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Under UV irradiation conditions, bisphenol A (BPA) was used as a model compound to study the composite effects of representative soluble components humic acid ( HA), Fe 3 +, and Cl - on the photolysis of BPA in the aqueous environment using response surface methodology ( RSM) . Results show that HA and Fe 3 + are the significant factors affecting the photodegradation of BPA, followed by NO - 3 and Cl - . HA, NO - 3 and Cl - significantly inhibits the photolysis of BPA, while Fe 3 + promotes it (P < 0. 05) . When HA, Fe 3 +, NO - 3 and Cl - co-exists in the water environment, an interaction on the photolysis of BPA is established. As significant factors, the combination of Fe 3 + and Cl - or HA respectively inhibits the photodegradation of BPA, while the coexistence of HA-Cl - or HA-NO - 3 shows promoting effect. As non-significant factors, there are antagonistic effects between NO - 3 and Fe 3 + or between NO - 3 and Cl - . Radical scavenging experiments unveils that the most important factor HA on BPA photodegradation is mainly attributed to triplet-excited DOM. The predicted value of the model obtained from the natural water sample is in good agreement with the experimental value, indicating that the model can be used to estimate the photolysis of BPA in the natural water sample used, but it also has certain limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to efficiently degrade organic pollutants in the water environment, poly（heptazine） structured K intercalated carbon nitride （CN-K） was prepared using KCl and NH4Cl as structural inducers. The prepared CN-K was characterized by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）and so on. The prepared CN-K can be applied as an efficient photocatalyst for the visible-light photocatalytic degradation of endocrine disruptor bisphenol A （BPA）. The CN-K possessed 4 times enhancement photocatalytic performance than bulk g-C3N4, where the degradation ratio of BPA were 99.0% under light irradiation for 20 min. Owing to the K+ uniformly distributed in CN-K, crystalline structure endows the ordered electronic transmission channels in CN-K, thus enhanced the efficiency of photo induced charge carriers separation and migration, as well as visible light capture. In addition, this heterogeneous catalyst can be recycled at least five times and the recovered CN-K after the final cycle displayed unchanged photocatalytic degradation efficiency, demonstrating its excellent stability and outstanding reusability. This study highlighted opportunities for the recycling treatment of wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disease characterized by hyperandrogenic phenotype in women of reproductive age. The pathogenesis of PCOS remains unclear, and androgen is now thought to have an essential impact on the pathogenesis of PCOS. Bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental endocrine disruptor, can increase the relevant androgen synthetase and induce PCOS through excessive androgen exposure. Studies have shown that BPA exposure can inhibit the activity of aromatase, prevent the binding of androgen and receptor, thus inducing hyperandrogenemia. BPA can also regulate the ovarian function of PCOS through oxidative stress, estrogen-related pathways, hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, regulation of obesity and insulin resistance, and other routes. This article aims to review the neuroendocrine mechanism and related signal pathways of BPA-induced PCOS by regulating hyperandrogen, clarify the specific biological functions of BPA and provide a reference for follow-up research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To discuss the effect of Sirtuins（Sirt) protein family on the male reproductive system damage cell and animal models induced by bisphenol A (BPA), and to clarify its effect on the male reproductive system damage induced by BPA. Methods: Forty Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group, low dose of BPA group (given 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 BPA), medium dose of BPA group (given 30 mg·kg-1·d-1 BPA), and high dose of BPA group (given 300 mg · kg-1·d-1 BPA), and there were 10 mice in each group. The mice in low, medium, and high doses of BPA groups were gavaged with corn oil (0.01 mL·g-1) mixed with corresponding concentrations of BPA, while the mice in control group were given 0.01 mL·g-1 corn oil. After 5 weeks, the body weights, testis indexes, and epididymal indexes of the mice in various groups were detected； the sperm qualities of the mice in various groups were detected by using computer assisted semen analysis (CASA) system； the morphology of testis tissue of the mice in various groups was observed by HE staining； the expression levels of Sirt1-Sirt7 proteins in testis tissue of the mice in various groups were detected by Western blotting method. The GC-2 cells were divided into 0, 20, 40, and 80 μmol·L-1 BPA groups (treated with 0, 20, 40, and 80 μmol·L-1 BPA).The proliferation rates of the GC-2 cells in various groups were detected by EdU staining； the percentages of the GC-2 cells at different cell cycles and the apoptotic rates of GC-2 cells in various groups were detected by flow cytometry；the expression levels of Sirt1-Sirt7 proteins in the GC-2 cells in various groups were detected by Western blotting method. Results: Compared with control group, the testis index of the mice in high dose of BPA group was decreased (P<0.05); compared with control group, the percentage of immobile sperm of the mice in high dose of BPA group was increased (P<0.01), the percentage of rapid progressive sperm was decreased (P<0.01), the percentage of medium progressive sperm was decreased (P<0.05), and the deformity rate of the sperm was increased (P<0.01).The HE staining results showed that the number of spermatogenic cells at all levels in the seminiferous tubules of the mice in different doses of BPA groups showed a decreasing and loosely arranged trend. Compared with control group, the expression level of Sirt6 protein in testis tissue of the mice in low dose of BPA group was decreased (P<0.01), while the expression levels of Sirt1, Sirt2, and Sirt6 proteins in testis tissue of the mice in medium dose of BPA group mice were decreased (P<0.01), the expression levels of Sirt1, Sirt2, Sirt3, Sirt4, Sirt5, Sirt6, and Sirt7 proteins in testis tissue of the mice in high dose of BPA group were decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The EdU staining results showed that compared with 0 μ mol·L-1 BPA group, the proliferation rates of the GC-2 cells in 20, 40, and 80 μmol·L-1 BPA groups were decreased (P<0.01). The flow cytometry results showed that after treated for 48 h, compared with 0 μmol·L-1 BPA group, the apoptotic rates of the GC-2 cells in 20, 40, and 80 μmol·L-1 BPA groups were increased (P<0.01). The Western blotting assay results showed that after treated for 24 h, compared with 0 μmol·L-1 BPA group, the expression levels of Sirt4 and Sirt7 proteins in GC-2 cells of the mice in 20 μmol·L-1 BPA group were decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the expression levels of Sirt4 and Sirt7 proteins in GC-2 cells of the mice in 80 μmol·L-1 BPA group decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01).After treated for 48 h, compared with 0 μmol·L-1 BPA group, the expression levels of Sirt2, Sirt3, Sirt4, and Sirt6 proteins in GC-2 cells of the mice in 20 μmol·L-1 BPA group were decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the expression levels of Sirt1, Sirt2, Sirt3, Sirt4, and Sirt6 proteins in GC-2 cells of the mice in 40 μmol·L-1 BPA group were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the expression levels of Sirt 5 and Sirt 6 proteins were decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: The expression levels of Sirt1-Sirt7 proteins in the male reproductive injury cells and animal models induced by BPA are decreased, which exacerbates the male reproductive system damage induced by BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are exogenous compounds, which can interfere with the hormones action and endocrine pathways, affect the development of female reproductive system and ovarian function, and therefore EDCs are associated with female infertility. Current research mainly focus on EDC exposure and its correlation with the different diseases of the endocrine axes. Studies have shown that EDCs affect female fertility by causing ovarian dysfunction, follicular development abnormality, endometrial receptivity reduction, and embryo quality decline, as well as the lowed clinical outcome of assisted reproduction in infertile women. Accumulating evidence in animal studies has provided important insights into the mechanism of EDC effects. This review summarizes some of the most common EDCs including pesticides, bisphenol A and phthalates, and the effects of EDCs on female fertility and clinical outcomes of assisted reproductive technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation efficiency of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solution was investigated in UV 254 nm combined with potassium ferrate [ UV/Fe(VI) ] process・ The main active components for BPA oxidation were identified, and the possible degradation pathways of BPA were also proposed・ The results showed that the synergistic degradation of BPA in UV/Fe(VI) process followed the pseudo second-order kinetics, and its degradation rate was enhanced by 98. 94% and 67. 17% compared with single UV and Fe(VI), respectively・ The removal rate of BPA reached 91 ・ 46% when the BPA concentration was 220 |jimol/L, Fe(VI) concentration was 50 |jimol/L, the system temperature was 25 °C and pH 6. creasing temperature and pH, the presence of humic acid and CO| can enhance the degradation efficiency. The dominated reactive oxidation species in UV/Fe(VI) system were Fe(V), Fe(IV), superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicaL The degradation of BPA mainly underwent the demethylation, hydroxylation and ring opening reactions in UV/Fe(VI) system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the pollution caused by microplastics (MPs) in agricultural systems and their possible mechanisms of action, the distribution characteristics of MPs in the surface soils of 56 sites in paddy fields of three towns in Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, China, were determined. Fourteen sites were randomly selected to collect rice grains after harvest. The effect of MPs on the migration of bisphenol A (BPA) and cadmium (Cd) from soil to rice grains were analyzed. Four forms of aging MPs were detected in soils：films, particles, fragments, and fibers. The abundance of MPs in the three towns was similar, ranging from 48 items·kg-1 to 1 771 items·kg-1 ; the main components were polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), accounting for 46.77% and 24.19%, respectively, and the content of polycarbonate (PC) was significantly lower than that of ethylene terephthalate (PET) (2.51 μg·kg-1 and 113.35 μg·kg-1, respectively) . BPA in depolymerized soils showed a more significant positive correlation with the content of BPA in rice grains than in un-depolymerized soils (P<0.01), indicating a potential risk of secondary release of BPA during the aging of MPs in the environment. In addition, the Cd content in soils also exhibited a significant positive correlation (P<0.001) with the abundance of MPs, promoting the transformation of Cd from soils to rice grains. This study contributes to the overall and objective evaluation of the pollution and health risks posed by MPs in agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic reviewed the research status of different types of metal catalysts, such as transition metal ions, zero-valent metals and bimetals, activated PMS/PDS for the degradation of bisphenol A(BPA), and also discussed the degradation mechanism of BPA removal by bimetallic catalyst. These include synergy between bimetals, and the important role of oxygen vacancies and surface hydroxyl radical. The paper analyzed the influencing factors in the activation process, water matrix conditions, reusability and stability of the catalyst. The paper looks forward to the future research on the degradation of bisphenol A by metal catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol A (BPA) as an organic compound widely existing in the environment can interfere with the normal metabolism of the body and participate in the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. High dose BPA exposure has an acute toxic effect on the reproductive system. Long-term exposure to BPA has more significant damage to the reproductive system, and can even produce intergenerational effects, affecting the growth and development of offspring. BPA damages female reproductive function and reduces female fertility through a variety of mechanisms. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop related drugs to alleviate this adverse reaction. This paper reviews the effects of BPA on female reproductive system, and introduces the research progress of antioxidants, probiotics, vitamins and traditional Chinese medicine on alleviating the effects of BPA on reproductive system. However, the clinical application of related drugs still needs the support of evidence-based medical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the optimal preparation method of bisphenol A (BPA) -induced diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) rat models, and to clarify the attributes of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes. Methods Eighteen clean female SD rats aged 3 and 6 months with regular estrous cycle were selected and were randomly divided into the low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose BPA groups. The rats in the low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose BPA groups were given 50，100，and 200 mg/kg BPA mixed suspension orally, once a day until they showed unregular estrous cycles. The general performance and vaginal smear were observed everyday. The estrous cycle of rats was observed by vaginal smear; the abdominal aortic blood of rats was collected, and serum was separated. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), and inhibin-B (INHB) were detected by ELISA. We took bilateral ovaries, observed the morphology of ovarian tissues, and calculated the proportion of follicles at all levels and the ovarian index. We chose the model preparation method used in the group which had the most significant change of the indexes as the best method. The 18 successful model rats were randomly divided into the control group, Yougui pill group, and Yangjingzhongyu decoction group, with 6 in each. The model rats in the control group， Yougui pill group and Yangjingzhongyu decoction group were given distilled water, Yougui pill for treatment of kidny-yang deficiency, and Yangjingzhongyu decoction for kidny-yin deficiency by 1 mL/100 g body weight, for 2 consecutive weeks， respectively. The changes of estrous cycle, symptoms of kidney-yang deficiency, ovarian tissue morphology, ovarian index, proportion of follicles at all levels, serum hormone, INHB and AMH levels were compared between these two groups. Results All model rats in the BPA groups aged 3 and 6 months had reduced activity and liked to crouch and bunch. The disturbance time of estrous cycles of model rats aged 3 month in the medium-dose BPA group was significant shorter as compared with that of the other groups, and they showed decreased levels of AMH and primordial follicles and increased atretic follicles. Therefore, the preparation method in the 3-month-old rat model of the medium-dose BPA group was the best method. One rat in the Yangjingzhongyu decoction group and 5 rats in Yougui pill group resumed regular estrous cycle while all rats in the control group continued to be in disorder. The number of regular estrus cycle recovery in the Yougui pill group （5）was higher than that in the control group（0）and Yangjingzhongyu decoction group (1), while the symptom of kidneyyang deficiency improved more significantly. The ovaries of rats in the control group were pale, small and hard, while those of the Yougui pill group were bigger and ruddy. The ovaries of Yougui pill group had good elasticity and multiple growth follicles on the surface. There were fewer follicles on the ovarian surface and poor elasticity in the rats of Yangjingzhongyu decoction group. Compared with the other two groups, the Yougui pill group had higher proportion of primordium follicle, lower atresia follicle, and higher AMH level (all P<0. 05). Conclusions The DOR animal models can be successfully prepared by intragastric administration of 100 mg/kg BPA in 3-month clean SD rats. The attribute of TCM syndrome of the rat models is kidney-yang deficiency by means of syndrome differentiation through formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the protective effect and its mechanism of the protein and peptide extracts from the muscle of Chinese giant salamanders (SP) on the protection of bisphenol A (BPA)-induced sperm disorder in mice. Methods: Forty male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups, Control group, BPA group, BPA+CS group and BPA+SP group. BPA group was injected with 50 mg/kg/d of BPA, which dissolved in corn oil. Control group was injected with corn oil only. The BPA+CS group was given compound substances, which have been proved to be beneficial for spermatogenesis, and were used as controls. The BPA+SP group was given the above mentioned compounds plus SP dissolved in physiological saline. Mice received the compounds plus SP by gavage. The doses were 4 g/kg/d for both groups. The model was established continuously for 28 days, during which the body weight of mice was measured weekly. Testicular volume and testosterone-body ratio were measured after establishment of animal model. Epididymal sperms were collected to measure sperm number and sperm motility by using the computer aided analysis system (CASA). The amount of testosterone in the serum was determined by ELISA. HE staining and TUNEL staining were used to analyze testicular histopathology. Finally, immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were used to analyze the expression of metastasis associated protein 2 (MTA2), and Oil Red O staining was used to observe the phagocytosis of Sertoli cells in vitro and in vivo. Results: Compared with the control group, the testicular volume (P<0.05), testicular weight (P<0.05), testosterone-body ratio (P<0.05), sperm number (P<0.05), sperm motility (P<0.05), and the amount of testosterone in the serum of mice (P<0.01) in BPA group were significantly decreased. Testicular morphology was damaged and the number of apoptotic spermatogenic cells in BPA group was increased compared with control group(P<0.01). At the same time, the expression of MTA2 and the phagocytosis of Sertoli cells in BPA group were decreased compared with control group (P<0.01). There was no difference between BPA + CS group and BPA group. Surprisingly, the above changes in BPA group were significant difference by using SP(P<0.05). Conclusion: SP has obvious protective effect on BPA-induced sperm disorder in mice, and the mechanism of action may be related to enhanced phagocytosis of Sertoli cells by improving the expression of MTA2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the influence of perinatal exposure of bisphenol A (BPA) at a low dose on the spermatogenesis of male offspring rats. Methods: Pregnant rats were injected subcutaneously with BPA 2 μg/(kg·d) from gestation day 10 through lactation day 7, and the same volume of olive oil was used as the blank control. Their male offspring were served as the BPA group and the control group. Histological structure of the testis and the related regulation genes such as cyclin A1、cyclin B、c-jun and c-fos, as well as the FSH and LH, were tested, and the expressions POA-GnRH or ARC-kiss1 mRNAs were also examined in their male offspring during the postnatal day 18, 21, 24. Results: In comparison with the control group, the seminiferous tubular diameter, the number of round spermatids and the ratio of seminiferous tubule with round spermatids were significantly increased in PND24 BPA rats (P＜0.05). The expression levels of cyclin A1, c-jun and c-fos mRNAs in the testes were significantly elevated in PND21 BPA rats (P＜0.01). Similarly, the levels of plasma FSH and LH were increased in the PND21/24 BPA rats compared with the control rats (P＜0.05). But the levels of plasma T and E2 were no significant in the PND18/21/24 BPA rats and the control rats (P＞0.05). In comparison with control group, the expression levels of POA-GnRH mRNA and ARC-kiss1 mRNA were significantly increased in PND21 BPA rats (GnRH: P＜0.05; kiss1: P＜0.01). Conclusions: In addition to the direct effect of BPA on the testes of male offspring, the perinatal exposure to a low dose of BPA promotes spermatogenesis via advancing the pubertal activation of ARC -kisspeptin, and via further enhancing the expressions of meiotic regulation genes in the testes of male offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in the manufacture of epoxy, polycarbonate plastics, flame retardants, cosmetics and even baby products. However, as an endocrine disruptor, it can lead to metabolic and reproductive disorders. In severe cases, it can cause various cancers. Among all kinds of BlPA detection techniques, electrochemical methods are paid more attention because of their advantages such as simple operation, fast response time, high sensitivity, low cost and portable instrument. In this review, the research progress of the modified electrode's composite materials of electrochemical sensor for BPA detection in the past 5 years and its application in the analysis of real samples are summarized. The preparation of electrode modified composite materials and the performance of the electrochemical sensors for BPA detection are emphasized so as to provide reference and new ideas for its future development and practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]