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[Objective] The present paper aimed to study the effect of dietary supplementation with fibrous roots extract of Coptis chinensis and probiotics on growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, immune organ indices, intestinal tissue morphology, and cecal microbiota of Sanhuang chickens, which is helpful to guide the scientific breeding of livestock and poultry. [Method] Using Sanhuang chickens as the experimental subjects, four treatments were set up, with experimental group A as the control group and fed with basic diet; Experimental groups B, C and D were fed the basic diet supplemented with 4% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis +100 mg/kg Bacillus subtilis + 100 mg/kg Lactobacillus plantarum, 8% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis +100 mg/kg B. subtilis + 100 mg/kg L. plantarum, and 12% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis +100 mg/kg B. subtilis + 100 mg/kg L. plantarum, respectively. The differences in growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, immune organ index, intestinal tissue morphology and cecal microbiota of Sanhuang chickens were measured and comyzoyed. [Result] Adding 4% to 12% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis and probiotics to the diet significantly increased the average daily weight gain and significantly reduced the feed to weight ratio of Sanhuang chickens (P<0.05, the same as below), significantly reduced the content of AST, TG, and LDL-C in serum, significantly increased the thymus index, spleen index, and bursal index of Sanhuang chickens, significantly increased the villous height of the duodenum in Sanhuang chickens. Moreover, adding a combination of 8% to 12% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis and probiotics significantly increased the velvety to crypt ratio of the duodenum and ileum, and significantly increased the Observable_Species and Chaol richness indices of cecal microbiota in Sanhuang chickens; The Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were signifiecatly increased. Adding a combination of 4% to 12% fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis and probiotics significantly reduced the relative abundance of harmful bacterial groups belonging to Actinobacteria and Bacteroides, while significantly increase the abundance of probiotic genera including Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, and Oscillospira in the cecal microbiota of Sanhuang chickens. [Conclusion] Adding the fibrous roots extract of C. chinensis and probiotics to the diet can improve the growth performance of Sanhuang chickens, in- creased the average daily weight gain, reduce feed to weight ratio, improve lipid metabolism and liver health, promote the development of immune organs and intestinal morphology, promote the proliferation of probiotics in the intestine, inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria, enrich the microbiota of the cecum, and better maintain the health of Sanhuang chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the expression profiles of COL1A1 (Collagen type I alpha 1 chain) and COL1A2 (Collagen type I alpha 2 chain) genes in different tissues of sika deer, analyze their effects on tissue development of sika deer, and provide a basis for selecting candidate genes affecting important economic traits of sika deer. (Method) The expression levels of COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, large intestine, small intestine, cecum, duodenum, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, longissimus dorsi, leg muscle and testis of male sika deer were detected by RT-qPCR. The biological information of COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes and their expression profiles in different tissues of sika deer were predicted and analyzed by NetPhos 3.1, Motif Search and ProtParam software. On the basis, the phylogenetic tree of COL1A1 and COL1 A2 amino acid sequences was constructed. [Result] CDS regions of COL1AI and COL1A2 genes encoded 1463 and 1364 amino acids, respectively, and the theoretical PI were 5.60 and 9. 19, respecсtively. Both COL1A1 and COL1 A2 were hydrophilic and stable proteins with signal peptides and phosphorylation sites. The secondary and tertiary structures of COL1A1 and COL1A2 proteins were composed of random coils. Compared with other animals, deer COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes had the highest homology and the closest relationship with ruminant goats, sheep and cattle. The homology of COL1AI of deer with goats, cattle and sheep was 99.5%, 99.5% and 99.2%, respectively. The homology of COL1A2 of deer with goats, cattle and sheep was 99.1%, 99.0% and 98.9%, respectively. The results of RT-qPCR showed that COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes were expressed in different tissues of sika deer. The expression of COL1A1 gene was higher in heart, longissimus dorsi and leg muscle, which was significantly higher than that in other tissues, while the expression of COL1A2 gene was higher in heart, liver, kidney and omasum, which was significantly higher than that in other tissues. In addition, the expression of COL1A1 was higher in muscle tissue, while the expression of COL1A2 was lower. The expression of COL1A1 and COL1A2 in other tissues had a trend of high and low and synergistic effect. [Conclusion] COL1A1 and COL1A2 may cooperatively maintain tissue structure and tissue development, which lays a foundation for further research on the effects of COL1A1 and COL1A2 on growth and development of sika deer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the impact of different beneficial bacteria on the micro-ecological environment of tobacco rhizosphere soil in long-term continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco, aiming to provide insights for enhancing continuous cropping soil quality and mitigating obstacles associated with consecutive planting. [Method] The physical and chemical properties, enzyme activities, as well as structure and function of the microbial community in flue-cured tobacco rhizosphere soil were analyzed using pot experiment and high-throughput sequencing technology. The analysis was conducted after long-term continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco with beneficial bacteria agents including Trichoderma harzianum agent T-22 (T1 treatment), Bacillus subtilis agent (T2 treatment), and a combination of T. harzanum agent T-22 and B. subtilis agent (T3 treatment). [Result] Compared with not applying beneficial bacteria (CK), the application of beneficial bacteria agents could enhance the availability of nutrients and enzyme activities in the rhizosphere soil of long-term continuous cropping flue-cured tobacco. Among the 10 environmental factors examined, available phosphorus (AP) content exhibited the highest contribution (4.97%) to bacterial community distribution in flue-cured tobacco rhizosphere soil. Additionally, Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN) content demonstrated the highest contribution (6.91%) to fungal community distribution, while sucrase (SC) activity ranked the second with a contribution of 6.75%; Application of beneficial bacteria agents could increase the diversity index of microbial community structure and the number of unique OTU in long-term continuous cropping tobacco rhizosphere soil; Application of beneficial bacteria agents could increase the abundance, diversity index of microbial community and number of bacteria endemic OTUs in rhizosphere soil of long-term continuous cropping flue-cured tobacco, and change the abundance of indicator species in rhizosphere soil of long-term continuous cropping fluecured tobacco, among them, Pseudomonas and Mortierella were identified as the indicator species for Tl treatment, with Sphingomonas (12. 2%) and Mortierella (25.0%) exhibiting high abundance. The abundance of the main metabolic pathways in the rhizosphere soil of longterm continuous cropping tobacco was decreased by single application of bacteria, but not by single application of fungi. The abundance of bacteria metabolic pathway in rhizosphere soil of flue-cured tobacco could be increased by applying beneficial bacteria agent alone, while beneficial fungal agent along had the opposite effect. The abundance of fungal metabolic pathway in rhizosphere soil of flue-cured tobacco could be increased by applying beneficial fungal agent, beneficial bacteria agent and mixed agents. [Conclusion] The application of beneficial bacteria agents has positive impact on the micro-ecological environment of rhizosphere soil in long-term continuous flue-cured tobacco cultivation. Among them, T. harzianum T-22 demonstrates superior efficacy and can be effectively utilized for the prevention and control of obstacles associated with continuous cropping of flue-cured tobacco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the effects of different mineral conditioners on the soil properties of cadmium (Cd)-contaminated paddy fields and the Cd content of rice in Guangxi, so as to provide a reference basis for the utilization of paddy fields to produce safe rice. (Method) Calcium-magnesium-silicon conditioners A and B, calcium-silicon conditioner C and calcium-magnesium conditioner D(set up as treatments A, B, C and D, respectively) were selected to carry out Cd-contaminated field remediation and treatment experiments in a Cd-contaminated paddy field in Guangxi, and no n-conditioner was applied as control (CK). The pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total Cd and soil available Cd content, Cd content of rice roots, stems, leaves and seeds were determined at the rice maturity stage after the treatment to analyze the remediation and treatment effects of different mineral conditioners on Cd-contaminated paddy soils and the residual status of Cd in various parts of rice, and to analyze the correlation between soil total Cd content, CEC and pH and available Cd content. [Result] The application of mineral conditioner could significantly increase soil pH and CEC of Cd-contaminated paddy fields (P<0.05, the same as below), both of which were increased by 15.0% 16.6% and 20.4% -23.8% respectively compared with those of CK; And it could significantly reduce the Cd content in the available state of soil in Cd-contaminated paddy fields, which was decreased by 14.0%-19. 3% compared with that of CK. The soil available state Cd content of the paddy field after the application of mineral conditioners showed a significantly negative correlation with pH, and the correlation coefficient between the log In(pH) value of pH and the soil available state Cd content was 0. 4053; It showed a highly significantly negative correlation with CEC(P<0.01), and the correlation coefficient was 0.6326; With the increase in soil pH and CEC, the soil available state Cd content continuously decreased. The applications of mineral conditioners were all available in reducing the Cd content of rice roots, stems, leaves and seeds as well as the enrichment factor of Cd in the aboveground part of rice, in which the total Cd content of rice seeds was decreased by 35.9% 50.2%, and the enrichment factor of Cd in the aboveground part of rice (stems, leaves and seeds) was decreased by 19.5% -33.5%,32.1%-44.9% and 38.6%-52.6%, respectively. [Conclusion] The application of different mineral conditioners can significantly increase the pH and CEC of paddy soils, thereby reducing the Cd content in the active state of the soil, inhibiting the migration of Cd from the soil to the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of rice, decreasing the Cd content in rice, and reducing the enrichment of Cd in the aboveground parts of rice (stems, leaves and seeds). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the mechanism of yield and carbon assimilates metabolism in cotton varieties of different genotypes in response to low phosphorus stress, and to provide a theoretical basis for the physiological regulation of cotton yield and quality under low phosphorus stress in production. (Method) In the study, a pot experiment was conducted with low phosphorus tolerant genotypes (BX014 and LuYuan343) and low phosphorus sensitive genotypes (FJA and DLNTDH), and low phosphorus (P1, 15 mg/kg), medium phosphorus (P2, 50 mg/kg), normal phosphorus (P3, 150 mg/kg), and high phosphorus (P4, 300 mg/kg) were used as the experimental materials. Four treatments were used to study the effects of different phosphorus application levels on dry weight, phosphorus uptake and utilization, yield traits, and carbohydrate metabolism of cotton bolls and their correlation between carbon assimilates metabolizing enzyme activities and yield. [Result] (i) Under low phosphorus stress, the dry weight accumulation of different organs, phosphorus accumulation, plant height, number of fruiting branches, number of fruiting nodes, number of bolls, weight of bolls, seed cotton yield, lint yield and clothing fraction of cotton would be significantly reduced, while the phosphorus utilization efficiency and boll abscission rate would be significantly increased, and there was a significant reciprocal effect between different phosphorus treatments and varieties. (ii) Carbohydrate content in boll-opposed leaves was the key substance in response to low phosphorus stress; Under low phosphorus treatment, with the increase of phosphorus content, cotton boll-opposed leaves sucrose and soluble sugar content generally showed a decreasing trend, and the activities of phospho-sucrose synthetase (SPS) and sucrose synthetase (SuSy) showed a tendency to increase firstly and then decrease. (iii) Under P1, P2 and P4 treatments, the cotton dry weight, phosphorus accumulation, phosphorus utilization efficiency and yield indexes of the low phosphorus tolerant genotypes were significantly higher than those of the low phosphorus sensitive genotypes, and the response to low phosphorus stress was not uniform, showing strong low phosphorus tolerance; And the activities of SPS and SuSy were significantly higher than those of the low phosphorus sensitive genotypes, and the difference in the enzyme activities might be one of the reasons for the low phosphorus tolerance of low phosphorus tolerant genotypes. The differences in enzyme activities may be one of the reasons for low phosphorus tolerance in low phosphorus tolerant genotypes. (iv) The correlation analysis of the traits showed that lint yield was extremely significant positive correlated with boll weight (correlation coefficient was 0.95), SPS (correlation coefficient was 0.96) and SuSy activity (correlation coefficient was 0.99), respectively. [Conclusion] Higher SPS and SuSy activities in the opposite leaves of cotton bolls of low phosphorus tolerant genotypes under low phosphorus stress maintain the ability of sucrose synthesis, which in turn promotes the redistribution of sugar, thus ensuring the production and accumulation of dry matter under low phosphorus conditions and thus increasing lint yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimes to study the effects of intercropping on dry matter accumulation, nitrogen and phosphorus absorption and utilization of maize and soybean, and to clarify the mechanism, which has important guiding significance for realizing high yield and high efficiency of maize and soybean intercropping. [Method] Three planting methods were set up in the experiment, namely, maize single cropping, soybean single cropping and maize and soybean intercropping. Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation of maize plants at widemouth stage, spinnery stage and maturity stage, and nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation of soybean plants at flowering stage, pod stage and maturity stage were measured respectively. The characteristics of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen and phosphorus absorption accumulation of different organs of maize and soybean were studied by intercropping, and the marginal effects of nitrogen and phosphorus absorption and utilization were clarified. [Result] Intercropping decreased the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen and phosphorus, and promoted the distribution of nitrogen from roots to grains compared with single cropping. The dry matter accumulation of soybean was reduced, especially the influence on the middle row was greater than that on the side row, and the dry matter and nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation on the side row showed marginal effect advantage. Compared with the mono-cropping system, intercropping reduced the nitrogen transfer amount of vegetative organs in stems and leaves of corn and soybean plants by 22. 13% and 29.85%, respectively, and the contribution rate of transport nitrogen to corn kernel nitrogen decreased by 5.11% and 17.45%, respectively, and the contribution rate of root nitrogen absorption to grain nitrogen was higher than that of transport nitrogen to grain nitrogen. Intercropping could effectively improve the nitrogen use efficiency of the system, which was 2.34% and 4.62 times higher than that of corn and soybean monocropping, respectively. The nitrogen use efficiency of the system was 26.82% higher than that of soybean monocropping, and 10. 16% lower than that of corn monocropping. Corn occupied the dominant position in the system yield, accounting for 82.27% of the system yield, and LER reached 1.47. The system yield was 13 110 kg/hm², which was 3.96% lower than that of monocroping maize. [Conclusion] The main advantage of intercropping is to promote the distribution of nitrogen absorbed by roots to grains and improve the efficiency of nitrogen use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to analyze the impact of varying degrees of drought stress treatments on the physiological parameters of Indigofera pseudotinctoria, preliminarily evaluate the drought-resistant physiological responses of these materials, and provide a foundational reference for the selection and genetic improvement of drought-resistant germplasm in I. pseudotinctoria. [Method] 36 wild J. pseudotinctoria germplasm resources collected in Chongqing area were used as experimental materials. Pot cultivation was used to start drought treatment when 1. pseudotinctoria seedlings grew to the 90th day, and measure the content of osmoregulatory substances, relative water content, and antioxidant enzyme activity in the leaves of I. pseudotinctoria under 0 days of stress (control group CK, the relative soil water content was 80%-85% of the field water capacity), 7 days of stress (moderate drought, soil relative moisture content was 40%-50% of the field water capacity), and 14 days of stress (severe drought, soil relative moisture content was 20%-25% of the field water capacity). Drought resistance coefficients, membership functions and cluster analysis were applied for a comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance. [Result] Under drought stress conditions, we observed a wide variation in physiological responses among the 36 1. pseudotinctoria germplasms, leading to significant differences in their drought resistance capabilities. Comparative analysis of mean values for various parameters showed that, in comparison to the control group, osmotic adjustment substances such as malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein (SP), and proline (Pro) increased with the severity of drought. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) exhibited a convex trend as drought severity intensified, while relative water content (RWC) decreased with increasing drought stress. Among the seven parameters measured, peroxidase (POD) activity showed the largest coefficient of variation, while relative water content (RWC) displayed the smallest variation. Using membership function analysis, comprehensive D-value assessment, and cluster analysis, we categorized the drought resistance of the 36 1. pseudotinctoria germplasms into two distinct groups: Drought-resistant (comprising 8 germplasms) and sensitive (comprising 28 germplasms). Further examination of physiological indicators between these two groups revealed that drought-resistant germplasms exhibited higher antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic adjustment substance Pro content compared to their sensitive counterparts. Conclusion] Under drought stress conditions, the physiological responses of the 36 1. pseudotinctoria germplasm resources displayed significant diversity and variation. Among the 36 1. pseudotinctoria germplasms, 8 germplasms were classified as drought-resistance by a comprehensive evaluation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Objective) Amylose content is a key trait affecting the quality of glutinous rice. The present paper aimed to analyze the important significance of its genetic basis for rice quality improvement. (Method) In the study, we constructed the BC2F4 and BC2F5 backcross genetic generation populations of Pinnuo R191/Jinguisimiao//Jinguisimiao///Jinguisimiao' in a genetic background carrying the wxwx gene, and used the group segregation analysis method to SNP-type both parents and the high and low pooled populations using the GSR40K rice Gene- Chip, candidate genes affecting amylose content in rice were anchored according to the analysis results. (Result) Two candidate gene segments controlling amylose content were located on chromosome 5 from 0.04 to 0.37 Mb and chromosome 12 from 17.53 to 24.09 Mb. 14 pairs of polymorphic SSR markers and SNP markers were screened from the candidate intervals of chromosome 12, and the genetic linkage map was constructed by using QTL IciMapping software. By using Inclusive Composite Interval Mapping (ICIM), QTL qAC12 affecting amy- lose content was detected in the interval of N21774-A24633 with an interval distance of 3.46 Mb. The mean contribution rate to amylose content was 14. 10%, and the additive effect value was -0.11. For the analysis of candidate QTL at the end of chromosome 5, based on the genotyping results of the predicted interval marker Zc15_167, combined with the phenotype estimation, the contribution rate of QTL qAC5 to the phenotype of amylose content was 9.83%, and the additive effect value was 0. 156. 【Conlusion】 The amylose content of rice is not only regulated by Wx gene, but also closely related to other QTLs genes. It is of great significance for the breeding of new varieties of high quality rice to excavate and analyze its genetic basis. In the study, the micropotent QTL on chromosome 12 and chromosome 5 affecting amylose content of glutinous rice is identified, which can be helpful for molecular marker-assisted breeding of amylose content of glutinous rice, and has good practical value for reducing amylose content of glutinous rice and improving the quality of glutinous rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms and associated regulatory networks involved in endo- sperm development for the tropical maize inbred line. (Method) The study employed high-throughput RNA-Seq sequencing technology to compare the endosperm transcriptome of the tropical inbred maize line ZOL-1 at six stages after pollination, including 5 (day after pollination), 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days. Differentially expressed genes were annotated with KEGG and GO functions, and time-series analysis was conducted on genes with an average FPKM value greater than 1. [Result] The endosperm development of the maize inbred line ZOL-1 exhibited the fastest growth rate in grain length, width, and thickness at 25-30 days after pollination, with growth rates reaching 15.9%, 16.1% and 10.2%, respectively. Following transcriptome sequencing and comparison with the reference genome, the percentage of filtered reads was at least 83.99%, indicating good sequencing quality and assembly. A total of 7129, 5252, 4254, 775 and 312 differentially ex- pressed genes were identified between 10 d_VS_5 d, 15 d_VS_10 d, 20 d_VS_15 d, 25 d_VS_20 d and 30 d_VS_25 d, based on the sequential comparison system approach. GO functional annotation indicated that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in cell differentiation process, metabolic process, catalytic activity and organelles. KEGG functional enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in pathways related to energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, signal transduction, and other processes associated with endosperm development. Through time-series analysis of genes with an FPKM mean greater than 1, 19 554 genes were classified into 10 clusters. In Cluster 7, eight starch synthase-related genes were identified, showing a significant increase in expression starting at the 15-day period and maintaining a high expression level thereafter. (Conclusion] The regulation of endosperm development in maize self-incompatible lines appears to be primarily governed by the expression of down-regulated genes. The developmental pattern of the endosperm undergoes a significant change before and after 15 days, indicating a transcriptome reprogramming. Additionally, the study identifies eight genes associated with maize starch biosynthesis, providing valuable insights into the molecular regulatory mechanisms of endosperm development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to study the histological characteristics of the ovaries, the changes in concentration of vitellogenin and nutrient metabolism level of Procambarus clarkii under the stress of sunning field, explore the relevant mechanism of nutrient changes during ovarian maturation process of P. clarkii, and the results provided a reference for the improvement and standardization of the production operation of P. clarkii ovary maturity which was promoted by environmental stress in sunning field.【Method】The experimental subjects were divided into sunning field group P. clarkii and control group P. clarkii. The female P. clarkii were collected at 0, 3, 7 and 10 days of the sunning field stress respectively. At each sampling time point, the ovaries were taken for paraffin section and HE staining. The ovaries, hepatopancreas and serum of samples were collected, of which the expression and concentration of vitellogenin mRNA and the level of nutrient metabolism were detected. 【Result】Under the sunning field stress, four ovarian development stages were identified, including the pre-vitellogenesis stage (stage Ⅰ, ovary was yellow, oocyte diameter 150-250 μm), primary vitellogenesis stage (stage Ⅱ, ovary was orange, oocyte diameter 250-600 μm), secondary vitellogenesis stage (stage Ⅲ, ovary was brown, oocyte diameter greater than 600 μm), mature stage (stage Ⅳ, ovary was dark brown, oocyte diameter greater than 1000 μm). At 0 days of the stress, the ovarian maturation rate of female P. clarkii in the sunning field group was similar to that in the control group. At 10 days of experiment, the ovarian maturation rate of the female P. clarkii in the sunning field group rose to 96.67%, while the control group rose to 60.00%. With stress time increasing, the relative expression of vitellogenin mRNA in the ovaries and hepatopancreas of the control group and the sunning field group increased, of which vitellogenin mRNA in the hepatopancreas was greater than that in the ovaries. Over the time of experiment, the total expression level of vitellogenin mRNA of the hepatopancreas in the sunning field group and the control group was greater than that in the ovary, and the contribution rate of the hepatopancreas was greater than that of the ovary. The concentration of vitellogenin in the ovary, hepatopancreas, and serum in the sunning field group and the control group increased over time. The concentration increase of vitellogenin in the sunning field group was significantly higher than that in the control group. There was extremely significant positive correlation between hepatopancreas vitellogenin concentration and ovary vitellogenin concentration, between hepatopancreas vitellogenin concentration and serum vitellogenin concentration, between ovary vitellogenin concentration and serum vitellogenin concentration (P＜0.01). With stress time increased, hemocyanin (Hem), total protein (TP), lactic acid (LA) and glucose (Glu) content in female P. clarkii of both groups all showed a decreasing trend, the decrease range of sunning field group was greater than control group; And contents of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC) showed an increasing trend, and the increasing range of sunning field group was greater than that of control group.【Conclusion】Four developmental stages in ovaries of P. clarkii were identified during environmental stress of sunning field. As stress time passed by, the relative expression and concentration of vitellogenin mRNA in different tissues of P. clarkii increased, of which contribution rate in hepatopancreas was greater than that in ovary. The contents of Hem, TP, LA, and Glu decrease, and the contents of TG and TC increase in P. clarkii, indicating that environmental stress of sunning field has a positive effect on ovarian development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to study the occurrence form of cadmium (Cd) accumulation in soil aggregates of Cd-contaminated brown calcareous soil matrices of paddy fields in the Karst area of northwestern Guangxi, and to provide data reference for safe rice production in this type of Cd-contaminated paddy fields in the region. 【Method】The sampled soil aggregates were separated into five aggregates as ＞ 2.000 mm, 1.000-2.000 mm, 0.050-1.000 mm, 0.074-0.250 mm and ＜0.074 mm, the composition of soil aggregates particle size, Cd content of different particle size aggregates and their main occurrence patterns from 0-20, 20-30, 30-50 and 50-80 cm depth profiles in the Karst area of northwest Guangxi were studied.【Result】The proportion of 0.250-1.000 mm size aggregates in each profile was stable, above 30.00%, with no significant difference between profiles (P＞0.05), the proportion of ＞2.000 mm size aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil profile (tillage layer) was the largest (40.20%), and as the depth of the profile increased, the proportion of ＞2.000 mm size aggregates decreased rapidly, and the proportion of ＜0.250 mm size aggregates showed a gradual increasing trend. Analysis of the Cd content of agglomerates of different particle sizes showed that, in 0-20, 20-30 and 30-50 cm soil profiles, Cd was mainly enriched in ＞2.000 mm particle size aggregates, with contents as high as 2.22, 1.66 and 0.95 mg/kg, respectively, and in the 50-80 cm soil profile, Cd was mainly enriched in 1.000-2.000 mm particle size aggregates. ＞2.000 mm particle size aggregates contributed most to the whole soil Cd content in the 0-30 cm soil layer. The occurrence form of Cd in the aggregates at different profile depths showed obvious differences, the proportion of Cd in aggregates of all particle sizes in the 0-20 cm profile was mainly in the organic matter binding state, with the smallest proportion of Cd in the exchangeable state (except for ＜0.074 mm particle size aggregates), and the proportion of Cd in the exchangeable state in the aggregates increased greatly with the increase of the depth of the profile, when the profile depth was increased to under 30 cm, the Cd in the aggregates mainly existed in carbonate bound state, and with minimal content in the residue lattice state.【Conclusion】In the typical Cd-contaminated brown calcareous soil matrices of paddy fields in the Karst area of northwestern Guangxi, the Cd is mainly enriched in aggregates of ＞2.000 mm and 1.000-2.000 mm particle size, the Cd in the aggregates of each particle size in the 0-20 cm tillage soil is mainly in the form of organic matter bound state, and with the smallest proportion in the form of exchangeable state. With the increase of the profile depth, the proportion of exchangeable Cd increases greatly, while the proportion of Cd in the stable form decreases significantly. Therefore, in the actual production process, it should focus on improving the content of large particle size soil aggregates and avoiding excessive intensive ploughing and deep tilling, reducing the exchangeable state Cd content in the ploughed soil, and ultimately reducing the risk of excessive Cd in rice during rice production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to explore the pathogen fungi of stem rot of Xanthium strumarium and investigate the inhibitory effects of seven fungicides in carbendazim, imazalil, procymidon, thiabendazole, topsin-methyl, fludioxonil and prochloraz on it in vivo.【Method】The pathogenic fungi were isolated from the stem base of X. strumarium by hyphal tip cutting method, and the pathogen of stem rot on X. strumarium was confirmed by Koch’s rule verification. To identify the pathogen species, morphological characteristics of the pathogenic colonies, mycelium and sclerotium were noted, internal transcribed spacer（ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-α（TEF1-α) sequences were amplified by molecular biological PCR, cloned and sequenced to further analyze and identify the pathogen species.【Result】The six pathogens were isolated, and their morphological characteristics were consistent with Athellia rolfsii. About 1 week after the mycelium and sclerotium of the pathogen were respectively inoculated on the base of healthy X. strumarium stems, the symptoms of the most experimental group were the same as those of diseased plants in the field. The sequence of NCXS-1 clone was 100% consistent with the corresponding sequences of A. rolfsii strains in the database. Among the seven screened pesticide fungicides, NCXS-1 was not sensitive to carbendazim, imazalil, procymidone, thiabendazole and topsin-methyl, and both fludioxonil and prochloraz had certain inhibitory effect on the colony growth of A. rolfsii, where fludioxonil had the strongest inhibitory effect with EC50 as 0.12 mg/L.【Conclusion】The pathogen causing stem rot of X. strumarium was identified as A. rolfsii, and fludioxonil was the most effective fungicide for inhibiting the growth of stem rot of X. strumarium in 7 kinds of pesticides. The results can provide useful guidance for the effective control of X. strumarium stem rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to examine the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation, nitrogen addition and their interaction on the interspecific competition between invasive weed Alternanthera philoxeroides and its native accompanying species Digitaria sanguinalis, providing reference for the control of invasive plants under the global change.【Method】According to the de Wit substitution test method, we totally set two experimental factors that contained the treatment method（nitrogen addition, UV-B radiation, nitrogen × UV-B） and the species（A. philoxeroides, D. sanguinalis） on the mono and mixed potting cultures, measured the total biomass, morphology, pigment, and photosynthetic fluorescence of these two studied plant species, and then used the two-way ANOVA and the least significant difference（LSD） multiple comparisons to examine the differences of above indicators with different treatment combinations.【Result】（i） In the monoculture, nitrogen addition led to a significant increase in the maximum stem length of plants and leaf area of D. sanguinalis by 207.154% and 297.643%, and a significant decrease in the total biomass and qp＿Lss of A. philoxeroides by 40.612% and 52.381%, respectively. UV-B radiation led to a significant increase in the maximum stem length of plants, QY＿max and QY＿Lss of A. philoxeroides by 117.607%, 404.459% and 835.714%, respectively, and a significant decrease in the QY＿Lss of D. sanguinalis by 45.605%. The interaction effect led to a significant decrease in the total biomass of A. philoxeroides and QY＿max of D. sanguinalis by 79.310% and 18.984%, and a significant increase in the QY＿max of A. philoxeroides by 685.350%, respectively. The interaction effect also led to an opposite trade-off of F0 and QY＿Lss between these two studied plant species.（ii） In the mixed culture, nitrogen addition led to a significant increase in the leaf area and Chla of D. sanguinalis by 254.259% and 53.018%, respectively, and a significant decrease in the root length and Chla of A. philoxeroides by 76.051% and 12.084%, respectively. UV-B radiation led to a significant increase in the Chla of A. philoxeroides by 45.434%. The interaction effect led to a significant decrease in the root length of A. philoxeroides by 58.824%. 【Conclusion】Nitrogen addition relatively increased the competitive advantage of D. sanguinalis in terms of biomass and morphology, but UV-B radiation weakened its photosynthetic activity and increased the chlorophyll content of A. philoxeroides. Furthermore, UV-B radiation and its interaction with nitrogen addition significantly increased the actual photochemical efficiency of A. philoxeroides. Thus, we should strengthen the monitoring of A. philoxeroides invasion under global change, to prevent the interaction of multiple factors aggravating the competitive substitution of native plants by this invader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】To provide a reference for finding eco-friendly antibacterial agents, the diversity of endophytic fungi in the medicinal plant Thespesia populnea in mangroves and their antifungal and antibacterial activities were studied. 【Method】Endophytic fungi were isolated and purified from the stem, leaf and bark tissues of the medicinal plant T. populnea in Guangxi Beibu Gulf mangroves, and identified by a combination of morphology and molecular biology. Colletotrichum from Diospyros kaki, Juglans regia, Litchi chinensis, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 1（FOC1), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense 4（FOC4), and Alternaria cucumerina from Cucumis sativus, as well as endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata from Avicennia marina, and Streptococcus iniae from Oreochromis niloticus, were selected as indicator organisms. The antifungal and antibacterial activities of endophytic fungal extracts were screened by plate confrontation method and filter paper method. 【Result】A total of 60 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated and purified from T. populnea, belonging to 5 genera and 25 species. Among them, the genera Colletotrichum and Diaporthe were dominant, with the isolation rates of 48. 33% and 26. 67%, respectively. The rest were Botryosphaeria, Didymella and Cryptosporella, with isolation rates of 15. 00%, 6. 70% and 3. 33% respectively. The most strains were isolated from the bark tissue of T. populnea, with a total of 4 genera and 23 strains, accounting for 38. 33% of the total isolation amount, followed by leaf tissue（31. 67%) and stem tissue（30. 00%). In addition, 12 endophytic fungi were found to have ITS rDNA sequence similarity of less than 95. 00% with NCBI database, indicating that they might be potential new species. The results of antifungal and antibacterial activities indicated that J1-20 had strong antifungal and antibacterial activities against the 8 selected indicator organisms. The antifungal rates against Colletotrichum of D. kaki, Colletotrichum of J. regia, Colletotrichum of L. chinensis, FOC1 and FOC4, A. cucumerina from C. sativus, A. alternata from A. marina, were 39. 39%, 25. 00%, 19. 10%, 32. 43%, 28. 20%, 89. 00% and 74. 19%, respectively. Meanwhile, the inhibitory zone of J1-20 against S. iniae was 21. 00 mm. 【Conclusion】The endophytic fungi in T. populnea have rich diversity and relatively uniform distribution. Among them, J1-20 has broad-spectrum antifungal and antibacterial activities against 8 indicator organisms and has good development potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 The current paper was conducted to study the relationships between different altitudes and the economic traits of walnut fruit, the degree of variation of main fatty acids, and the degree of variation of main fatty acids in Yunnan’s main walnut variety, Juglans sigillata cv. Yanbipao, so as to reveal the variation characteristics of its fruit shape and nutritional components, determine the best suitable cultivation area for a specific variety and to provide a theoretical basis for further developing applications.【Method】 Taking Yangbipao walnut as the test material, from the altitude of 1500 meters, the fruit was sampled every time the altitude rising by 100 meters, and the economic traits and fatty acid quality indicators of the fruit were measured and analyzed. The economic forest research method was used to determine the economic properties of nuts, main fatty acid content. Correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and determination degree analysis were carried out to reveal the relationship between each index and altitude change. 【Result】 At an altitude of 1500 meters, the thickest shell was 1.105 mm; At an altitude of 1700 meters, the smallest seed weight, kernel weight, and three-diameter mean were 9.298 g, 4.961 g, and 32.240 mm respectively; At an altitude of 1900 meters, the lowest rate of kernel release was 50.6%; At an altitude of 2300 meters, the highest values were found for seed weight, kernel weight, kernel release rate, and three-diameter mean, while the thinnest shell was 1.015 mm. The altitude had a negative correlation with shell thickness, a significant positive correlation with kernel release rate, longitudinal diameter, and transverse diameter, a positive correlation with seed weight, kernel weight, horizontal diameter, and three-diameter mean, and a positive correlation with oleic acid, peanut acid, and peanut oleic acid, as well as a negative correlation with stearic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The altitude had the greatest direct effect on peanut oleic acid, and the indirect effect on linoleic acid was greater than the direct effect. The altitude mainly affected the variation in the properties of linoleic acid, peanut acid, and peanut oleic acid. 【Conclusion】 In the study area, altitude has a comprehensive impact on the economic traits and main fatty acid content of Yangbipao walnut kernel fruits, within the range of 1500-2300 meters, these traits perform well. Through comprehensive analysis, the walnut quality is the best at an altitude of 1700-2100 meters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective】The paper aims to establish a model predicting the growth, development stages, and harvesting period of soilless-cultivated greenhouse roses, thereby providing theoretical support for the regulation of environmental factors in the cut rose production process.【Method】In the study, three distinct cut rose varieties with significant differences in growth cycles, namely ‘Loshen’‘Huanlesong’ and ‘Fenhongxueshan’, were selected for soilless cultivation in plastic greenhouse tunnels in Malong district, Qujing city. Data on growth and development were collected over five periods, accompanied by concurrent records of light radiation and temperature during 2021-2022. By analyzing the growth cycle characteristics of cut roses, the study established a predictive model based on the physiological product of thermal effectiveness and PAR（PTEP） to describe the growth and development stages of cut roses. Subsequently, the constructed growth model was validated using independent data.【Result】Cut roses required physiological thermal accumulations of 22.08, 29.41 and 38.89 MJ/m² during the pruning to bud, bud to flowering, and flowering to harvest stages, respectively. The predictive model for the growth and development stages of cut roses, constructed in the study, was based on PTEP. At various growth and development stages of cut roses, the simulated predicted values of the model exhibit good consistency with the measured values. The 1∶1 linear regression standard errors（RMSE） between model-predicted values and measured values were 0.7, 6.5 and 9.4 days, demonstrating the accuracy of the model predictions.【Conclusion】Considering the combined effects of light radiation and temperature, the model developed in the study can predict the timing of various growth and development stages of cut roses, as well as the harvest period for cut flower products. With this model, growers can make precise adjustments to light and temperature in the greenhouse, effectively regulating the growth cycle of cut rose products. The study not only provides a scientific foundation for the production of cut rose products in greenhouse soilless cultivation but also offers valuable technical support for growers in formulating practical production plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The present paper aimed to explore the effects of different mulching measures on fungal community structure, ecological function and species interaction in rhizosphere soil of Allium chinense, in order to provide theoretical basis and data support for the use and selection of mulching film for production.【Method】At the harvest period of A. chinense, rhizosphere soil covered with ordinary transparent film, blue film and no film treatment was collected, and the fungal community in the rhizosphere soil under each treatment was studied using high-throughput sequencing technology, FUNGuild database, molecular ecological network and other analytical methods.【Result】The mulching treatment reduced the diversity of fungal communities, but under the blue mulching treatment, beneficial fungal communities such as Humicola, Talaromyces and Aspergillus with higher relative abundance were enriched; From the molecular ecological network of fungi, it could be seen that although plastic film coverage simplified the network, the resistance of fungal communities to the external environment had been improved, with blue plastic film exhibiting more stability than ordinary plastic film; In addition, after functional prediction of the fungal communities in each treatment, it was found that the relative abundance of saprophytic functional microbial communities was higher under blue plastic film, promoting the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling.【Conclusion】The fungal community structure, ecological functions, and species relationships in the rhizosphere soil of A. chinense show significant differences under different film covering treatments. Among them, the fungal community under blue film covering treatment is more conducive to the growth and development of A. chinense, but at the same time, the potential risks caused by the increase of pathogenic functional bacterial communities caused by film covering measures should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to study the spatio-temporal coupling characteristics and influencing mechanism of high-quality agricultural development and cultivated land utilization efficiency in Sichuan province, so as to provide a scientific basis for promoting the coordinated development of the two systems and improving the high-quality agricultural development level of Sichuan province. [Method] Taking 21 cities and prefectures in Sichuan province as the research objects, the spatio-temporal coupling characteristics and influencing mechanisms of high-quality agricultural development and cultivated land use efficiency in Sichuan province from 2011 to 2021 were studied by entropy method, super-efficiency DEA model, kernel density estimation, coupling coordination model and geographic detector. [Result] (i) The high-quality agricultural development level and cultivated land utilization efficiency in Sichuan province improved, and the overall spatial evolution of high-quality agricultural development level changed from unipolar to multipolar, forming a pattern of Chengdu Plain being the best, peripheral graded mosaic', the spatial distribution of cultivated land utilization efficiency and the high-quality agricultural development level had convergence, forming a pattern of high-efficiency large-area uplift area with Chengdu, Ya'an, Deyang and Meishan as the core, Panzhihua as the polar core, and the peripheral hierarchical collapse'. (ii) The coupling coordination between the high-quality development level of agriculture and the efficiency of arable land utilization in Sichuan province increased from 0. 526 to 0. 704, and the coordination effect gradually increased. The whole experienced three levels of changes of reluctant coordination, primary coordination, and intermediate coordination'. From the perspective of time changes, the province roughly experienced three periods of development, lag and improvement'. From the perspective of spatial changes, Chengdu took the lead in entering the stage of high-quality coordination, followed by Ya'an and Panzhihua. Mianyang, Meishan, Leshan and Neijiang entered a good coordination stage, while Ganzi Prefecture, Aba Prefecture and Liangshan Prefecture were still in a disorder stage. (iii) The driving force of agricultural scale increased year by year, becoming the most significant driving factor, resource consumption and agricultural economic coordination index driving force also improved, while the driving force of urbanization level and mechanization level weakened. [Conclusion] Promoting large-scale agricultural management and reducing resource consumption have a certain positive effect on promoting high-quality agricultural devlopment and coordinated development of farmland utilization efficiency. In addition, the province should reasonably promote urbanization development on the basis of stabilizing the scale of existing cultivated land and striving to achieve no reduction in the quantity of cultivated land and improvement in quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to investigate the effects of microplastics on the structure and carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus stoichiometric characteristics of red soil with different levels of iron enrichment, and to provide theoretical basis for guiding the improvement of soil quality and pollution management in red soil areas. [Method] Using subtropical red soil as the research object, low density polyethylene (M0, M1, M2) with 0, 0.1%, 1.0% mass and iron (Fe0, Fe1, Fe2) with 0, 10 and 20 g/kg mass were added through indoor cultivation experiments to simulate the pollution level of microplastics and the degree of iron enrichment in red soil. The distribution characteristics of water stable aggregates and the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in red soil polluted by microplastics under different iron enrichment conditions were studied. [Result] Under the condition of Fe0o, compared with M0, the aggregate content (WSA), mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of M1 with particle size > 0.25 mm decreased, and the WSA, MWD and GMD of M2 increased significantly; Under Fe0, conditions, there was no significant difference in the stability indicators of aggregates among M0, M1 and M2; Under Fe2 conditions, both M1 and M2 significantly reduced the WSA, MWD and GMD of soil aggregates. In terms of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content and their stoichiometric characteristics, M1 and M2 under Fe0 conditions could significantly increase soil organic carbon content (SOC); Under Fe0, and Fe2 conditions, microplastic treatment had no significant effect on SOC. The total nitrogen content (TN) of the soil decreased significantly under Fe0, and Fe1, conditions, while microplastic treatment had no significant effect on TN under Fe2 conditions; The total phosphorus content (TP) of the soil showed M0 > M1 > M2. The changes in soil nutrients ultimately led to a significant increase in C/N, C/P and N/P of all microplastic treatments (except for Fe0, M1, Fe2 M1 and Fe2 M2). [Conclusion] The effects of different treatments on the stability of soil aggregates vary. Under the current existing red soil conditions, low micro plastic pollution can reduce the stability of soil aggregates, while high micro plastic pollution can increase the stability of soil aggregates. Under relatively light iron rich red soil conditions, both low and high microplastic pollution have no significant impact on the stability of soil aggregates. Under relatively high iron rich red soil conditions, both low and high microplastic pollution can reduce the stability of soil aggregates. M0reover, the changes in soil aggregate structure under different treatments led to significant differences in the stoichiometric characteristics of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. Overall, microplastic pollution can significantly improve the C/N, C/P and N/P of red soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to optimize the medium composition and fermentation parameters of Trichoderma harzianum strain UN-2 producing β-glucanase, improve its β-glucanase production capacity, and study the antagonism of the crude enzyme solution of βglucanase on the pathogen of rice sheath blight and its field control effect, so as to clarify the application potential of T. harzianum strain UN2 in controlling rice sheath blight. [Method] In order to optimize the inducing conditions for the production of β-glucanase from T. harzianum strain UN-2, a single factor experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of carbon, nitrogen and metal ions on the production of β-glucanase from T. harzianum strain UN-2, and orthogonal experiments were used to determine the optimal temperature, pH, inoculation amount, bottled amount, shaking speed, and fermentation time for the production of glucanase from T. harzianum strain UN-2. The antifungal and preventive effects of crude β-glucanase solution on rice sheath blight were studied through in vitro antagonism and field experiments. [Result] The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for the fermentation of β-glucanase from T. harzianum strain UN-2 were wheat bran and ammonium sulfate, respectively. Metal ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ had a significant promotional effect on the activity of β-glucanase induced from T. harzianum. The optimal culture medium for T. harzianum strain UN-2 to produce β-Glucanase were composed of 10.0 g/L wheat bran, 0.5 g/L β-glucan, 4.0 g/L ammonium sulfate, 1.5 mmol/L Ca2+,0.5 mmol/L Mg2+. And the optimal fermentation conditions for producing β-glucanase were as follows: 30 mL medium filled in 250 mL flask with 8 mL inoculum amount of the culture, initial pH 6.5, at 32 °C, with shaker speed 160 r/min, incubating for 64 hours. The crude β-glucanase solution induced from T. harzianum strain UN-2 had a significant inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth and sclerotia germination of Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizoctonia cerealis, and the field control effect on rice sheath blight caused by R. solani was 70.45%, which was equivalent to 5% Jinggangmycin treatment. The crude β-glucanase solution could improve rice seed setting rate and grain plumpness. [Conclusion】 Under the optimal fermentation conditions, the activity of β-glucanase induced from T. harzianum strain UN-2 is 97.68 U/mL, the crude β-glucanase solution has strong antifungal and preventive effects on rice sheath blight, and has a certain growth promotion effect on rice plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the photosynthesis-related cold-resistant genes in Mandragora chinghaiensis grown at high altitude and low temperature. [Method] Taking 0 °C low temperature stress Qinghai eggplant ginseng as the experimental material, the key time points were found through photosynthetic physiological experiments, and then transcriptomics analysis was carried out to screen photosynthetic related cold-resistant genes and perform real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis. [Result] The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, maximum fluorescence, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, photochemical quenching coefficient, and electron transfer rate showed a gradual downward trend, while the intercellular CO2 concentration, initial fluorescence, and non-photochemical quenching coefficient showed an upward trend. Based on the comprehensive analysis of changes in photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, the key time node was 12 hours. According to the analysis of transcriptome, seven genes were screened. Through qRT-PCR analysis, the expression of CP43 gene was up-regulated first and then down-regulated, showing an overall upward trend; The expression of CAB-8, САВ-11, СР24-10B, CH-02, FD-C2, and PSI-D2 genes was first down-regulated and then up-regulated, showing an overall downward trend. [Conclusion] The results of the study provided some theoretical support for the screening of photosynthesis-related cold resistance genes and the subsequent transgenic verification, the main purpose of screening genes has been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to explore the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the gene levels of betaine and key enzyme contents in Lycium barbarum, and provide technical support for the quality generation cultivation of L. barbarum in Ningxia. [Method] In the experiment, Ningqi No. 1' was used as the experimental material, and the split-plot experiment design was used. The main area was two treatments of nitrogen fertilizer application depth A (A1: 0-20 cm, A2: 20-40 cm), and the sub-area was five treatments of nitrogen application amount B (CK: 0 kg/666.7 m², B1: 15 kg/666.7 m², B2: 30 kg/666.7 m², B3: 45 kg/666.7 m², B4: 60 kg/666.7 m²). Through the determination of related indicators during the growth period of L. barbarum and the high-throughput transcriptome sequencing analysis of L. barbarum samples with different nitrogen levels, the effects of nitrogen on betaine and key metabolic enzymes in L. barbarum were clarified. [Result] With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the contents of betaine and its synthesis-related enzymes in L. barbarum were basically on the rise. When the concentration reached 45 kg/666.7 m², the contents of the measured indexes began to decrease. A total of 98 264 genes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing, including 10 081 differentially expressed genes. GO annotation analysis showed that the annotated genes were mainly enriched in photosynthesis, apoplast, monooxygenase activity, chlorophyll, tetrapyrrole binding enzyme activity and other processes. After KEGG annotation, it was found that the differential gene signal patnway was significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, plant pathogen interaction and ribosome. The differentially expressed genes related to betaine synthesis were analyzed, and it was found that the expression levels were up-regulated to varying degrees. Comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the content of the measured indicators and the results of gene expression levels showed that the up-regulation of betaine synthesis-related enzyme genes led to changes in betaine content in L. barbarum fruits. [Conclusion] The key enzymes of betaine synthesis are monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase. With the increase of nitrogen application rate, the content of key enzymes in betaine synthesis and the number of related genes are up-regulated, resulting in the increase of betaine content in L. barbarum fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to study whether UGT198 gene was involved in the regulation of insect resistance of (Nicotiana tabacum) tobacco, and lay a foundation for the future study of UGT198 gene in the regulation of poplar insect resistance. [Method] By analyzing the public transcriptome data, it was found that PtrUGT198 was highly expressed in the transcriptome of poplar responding to insect infestation, and the bioinformatics and evolutionary analysis were conducted. Using 107 poplar as material, UGT198 gene was cloned, overexpression vector was constructed, and overexpression transgenic strain of tobacco was obtained by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The feeding experiments preliminarily verified whether PtrUGT198 gene participated in the regulation of insect resistance, and analyzed the function of UGT198 gene in the regulation of insect resistance. [Result] The complete ORF region of PtrUGT198 gene was 1440 bp, encoding 479 amino acids, theoretical molecular weight was 53. 14 kDa, and isoelectric point was 5.92, encoding unstable hydrophobic protein. The secondary structure of PtrUGT198 protein consisted of α-helix (41.75%), β-fold (14.61%), β-corner (7.10%) and random curl (36.53%). PtrUGT198 did not have a transmembrane region, which was predicted to be a non-secreted protein, and the phosphorylation of this protein was mainly serine. The results of homologous sequence comparison showed that highly conserved plant secondary product glycosyltransferase (PSPG) motif existed in the C-terminal of PtrUGT198 protein. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PtrUGT198 protein was the most closely related to Populus tomentosa, P. alba and P. euphratica in the same genus, followed by a close relationship with tobacco model plants. UGT198 gene of poplar was cloned, pNC-UGT198 gene overexpression vector was constructed, and overexpression transgenic strain of tobacco was obtained. [Conclusion] UGT198 gene was successfully cloned for the first time, and its function of regulating insect resistance was initially analyzed, which provided reference value for further understanding of the mechanism of regulating poplar insect resistance by UGT198. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]