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Objectives: The Ripley' s K-function has been widely applied to test for spatial point patterns in many fields such as economic geography, plant geography, and epidemiology. Because of the mathematical confusion of spatial point processes, there are many errors in measuring the distributions of spatial point objects in the corresponding published papers. Methods: This paper discusses Monte Carlo simulation method in the application of Ripley's K-function from perspectives of dynamics of random point patterns, suitability of parameter definition, and reliability of edge correction algorithms. First, we introduce the estimation methods of spatial point pattern analysis based on Ripley's K-function. Second, the formula of Ripley's Kfunction is corrected by various edge effect correction methods and compared in the applications. Finally, the modified algorithm is employed for spatial point pattern analysis of the nutrient concentrations of orange plants in Xinping County, Yunnan Province, China. Results: The preliminary results indicated that the number of Monte Carlo simulations has a great influence on the analysis of the observed spatial point patterns. The significance tests of the observed spatial point patterns change in the process of running ArcGIS Ripley's K-function software package, showing some degree of uncertainty of the observed results. The edge effect correction of Ripley's K-function based on GIS techniques is greatly recommended due to its extension to an arbitrary polygon from a common rectangular shape. Conclusions: Considering the popularity of Monte Carlo simulation in statistics and spatial data analysis, this paper provides important insights on edge correction and significance tests in other spatial clustering methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the factors influencing the severity of tourism traffic accidents, this paper selected 3 861 tourism traffic safety accidents in China, based on the analysis of its spatialtemporal distribution characteristics, further examined the factors influencing the severity of tourism traffic accidents. An ordered multi-classified logistic regression model was employed to explore the contributing factors to the severity of tourist traffic safety accidents. The results show that: (1) From 2010 to 2019, the different severity levels of tourism traffic accidents in China show a fluctuating downward trend. (2) The severity levels of tourism traffic accidents display a heterogeneous distribution, with high-incidence areas mainly concentrated in Yunnan and Hunan provinces. (3) The five categories of factors, including personnel, vehicles, roads, management, and environment, are significantly correlated with the severity of tourism traffic accidents. The varying strength of their connection with different provincial domains is an important reason for the heterogeneous distribution of accident severity. The results help to reveal the characteristics and causes of tourism traffic safety accidents nationwide and provide a theoretical basis for improving tourism traffic safety management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[ Objective]The present paper explored the spatial-temporal characteristics of utilization efficiency of agricultural water under constraints of carbon emission and water pollution in 16 prefectures of Yunnan province from 2010 to 2019, and put forward some suggestions on improving utilization efficiency of agricultural water. [Method] The Super-SBM model, the kernel density estimation method and Malmquist index method were used for the analysis of utilization efficiency of agricultural water in Yunnan province. [ Result] The utilization efficiency of agricultural water in Yunnan province was low, and there was great potential for improvement. There were significant differences among regions, showing a spatial distribution of reduced radiation around the 'Central-Southern Yunnan province T-belt'. The utilization efficiency of agricultural water in Yunnan province had shown an obvious upward trend, with different upward trends in different regions in the past 10 years. The medium and high-level areas had a large growth rate and range while the low-level areas had the opposite. There was a polarization phenomenon in utilization efficiency of agricultural water in Yunnan province. The range of medium and high efficiency zones increased, while low efficiency zones decreased or even disappered. Yunnan province presented the spatial pattern of high utilization efficiency of agricultural water of ' three pillars' in central Yunnan province, southern Yunnan province and western Yunnan province. The degree and scope of the agglomeration in the agglomeration areas continued to increase, ranging from central Yunnan province to western Yunnan province to southern Yunnan province. [ Conclusion] The overall level of utilization efficiency of agricultural water in Yunnan province was low. There were large differences in temporal variation and spatial distribution. Technological progress is the fundamental measure to improve utilization efficiency of agricultural water. Differentiated enhancement measures should be adopted for different prefectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Through conducting a in-depth study on the variety diversity of Yunnan big-leaf tea, analyzing the diversity of their biochemical components with corresponding varieties and screening the specific varieties, the purpose of this paper was to provide theoretical guidance for the exploration, utilization, reproduction of those specific varieties. [Method] The biochemical components of autumn tea of 26 Yunnan big-leaf tea varieties were determined, and based on the results, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were carried out. [Result] The biochemical components of 26 varieties had rich diversity and variation, with an average coefficient of variation of 25.53%. Among the four conventional biochemical components, the largest coefficient of variation was amino acid, up to 14.13%. Among the catechin components, catechin had the largest coefficient of variation, reaching 63.51%. Multivariate principal component analysis showed that the first three principal components accounted for 77.179% of the diversity of biochemical components of 26 varieties, the variance accounted for by the first principal component was 50.165%, the contribution of phenol ammonia ratio was the largest; the variance accounted for by the second principal component was 16.894%, the contribution of epicatechin (EC) was the largest; the variance accounted for by the third principal component was 10.120%, and the contribution of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was the largest. Based on the clustering of 12 biochemical components of 26 variety resources, three groups were formed. The first group mainly was Yunkang series variety resources, which were mainly characterized by high contents of water extract, tea polyphenols, phenol ammonia ratio, total catechin, catechin DL-C and epigallocatechin gallate (ECG), and low contents of amino acids and epigallocatechin (EGC) . The second group was Yunnan large leaf population resources, which were characterized by high contents of amino acids, caffeine and EC, and low contents of total catechin, EGCG and ECG, The third group was mainly artificial hybrid variety resources, which were characterized by high contents of EGC and EGCG, and low contents of water extract, tea polyphenols, caffeine, phenol ammonia ratio, catechin DL-C and EC. The contents of four conventional components of the three groups were relatively consistent, and there were differences in phenol ammonia ratio and catechin content. [Conclusion] 26 Yunnan big-leaf tea variety resources have rich genetic diversity, with 26 high tea polyphenol resources, 1 high caffeine resources and 15 high catechin resources were preliminarily screened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 20th century, there have been many research achievementson the Mu family in Yunnan in the Ming Dy⁃ nasty. However, throughout the existing research, the research focuses on the overall situation ofthe Mu family, Mu Ying, de⁃ scendants of the Mu descendants and tombs of the Mu family. In terms of the use of documents and historical materials, official historical records are the main ones, and there are few references to inscriptions on steles, memorials, collected works, novels and unearthed cultural relics. From the point of view of the number of papers, there are three stages: the initial stage, the middle stage and the late stage. On the whole, there are still many deficiencies. This paper tries to find out the defects of the achieve⁃ ments by briefly summarizing the present research situation of the Mu family, and on this basis, to add the application of interdis⁃ ciplinary knowledge, aiming to improve the development of research path of the Mu family, and continue to bring forth new ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karst landforms are mainly special landscapes formed by carbonate dissolution. They are characterized by calcium abundance, lack of soil resources, and insufficient water resources. The growth and development of vegetation in the karst area is restricted by the bedrock. It is very important to understand the synergistic interaction between vegetation metabolism and geochemistry of carbonate rocks in karst areas to maintain the stability of structure and function of the karst ecosystem. The mechanism and law of interaction between vegetation and rock geochemical background in karst areas from two aspects is expounded in this paper: vegetation community promotes weathering of carbonate rocks and geochemical background restricts vegetation. Through summarizing: ( 1 ) Plants promote the weathering and dissolution of carbonate rocks through physicochemical and biological actions, such as secreting carbonic anhydrase organic matter, improving the water retention performance of rock surface through boring by organisms and accelerating the disintegration of broken rocks through root splitting, thus forming a unique karst geochemical background of drought, high calcium, shallow soil layer and lack of nutrients in the soil layer. (2) With the long-term interaction between plants and the karst environment, plants adapt to environmental stress by adjusting their own structures and physiological functions, and even their unique plant succession rules. The plants that survived eventually evolved into unique karst plants that were drought-resistant, adaptable to high-calcium environments, and able to cope with nutrient deficiencies. Due to the solubility of carbonate rocks, the hydrologic system forms a two-layer spatial structure of surface and underground, which makes it difficult to utilize groundwater resources. As a result, the available water resources of local plants are limited, and are prone to drought stress. The drought resistance of plants adapts to the drought or water shortage environment mainly through physiological and biochemical processes, morphological structure and water use. In the morphological structure of the plant, through the stomatal regulation and the xeric structural characteristics of the leaves, the transpiration water loss of the plant is minimized. Some karst plants can cope with drought stress through physiological and biochemical processes, which can reduce the damage caused by drought stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and accumulating osmoregulatory substances through phytochemicals. Karst plants improve water use efficiency and reduce transpiration through different water use methods in the dry season. For example, some plants absorb deep soil, deep bedrock water or groundwater water through developed deep roots, and some plants even use fog water. The adaptability of plants to high calcium is realized through physiological structure and process. In a high calcium environment, karst plants can limit the excess calcium transfer upward by forming calcified roots and keeping the calcium content in plants in a relatively stable state through the regulation of calcium oxalate crystal cells and leaves. Plants can also control the intracellular calcium ion concentration by regulating the calcium pool in vivo and controlling the absorption and transport of calcium. Organic acids and mycorrhiza secreted by roots can help vegetation obtain nutrients in the soil to cope with nutrient deficiency in the soil. The organic acid content secreted by the roots of karst plants is usually higher than that of non - karst plants, and the increase of organic acid content can help plants to absorb trace elements. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) help plants adapt to nutrient deficiency by absorbing mineral nutrients from the soil. (3) The vegetation succession in the karst area is similar to the general stage of vegetation succession in normal landforms, but the vegetation succession in the karst area has the particularity of self - generation. The vegetation succession from the middle to the top of the mountain takes a longer time. Vegetation succession changed physical and chemical properties and soil quality. In the process of succession, soil bulk density gradually decreases, and porosity gradually increases over time. At the same time, soil nutrients accumulate with the positive succession of vegetation. During the positive succession process of karst vegetation, the soil water and fertilizer retention capacity is enhanced, the stability is increased, and the survival probability of species and the species diversity are also increased. The special rock geochemical background in the karst area leads to the obvious changes in the spatial distribution of soil resources. High soil heterogeneity promotes the formation of plant community species diversity. For example, the tropical karst area in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province covers an area of 3600km 2, accounting for 19% of the land area. The forest survey results in the karst area show that there are 153 families, 640 genera and 1394 species of vascular plants, accounting for 77. 7% of the total floristic families, 56. 1% of the genera and 37. 9% of the species, respectively. The karst plant community is the result of the long interaction between the plant and the environment, the continuous adaptation to the environment and the growth and reproduction. The karstification of plants, the adaptation mechanism of plants under the typical karst soil environment such as drought, high calcium stress and lack of nutrient elements, as well as the succession characteristics of karst vegetation shown in the adaptation process and the biodiversity of vegetation are a whole interaction. The site growth of vegetation promotes the weathering of carbonate rocks and the formation of soil, creating conditions for their own growth. Meanwhile, soil area and soil thickness are positively correlated with plant diversity. The succession of vegetation changes the physical and chemical properties of soil and improves the quality of soil, and the karstification of carbonate rocks promotes the growth of vegetation. The adaptive mechanism of vegetation affects the distribution and growth of plants and promotes the succession process of plant communities and the formation of plant diversity. Due to the spatial heterogeneity of the karst environment and the diversity of plant habitats, plant diversity in karst areas is manifested as few genera, few species and endemic species. However, the internal relationship between plant diversity and the stability of the community ecosystem, as well as the comparative characteristics with non-karst areas still need to be further studied and explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The position time series of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) contain rich tectonic and non-tectonic deformation information, and the complex components are difficult to accurately model and effectively separate non-tectonic information. It is very important to remove the non-tectonic de‐ formation information for the accurate and effective application of the observation data. Methods: Empirical mode decomposition （EMD） is an adaptive time-frequency processing method to correct the period term of time series at 24 GNSS continuous stations and 2 mobile stations in Sichuan Province and Yunnan Province. Results: The results show that the correction of the period term is necessary, and the EMD method can ex‐ tract the different frequency and amplitude period components adaptively according to its own characteristics of signal at each station. Compared with the original time series, the average root mean square error after correction is reduced significantly in N, E and U directions. And EMD method is more accurate and effective than harmonic model modification. We use the modified continuous station time series to simulate the mobile observations, and find that relatively reliable motion velocities can be obtained after an observation period of 5 ‐6 years. The stability and reliability of EMD method are verified by correcting the period term of the mobile station with the actual continuous observation station at a close distance. Conclusions: This paper provides a reference and theoretical basis for the implementation of mobile GNSS observation and the correction of observation data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk evaluation of tailing ponds is characterized by randomness, fuzziness and numerous uncertainties in the evaluation process. In order to effectively guarantee the operational safety of tailing ponds, a tailing pond risk evaluation method based on a combined assignment-cloud model is proposed. From a system analysis perspective, this paper applies the physical-substance-human-reason (WSR) system theory to explore the factors affecting the safe operation of tailings ponds from three aspects; subject factors, object factors and organisational forms, and constructs a WSR-based tailings pond risk evaluation index system. Secondly, the improved G1 method and CRITIC method are used to assign subjective and objective weights to the evaluation indicators respectively, and the game theory algorithm calculates the combination coefficients with the best weights to derive the combination weights. Finally, the cloud model theory is combined to calculate the relative affiliation and comprehensive characteristic value of each indicator, and the risk level is classified based on the principle of maximum affiliation, and the visualisation effect is presented in the form of a cloud chart. The evaluation method is validated using a tailings pond in Yunnan Province as an example, and the results are consistent with the actual situation, and compared with unknown measures and other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiopteris esculenta is one of the most important wild substitute plant for staple food in Dulong's communities(the least populated ethnic group in Yunnan Province, China)for centuries. The Dulong people collect the underground parts of A. esculenta to extract flour and make it into food. In order to study and record the traditional knowledge of Angiopteris esculenta, ethnobotanical methods were employed to investigate and document the traditional knowledge about A. esculenta, and approaches of food science were used to reveal the basic components, morphology, physicochemical properties, and gelatinization characteristics of A. esculenta flour in the present paper. The results were as follows:(1) A. esculenta was a multipurpose plant in the traditional livelihood of Dulong people. Local people employed this plant for edible, medicinal, ornamental purpose and woody purposes. Quantitative analysis showed that the relative frequency of citation(RFC)of the edibleness was much higher than that of other uses, indicating that it was mainly used as staple food.(2)The traditional uses of fern flour extracted from the underground part of A. esculenta imply rationality. There was high starch content in the flour, and the total starch content was 86.2%, and A. esculenta flour contained various mineral elements necessary for human body.(3)The flour had good physicochemical properties, among which the retrogradation and freeze-thaw stability were strong, which could be used in the production and process of frozen food and starch products. The regeneration value and attenuation value of starch were much lower than that of common starch, which indicated that it had good stability of hot paste and cold paste, and not easy to regenerate, thus imply the good processability in food industry. In conclusion, A. esculenta flour has a good potential for utilization and further development. It is expected to play a positive role for increasing local residents' income and for rural revitalization in remote areas, through the approaches of artificial cultivation. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent processing and utilization of A. esculenta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】In order to promote the construction of ecological towns in the open area along the borders of Yunnan province and strengthen the national border ecological security, the present paper evaluates the land ecological security status of Ruili city from the ecological point of view, and analyzes its main obstacles. 【Method】Based on the DPSIR model, 18 indexes were selected to construct the land ecological security evaluation index system of Ruili city. The evaluation index weights were determined by entropy weight method, and the matter-element analysis was used to quantify the land ecological security evaluation. With the aid of obstacle degree model, the obstacle factors of land ecological security in Ruili city were analyzed, and the suggestions were proposed according to pathological diagnosis. 【Result】From 2010 to 2017, the land ecological security in Ruili city included two levels, which were ‘relatively safe transformation’ and ‘ideal safe transformation’. The overall level showed an upward trend, but the comprehensive correlation was always negative, indicating that the ecological security was not stable, and stable ecological background conditions should be established to effectively protect against external disturbances. Except for the state system and the influence system, the ecological security of other subsystems changed at different levels. Therefore, the land ecological development strategy should be formulated according to the theory of systematic coordinated development, and the land ecological security level of Ruili city should be improved in an all-round way. The obstacle factors affecting the land ecological security in Ruili city mainly include GDP per capita, proportion of cultivated land area, proportion of tertiary industry, construction land area per capita, grain output per unit of cultivated land, etc. Overall development strategy should be formulated according to the main obstacles, and blind expansion of construction land should be strictly controlled to improve the quality of cultivated land while stabilizing industrial and economic development, and consolidate ecological security at national border and lay a solid foundation for constructing ecological town.【Conclusion】During the study period, the level of land ecological security in Ruili city showed an upward trend, but the status of land ecological security did not reach a stable level. Therefore, improvement measures should be put forward based on obstacle factors to promote the stable development of land ecological security, to maintain the ecological security of the border areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 This paper aimed to study the pathogen and biological characteristics of three leaf diseases of Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemarie in Yunnan province, and to provide theoretical basis for the control of leaf spot of A.tsaoko. 【Method】Three fungal diseases were discovered from A.tsaoko plantation in Nujiang Prefecture, Yunnan province. Three strains, including CG-N01, CG-N02 and CG-N03 were obtained by single spore culture, their pathogenicity was determined, spore morphology was observed according to morphological characteristics, and pathogen was identified by phylogenetic tree constructed by multi-gene sequence analysis (rDNA-ITS, tub2, LSU and tef-1 α), and biological characteristics were determined. 【Result】 The morphological characteristics of CG-N01, CG-N02 and CG-N03 were in accordance with the typical characters of Pyrus costina, Phoma matteuccola and Colletotrichum mondsii, respectively. The rDNA-ITS, LSU and tef-1 α sequences of CG-N01 were 489, 901 and 475 bp, respectively ( the login numbers were MN596209, MN689811 and MN696687, respectively) ; The rDNA-ITS, LSU and tef-1 α sequences of the strain CG-N02 were 517, 997 and 529 bp respectively (the login numbers were MN596212, MN650644 and MN696686, respectively) ; The rDNA-ITS, tub2 and tef-1 α sequences of strain CG-N03 were 560, 926 and 738 bp, respectively ( the login numbers were MN596210, MN650645 and MN696688, respectively). Purified strains of CG-N01, CG-N02 and CG-N03 had high homology with P. costina, P. matteuccola and C. simmondsii, respectively. Biological determination showed that strain CG-N01 was advantageous to mycelium growth and conidia formation under the conditions of 28 ℃, alternating light and dark, and pH 6.0. Strains CG-N02 and CG-N03 were favorable for sporulation at 25 ℃, alternating light and darkness, and pH 8.0. 【Conclusion】 This study first reported that C. simmondsii can infect and cause Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the biological characteristics of the pathogens of leaf spot, leaf blast and anthracnose were determined to provide scientific basis and theory support for the diversity study and effective control of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective] This paper aims to clarify the genetic diversity of cultivated V. mandarinia in Yunnan province, and to provide a basis for scientific domesticated breeding and bio-control of wasps. [Method] By using the mtDNA COⅠ gene marker, the mtDNA COⅠ gene of 237 domesticated individuals from 8 areas in Yunnan province was sequenced. The genetic diversity, genetic structure and genetic differentiation of the population were then analyzed. [Result] The results showed that a total of 600 bp coding region sequence of the mtDNA COⅠ gene of V. mandarinia was obtained, of which the content of A+T was 68.05%, and apparently showed an obvious AT bias. There were 563 conservative sites and 37 mutative sites, among which the mutation sites accounted for 6.16% of the total analyzed sites. Of 37 mutation sites, there were 30 transformation sites and 7 transposition sites, without insertion or deletion. A total of 12 haplotypes were obtained, of which 6 haplotypes were shared between populations, the rest of haplotypes were not shared between populations. The overall haplotype diversity (Hd) were 0.82958. The mean nucleotide difference (K) was 15.18387, and the nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.02526. The genetic distance within each population ranged from 0.00 to 0.0283, and the genetic distance between each population ranged from 0.0001 to 0.0544; there were 50.48% of the mutation originate from inter-population and 49.52% from within population, indicating that the mutation mainly came from outside the population. Fst was 0.50482, the difference was significant (P<0.001）, indicating that there was a greater genetic differentiation between populations. COⅠ gene haplotypes mainly had two clusters, most haplotypes had only one mutation site between them. [Conclusion] The haplotype diversity of the cultured wasp population in Yunnan was high, but the nucleotide diversity was low. The original populations of the cultured V. mandarinia in Yunnan originated from a small number of individuals, and gene exchange was carried out with the local wild populations or introduced populations during the breeding process. There were differences in genetic diversity among the populations. It is recommended that the domesticated populations should use local indigenous sources as much as possible to prevent the introduction of provenances from other places and the gene exchange with wild populations after accidental discharge of domesticated individuals. This would lead to an increase in the genetic diversity of local wild populations, thereby increase the adaptability of wild populations, leading to rapid population expansion. This would help to reduce impact on local biodiversity, especially pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to provide theoretical basis for rational application of nitrogen fertilizer to wheat, effects of reduced application rates of nitrogen on yield and quality of wheat were analyzed in Yunnan province. [Method] Using a two-factor randomized block design, the newly bred dryland wheat varieties Yunmai 76 and Yunmai 77 were used as materials to set up a nitrogen-use efficiency experiment including 5 N application rates, namely, 300 kg/hm²(N1),240 kg/hm²(N2), 180 kg/hm²(N3) and 120 kg/hm²(N4) and no nitrogen fertilizer(N5), respectively. The related indexes of grain yield, yield components and quality under different rates were determined. The correlation between grain yield and spike number, grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight was analyzed. [Result] Under different nitrogen application rates, the yield of Yunmai 76 and Yunmai 77 decreased with the decrease of nitrogen application rates. When the nitrogen application rate decreased from 300 kg/hm² to 240 kg/hm², the yield decreased by 1.38% and 0.30%, respectively; When the nitrogen application rate decreased to 180 kg/hm²or below 180 kg/hm², the yield was significantly decreased. In terms of yield components, the number of panicles per unit area significantly decreased with the decrease of nitrogen application rate; However, the effect of nitrogen application rate on 1000-grain weight and grain number per spike was not significant. The results of correlation analysis between yield and components showed that there was a extremely significant positive correlation between yield and panicle number(R=0.92）. There was no significant correlation with grain number per spike, but a significant negative correlation with 1000-grain weight. Under the rateof N180 kg/hm² and no nitrogen application, the yield of Yunmai 77 was 10.67% and 28.87% higher than that of Yunmai 76, respectively, and the yield decrease of Yunmai 77 was much lower than that of Yunmai 76 under the same N treatment. In terms of quality, protein content and wet gluten content decreased with the decrease of nitrogen application rates, and the differences were significant; The responses of sedimentation value, stability time and formation time to nitrogen application varied with different varieties. The sedimentation value of Yunmai 76 decreased at first and then increased with the decrease of nitrogen application rate, but the nitrogen reduction rate had no significant effect on the sedimentation value of Yunmai 77. [Conclusion] Yunmai 77 is a wheat variety with tolerant low nitrogen. Considering the yield and quality comprehensively, under the experimental conditions, when the conventional nitrogen application rate in this area is 300 kg/hm², the synergistic improvement of wheat yield and quality can be realized [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aims to explore the feasibility of DNA barcoding applied to the identification of flies in Yunnan province, China, and to set up DNA database for flies in Yunnan. [Method ] Diptera insects trapped by microbial attractants in Hekou county, Dali city, Jianchuan county, Mengzi city and Yuanjiang county of Yunnan province were identified by CO! gene sequence, and their genetic distances of families, genera and species taxa were compared. [Result] Forty-three species of insects belonging to 21 genera, 7 families including Drosophilidae, Tephritidae, Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Sarcophgidae and Anthomyiidae, were collected in the 5 places in Yunnan. lntraspecific divergence ranged between 0. 002 and 0. 098, interspecific divergence average 0. 156. Phylogenetic tree showed that most of the same species gathered closely although some species were not in line with their morphology based on their sequences data. The average genetic distances among species of Drosophilidae, Tephritidae, Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Sarcophgidae and Anthomyiidae were 0. 151, 0. 225, 0. 123, 0. 143, 0. 158, 0. 158 and 0. 103, respectively. The intraspecific genetic distances were 0. 006, 0. 025, 0. 012, 0. 013, 0. 011, 0. 006 and 0. 01, respectively. The genetic distances among 7 families were 25. 2, 10. 2, 10. 2, 11. 0, 14. 4, 27 . 3 and 10. 3 times of intraspecific genetic distances, respectively. [Conclusion] DNA barcoding based on CO/ gene can be used as a complementary means for morphological identification of some common flies in Yunnan province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The aim of the paper was to explore the effects of simple fruit thinning methods for different canopy on the quality of early ripening citrus fruits in Yunnan, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the cultivation techniques of early ripening citrus fruits. [Method] Using the early-ripening citrus variety 'Okitus wase' as the test material, the tree crown was evenly divided into three parts :upper part, middle part and lower part Three treatments were designed: thinning the upper part of the tree crown (Tl), thinning the lower part of the tree crown (TI) and non thinning (CK),to analyze the fruit development,post-harvest quality and changes in tree carbohydrate nutrition after fruit thinning. [Result] Compared with the control, different canopy thinning treatments had different effects on fruit developmenL The development of transverse and longitudinal diameter of T2 was always better than that of CK ; The fruits of Tl and CK were flat and round, and the fruits of T2 were nearly round When the fruits were mature, the ratio of soluble solids and sugar to acid in Tl and TI were significantly higher than that of CK, while their titrated acid content decreased slightly ; The brightness and yellowness of peels in T2 were significantly higher than those of CK, while its the greenness was lower. After fruit thinning, the overall root carbohydrate decreased first and then increased The contents cl total soluble sugar and starch in the root of TI were significantly higher than that of CK in late October after fruit picking. [Conclusion] Thinning fruit in the lower part of the canopy will significantly promote fruit growth, improve coloring, enhance fruit quality and increase tree nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The purpose of this paper is to solve the technical problems of weed control and screen out the best herbicides for providing a basis for the safe and efficient use of herbicide in Yunnan castor fields. [Method] Eight kinds of herbicide treatments were studied by detecting physiological indexes and the safety of the field survey, at the same time evaluating the use of herbicides influence on castor growth period, agronomic traits and yield. [Result] The experiment results showed that the plant height of castor and functional leaf SP AD (chlorophyll content) of the treatment group of 480 g/L trifluralin with dosage of ingredient 3240 g!hm2 decreased for 14 days after spraying the herbicide. Therefore, the use of soil-sealed herbicide could not meet the production needs in Yunnan. The plant height and SPAD for 14 days after using 25% rimsulfuron between the seeding stage and the budding stage of castor were not affected, and using 25% rimsulfuron with the dosage of ingredient 90 g/ hm2 +45% quizalofop-P-ethy with dosage of ingredient 62 g/hm2 not only had the best weed control effect in the fields, but also the main spike height, effective raceme number of single plant, main spike capsules, area yield (main spike), yield increase rate of castor were significantly higher than those of the control group. [Conclusion] Rimsulfuron alone after seedling is not enough to effectively control various weeds in Yunnan castor fields. Mixed rimsulfuron and quizalofop-P-ethyl together can improve the main agronomic characters and yield performance of castor. Rimsulfuron has a good application prospect in weed control of Yunnan castor fields after seedling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The pmpose of this paper is to obtain the basis information of Potyviruses distribution and investigate Potyvirus species between resistant and susceptible tobacco varieties to PVY in field in Yunnan Province. [Method] During 2017 to 2019,497 tobacco samples with typical Potyviral symptoms were collected in 5 cities, 13 tobacco planting counties (districts) in Yunnan Province and the types of Potyviruses on the main susceptible and resistant varieties to PVY were analyzed. [Result] The results showed that 85. 1 % of 497 tobacco samples were infected by Potyviruses in total. Furthermore, the detection rates of TVBMV, ChiVMV, PVY, and TEV were 58. 8 %, 23. 3 %, 14. 9% and 7. 8% respectively. In terms of the rank of detection rates of Potyviruses in the PVY susceptible varieties, the detection rate of TVBMV was the highest in Qujing,and for ChiVMV was in Yuxi,and for PVY was in Zhaotong. The PVY detection rate on the PVY-resistance varieties was 5. 8% around and much lower than that of susceptible varieties (22. 5%). PVY resistant varieties showed a good crop protection for the PVY disease. [ Conclusion] The analysis showed that the resistant varieties which contained va locus dramatically reduced the yield loss in the high incidence areas of PVY, and the increase of TVBMV detection rate in PVY resistant varieties was due to the decrease of PVY incidence rate, and the resistant varieties did not increase the harm of TVBMV and ChiVMV. However, the single va resistant locus had no effect on the TVBMV and ChiVMV. Therefore, the investigation of Potyviruses species should be carried out before introduce va-containing varieties into the area. TVBMV and ChiVMV had been the emerging disease in Yunnan's main tobacco growing areas, resulting in low yield and quality loss. It is necessary to establish new method to detect these causal agents and to screen moreresistant germplasm resources for TVBMV and ChiVMV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the combining ability and the correlation of yield and ear characters of twenty new bred maize inbred lines. [Method] NC-Ⅱ mating design was applied in this research, twenty new bred maize inbred lines were crossed with five testers for obtaining 100 crosses. The utilization potential of crosses were evaluated through the analysis of combining ability and ear characters in two different ecological environment in Yunnan province. [Result] The result showed that all the ear characters were showed extremely significant level(P<0.01) at the cross, line, tester and line×tester, in addition to ear length, ear diameter, row ear number and kernel rate, the differences of ear characters between different locations were extremely significant level (P<0.01). The inbred lines with high significant yield general combining ability (GCA) effects were L1,L2,L3,L4,L6, L7 and L17. Among the top ten strong heterotic combinations, T1×L3, T5×L17, T1×L2, T3×L8, T4×L1, T4×L13, T4×L15, T1×L19, T5×L6 and T5×L16 had showed high significant special combining ability (SCA), most of those crosses were Flint×Dent (Semi-dent) or Dent(Semi-dent) ×Flint. Correlation analysis showed that the GCA effects of maize ear characters such as ear length, ear diameter, kernel row number and weight per 100 kernels had significantly positive correlation to the yield GCA, however, row ear number and kernel rate had not significant correlation with the yield GCA, the results showed that ear length, ear diameter, kernel row number and weight per 100 kernels had significant contributions to maize yield improvement. [Conclusion] According to our comprehensive analysis on the combining ability of yield and ear characters of 20 new bred inbred lines, seven lines L1, L2, L3, L4, L6, L7 and L17 showed higher utilization potential in the future maize breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to consider the impact of agricultural technology levels and natural endowment on agricultural carbon emissions and carbon sinks, this paper revised the method for calculating agricultural carbon compensation, obtaining the agricultural carbon compensation of each province（cities）in the Yangtze River economic belt from 2007 to 2016 and conducted a comparative analysis. The results showed：both Jiangxi and Hunan′s agricultural carbon emission redundancy were zero, and their agricultural technology level was relatively high, while Zhejiang and Yunnan had high agricultural carbon emission redundancy, with average values reaching 2.371 8 and 1.751 3 million tons respectively, and their levels of agricultural technology were low. The average annual adjustment coefficient of Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan was less than 1; the endowment of agricultural natural resources in these areas was higher than the overall level in the Yangtze River economic belt. After revision, the carbon offsets of Zhejiang and Yunnan changed from positive to negative, indicating that these two provinces had changed from carbon compensation areas to carbon payment areas. The amount of agricultural carbon compensation in Shanghai, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing and Guizhou increased compared with that before revision, while the amount of agricultural carbon compensation in Jiangxi and Sichuan decreased compared with that before revision. The provinces of the Yangtze River economic belt should strengthen the construction of agricultural natural endowment, strengthen the value of the ecological background, enhance the carbon sink function of agricultural ecosystems, and improve the fairness of agricultural carbon compensation standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] In order to provide a bas is for the development and utilization of excellent germplasm resources of wild kiwifruit in Yunnan Province, the sensory traits, morphological indicators, nutrient contents and nutritional quality of excellent germplasm resources of wild kiwifruit were comprehensively comparative analysis in this paper. [Method] The selection criteria were established with the objectives of large fruits, hairless or less hairy, and high quality, and the 'LB-2', 'LBBH-1 ' and 'XSD-1' were selected through the evaluation of sensory and morphological indexes, and their total sugar, total acid, vitamin C and soluble solids contents were determined and analyzed. According to the evaluation method of quality comprehensive index, the nutritional quality of 3 excellent germplasm resources was compared and analyzed with the cultivar 'Yunmi No. 1'. [Result] The order of fruit longitudinal diameter was 'XSD-1' > 'LB-2' > 'LBBH-1', and the difference between 'LB-2', 'LBBH-1' and 'Yunmi No. 1' were significant. The order of fruit transverse diameter was 'LBBH-1' > 'LB-2' > 'XSD-1', and the differences between the three excellent germplasm resources and 'Yunmi No. 1' reached a significant level. The order of fruit lateral diameter was 'LBBH-1' > 'LB-2' > 'XSD-1', the differences between the three excellent germplasm resources were not significant but reached a significant level with 'Yunmi No. 1'. The fruit weight per fruit was in the order of 'LBBH-1' > 'XSD 1' > 'LB-2', and the difference between the germplasm resources and 'Yunmi No. 1' reached a significant level. The total sugar and acid content of the germplasm resources were lower than that of 'Yunmi No. 1' in the order of 'LB-2 ' > 'LBBH-1' > 'XSD-1'. The order of sugar to acid ratio was 'XSD-1' > 'LBBH-1' > 'LB-2', with 'XSD-1' being the sweetest, 'LBBH-1 ' the second sweetest and ' LB-2 ' the least sweet in terms of flavor. The germplasm resources all had lower vitamin C content than 'Yunmi No. 1', and the highest soluble solids content was found in 'LB-2', while both 'LBBH-1 ' and 'XSD-1' had lower than the 'Yunmi No. 1'. The overall evaluation index was in the order of 'LB-2' > 'LBBH-1' > 'XSD-1' from high to low. [Conclusion] The order of comprehensive nutritional quality from high to low was 'LB-2' > 'LBBH-1' > 'XSD-1', and the three excellent resources of wild kiwifruit had uniform fruit size, neat and beautiful fruit shape, good flavor, fine texture, and rich juice, which had great development and utilization value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamic changes and driving forces of grassland resources in Huize county of Yunnan province. [ Method] Based on the remote sensing data of2009a and 2016a, the change and driving force of grassland resources in the study area were analyzed quantitatively by comprehensive dynamic change of grassland resources, geo-informatic spectrum and logistic re gression model with the township as the research scale. [ Result] From the data of 2009 - 2016, the comprehensive dynamic change of grass land resources was 5. 85%, in which Xinjie township ( 14. 21 % ) and Tianba township ( 14. 00%) were more drastic changes, Wuxing township (2. 53%) and Jinzhong town (3. 41 % ) were relatively stable; According to the geo-informatic spectrum, the increased patch area of grassland resources was 41 953. 43 hm², the decreased area was 20 818. 92 hm², and the net increase was 21 134. 51 hm², which the newly increased grassland resources mainly came from woodland and cultivated land, accounting for 56. 85%, and the decreased grassland resources mainly flowed to woodland and cultivated land, accounting for 52. 20% ; From the driving forces of grassland resources change, the driving forces of grassland resources increase were annual rainfall, distance from highway, slope 25° - 90° and per capita net income; The driving forces affecting the reduction of grassland resources were annual rainfall, slope 25° - 90° and distance from highway; The driving forces affecting the overall change of grassland resources were slope 25° - 90°, 15° - 25°, 6° - 15°, 2° - 6°, annual average rainfall, ele vation and distance from highway. [ Conclusion] This study can provide important basis for ecological environment protection and sustainable development of Huize county in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]