Yunlong, Zhang Yuhui and Cheng Leilei are the main contributors in China. The most frequently cited literature is the position statement on cancer treatment and cardiovascular toxicity from the European Society of Cardiology. The most frequently used keywords abroad were "heart failure", "breast cancer" and "cardiotoxicity", while the most frequently used keywords in China were "cardiotoxicity", "cardiac tumor" and "doxorubicin". Keywords with the strongest citation bursts at home and abroad in recent three years are "immune checkpoint inhibitors". Conclusion: The research hotspots mainly focus on cardiotoxicity caused by antineoplastic therapy, prevention and treatment, screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular toxicity associated with cancer therapy, etc. Establishing a multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment model and paying attention to the immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis and whole process management of cardio-oncology are the directions of future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posaconazole， as the second generation of triazole antifungal drugs， has a wide antifungal spectrum and strong antibacterial activity. It is widely used in clinical practice. However， it has been eight years since its publication before it is approved in China. In order to better understand posaconazole， a first-line drug with great clinical demand， this paper summarizes the pharmacokinetics， pharmacological properties， clinical application and synthetic route of posaconazole in the literature at home and abroad. It is hoped that it can fill the gap in the domestic API market， break the current situation that the API is completely dependent on import， and provide a useful reference for the industrial R ＆ D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abuse of new psychoactive substances has spread around the world. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) is an important group. Since the first discovery of JWH-018 in Europe in 2008, SCs have multiplied rapidly and become the focus of drug control worldwide. Statistics from the Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security of China showed that the proportion of SCs in suspected drug samples seized had increased from 18.5% to 72% in 2017-2019. To this, our country drug control administration department makes positive response. A series of new anti-drug policies had been introduced since 2015. Fifty-three SCs were legally controlled until the end of 2018. China had issued total ban on SCs since July 1st, 2021. However, because of the great structural variability of SCs, it is of great significance to identify the key target structures and summarize the characteristics of the common spectrum of similar drugs in judicial practice. In this paper, 27 synthetic cannabinoids were selected, including the new synthetic cannabinoids with high prevalence in recent years and potential drug structures that had not been reported but were inferred based on the structural evolution trend of synthetic cannabinoids. The method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to collect data of the selected SCs under electron ionization mode (EI). The results indicated that the SCs were mainly composed of core, linker, linked group and sidechain. Among them, the core of new SCs gradually changed from formyl indole to indole/indazolamide, which would produce characteristic fragments of m/z 144, 145, respectively. The fragmentation of the linker part mainly occurred on both sides of the carbonyl group. The tertiary carbon atoms, methyl butyrate and butylamide from the linked groups led to diversified fragmentation easily. Neutral loss frequently happened in the part of sidechain, which resulted in the formation of characteristic fragments such as fluoro-butyl (m/z 74), fluoropentyl (m/z 88) and pentenyl (m/z 68). The 7 SCs prepared according to the predicted structure shared similar fragmentation pathways with the 22 SCs abused both domestically and abroad. The variation of SCs based on the structures defined in law would gradually decrease and the structural stability would be enhanced after the total ban of SCs was issued. The mass fragmentation pathway mentioned above can provide technical support for the species identification of new SCs, as well as the prevention of drug variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A taxonomic study of the genus Anemone (Ranunculaceae) of China has been conducted. Eighty-six species are recognized and classified into ten Section. Of them, five section, Rivularidium, Anemonanthea, Himalayicae, Brachycladus and Pleurocarpus, are groups with medium-evolutionary level, and the another five sections, Omalocarpus, Stolonifera, Begoniifolia, Anemonidium and Anemone, are groups with high-evolutionary level. In these ten Sections, Sect. Himalayicae is closely related to Sect. Omalocarpus, Sect. Brachycladus is closely related to Sect. Stolonifera, and the relationships among the other six sections are not yet clear now. A key to sections, Series, species and infraspecific taxa, and literature citations and geographic distributions for all taxa are presented. Records of important specimens studied for each species and illustrations for most species are provided. Two section (Sect. Brachycladus and Pleurocarpus), four series (Ser. Hofengeses and Ser. Jiachaenes under Sect. Stolonifera and Ser.Xingyienses and Ser. Orthcarpae under Sect. Pleurocarpus), thirteen species (A. jiulongensis, A.baizhishanica, A.stenosepala, A.daofuenis, A.ludingensis, A. bomiensis, A. galonglashanica, A.trifoliolata, A. zheduoshanica, A.baoxingensis, A. gonggaensis, A. fugongensis and A.discoideogyna), one subspecies (A. obtusiloba ssp. dolichopoda), and four varieties (A. zheduoshanica var.atropurpurea, A.prattii var. sparsipilifera, A.fugongensis var. linearis Bruhl is elevated to specific rank; A. fulingensis is relagated to a variety under A. Pratti; due to that A. rupestris Hook. f. & Thmos. is an illegitimate later homonym, its specific epithet 'rupestris' is changed as 'neorupestris' in this paper; A.barbulata, long relegated to a variety under A.rivularis, is restored to its previous specific rank; and the reduction of A. demissa var. yunnanensis Franch. to var. demissa, and the reduction of A.oligocarpa Pei to A. delavayi Franch, by H. Handel-Mazzetti in 1939 are accepted in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the three alpine flowers in the world and one of the ten traditional famous flowers in China, Rhododendron has high ornamental value and broad landscape applications. However, most of them are naturally distributed in high-altitude mountains, and they prefer cool and humid climate for the restriction of genetic mechanism. Drought is the key factor to restrict their ex-situ conservation and landscape application. As Rhododendron have many different species, cultivars and ecological types, distributed in a wide area, the mechanisms of different species or cultivars responses to drought stress are different. In this paper, how Rhododendron responses to drought stress and the effects of exogenous substances on improving the drought resistance of Rhododendron in China and abroad were reviewed from the aspects of seed germination, morphological and anatomical characteristics, physiological and biochemical parameters, gene expression, etc. In addition, the deficiency of current research and the future research directions were also discussed. It is proposed that the water use strategy and drought resistance mechanism of different ecological types and different drought resistances of Rhododendron should be future studied, as well as the gene regulation mechanism of mycorrhizal fungi for improving the drought resistance and the screening of excellent strains. This study provides the basis for the diversity conservation, the exploitation of drought resistance resources and the landscape applications of Rhododendron in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus L. Herit is a large genus of Myrtaceae with more than 600 species, native to Australia and some of its northern islands and mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Eucalyptus has the characteristics of fast growth, high yield, short rotation period and so on. It is an excellent pulp material with remarkable economic benefits. There are many introduced species in China, mainly distributed in South China. Nearly 80 species have been introduced into China since 1890, and are widely distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangxi and other places. At present, China has become one of the countries with the largest area of Eucalyptus plants in the world and is also the largest exporter of Eucalyptus oil. Eucalyptus has a lot of industrial value. Its wood, leaves and fruits are important raw materials in chemical industry, fragrance and medicine fields. They can be used for developing high performance Eucalyptus recombination material, bamboo Eucalyptus composite material, pulp and paper-making, etc. Eucalyptus plants are used as folk medicine, with anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory, wind-relieving and anti-pyretic, anti-corrosion and anti-pruritic effects. As a traditional medicine, Australian aborigines are the first to use Eucalyptus for the treatment of fever and bronchial diseases; in China, the leaves of E. globulus, E. robusta, E. exserta, E. tereticornis, E. citriodora are often used to treat influenza, dysentery, eczema, and injuries for a long time. Pharmacological studies show that Eucalyptus plants have good anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-cardiovascular diseases and other pharmacological activities. In this study, 421 non-volatile chemical constituents from different parts of Eucalyptus and their pharmacological activities are classified and described in detail by referring to the domestic and foreign literatures related to Eucalyptus in recent 30 years. There are 73 flavonoids, 61 organic acids, 45 terpenoids, 229 polyphenols and 13 fatty alcohols. Most of the pharmacological activities are anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-tumor, but the related mechanisms still need to be further elucidated. This study focuses on the medicinal parts of Eucalyptus, fully explores their medicinal value, and carries out clinical transformation and new drug research, which provides scientific basis for further research, development and utilization of Eucalyptus in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen act as "nature's recorder". A s a carrier for individual human information, human hair can be measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry ORMS) to translate into information about people's dietary habits, health condition and life track. The basic principle behind establishing dietary lifestyle using isotopic profiles of human hair is the fact that the body's only source of C, N is a person's staple diet. It may have significant differences in carbon, nitrogen isotopic compositions of human hair that are living at different regions. The aim of the study was to analyze the discrepancy of 15N and 13C stable isotope ratios in human hair collected from different cities, and explore the relationship between carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios and human groups, such as gender and age. The carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in the human hair of 247 local residents from 8 different cities were investigated by IRMS. The results showed that there were significant difference in carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of human hair from different cities. The value of δ13 C was negatively correlated with vegetable consumption per capita. The value of δ15N was positively correlated with meat consumption per capita, and might be increased by high intake of fish. The relationship between δ13C, δ15N and the factors of gender and age demonstrated that there were no significant difference between males and females, but the age of females showed a weakly negative correlation with δ13 C. By comparing the data of this paper and other literatures, the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in the hair of residents in China were different from other countries, which implied that there were various dietary habits in different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant worship is an ancient and rudimentary form to respect nature and life. In order to understand the influence between the unique national folk plantworship and biodiversity conservation in Baise, Guangxi, ethnobotany investigation methods were utilized in this paper to investigate the cultural characteristic of plant worship. The effects of folk plant culture on the conservation of biodiversity were discussed from various aspects like nature worship, The effects of unique national folk plant, life etiquette and traditional medicine. The results are as follows: There are rich national folk plant culture connotation and biodiversity in Baise. The national folk plant which have been worshipped in Baise belong to 28 families, 47 genera and 53 species. Among them, Rosaceae and Leguminosae are the most abundant species, which contains 5 species respectively, the following are Mulberry and Gramineae, containing 4 species respectively. Arbor plant is the dominant life forms, accounting for 39 species of 73.58% of the total number of species. There are 11 species of herbage, making up 20.75% of the total number of species. The rest 5.67% are 3 species of shrub. Out of all these species, four of them can be found in the Information System of Rare and Endangered Plants in China within the List of National Level Ⅱ Plants, which are Phoebe bournei, Burretiodendron hsienmu, Erythrophleum fordii, Toonaciliate. In addition, five of them belong to the provincial and municipal(local)level Protected Wild Plants List, namely Machilus thunbergii, Cyclobalanopsis kouangsiensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Caesalpinia sappan, Dalbergia hupeana. These plants form various plant communities, which plays an important role in promoting the protection of plant diversity in the Baise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrographis paniculata, known as ‘Chuanxinlian' in China, is an important southern medicine in China. Its main active ingredients, andrographolide components, has good pesticide effects on heat-clearing and anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory, etc. Modern medical research has demonstrated that they also have profound effects in anti-HIV, anti-thrombus, liver protection and so on. Because they are difficult to be synthesized artificially, to increase the biosynthesis of andrographolide components in A. paniculata by cultivation regulation and breeding methods is of great significance to improve the quality of this medicinal material. To provide reference for related research in these fields, this paper reviewed the relationship between accumulation of andrographolide components and plant development, the effects of cultivation measures and environmental factors on the accumulation of andrographolide components, and the research advances in biosynthesis of andrographolide components and its molecular regulatory mechanism in the last decade worldwide. We also put forward three aspects which should be focused on in future studies aiming at enhancing the biosynthesis and accumulation of andrographolides components in A. paniculata:(1)To further identify the biosynthetic pathway of andrographolide components and the functions of key genes, and to elucidate the mechanism of andrographolides accumulation at molecular level;(2)To deeply study the laws of growth and development, yield and quality formation, and their interrelations in A. paniculata with the combination of molecular biological approaches and crop cultivation theories;(3)To reveal the signal regulation network in the biosynthesis of andrographolide components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bryophytes are important indicators of environmental pollution. At present, bryophytes are mainly used to monitor atmospheric pollution in China. In fact, bryophytes have been widely applied to monitor water quality abroad. In the present paper, we firstly analyzed the literature of applying bryophytes to monitor water environmental quality abroad, then summarized relevant contents of bryomonitoring, which included the types of water pollutants monitored by bryophytes, the species of bryophytes used for bryomonitoring, the influences of the survival status of bryophytes on monitoring effect, the environmental factors affecting the enrichment of heavy metal elements in water by bryophytes, the active and passive methods of applying bryophytes to monitor water pollutions, and the sample preparation, as well as some European cases of bryomonitoring for water environmental quality. Finally we also proposed some suggestions about bryomonitoring researches and application in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity conservation is one of the hottest topics all over the world. In order to rescue the most threatened plant species in the wild, to guide the China's biodiversity conservation and to serve the construction of national ecological civilization, a new concept of plant species with extremely small populations(PSESP)was proposed in China, which is attracting the widespread attention internationally in plant species conservation. In the past “13th Five-Year Plan” period, China launched the comprehensive program for rescuing and conserving PSESP. And in the coming 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-term Targets for 2035 of the People's Republic of China, the rescue of PSESP is explicitly incorporated into the special aims at the conservation of important ecosystem and ecological restoration. The PSESP rescue and protection is a long-term systematic work with strong science, high technical and professional requirements. For scientifically conserving PSESP, rescue protection and system study should be given an equal weight. Undoubtedly, systematic research on the PSESP conservation is an important task to support their effective conservations. This paper is trying to systematically review the recent research works on the PSESP conservation, focusing on the surveys and assessment of the current populations or individual status(including confirmation of species taxonomic status), eco-biological characteristics, propagation techniques and genetic diversity, with the aim to find new theories and to form new ideas for the PSESP conservation. Finally, three insights into priorities for future conservation research of PSESP in China are proposed, which could be a reference for further PSESP conservation research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first AMS research work was carried out in China, nearly 40 years has past. In this paper, the AMS instrument techniques in world and China were introduced. Particularly, the research works on AMS instrument techniques were introduced in detail which included the super ionization mass spectrometry at the China Institute of Atomic Energy and Qixian Nuclear （Beijing） Science and Technology Company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

21 jet fuel samples collected from different refineries around different regions in China were took as the research objects. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis. A comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry ( GC X GC-qMS) equipped with polar-non polar column system can significantly increase the peak capacity, which had obvious advantages in analyzing jet fuel with complex components. Based on percentage response ( the percentage of each peak volume to all peak volumes), the method of F-ratio (the ratio of the average square error between the dataset to the average square error within the dataset) in analysis of variance CANOVA) was used to select feature components of jet fuel samples. The results showed that monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, indane series, tetralin series with number of carbon atoms in the range of C10 -C12 varied greatly between different groups of jet fuel samples. Different methods for determining the threshold of F -ratio were compared, and the Z-score method was finally used to select experimental data, in which case a total of 16 feature components with Z-score were greater than 3 based on the percentage response F-ratio of the samples. Ultimately, combined with the extracted ion current chromatogram (EIC) with m/ z 117-118 or m/z 131-132, the traditional one-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GCX GC- qMS were compared with effectiveness of separation and analysis of the feature components. The detected peaks were obviously more than t he former, and t he extracted ions in this mass-to-charge ratio range had a certain distinguishing effect on jet fuel samples. This paper provided a method for comprehensive analysis of jet fuel components, and also provided a reference for selecting useful data while preserving t he features of t he largest difference between groups, reducing the large amount of experimental data generated in GCXGC-qMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dipterocarpaceae plants are typical lowland tropical trees, and are usually regarded as the flagship species of Asia tropical rainforest. Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)is one most important botanical garden focus on tropical plant collection, conservation and research since 1959. This paper reviews Dipterocarpaceae collection history, research and utilization of at XTBG based on the phenological observation, mass growth, and adaptability. The results showed that 34 species of Dipterocarpaceae from 7 genera had been collected in the garden, among which 11 species from China and 28 species abroad. All the species have flowers and fruit collected from China, except for Vatica guangxiensis. There are 13 species that have flowers and fruits collected from overseas. Integrated with seed germination traits, cold and disease resistance data, we concluded that XTBG Dipterocarpaceae plants ex-situ conservation is successful, which may afford a better guide for Dipterocarpaceae plants conservation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China,many mining areas with extremely thick and hard rock strata has strong mine earthquake and strong rock burst caused by the movement of extremely thick and hard rock strata which have serious consequences,is difficult to be controlled and has become the main obstacle to mine safe production.Based on the analysis of the occurrence law of rock burst under extremely thick and hard rock strata, the paper puts forward three common characteristics of rock burst in such mines: "the effect of key working face", "the effect of vibration-induced rock burst"and "the effect of rock burst and vibration. ""Key working face "means that the mining of this working face will lead to the fracture and strong movement of extremely thick and hard rock strata and the occurrence of strong earthquake or rock burst. "The effect of key working face"refers to the strong dynamic disasters occurring in the mining process of "key working face". "The effect of vibration-induced rock burst"refers to the rock-burst hazards caused by the dynamic stress which generated by the fracture and vibration of extremely thick and hard rock strata propagating to the coal body in the high stress state. Its feature is that "the location of the source is different from that of rock burst. ""The effect of rock burst and vibration"means that when the key working face is mined, the transmission pressure of extremely thick and hard rock strata will increase sharply.When part of the coal reaches the condition of rock burst, the rock burst will occur and cause vibrations with great energy. The characteristic of this kind of rock burst is that" the location of the source is the same as that of rock burst. "Using the theory of overlying strata spatial structure, surface subsidence observation and monitoring data of microseism and stress, a method for identifying the key working face is proposed. This paper describes the concrete methods of preventing rock burst and ensuring safety in three different types of mines with extremely thick and hard strata and the possibility of rock-burst disasters in Shandong Energy Group. These methods include protection layer mining, negative coal pillar design,determination and parameter design of key working face, mining design to avoid the boundary of vibration damage, small coal pillar design and parameter optimization design of sequential mining face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal mining involves extracting the resources from the earth. It will disturb the strata in the mining area, which inevitably causes strata movement and the change of stress and fracture fields, thus affect safety and environmental such as the occurrence of ground pressure, groundwater loss and surface subsidence. Therefore, mining-induced strata movement and its influence on safety and environment are the basic scientific problems of coal mining. The understanding of these laws will improve the scientific nature of coal mining. Because of the complexity of strata movement, however, there are still several issues to be addressed. This paper introduces the mining-induced strata movement of the block structure, which is followed by the review of advances and outstanding issues in the influence of strata movement on longwall face support, mining-induced fractures evolution, groundwater, surface subsidence, and mininginduced stress field. It is found that mining-induced strata movement is a combination of stress concentration caused by the span of thick and hard strata and the mechanical behaviors of the rock blocks associated with the breakage of the strata. During the collapse of thick strata and the corresponding rock block movement, the characteristics of mutations and discontinuities typically occur. In such a process, a structure that can sustain large deformation may be formed after the rock blocks are hinged. The “R.-S” stability of the structure causes significant influence to such phenomena as the occurrence of ground pressure, mining-induced fractures and surface subsidence. Mining-induced strata movement is like a “black box” system. Currently it is just explained in the aspect of control principle, and reaches the level of a “gray box” system. Therefore, strata control refers to “macroscopic” control in many engineering cases. The Voussoir Beam model has established longwall support theory and the estimation principle of support working resistance. In a general case, the support resistance that is determined as the weight of the overburden with a thickness of 4 -8 times the mining height could meet the safety requirements of most mining projects. Specially,8 times should be chosen for the longwalls with a large mining height or a thin immediate roof, a shallow cover depth,or the support crush risks. As for some particular conditions, however, support crush cannot be avoided by the single measure of increasing support resistance, but should be combined with other engineering precautionary measures. According to the stability of rock blocks of overburden key strata, three types were proposed to characterize surface subsidence for varied alluvium conditions in different areas of China. It is suggested that subsidence type should be considered during the selection of subsidence prediction, control and reclamation methods. The presence of key strata and the corresponding breakage characteristics play a vital role in the distribution of mining-induced stress. At present, the prevention of accidents caused by stress concentration is harder than that of methane accidents. With this in mind, it is suggested that only test-style mines could be established in the areas with tectonic stress concentration or a large depth. This paper points out the direction for the study of strata movement and the corresponding influence on safety and environment in the coal mining industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater reservoir technology is a vital way to achieve both efficient mining and water conservation in western coalfields in China. The stability of coal pillar dam is an emphasis of reservoir design, which plays an important role in the stability of groundwater reservoirs. Coal pillar dam should ensure the safety of coal mining, as well as the safe operation of groundwater reservoirs. The stability of coal pillar dam is closely related to water weakening and engineering geological conditions, such as buried depth, mining stress, geological structure and so on. In order to study the strength weakening law of coal pillar dam of groundwater reservoirs under water, this paper took Madiliang mine No.5 in western mining area as the research object, carried out a non-destructive water immersion test on coal sample and a uniaxial compression test on coal sample under various water content and repeated soaking. The results show that the water content of coal samples with various water content increased rapidly within 0-20 h; after 20 h, the grew rate slowed down; and in 20-70 h, the water content grew slowly; in 70-140 h, the growth of water content of coal sample was nearly stable. In conclusion, the water content of coal sample increases with the soaking time, but the increase rate gradually decreases, and finally tends to be flat. With the increase of water content( the number of times of soaking), the uniaxial compressive strength of coal sample decreases gradually, but the peak strain increases gradually, and the elastic modulus decreases gradually. Compared with the dry coal sample, the uniaxial compressive strength of the first water-saturation coal sample and the coal sample with the third soaking decreased by 27.1% and 50.0% respectively, and the elastic modulus decreased by 34.6% and 58.5% respectively. Combined with the above results and the elasticplastic mechanics theory, this paper discussed the damage zone and plastic zone width of coal pillar dam under various water content, carried out the research of coal pillar dam width considering overburden rock pressure, water pressure and water weakening, and designed the width of the groundwater reservoir combining with the engineering geological conditions of Madiliang mine. At the same time, the paper further analyzed the influencing factors of the width of coal pillar dam, concluding that the width of coal pillar dam is closely affected by water content, buried depth, and mining thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Yushenfu mining area, the concept of water-preserved coal mining is based on the groundwater level decline and vegetation degradation caused by coal mining in the early stage. After theoretical research and engineering practice in many years, a key technical system for water-preserved coal mining has been initially established, which effectively guides the exploitation of coal resources and ecological environment protection in the ecological fragile mining areas. Under the high standards for the construction of national ecological civilization, the ecological environment protection of coal-water resources symbiosis areas in the arid and semi-arid regions of western China is facing a historical test. This paper reviewed the achievements of water-preserved coal mining technology, and concluded that the research on geological conditions, rock movement and water-preserved coal mining methods had basically solved the outstanding problems in single coal seam mining, while the investigation on water and ecological constraints on coal mining, and ecological restoration and reconstruction lagged slightly behind. By combing the relevant contributions, this paper explores the scientific issues in the study of five water-preserved coal mining and related fields. This includes the ecological constraints identification, the quantification and monitoring of the groundwater dependent on the mining area, the detection and prediction of the water conducting fissure zone under the conditions of large mining height and repeated mining, the quantification and evaluation of the thickness of the effective aquiclude, the overburden control and ecological reconstruction and restoration. Under the new situation, the responsibility and tasks of ecological protection in mining areas are significant. More research is needed to support the water-preserved coal mining in western China and promote the construction of green mining areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently more coal resource is buried in deep and more high-quality resource is located in the west of China. It makes a deep mining and a mining in the west become the new normal of coal resources exploitation. Thus a green mine construction, green mining development and green mining propulsion are imperative. This paper puts forward a"mining-dressing-backfilling+X"technical conception of green mining of coal resources. That is an underground integrated production system, which is integrated coal mining, coal-waste separation, and gangue backfilling with "active control of strata movement, gob-side entry retaining, gas extraction, disaster prevention, water-preserved-mining". The system forms a coal mining-dressing-backfilling+X(control, retain, extraction, prevention and preserved) collaborative production mode. The paper defines the"mining-dressing-backfilling+X"technical connotation and framework of greenmining, expounds "mining-dressing-backfilling+X"evolution of four generations, analyzes the specific technical advantages of its practice of green mining and gives the scientific engineering design method. The paper elaborates five aspects of typical "mining-dressing-backfilling + X"technology corresponding technical principle, engineering requirements, design process and methods, key technology and process equipment. Engineering practice of the Tangshan Coal mine, Zhaizhen Coal mine and 12 th Coal mine of Pingdingshan Group has respectively proved that "mining-dressingbackfilling+ control", "mining-dressing-backfilling + retain", "mining-dressing-backfilling + extraction " technologies have a remarkable technical superiority and the engineering demonstration effect. "Mining-dressing-backfilling + X "green mining extension in the future combines "mining-dressing-backfilling+processing", "mining-dressing-backfilling+intelligent", "mining-dressing-backfilling+adjustment"and "mining-dressing-backfilling +coordination". The overall formation of the "mining-dressing-backfilling+X"technology system can provide a strong technical support for the realization of green mining of coal and associated resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Southwest of Hubei Province, there are four national nature reserves, namely Houhe, Mulinzi, Qizimeishan and Xingdoushan. Together they form a interconnecting protected area in which rare animals and plants are similar and complementing each other. At the same time, its rich landform types and water resources created an excellent living environment for bryophytes. This paper used the method of combining field investigations and published records to analyze the species richness and composition of bryophytes in these national nature reserves of Southwest Hubei, and to compare the diversity of bryophytes with those in Southeast Chongqing and Northwest Hunan. The results were as follows:(1)There were 601 species of bryophytes of 197 genera and 77 families in the national nature reserve group of Southwest Hubei, accounting for 19.89% and 71.46% of the total number of bryophytes in China and Hubei, respectively. Among them, 27 species are endemic to China, 15 families and 91 genera have only one species each.(2)There are some similarities and complementarities among bryophytes in the four national nature reserves within the national nature reserve group, it conforms to the principle of biodiversity conservation in China.(3)The bryophytes flora compositions in the national nature reserve group in Southwest Hubei are diverse, and the number of bryophytes species is significantly higher than that in Southeast Chongqing and Northwest Hunan. Therefore, the national nature reserve group in Southwest Hubei not only effectively protects large-sized rare and endangered plants and animals, but also nurtures a rich and diverse bryophytes flora, thus an important area for of the conservation bryophytes diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the maximum entropy model (Maxent) and geographic information system ( ArcGIS 10.3) softwares were used to predict the potential distribution areas of four Litsea species under the current and future climate conditions of China ( 2061 - 2080), and to analyze and classify their suitable habitats. The results were as follows: Litsea cubeba was widely distributed in the south to the Yangtze Hiver in China, and under the future climate with two ( HCP2.6, HCP8.5) carhon dioxide concentrations, during 2061-2080 the suitable anca for its distribution was reduced by 4.9%and 0.5%, respectively; L. coreana was mainly distributed in central and northern subtropical regions of China, and under the climate scenarios with two carbon dioxide concentrations, in 2061-2080 the total suitable area would be increased by 5.6% and 4.5%, respectively; L. greennumiana was mainly distributed in the south subtropical regions of China; L. mollis was widely distributed in the subtropical region. Under the future climate HCP2. 6 scenarios, the suitable area of the two species would be shrinked by 1.0% and 3.3%, respectively, and under the climale HCP8.5, the suitable area of the two species would be shrinked by 5.6% and 8.3%, respectively. These results reveal that due lo different ecological requirements, Litsea species will have different distributional responses to the future climate. the introduction and cultivation of Litsea species should consider the influences of climale change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeschynanthus fulgens Wall. ex R. Br. is newly recorded from Cangyuan County, Yunnan in China. In this paper, Chinese description of the species was enriched, its voucher specimen and pictures were also supplemented. The pollen morphological characteristics of A. fulgens Wall. ex R. Br. and A. hookeri C. B. Clarke were compared, and the differences of pollen morphology and the ornamentations of the two were found to be significant. The vouchers are kept in the herbaria of Henan Agricultural University (HEAC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock burst occurring in deep coal roadway is a technical problem to be solved, 85% of which occurs in the roadway, and its frequency and intensity increase dramatically with the increase of mining depth. This paper analysis the instability mechanism of deep coal roadway roof based on the elastic-plastic mechanics and fracture principle, expounds the rupture instability mechanism of roadway roof strata with increasing stress and energy, derives the load, deformation and energy conditions of rock burst, and elaborates the fission instability evolution law of composite roof which turns roof into the vicious circle of "interlayer separation-rock beam cracking-dynamic crack by dynamic load" or even instant caving. The instability process of deep coal roadway roof is closely related to the cooperatively extension of six main cracks under the superposition action of high stress and dynamic pressure. The six cracks of "one horizontal and five vertical" extend together and form a "door" -like breaking block to push into roadway and cause damage. The paper presents the six manifestation pattern of rock burst and dynamic instability, puts forward the effective unit control timbering countermeasure of ‘‘roof truss cable+roadway center long cable+roadway drift angle bolt”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional medicinal market during the Dragon Boat Festival, which is still popular in some ethnic minority areas in South China, which shows characteristics of the ethnic medicine and has a far-reaching impact on it. In order to investigate the transaction status of Yao herbal medicine market and harvest the traditional Yao medicinal knowledge, we investigated the herbal medicinal market during the Dragon Boat Festival in Lanshan County of Hunan Province by using ethnobotany method. An inventory of medicinal plants sold in the medicinal market during the Dragon Boat Festival in Lanshan County was documented in the present paper, including scientific name, local name, medicinal part, uses, prepared methods and occurrence frequency. The results were as follows: The species of medicinal plants in the medicinal market during the Dragon Boat Festival in Lanshan County were rich. More than 262 species of medicinal plant were investigated and recorded, which belonged to 103 families and 222 genera. These medicinal plants belong to various families and genera, and the number of families contained more than seven species including Araliaceae(11 species), Rubiaceae (11 species), Asteraceae(11 species), Liliaceae (10 species), Lamiaceae (9 species), Papilionaceae (8 species), Rutaceae (7 species). Medicinal bath plants were popular and diverse in the traditional medicinal market, accounting for 94 species, up to 35.9% of the total, and this reflects the Yao people's concept of prevention and health care in the treatment of diseases. According to statistics, 131 species of medicinal plants have not been included in the national pharmacopoeia and local standards, accounting for 50.2% of the total, which will become potential resources for exploring new drugs and new uses. The investigation result of the age of medicine sellers showed that the age of sellers was mainly between 50 and 59 years old, accounting for 67% of the total, while those under 40 years old only accounted for 3% of the total. This phenomenon indicated that the aging of inheritors and sharp decrease in the number of potential inheritors exist in the inheritance of traditional ethnic medicine knowledge. We also analyzed species diversity of medicinal plants and ethnic features of medicinal market and discussed the influence of the medical market on the protection and inheritance of traditional medical knowledge, and proposed some suggestions for sustainable development of the traditional medicinal market in Lanshan County. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on literature, field work, collection, examination and identification of related specimens, the genus Tupistra Ker-Gawl. (Asparagaceae) is revised and three species are recognized in Guangxi, China. Among them, Tupistra cardinalis Aver., N. Tanaka & Son is a newly recorded species to China. In this paper, a detailed description of T. cardinalis, the photographs and geographical distribution of the genus in Guangxi and a key to all the species recognized in China are given. The voucher specimens are stored in Herbarium of Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants(GXMG)and Herbarium of Guangxi Institute of Botany (IBK). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change of coal permeability related to gas pressure is important to coal mining and CBM exploitation.The permeability evolution of various kinds of coal is different and changes with stress conditions. To investigate the permeability evolution of coal samples changed in gas pressure, the strain and permeability of coal samples collected from the No.9 coal seam in Zhaogezhuang mine,Kailuan,China were measured during gas pressure reduction under constant temperature, axial and confining stress by using Triaxial servo-controlled seepage rig.The experimental results showed that coal shrinkage strain increased with the decrease of gas pressure.And the permeability of coal cores may increase gradually or decrease firstly and then increase( The gas pressure cor-responding to permeability rebound is less than 1.0 MPa).When the gas pressure reduced to 0.3 MPa,the perme-ability was 1.9-2.9 times of the initial condition( gas pressure was 2.0 MPa).Considering that coal axial and radial strains are approximately equal,a theoretical model was established to describe the permeability evolution of the three-dimensional deformation coal.The model also reflected the effects of gas pressure and gas desorption on coal permeability.The analysis showed that in the process of reducing gas pressure, the permeability of coal will change from decreasing to increasing at a certain gas pressure( rebound gas pressure pr). The equation of rebound gas pressure pr was derived.It indicated that prwas determined by coal volume modulus ,K, and Langmuir coefficients related to the adsorption, εpand pL.The greater volume modulus K and the adsorption deformation coefficient εpare, the higher pris.And prwas independent of the external stress and the internal gas pressure. According to the derived permeability model, the permeability curves and the rebound gas pressure pr of coal samples under various stresses and gas pressures were calculated by referring to the experimental data of this paper and other published articles. The numerical results were close to the experimental data with a maximum relative error less than 8.9%.The trend of coal permeability changing with gas pressure in the experiment depends on the rebound gas pressure prand the experimental gas pressure.When pr≥pmax( the maximum gas pressure in the experiment), coal permeability decreases with gas pressure increasing.When pr≤pmin( the minimum gas pressure value in the experiment), coal permeability increases with gas pressure.When pmin

The energy endowment characteristics of "relatively rich in coal, poor in oil, less natural gas, and uranium deficiency"in China result in that the coal resources as the China’s main energy will not change in the short term.Meanwhile, the relatively abundant coal resources are still the most stable and cost-effective competitive minerals in China.There should be a clear understanding that it is unrealistic, unwise and unscientific to abandon the actual energy choices based on coal to solve China’s energy problems. However, it should be noted that the coal resources have brought about environmental pollution, ecological damage, waste of resources, and high emissions in the whole process from geological exploration to development and utilization.Therefore, the development of the coal industry in China will certainly undergo some significant changes in the new era.Implementing scientific exploration and development, clean utilization, and low-carbon consumption, characterized by science, safety, ecology, high efficiency, standardization, digitization, and intelligence, is the only way to realize the sustainable development of China’s coal industry.Aimed at the challenges and opportunities for the coal industry in China, the present situation and existing problems of coal resources in the whole process from geological exploration to development and utilization is analyzed, and the strategic thinking of building an upgrade version of main energy( coal) industry in China is proposed.In this paper, the authors focus on 11 key scientific and technological problems faced in the process of realizing the upgrade version of China’s main energy( coal) industry, namely the problems of comprehensive coordination, green exploration, deep exploration, and intelligent exploration for coal resources in the process of geological exploration; the problems of green, safety, recovery rate, occupational health, and high benefit in the coal development process; the clean and low-carbon problems in the process of consumption and utilization.Meanwhile, the corresponding exploratory solutions are put forward.It is of great theoretical significance and practical value to promote the transformation and upgrading for China from a large coal producing country to a powerful coal industrial country, and also to address the sharp contradiction between China’s current economic and social development and the protection of ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protection and utilization of groundwater resources in coal mining process is the prerequisite and necessary condition for realizing green mining at the ecological fragile mining area in western China. Among them, the extensive application of water-preserved mining and underground reservoir technology provides the possibility for solving the problem of coal-water co-production. In this paper, with the background that the stability of the coal and rock boundary of underground reservoir changed under the conditions of repeated immersion in water, the sandy mudstone of the No.3-1 coal seam roof of Wulanmulun Mine was investigated. The natural water absorption law of the sample was obtained by non-destructive water immersion test, and the water immersion time of the sample water content reaching saturation state was obtained. According to the immersion time, the sample was dried-saturated and repeatedly immersed in water. It was found that the water content increased exponentially with the number of immersion, whereas the shear strength and the number of water immersion in the sample decreased exponentially. The cohesive force decreased with the increase of the number of immersion times, while the internal friction angle increased first and then decreased, indicating that the uniformity of the material, and the shape of the fracture surface and the shape, size and direction of the fracture caused the internal friction angle to increase. The cycle immersion later was the dominant factor to make the internal friction angle decrease. Based on the relationship between cohesion, internal friction angle and number of dry-saturated cycles, the Mohr-Coulomb criterion was established based on the number of dry-saturated cycles. The acoustic emission counting curve had a strong correspondence with the shear stress curve. The acoustic emission event increased significantly at the moment of sample failure, corresponding to the obvious rising phase of the cumulative acoustic emission counting curve. The sample mainly had a low RA value during the failure process, and the failure time corresponded to a high RA value, i.e. , the common type of crack in the failure process of the specimen was tensile crack, and the moment of failure corresponded to the obvious shear crack. These results show that the strength of coal and rock pillars in the groundwater reservoir boundary changed significantly under the action of water immersion-water loss during the impoundment-pumping process in the groundwater reservoir. It is suggested that the weakening effect of water on the strength of boundary coal and rock pillars should be considered when constructing the underground reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water resources destruction and geological environment changes caused by mining in ecologically fragile areas of western China have seriously restricted the sustainable development of economy, society and environment in mining areas. Through reviewing the research progress of water-preserved coal mining and carrying capacity of geological environment in coal mining areas, and combining with the current situation of geological environment in western China rich in coal and short of water, the research framework of carrying capacity of geological environment based on the concept of water-preserved coal mining is proposed. It is considered that the function mechanism of "coal mining activity-water resource destruction-geological environment effect"should be systematically analyzed by combining the concept of water-preserved coal mining with the theory of carrying capacity of geological environment. The methods of attribute analysis, ecological demand analysis, numerical analysis and catastrophe theory should be used in studying the carrying capacity of geological environment. In particular, the quantitative method, comprehensive evaluation method and the classification method of carrying status and carrying capacity of geological environment should be investigated. By means of simulation experiment, the relationship data between the geological environment and the critical value of mining intensity under the carrying capacity of typical coal mine area are obtained. Then the technological method of coal mining under water-containing for controlling and alleviating the geological environment problems in coal mine area is extracted to determine the reasonable mining intensity and scale. On the basis of the research of carrying capacity, this paper put forward the collaborative monitoring method for the influencing factors of carrying capacity of geological environment, and the criterion of bearing capacity early warning grade of carrying capacity. The connotation and basic research ideas of geological environmental carrying capacity based on the concept of water-preserved coal mining will enrich the scientific connotation of water-preserved coal mining and geological environmental carrying capacity, and provide a theoretical and technical support for the coordinated development of coal resources and water resources protection in the fragile ecological environment areas of western China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yushenfu coal field is located in the Maowusu Desert and the Loess Plateau convergence zone in China, where ecological environment is fragile and ecological water resources are scarce. The heterogeneous distribution of main aquifers and mine water inflow influence the safe production of coal mines. Thus, the protection and uti-lization of water resources are of significance to coal mine production and ecological construction. After analyzing the distribution and water abundance of the main aquifers, such as Salawusu Formation, burnt rock and weathering bedrock, combining the thickness of overlying bedrock and water inflow on field, the operating coal mines and unplanned areas could be divided into four types which are the areas of water scarcity, water richness, water abundance and surface water source. The study area has been divided into sub-regions according to the classification and their distribution. Based on the classification, the concrete measures for water preservation and mine water utilization have been proposed such as storage and purification in goaf area, industrial utilization, agricultural irrigation, wetlands construction and artificial lakes. In the paper, the scientific content of water-preserved mining has been extended and interpreted as that both preserving shallow main aquifers and effectively utilizing coal mine water resource should be taken simultaneously. It proposes that mining damage and ecological self-repair should be considered before coal mine construction. It also proposes that the idea of using economic benefits to repay the local ecosystem and green economy which provides certain references for mining area planning and construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]