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BACKGROUND: With the continuous improvement and progress of the magnetically controlled growing rod technology in the field of the treatment of spinal deformities, numerous studies have been put into this field, but the main research status, hot spots, and development trends are not clear enough. OBJECTIVE: Based on bibliometrics, this paper discusses the quality and quantity of articles in the field of using magnetically controlled growing rods to treat spinal deformities from different countries, aiming to clarify the global development trend of magnetically controlled growing rods and evaluate the research productivity, research trends, and research hotspots in the world. METHODS: The articles published from 1998 to 2023 were retrieved mainly based on the Web of Science database. CiteSpace 5.8 and VOSviewer 1.6.19 software were used to analyze the data and generate a visual knowledge map. The following parameters were evaluated for all studies: the total number of published papers, centrality, h index, the contribution of countries, authors, and journals, and the trend and hot spots were explored through the analysis of co-citation, highly cited literature, and literature keyword explosion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Finally, 138 articles were included. From 2009 to 2020, the number of published articles in this field gradually increased. The United States has the largest number of articles (53, 37.32%), and the United States has the highest h index and centrality of articles. (2) The results of keyword analysis showed that: the top ten keywords, such as early-onset scoliosis, surgery, complications, and so on, objectively and truly reflected the current situation and hot spots of magnetically controlled growing rod in the field of spinal deformity treatment. In recent years, the research focus in this field is the treatment failure caused by risk factors such as the pull-out of the magnetically controlled growing rod, implantation failure, and rod fracture, the accurate use of the corresponding medical classification, the monitoring and treatment of complications such as quality of life and cerebral palsy. (3) The co-citation results showed that: combined with the innovative and effective research of the magnetically controlled growing rod technology, the classification application of spinal deformity and the monitoring and treatment of related complications may be the research trend in this field. (4) Many highly cited articles further emphasized the therapeutic effect of magnetically controlled growing rod technology, providing an effective new idea and technical support for the field of spinal deformity correction. (5) The results of literature keyword explosion analysis demonstrate that the risk factors, medical classification, quality of life, and cerebral palsy of the application of magnetically controlled growing rods may become the research frontier in this field. (6) It can be seen that the application of magnetically controlled growing rod technology in the classification of spinal deformities and the in-depth study of related complications are the development trend in this field, but to further understand the effectiveness and safety of magnetically controlled growing rod technology in the treatment of spinal deformities, we still need long-term follow-up evidence. The overall research level of this field has steadily improved in recent years, but there are also problems such as the small number of high-quality articles and the unbalanced development of research in various regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Blood flow restriction training has broad application prospects in improving limb muscle strength. It has ideal effects on the upper limbs is ideal, and the specific application scheme has high research value. OBJECTIVE: To explain the influence of blood flow restriction training on the fitness benefits of upper limb muscles and summarize the specific programs of blood flow restriction training for upper limb, attempting to give suggestions on application programs based on existing studies. METHODS: Literature on the application of upper limb blood flow restriction training were searched in CNKI, WanFang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases. The search terms were “blood flow restriction, blood flow restriction training, pressure training, upper limb, upper arm, forearm, arm, forearm” in Chinese and “blood flow restriction training, blood flow restriction exercise, blood flow restriction therapy, BFR therapy, occlusion training, KAATSU training, BFRT, upper extremity, upper limb, arm, forearm” in English. The relevant articles on the application of blood flow restriction training in the upper limbs included in the database from database inception to December 2022 were selected and screened according to inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Firstly, blood flow restriction training is mainly applied to healthy people, special athletes and people with upper limb injury. Secondly, the influence of blood flow restriction training on upper limb muscle fitness is mainly reflected in the increase of upper limb circumference, muscle strength, muscle endurance, muscle thickness, muscle cross-sectional area and explosive power of upper limb, followed by the cross migration phenomenon of the upper limbs. Thirdly, blood flow restriction training for the upper limbs mainly uses inflatable blood flow restriction devices: the cuff width was 3-5 cm, the pressure position was 1/3 of the upper arm, the limiting pressure was 40%-60% arterial occlusion pressure or 80-160 mmHg, the training load is 20%-30% 1RM, the training volume is four sessions (30-15-15-15 times), the interval time was 30-60 seconds, and the training frequency was 2 or 3 times per week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Existing studies have confirmed that exosomes can effectively promote pulp regeneration. However, the biological functions and properties of exosomes from preconditioned sources can be significantly changed, which have different effects on cell proliferation, migration and odontogenic differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the application status of exosomes and their preconditioning methods in the field of pulp regeneration, and summarize the preconditioning methods that affect the function of exosomes, and explore the effect of exosomes and their preconditioning on pulp regeneration. METHODS: The relevant articles were searched in WanFang, CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases from 2006 to 2022. The Chinese and English search terms were “exosomes, pulp regeneration; preconditioning method”. A total of 78 articles were included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Exosomes have the advantages of good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and no cytotoxicity, and can induce the regeneration of pulp tissue by promoting stem cell tooth formation, neurogenesis and vascularization. (2) Exosomes derived from preconditioning can enhance the ability of tissue repair and regeneration and have a significant impact on the quality of regenerated dental pulp. (3) Currently, the preconditioning methods used in the field of dental pulp regeneration include inflammatory stimulation, hypoxia induction, conditioned medium and three-dimensional culture, and secreted exosomes can effectively improve the quality of regenerated dental pulp. Nevertheless, the specific effect and mechanism of different preconditioning methods on pulp regeneration need to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The parameters of the spine and pelvis are interrelated. The changes in their values are closely related to the occurrence, development and symptoms of degenerative spinal diseases. At the present stage, clinical workers focus on the changes in postoperative coronal and sagittal parameters to evaluate the overall balance of the spine after operation, while ignoring the relationship with paraspinal muscle and the role of paraspinal muscle in the process of spinal degeneration. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the previous studies on the relationship between the degeneration of paraspinal muscle and sagittal alignment, and analyze the interaction between changes in the relative position of skeleton structures and degeneration of paraspinal muscle during spinal degeneration. METHODS: A computer-based online retrieval of CNKI, WanFang, and VIP was conducted with the Chinese key words “sagittal spinal deformity, sagittal alignment, spinal-pelvic parameter, paraspinal muscle, degeneration, human cadaver model, imaging, MRI”. The retrieval of Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science databases was performed with the English key words “sagittal spinal deformity, sagittal alignment, spinal-pelvic parameter, paraspinal muscle, degeneration, imaging, MRI”. The preliminary screening was carried out by reading the title and abstract, and the literature was screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, a total of 78 articles were included for result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In recent years, researchers have noticed that paraspinal muscles play a corresponding role in maintaining sagittal alignment, and spinal degeneration can be delayed by protecting and improving paraspinal muscle function. (2) The researchers used different methods to detect the degree of paraspinal muscle degeneration, and selected different kinds of sagittal parameters to describe the sagittal alignment. After analyzing the degeneration of paraspinal muscles and the changes in sagittal parameters, we found that there was a correlation between them, and the correlation was affected by age, race and other factors. (3) Poor sagittal alignment is an important anatomic factor determining paraspinal muscle degeneration. A high pelvic incidence of anatomical parameters has often been reported as a risk factor for sagittal alignment. However, the smaller pelvic incidence is more prone to sagittal imbalance due to the smaller compensatory capacity of paraspinal muscles. (4) The paraspinal muscles continue to affect the sagittal alignment through a compensatory mechanism continuously. To combat spinal imbalance during spinal degeneration, the paraspinal muscles are in a state of high muscle load, causing pain, fatigue, atrophy and degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that autophagy, as a cell self-protection mechanism, plays an important role in regulating osteoblast function and maintaining osteoblast homeostasis. It has an important influence on the treatment and prognosis of periprosthetic osteolysis. OBJECTIVE: To provide new therapeutic ideas and potential therapeutic targets for periprosthetic osteolysis by summarizing previous studies on the autophagy mechanism of osteoblasts. METHODS: The first author used the computer to search the articles published from 2015 to 2022. In Chinese, the search terms “wear particles, periprosthetic osteolysis, osteoblasts, signal pathways, autophagy” were used to search the databases of CNKI, WanFang, and VIP. In English, the PubMed and Web of Science databases were retrieved with “wear debris, wear particles, peri*prosthetic osteolysis, PPOL, aseptic loosening, osteoblast, OB, signal path, autophagy”. A total of 98 articles were included according to the inclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In periprosthetic osteolysis, the changes in the autophagy ability of osteoblasts induced by wear particles play a key role in the development and outcome of the disease. A variety of signaling pathways jointly mediate autophagy in osteoblasts, among which the key pathways include AMPK/ULK1/mTOR, nuclear factor-κB, Pink1/Parkin, etc. AMPK, mTOR, and ULK1 can regulate each other and jointly maintain the stability of the autophagy level. There is a complex crosstalk between the nuclear factor-κB pathway and autophagy. PINK1 and Parkin are accumulated on the surface of the damaged mitochondrial membrane, inducing autophagy. There is crosstalk among multiple signaling pathways, which form a complex autophagy network under their mutual influence. Moreover, the activation of the same autophagy pathway in different cells may bring about completely opposite effects. Moderate autophagy induced by wear particles can reduce the apoptosis of osteoblasts, enhance their differentiation and mineralization ability, and improve the prognosis of osteolysis around the prosthesis. On the contrary, insufficient or excessive activation of autophagy will cause damage to osteoblasts and promote the progress of osteolysis. Therefore, targeting the level of autophagy of osteoblasts induced by wear particles through drugs or genes may be one of the directions for the treatment of periprosthetic osteolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The Hippo-YAP signaling pathway is a signaling cascade that is highly conserved across species and has attracted widespread attention in the study of physiological cardiac hypertrophy. Studies have found that many pathways such as mechanical force, autophagy, and energy metabolism are involved in the regulation of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. These pathways may interact with the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway after exercise, thereby affecting the formation and development of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the effects of exercise on Hippo-YAP signaling pathway, and describe the potential mechanism of Hippo-YAP signaling pathway in regulating exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS: “Hippo-YAP signaling pathway, YAP/TAZ, exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy, heart, exercise” were used as keywords in Chinese and English. Relevant literatures included in CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases from 1983 to 2022 were retrieved, and 70 articles that met the screening criteria were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hippo-YAP signaling pathway is affected by exercise and has a certain regulatory role in exercise-induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy. (1) Hippo-YAP signaling pathway induces mechanical stimulation triggered by exercise, which leads to changes in the activity and expression of YAP/TAZ, and mediates the response of cardiomyocytes to mechanical signals. (2) Hippo-YAP signaling pathway regulates autophagy in cardiomyocytes and maintains the homeostasis, normal structures and physiological functions of cardiomyocytes during exercise. (3) Hippo-YAP signaling pathway may mediate the oxidation and glycolysis of energy substances during exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy, and may also be affected by energy changes during exercise. (4) Hippo-YAP signaling pathway may strengthen the connection with some non-coding RNAs related to physiological cardiac hypertrophy under the action of exercise, and multiple non-coding RNAs may jointly regulate Hippo-YAP signaling. (5) Hippo-YAP signaling pathway interacts with the classic pathways of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Exercise promotes the signaling interaction between them and participates in the regulation of exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. (6) To deeply study the regulatory role of Hippo-YAP signaling pathway in exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy will help deepen the understanding of exercise-promoting heart health, and provide new ideas and strategies for the clinical prevention and treatment of cardiac diseases and myocardial tissue construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Depression is one of the five major causes of the global burden of diseases. Currently available antidepressants have low efficacy, slow onset, and serious side effects, while exercise is a better way to treat depression. This paper systematically evaluates the effects of exercise on depression-related behaviors in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) animal models. METHODS: A systematic literature search from January 1, 2000 to February 28, 2022 was performed in WanFang, CNKI, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Studies regarding the effects of treadmill running, swimming, and voluntary wheel running on forced swimming, tail suspension, and sugar water preference behavior of CUMS animal models were collected. Literature screening, data extraction and methodological quality assessments were completed by two researchers independently. The SYRCLE tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. RevMan 5.3 and Stata 13.0 analysis software were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 23 controlled experimental studies were included, including 301 rodents in exercise group and 302 rodents in control group. Meta-analysis results showed that exercise significantly reduced the forced swimming latency [standardized mean difference (SMD)=-3.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): (-4.88, -2.98), P < 0.000 01] and tail suspension latency [SMD=-4.42, 95% CI: (-5.62, -3.23), P < 0.000 01] in CUMS modeling rats and mice. Exercise also increased the index of sucrose preference test [SMD=2.37, 95% CI: (1.62, 3.11), P < 0.000 01]. Subgroup analysis of exercise modes in the suspension test reduced heterogeneity [SMD=-3.68, 95% CI: (-4.16, -3.21), P < 0.000 01], but it did not affect the exercise effect. CONCLUSION: Exercise can effectively improve depression-like behaviors of forced swimming, tail suspension, and sucrose preference tests in CUMS model rodents. The mode of exercise may be the source of heterogeneity affecting the behavior of the suspension tail test. Modeling time, exercise stage, exercise mode, and exercise duration are not the main factors that affect the effect of exercise on depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Telomeres form special structures at the end of chromosomes in human cells, which have special functions and show a very close relationship with biological aging. Exercise can improve the activity of telomerases and protect the structure of telomeres, thus affecting human health. Shorter telomeres increase the incidence of diseases and decrease the survival rate. Therefore, telomeres are often considered as biological markers of cell aging and the “biological clock” that triggers aging. OBJECTIVE: Based on the relationship between telomeres and aging, to summarize and analyze the effect of exercise on telomeres and telomerases and to explore the mechanism of telomerase retardation by exercise, so as to provide theoretical basis and reference for anti-aging and health promotion by exercises. METHODS: We searched for relevant articles in CNKI, PubMed and Web of Science databases using the keywords of “telomeres, telomerase, exercise, senescence” in Chinese and English, and conducted preliminary screening of titles and abstracts according to inclusion criteria. After reading the full text, a total of 89 documents were included for further analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Different exercises have different effects on telomeres. Exercise is positively correlated with telomere length, uncorrelated with telomere length, and has inverted U-shaped relationship with telemeter length. Exercise and telomerase activity are age-deviated. Suitable exercises can slow down the speed of telomere shortening, prevent the excessive consumption of telomeres, delay or prevent the occurrence of age-related diseases, and prolong life, but the mechanism has not been fully clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Self-healing hydrogels are scaffold materials with superior self-healing capability and biocompatibility, and are widely used in bone tissue engineering. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the gelatin mechanism and composition of self-healing hydrogels and summarize their applications in bone tissue engineering. METHODS: The first author searched both Chinese and English articles with key words "self-healing hydrogels; bone tissue engineering; bone regeneration" on CNKl, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases published from 2000 to 2020. Totally 69 eligible articles were selected for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The gelation mechanisms of self-healing hydrogels include dynamic covalent bonds, supramolecular bonds and multi-mechanism cross-links. Self-healing hydrogels can be composed of natural polymers, synthetic polymers and nanocomposites. Self-healing hydrogels have been found to be applied in bone tissue engineering through scaffold modification as stem cells delivery vehicle. The application of self-healing hydrogels in bone tissue engineering can be broaden by enhancing the mechanical properties of the hydrogel while maintaining its self-healing capability. Additionally, the specific mechanism for better superiority of self-repairing hydrogels over traditional hydrogels in bone tissue engineering is still unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis is a key component of bone reconstruction. Promoting bone vascularization thereby can accelerate bone repair. There are numerous research methods for promoting angiogenesis, and significant progress has been made in the field of bone defect repair in recent years. OBJECTIVE: To review several cutting-edge methods and developments in promoting angiogenesis and repairing bone defects in recent years, as well as their applications in bone tissue engineering. METHODS: The first author used the Chinese search terms “angiogenesis, osteogenesis, bone defect, tissue engineering, exosomes” and English search terms “angiogenesis, osteogenesis, bone defect, exosomes, vascularization” to find relevant publications in CNKI, WanFang, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. After screening and excluding articles irrelevant to the research purpose and repetitive articles, 69 articles were finally selected for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At present, promising results have been achieved in the bone defect remodeling research. Bone vascularization can be promoted by growth factors, delivery genes, biologically active ions, small molecule active peptides, and Chinese medicine monomers. Each has its own advantages and challenges, and faces different challenges. The synthesis of small molecule active peptides has low cost, high efficiency and safety, with obvious advantages. It has the potential to generate new ideas and methods for vascularization in bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Adipose-derived stem cells have become one of the popular seed cells in regenerative medicine due to abundant content and easy harvest. Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes are served as a bridge and link among adipose-derived stem cells and other cells and have the effects on regulating immune and inflammatory responses, promoting self-repair of damaged cells, and are considered as an alternative treatment for adipose-derived stem cells. OBJECTIVE: To review research progress and challenges in the adipose-derived stem cell exosomes regulating tissue regeneration. METHODS: CNKI, Wanfang database and PubMed, and Web of Science database were searched for related articles with the search terms of “adipose-derived stem cells; adipose stem cells; exosomes” in English and Chinese. After preliminary screening of articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 70 articles with high relevance and reference value were retained for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes have shown the therapeutic potential in various diseases, such as skin wounds, neurodegenerative diseases, tumors, bone regeneration, kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases, immune diseases, and fibrotic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The exosomes are one of important active components of adult stem cells paracrine, providing the basis for stem cell “non-cellular” treatment. Exosomes from stem cells can play different roles in the wound through different mechanisms to promote the healing of diabetic wounds. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the main mechanism and application of stem cell derived exosomes in the treatment of diabetic wounds. METHODS: Computers were used to retrieve English databases such as PubMed database, Web of Science database, FMRS foreign language medical information resource retrieval platform, and Chinese databases such as CNKI and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform. The retrieval scope was from the inception of the database to September 2020. The English and Chinese search terms were “stem cells, exosomes, wound healing, cell proliferation, neovascularization, inflammation, extracellular matrix, therapeutic use”. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 66 articles were included and the results were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) It is summarized that stem cell-derived exosomes can promote diabetic wound healing by regulating inflammation, promoting neovascularization, re-epithelialization and remodeling of extracellular matrix. (2) The application of stem cell-derived exosomes in diabetic wounds was listed. (3) The exosomes from stem cells can avoid the immune response of stem cells in the treatment of diabetic wounds, and the genetic material of stem cells carried by them is more widely regulated and more effective than that from ordinary cells in the treatment of diabetic wounds. (4) At present, the application of stem cell derived exosomes in diabetes wounds still has some problems, such as low purity, high cost of separation, low production efficiency, and the way to reach the target area, loss rate and diffusion efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid is a natural polysaccharide and a common glycosaminoglycan in human body. It has the highest concentration in eyes and joints. It is made into hydrogels because of its biocompatibility, degradability, and low immunogenicity, and is widely used in tissue engineering. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the characteristics of various hyaluronic acid composite hydrogels and their application in the repair of cartilage damage caused by osteoarthritis. METHODS: CNKI and Wanfang databases were searched with the key words of “hyaluronic acid, hydrogel, cartilage repair, osteoarthritis” in Chinese. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched with the key words of “hyaluronic acid, hydrogel, cartilage repair, osteoarthritis” in English. The articles published from January 1995 to July 2020 were searched and further analyzed and summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The excellent biological properties of hyaluronic acid hydrogel have made it widely studied in the cartilage repair of osteoarthritis, especially through the combination of biological factors, natural materials, synthetic materials, 3D printing technology, polypeptides, mechanical stimulation, etc., which improved the performance of hyaluronic acid hydrogel and promoted its application in cartilage tissue engineering. Although hyaluronic acid composite hydrogels have been studied more, with the comprehensive development of chemistry, materials, physics, biology and other disciplines in the future, a deeper understanding of the degradation mechanism of hyaluronic acid hydrogels and an exploration of the cartilage damage mechanism in osteoarthritis, the hyaluronic acid composite hydrogel is expected to be designed with high efficiency, no side effects and more suitable for cartilage tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Drug therapies have limited effect on neuropathic pain and result in many side effects. Comparatively speaking, exercise is a good way to relieve pain. Here, we systematically evaluate the interventional effect of exercise on neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve injury in rats and mice. METHODS: WanFang, CNKI, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were retrieved before April 2020. A series of studies regarding the effect of treadmill, swimming, wheel and other exercises on neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve injury in rats and mice were collected. According to the inclusion criteria, two researchers independently completed literature screening, data extraction and conducted methodological quality evaluation using SYRCLE’ s risk of bias tool for animal studies. RevMan 5.3 and STATA 12.0 analysis software were used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 12 literatures regarding controlled animal studies were included, and there were 133 rodents in the exercise group and 135 rodents in the sedentary group. Meta-analysis showed that exercise could significantly increase paw withdrawal mechanical threshold [standard mean difference (SMD)=0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28-1.40, P=0.003] and paw withdrawal thermal latency (SMD=1.54, 95% CI: 0.93-2.15), P < 0.000 01) in rats and mice after sciatic nerve injury. Subgroup analyses were performed for duration of exercise, indicating a significant reduction in heterogeneity. Postoperative exercise duration ≤ 3 weeks could significantly elevate paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (SMD=1.04, 95% CI: 0.62-1.46, P < 0.000 01). Postoperative exercise duration ≤ 4 weeks could significantly improve paw withdrawal thermal latency (SMD=1.93, 95% CI:1.19-2.67, P < 0.000 01). CONCLUSION: Exercise can effectively improve mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity caused by sciatic nerve injury in rats and mice. Pain models, exercise start point, exercise forms, and species are not the main factors of exercise-induced hypoalgesia, while postoperative exercise duration has an important influence on exercise-induced hypoalgesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technology has been widely used in neuropsychology, rehabilitation medicine, and pediatrics, due to its advantages of painlessness, non-invasiveness, effectiveness and safety. However, there is yet no visual analysis of literature on TMS for treating stroke. OBJECTIVE: To objectively analyze global research on TMS in the treatment of stroke in recent 10 years, and summarize the recent research direction of this field and sort out the knowledge structure worldwide. METHODS: Based on the relevant literature on TMS for stroke in databases of CNKI and Web of Science, Citespace software was used to visualize the use of TMS in the treatment of stroke. The number, countries, authors, research institutions, keywords, cited references and journals of relevant literatures and funding grants were analyzed to explore the research hotspot and development trend in this field. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 1 729 articles were included in the Web of Science database. Among them, the institution with the most publications was Harvard Medical School, and the country with the most publications was the United States, followed by China. China ranks first in international fund support. The hot keywords included rehabilitation, excitability, motor cortex and etc. As described in a representative English article, TMS therapy at a frequency of 1 Hz was found to improve patients’ motor function to a greater extent. A total of 455 literatures were included in CNKI database. Among them, the institution with the most publications was the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, and the hot keywords were rehabilitation, depression, motor function, aphasia and so on. As described in a representative Chinese article, high-frequency TMS was found to be more effective than low-frequency TMS in improving post-stroke depression and daily living ability. Further analysis of the results shows that, in recent 10 years, the international research frontier and future development trend mainly focus on the mechanism of TMS on cerebral cortical motor areas and the efficacy of TMS combined with other rehabilitation therapies (motor learning and mirror therapy) in the treatment of various functional disorders after stroke. In China, the research frontier and future trend mainly focus on TMS in the treatment of post-stroke depression and motor function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that a large amount of inflammatory factors produce in the occurrence of osteoarthritis, and antibodies against inflammatory factors have recently become a research hotspot. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest research progress of monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of osteoarthritis, and to provide references for the clinical treatment of osteoarthritis. METHODS: A computer search of CNKI, WanFang, PubMed and Web of Science databases was conducted for relevant articles published from January 2006 to May 2020. The key words were “osteoarthritis; monoclonal antibody; inflammatory factors.” After consulting related articles, a total of 69 articles were finally included for result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory and degenerative disease. Compared with traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies have shown good effects in the treatment of osteoarthritis pain due to their good targeting and low side effects. Some monoclonal antibodies will increase the risk of joint replacement in patients, so the choice of drugs should vary from person to person. As research continues to deepen, more monoclonal antibodies against different targets will be produced, providing more options for clinical treatment of osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Keloid is a benign skin tumor with excessive proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen after trauma. Vascular occlusion, inflammation, fibroblast proliferation and collagen secretion in keloid tissues all lead to tissue hypoxia, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of keloids. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in the tumor-like characteristics of keloid. METHODS: CNKI, VIP, WanFang, PubMed, Biosos Preview, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant articles from their inception to November 2020. The retrieval key words were “keloids, HIF-lα; radioresistance” in Chinese and English, respectively. After reading the title, abstract and full text, 104 articles that met the selection criteria were finally selected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The hypoxic microenvironment inhibits the degradation of HIF-1α, and increased HIF-1α induces several biological behaviors in keloid tissue similar to malignant tumors, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, glycolysis, radioresistance, and recurrence after radiation. These pathophysiological processes in turn exacerbate tissue hypoxia and increase HIF-1αexponentially, thereby forming a vicious circle. Current treatments for keloids mainly focus on surgical resection combined with radiotherapy. HIF-1α targeting therapies, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy, can significantly improve the hypoxic environment of keloid tissue, promote wound healing, and reverse the tumor-like properties of keloid fibroblasts. However, there are few studies on the treatment of keloids with hyperbaric oxygen therapy combined with radiotherapy, and the clinical treatment of keloids with HIF-1α as the target is still under exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: With the improvement of the medical level and people’s higher requirements for the quality of life, the quality and requirements for cartilage repair in the clinic are getting more and more, but traditional repair methods cannot regenerate cartilage with good biological properties. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of autologous chondrocyte implantation in recent years, and to analyze its development process, basic science, indications, contraindications, surgical techniques, clinical efficacy and limitations, and look forward to the development trend of this field. METHODS: A computer-based online search of CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science databases, and Google Scholar was performed to retrieve papers published during 1990-2020 with the search terms “autologous chondrocyte implantation, cartilage defect, techniques, clinical effect, indications, contraindications, defect size, treatment after initial failure, return to sports, age, magnetic resonance imaging, limitation” in English and Chinese. The document types include treatise, reviews, case reports, and meta-analysis. A total of over 1 000 papers were retrieved, and 52 of them were included in the final analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Autologous chondrocyte transplantation first appeared for the treatment of knee cartilage defects in the late 1980s. The first generation of autologous chondrocyte transplantation used periosteal patches to seal the cultured chondrocytes in the defect. Due to the proliferation of periosteal grafts, second-generation autologous chondrocyte transplantation used collagen membrane patches instead of periosteal patches. The third generation of autologous chondrocyte transplantation used three-dimensional culture technology to improve cell delivery, allowing minimally invasive implantation, which could regenerate normal cartilage structure with accelerating patient recovery. Autologous chondrocyte transplantation was an effective method to treat high tibia or femoral cartilage defects, but it must solve the problems consisting of coronal force line, ligament laxity, and meniscus injury. Because of the graft needing a long time to mature, patients needed a specific rehabilitation plan to return to the sport, which assisted the injured patients in restoring strength and neuromuscular coordination as much as possible before the graft was fully mature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: With the development of bone tissue engineering, the role of scaffold materials has become more and more important. Polycaprolactone and its composite materials have also increasingly attracted researchers to become one of the research highlights in this field. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the basic properties and synthesis methods of polycaprolactone, to summarize the research status of polycaprolactone and its composite materials in the field of bone tissue engineering, and to prospect the future development and research direction. METHODS: These articles published from 1950 to 2020 in Web of Science database were retrieved by using the search terms “PCL, PCL composites, bone tissue engineering, scaffold, bone, PCL synthesis”, taking “and” as the logical combination relationship. Totally 253 articles were initially obtained, and finally 52 articles were reviewed and analyzed after careful reading and selection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Pure polycaprolactone materials have certain shortcomings in bone tissue engineering. Due to their easy chemical modification and physical modification, polycaprolactone composite undoubtedly has become one of the candidate materials for bone tissue engineering scaffolds. (2) Due to the excellent solubility and thermal properties of polycaprolactone, it can be applied to a variety of scaffold preparation technologies. The appropriate scaffold preparation technology can be selected according to the application site. A variety of scaffold preparation technologies also broaden the application field of polycaprolactone, and there are also developed some novel technologies, so scaffold preparation technology should also attract the attention researchers. (3) For the modification direction of polycaprolactone, the modification of inorganic substances and natural or synthetic polymers has received extensive attention. (4) In terms of experimental research methods, researchers should pay attention to introducing more kinds of experimental cells and experimental models in accordance with clinical needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]