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In the final paper in this series, we review how remarkable advances in weather forecasting over successive decades have changed the role of the UK guidance forecaster. We then look at what might happen to this role in the future by examining how the continued growth of artificial intelligence might impact upon weather forecasting and whether forecasts will continue to improve. By contrast we also consider aspects such as risks to the observing network, which could potentially have an adverse effect. We also ask "will the weather forecaster still have a role in the future?" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A written account of two flood events in 1844 and 1877 at Easkey in Co. Sligo on the west coast of Ireland is explored with several meteorological datasets and historical newspaper accounts. Gridded daily precipitation fields for Ireland for the late twentieth century are analysed to assess rainfall extremes and most probable month of the annual maximum. Historic rainfall datasets are analysed to corroborate the account of the floods. A lot of rainfall data have survived from the nineteenth century, but there is still an imperfect match between the written account and the old weather records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the intensification of heatwave conditions during Cyclone Mocha in 2023 over India. The study examines the interactions between tropical cyclones and heatwaves, highlighting how the intensification of cyclones over warm oceans can influence the development of heatwaves in nearby land areas. The article also explores the factors that contribute to heatwave intensity, such as local heating, humidity, and changes in atmospheric conditions. The study uses data analysis to visualize the increase in heatwave intensity during Cyclone Mocha and identifies the regions most affected by heatwave conditions. The article concludes by acknowledging the need for further research and validation of the observed processes. [Extracted from the article]

Students from Bangor University made weather observations on the slopes of Snowdon in their Easter holidays from 1969 to 2010. The air temperature decreased with altitude at a rate of about 10 degCkm−1, close to the dry adiabatic lapse rate, although the gradient was less when raining. Water temperatures also decreased with height but wind speeds, on average, increased. The eastern flank of the mountain was noticeably wetter and less windy than the north. Over the four decades, air temperatures increased by an average of 1.6 degC, equivalent to the mountain shrinking by 160m, based on the observed lapse rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given document is a publication of the journal "Weather" from May 2024, which covers various articles and news related to weather and climate. It includes topics such as UK weather forecasting, hurricane season forecasts, Arctic ice and global timekeeping, depleted Great Lakes ice, and a campaign called "Weather Kids" that raises awareness about climate change. The document also provides information about subscriptions to the journal and guidelines for contributors. It discusses the advancements in weather forecasting and high-resolution modeling, as well as the challenges faced in predicting small-scale phenomena like fog and low cloud. The text emphasizes the importance of accurate forecasting, early detection of errors, and effective communication of uncertainties. It also discusses the challenges faced by forecasters in identifying the most likely model solution and the evolving role of forecasters in utilizing available model output. The document includes a weather log for March 2024 in the UK and selected European stations, which shows above-average temperatures and rainfall in England and Wales. It also discusses the occurrence of rainbows in searchlight beams during a rainstorm and provides an analysis of the physics behind their formation. The document further discusses the challenges faced by automated weather observation systems in accurately detecting significant convective clouds and presents a prototype for implementing an automatic detection system at Italian airports. Lastly, the document mentions the book "Water Always Wins - Thriving in an Age of Drought and Deluge" by Erica Gies, which explores the challenges and consequences of modern water management practices. The text also includes updates [Extracted from the article]

Gadbury's published diary 'Nauticum Astrologicum...' covers 32 years of daily London weather from 1668–1700, in manuscript at the Bodleian library, Oxford. Transcription to spreadsheets has allowed the analysis of weather trends using about 41 weather terms. Eight‐point wind roses begin on 11 May 1673, augmented with partial records for most of 1671–1673. Diagrammatic summaries for weather and temperature terms are plotted annually in half‐month frequency bins. The 32‐year record is roughly divided into phases with approximate breaks at 1680 and 1690. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a firsthand account of the author's experiences during a meteorological expedition in Libya. The author describes their surprise at discovering a lake near Kufra and encounters with a camel caravan from Chad. They also discuss the extreme heat and sandstorms they faced, as well as a meteorological phenomenon and a visit to a site of wartime tragedy. The article concludes with the author's challenging journey back to the UK. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the lack of meteorological data and observations from the upper reaches of Mount Everest, emphasizing the importance of understanding high-altitude climates and their relation to freshwater storage and climate change. The authors present new winter weather observations from Mount Everest, including sublimation rates, wind chill temperatures, and frostbite risks. The data collected from the weather station network on Mount Everest provides valuable insights into climate conditions and mass loss from the highest glacier on Earth. The study reveals extremely cold temperatures and significant sublimation due to strong winds and low humidity. Further research on the impact of climate change on water resources in High Mountain Asia, including Mount Everest, is recommended. [Extracted from the article]

The El Niño event of 1877–1878 was one of the strongest during the last 150 years and had worldwide impacts, bringing widespread severe droughts, but also unusually wet conditions to some regions. We focus on the effects that this event had on precipitation in South Africa, taking advantage of newly rescued instrumental data, as well as documentary sources. Through the assimilation of the new data into an existing reanalysis, we could improve the synoptic reconstruction of specific weather events. However, much remains to be done in order to achieve a good and consistent reconstruction quality for the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cambridge Observatory began reporting temperature data in 1873, and rainfall from 1839, while the main observing site transferred to the Cambridge University Botanic Garden (CUBG) in 1904. In this collection, temperature data for the Cambridge Observatory was gathered for 1847/1848, for Saffron Walden in 1848/1849 (20km south of Cambridge), and for Royston from 1852 to 1892 (18km southwest of Cambridge). The history of observing sites in and near Cambridge is outlined here from nineteenth century, to the present day; more specifically for the Cambridge Observatory from 1873, and University Botanic Garden from 1904. However, comments in Symons's I Meteorological Magazine i in 1881 state that maximum temperatures at Cambridge Observatory (91°F, 32.8°C) and Merton Villa (92°F, 33.3°C) were recorded '... I from Stands of other or unknown patterns i ', that is, it was not known by Symons which type of screen was in use at the Observatory at that time. [Extracted from the article]

Using the data captured by those complementary hail-dedicated observing systems, we review the hail activity in Switzerland during the period of interest (18 June to 31 July) and investigate two particularly intense hail days: 28 June and 8 July. One of the most promising research avenues is to investigate hailstone size distributions and temporal evolution using the sensor data, as this would enhance our general understanding of hail and could help to improve hail parameterization schemes in weather and climate models. Hail observations In the "Swiss Hail Network" project, 80 automatic hail sensors were installed between June 2018 and July 2020 in the three most hail-prone regions according to the climatology (Nisi I et al i ., [14], [13]; NCCS, [12]): the Jura, Napf Region and southern Ticino (Figure 1). Hail footprints and hail size measurements Figure 10(a) and (b) shows the radar hail footprints, the crowdsourced reports and the measurements of the automatic hail sensors for 28 June and 8 July, respectively. [Extracted from the article]

The article provides a summary of weather events that occurred in May 2024. It highlights that May was the warmest on record in the UK, with above-average temperatures and significant rainfall. The article also mentions a geomagnetic superstorm that resulted in an exceptional aurora borealis. In the United States, there was an increase in tornado activity, with severe storms causing damage and fatalities. The article also discusses tropical cyclones in various regions and flooding in central Europe. Additionally, it mentions the extreme heat in India before the onset of the monsoon season. The article concludes by mentioning upcoming improvements in weather forecasting. [Extracted from the article]

We discussed the relative strengths and weaknesses of each of the three AI artists before finishing with a Turing test, where the reader was asked to choose which 5 of 16 photographs were shortlisted finalists in the 2021 Weather Photographer of the Year competition, and which 11 were created by the diffusion models. It is a premise that would have been met with derision several years ago, but the recent rise of diffusion models and their ability to produce hyper-realistic images now prompts us to engage seriously with the title question. Here, we use three diffusion models - DALLE-2, Midjourney and Stable Diffusion - to explore whether neural networks can produce realistic photographs of weather phenomena, and how to use their strengths in a manner that might win a weather photography competition. [Extracted from the article]

In this series of three articles, the global endeavour by a wide range of organisations and many individuals to create high-quality weather and climate information is presented. The case for further investment in the global weather enterprise is a strong one not least because many aspects of the new economy depend in good measure on weather and climate information. Today at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) there are 50-member ensemble predictions produced to feed each forecast.[3] This enables forecasters to see the range of possible weather developments as well assess their confidence in the most likely weather to occur - in effect, a probabilistic estimation of what will happen. The digital revolution is pervasive and the weather enterprise has much to offer to other enterprises because it has been in the vanguard of the revolution. [Extracted from the article]

Forecasts for the public such as on weather apps and in the media are generally about the meteorology and only in the most general terms about the impacts of the weather. An illustration of the meteorological value chain that links science and technology innovation with the social and economic benefits of weather and climate information; reproduced from Thorpe and Rogers, 2021, World Bank. Weather and climate services A crucial outcome of the weather value chain is the wide range of social and economic benefits that weather and climate information help to produce. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides two weather images and accompanying descriptions. The first image shows Hurricane Beryl passing over the Windward Islands as a Category 4 storm and reaching Category 5 intensity the following night. It then weakened over the Yucatán Peninsula before re-intensifying over the Gulf of Mexico and making landfall in Texas as a Category 1 storm. The second image shows a smoke plume from Mount Etna drifting eastwards from Sicily across the Ionian Sea. The images were captured by various satellites and are provided by NASA Worldview. [Extracted from the article]

In July 2024, the weather in the UK was cool and unsettled during the first half of the month, followed by some warmer and drier periods. The mean temperature for the month was 14.5°C, which was just 0.5°C below average. The initial cool spell was accompanied by wet weather, with some areas experiencing above-average rainfall. However, drier conditions later in the month brought overall rainfall totals close to average, although there were regional variations. Sunshine totals were below normal for most areas. The weather was influenced by a series of depressions, which brought heavy rain and blustery showers to different parts of the country. There was a brief period of high pressure over the Continent, leading to sunnier and warmer weather in England and Wales. The month ended with largely sunny and very warm conditions in many parts of England and Wales, while Scotland and Northern Ireland experienced some cloud and patchy rain. The data for this summary was provided by the Met Office. [Extracted from the article]

The UK experienced a warm and unsettled spring in 2024, with low pressure systems and associated fronts bringing rain and wind. March started cold but turned milder, while April continued the wet theme with the arrival of the eleventh named storm of the season. May was exceptionally warm, contributing to the warmest spring on record in the UK. Despite the warmth, it was a dull spring for most, with below-average sunshine hours. The spring was also the sixth wettest on record, with all three months experiencing above-average rainfall. [Extracted from the article]

We show that the climate change induced positive precipitation trend in the region outweighs the increased temperatures and potential evapotranspiration during the 2011/2012 drought. Since the strongest climate change signal in SESA is an increase in mean precipitation, drought impacts in this region have not received as much attention as might be needed for adaptation. The 2011/2012 summer drought in Southeastern South America (SESA) was a short but devastating event. 2011/2012 SESA drought Despite the 2011/2012 SESA drought having a short 3-month duration, neither as severe nor as persistent as, for example, the 2008/2009 drought, the timing of the event during crop-sensitive months caused large yield losses. [Extracted from the article]

April 2021 brought exceptional weather to the British Isles. With a minimum-temperature anomaly of greater negative magnitude than that of maximum temperatures, the UK-average temperature range of 10.3 degC was exceptionally large; the largest in more than 80 years (interestingly just 0.1 degC greater than the 10.2 degC range of the warm April of 2020). The exceptional weather also had consequences for agriculture, affecting many crops and reducing yields of some, spring-maturing vegetable crops were badly affected limiting supply in the UK and poor early grass growth proved a real challenge for many livestock farmers. For example, April 2012 (UK-mean 6.2°C) was colder than March 2012 (UK-mean 7.8°C) in much of Britain and Ireland. [Extracted from the article]

Daniel Skinner, a meteorologist and climate scientist, shares his journey and experiences in the field. He developed an interest in weather and the natural world from a young age, and later pursued a degree in mathematics, focusing on fluid dynamics. After completing his master's and PhD, he now works as a postdoc, studying changes in rainfall in the South Pacific. Skinner became involved with the Royal Meteorological Society (RMetS) during his PhD and has contributed to various projects, including the creation of the Youth and Early Career Special Interest Group. He believes that effective communication of scientific research is the biggest challenge facing the meteorology and climate science community, and advises young people to follow their passions and explore different paths within the field. [Extracted from the article]

158May 2024 Weather – May 2024, Vol. 79, No. 5 March 2024 Weather images Figure 1. Enhanced true colour imagery from NOAA- 20/ VIIRS on 19 March 2024 reveals the extent of snow cover over the higher terrain of the Rockies in North America. A major winter storm impacted Colorado a few days earlier, resulting in a sharp gradient in snowfall accumulations across the Denver metropolitan area. For example, snow depths of nearly 15cm were reported at Denver airport to the east of the city, with 20- 30cm in downtown Denver and as much as 40- 60cm in the west and southwest suburbs closest to the foothills. ( Image: NASA Worldview) [Extracted from the article]

The UK seasonal weather summary for Winter 2024 indicates that the season was milder and wetter than average, with periods of colder weather in early December and mid-January. There were several low-pressure systems and six named storms throughout the season. December was initially cold but became mild, wet, and dull overall. January was cooler, drier, and sunnier, but storms resumed later in the month. February was very mild and wet, particularly in the south. Temperatures in December were above average, except in northern Scotland, and there were hard frosts and snow at the beginning of the month. January temperatures were close to average, with significant snow in northern Scotland. February was the warmest on record for England and Wales and the second warmest for the UK. December was the eighth wettest on record, with parts of central and northeast England and northeast Scotland experiencing more than twice the normal rainfall. January rainfall was close to average, and February was wetter than average, especially in southern England. December was a dull month, with less than two-thirds of normal sunshine, while January had above-average sunshine hours. February was a dull month for most of the UK. Overall, it was a slightly duller than average winter, with 90% of the long-term average sunshine. The data used for comparisons and maps is provisional, with temperature series starting from 1884, rainfall from 1836, and sunshine from 1910. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides weather images and information on two specific events. The first image shows true color imagery of wildfires in the Texas Panhandle in late February and early March 2024. These fires, known as the "Smokehouse Creek Fire," burned over 1 million acres of land, making it the largest fire on record in Texas. The second image shows the limited extent of ice on the Great Lakes in North America in February 2024. Record low ice coverage was observed due to warm conditions and a lack of sustained cold periods. [Extracted from the article]

We find that the historic first wintertime ascent of K2 in January 2021 by a Nepalese team was aided by weather that was anomalously favourable. For example, the combination of very low temperatures, high wind speeds, and reduced oxygen availability on Mt. Everest help explain why the South Pole was reached (1911) more than 40 years before the summit (1953). Although second in height to Mt. Everest, the summit of K2 is guarded by wind chill temperatures that plunge ~10 degC lower than those of the higher mountain. The latter reflects the coincidence of abnormally warm and calm conditions (Figure 3), which was particularly unusual given that air temperatures and wind speeds on K2 are positively correlated in winter (December-February, Pearson correlation = +0.27, I P < i 0.01). [Extracted from the article]

Furthermore, not least because weather and climate information are factors in the day-to-day activities of many companies, the weather enterprise is also part of national and global economies and wealth creation. 2 Further resources about the global weather enterprise can be found on the website of the Global Weather Enterprise Forum (Figure 3), which is an open dialogue across the global weather enterprise generating new ideas to improve the delivery and sustainability of weather, climate and water services. A general description of what the weather enterprise produces is weather and climate information, in the form of knowledge, data and services. In this series of three articles, the global endeavour by a wide range of organisations and a large number of individuals to create high-quality weather and climate information is presented. [Extracted from the article]

From 1872 onwards the diary is dominated by this type of descriptive note. gl Instrumental data Daily weather observations of temperature, pressure, wind direction and rainfall were taken at the site for 8 years 1864-1871. The Glendooen diary is an important weather diary from the nineteenth century but it is unusual that a greater number of such diaries for this period have not been unearthed in Ireland. Glendooen temperature observations We developed an eight-year time series of monthly mean temperature at Glendooen from 1864-1871 using the 0900h temperature observations from the diary. We present an overview of a weather diary for Glendooen, Co. Donegal in Ireland for the years 1846-1875. [Extracted from the article]

GLO:65TF/01nov21:wea3885-fig-0002.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): 2 Atmospheric structure at 500hPa (above) and on the ground floor (below) at: 0600 utc (a and b) and 1800 utc (c and d) 3 November 2019 and at 0600 utc (e and f) 4 November 2019 (MNE, Montenegro). gl At an altitude of 700hPa, an area with extremely high relative humidity lay above Montenegro (relative humidity mostly 90-100%) and most of the Western Balkans (as shown in Figures S1(a)-(d)). Montenegro is a spatially and population-small Mediterranean country, which often faces extreme weather and climate events. The record year of 2010 led to heavy rainfall and unprecedented floods in Montenegro (Buri'c I et al i ., 2016), whereas 2011 was extremely dry, which had the characteristics of a socioeconomic drought in most of the country, and probably contributed to the occurrence of unprecedented wildfires in Montenegro during 2012. GLO:65TF/01nov21:wea3885-fig-0004.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): 4 Floods, landslides and landslides in Montenegro on 6 November 2019. gl Discussion and conclusions In many places in Montenegro, daily precipitation amounts from 0600 utc on 3 November to 0600 utc on 4 November 2019, were above 3 SD and >90th percentile compared to the corresponding normal period of 1961-1990. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses various weather events that occurred in October and November 2023. In Scotland, heavy rainfall caused significant flooding and disruption, while Typhoon Bolaven in the Pacific had downstream effects on the UK, leading to the development of Storm Babet. Storm Ciarán brought strong winds, heavy rainfall, and flooding impacts to western and southern Europe. Hurricane Otis rapidly intensified and caused widespread damage in Acapulco, Mexico. The article also mentions the launch of AI programs by ECMWF and the Met Office, as well as the burst of life in Death Valley following record-breaking rainfall. Additionally, it highlights the unprecedented warmth experienced in various parts of the Northern Hemisphere. [Extracted from the article]

The article provides a summary of various weather events that occurred in different parts of the world. It mentions the tropical cyclone activity in the Northern Hemisphere, including the formation of Hurricane Hilary in the eastern Pacific and Hurricane Idalia in the Atlantic. It also discusses the rapid intensification of Hurricane Lee in the Atlantic and Typhoon Saola's impacts on the Philippines, Hong Kong, and southern China. Additionally, the article highlights the record-breaking global mean air temperature in September and the polar ice caps' conditions. It mentions the absence of snow in Scotland and the occurrence of billion-dollar weather disasters in the United States. Finally, it discusses the premature browning of trees in Swiss forests and the declaration of El Niño and positive Indian Ocean Dipole conditions by the Bureau of Meteorology. The article also raises concerns about government climate policy changes and their potential impact on achieving net-zero and adaptation targets. [Extracted from the article]

The slope through the centre of parameter space marks a change in cloud behaviour from drizzling, cloud growth into the sub-cloud layer to deepening of the boundary layer with rising, evaporating clouds. As such, all cloud droplets contain aerosol particles and the properties of the cloud, such as brightness and cloud cover, are altered when more aerosol enters or leaves the cloud. GLO:65TF/01jun21:wea4001-toc-0001.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): . gl Why do we need to model stratocumulus clouds? The cooler sub-cloud air encouraged more condensation of cloud droplets in this area of parameter space which created convection and cloud growth in the sub-cloud layer. [Extracted from the article]

The following section reproduces some of the accounts from the chronicles that relate directly to weather events or those that can be assumed to have resulted from poor weather - such as harvest failures and spikes in the price of grain. The entries suggest that Bristol's weather during the Grindelwald Fluctuation was not just cold - it was highly erratic, resulting in a series of extremely destructive weather events. In Bristol itself, the "grete freese" of February 1565 resulted in the loss of water supply to the city, while from Christmas 1607 to early January 1608, the Mayor of Bristol was forced to spend much money on ice clearance.[18] Again, in this context, the annalist's account of the freeze in Bristol seems balanced and fact-based. The problem for scientists is that accurate and systematic weather recording only goes back a few hundred years, even in Britain, and for much of the world, such weather records have only been kept since the twentieth century. [Extracted from the article]