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BACKGROUND: Existing studies have confirmed that exosomes can effectively promote pulp regeneration. However, the biological functions and properties of exosomes from preconditioned sources can be significantly changed, which have different effects on cell proliferation, migration and odontogenic differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the application status of exosomes and their preconditioning methods in the field of pulp regeneration, and summarize the preconditioning methods that affect the function of exosomes, and explore the effect of exosomes and their preconditioning on pulp regeneration. METHODS: The relevant articles were searched in WanFang, CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases from 2006 to 2022. The Chinese and English search terms were “exosomes, pulp regeneration; preconditioning method”. A total of 78 articles were included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Exosomes have the advantages of good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and no cytotoxicity, and can induce the regeneration of pulp tissue by promoting stem cell tooth formation, neurogenesis and vascularization. (2) Exosomes derived from preconditioning can enhance the ability of tissue repair and regeneration and have a significant impact on the quality of regenerated dental pulp. (3) Currently, the preconditioning methods used in the field of dental pulp regeneration include inflammatory stimulation, hypoxia induction, conditioned medium and three-dimensional culture, and secreted exosomes can effectively improve the quality of regenerated dental pulp. Nevertheless, the specific effect and mechanism of different preconditioning methods on pulp regeneration need to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis is a key component of bone reconstruction. Promoting bone vascularization thereby can accelerate bone repair. There are numerous research methods for promoting angiogenesis, and significant progress has been made in the field of bone defect repair in recent years. OBJECTIVE: To review several cutting-edge methods and developments in promoting angiogenesis and repairing bone defects in recent years, as well as their applications in bone tissue engineering. METHODS: The first author used the Chinese search terms “angiogenesis, osteogenesis, bone defect, tissue engineering, exosomes” and English search terms “angiogenesis, osteogenesis, bone defect, exosomes, vascularization” to find relevant publications in CNKI, WanFang, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. After screening and excluding articles irrelevant to the research purpose and repetitive articles, 69 articles were finally selected for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At present, promising results have been achieved in the bone defect remodeling research. Bone vascularization can be promoted by growth factors, delivery genes, biologically active ions, small molecule active peptides, and Chinese medicine monomers. Each has its own advantages and challenges, and faces different challenges. The synthesis of small molecule active peptides has low cost, high efficiency and safety, with obvious advantages. It has the potential to generate new ideas and methods for vascularization in bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Adipose-derived stem cells have become one of the popular seed cells in regenerative medicine due to abundant content and easy harvest. Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes are served as a bridge and link among adipose-derived stem cells and other cells and have the effects on regulating immune and inflammatory responses, promoting self-repair of damaged cells, and are considered as an alternative treatment for adipose-derived stem cells. OBJECTIVE: To review research progress and challenges in the adipose-derived stem cell exosomes regulating tissue regeneration. METHODS: CNKI, Wanfang database and PubMed, and Web of Science database were searched for related articles with the search terms of “adipose-derived stem cells; adipose stem cells; exosomes” in English and Chinese. After preliminary screening of articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 70 articles with high relevance and reference value were retained for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Adipose-derived stem cell exosomes have shown the therapeutic potential in various diseases, such as skin wounds, neurodegenerative diseases, tumors, bone regeneration, kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases, immune diseases, and fibrotic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The exosomes are one of important active components of adult stem cells paracrine, providing the basis for stem cell “non-cellular” treatment. Exosomes from stem cells can play different roles in the wound through different mechanisms to promote the healing of diabetic wounds. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the main mechanism and application of stem cell derived exosomes in the treatment of diabetic wounds. METHODS: Computers were used to retrieve English databases such as PubMed database, Web of Science database, FMRS foreign language medical information resource retrieval platform, and Chinese databases such as CNKI and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform. The retrieval scope was from the inception of the database to September 2020. The English and Chinese search terms were “stem cells, exosomes, wound healing, cell proliferation, neovascularization, inflammation, extracellular matrix, therapeutic use”. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 66 articles were included and the results were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) It is summarized that stem cell-derived exosomes can promote diabetic wound healing by regulating inflammation, promoting neovascularization, re-epithelialization and remodeling of extracellular matrix. (2) The application of stem cell-derived exosomes in diabetic wounds was listed. (3) The exosomes from stem cells can avoid the immune response of stem cells in the treatment of diabetic wounds, and the genetic material of stem cells carried by them is more widely regulated and more effective than that from ordinary cells in the treatment of diabetic wounds. (4) At present, the application of stem cell derived exosomes in diabetes wounds still has some problems, such as low purity, high cost of separation, low production efficiency, and the way to reach the target area, loss rate and diffusion efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]