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Predators that have fed on Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson can be distinguished by the orange and reddish carotenoid biochromes derived from the prey. Predation on the two species of mites cannot be clearly separated. The predators are squashed on filter paper and the pigments separated by circular chromatography in a mixture of one part of zylene to four parts of white kerosene. The mite pigments are considerably altered during digestion in the predators. The method does not reveal the number of mites consumed by a predator, owing to differences in the pigment content of the various stages of the prey and in the time the pigments are retained in the predators.

Several statements and conclusions in the recent paper on diapause in the cabbage maggot by McLeod and Driscoll (1967) are quite misleading and require clarification. In my paper (1965), I was not in a position to critically appraise the results of earlier workers and I therefore simply presented my data as factual information. In their paper, McLeod and Driscoll present data to support the findings of earlier researchers in England, France, and Russia and they concluded that these records did not agree with the results of studies at Charlottetown. The disagreements were obvious but McLeod and Driscoll give no valid explanation as to why the results were different.

In the course of recent field studies in southern Alberta on the behaviour of adults of the sugar-beet wireworm, Limonius californicus (Mann.), it has been observed that the males spend much of their time after emergence resting on small clods of earth with their heads pointed upward into the breeze and with their antennae waving as though testing for odours. When they appeared to scent a female they moved into the breeze, crawling or flying, depending on the velocity of the wind. As they neared the female they became increasingly agitated, but when in close proximity to her they seemed confused and often passed within an inchof her. Eventually one of them located her and mating occurred almost immediately. The remaining males finally dispersed after crawling repeatedly around and over the copulating pair. These observations suggested that the females, soon aftcr emerging, release a sex attractant.

This paper contains descriptions entirely of Southern New Mexican forms, with the exception of two from the State of Chihuahua, Mexico.Sarcomacronychia sarcophagoides, n. sp. ♀.Eyes brown; frontal vitta narrow, blackish, front one-fourth width of head; sides of front, face and cheeks silvery-white; the double rows of frontal bristles nearly equal; vibrissæ distinct, short, decussate, inserted well above oral margin; antennæ and arista blackish, second antennal joint slightly rufous at ends, third one and a-half times as long as second; proboscis black, labella brown; palpi slender, brown; occiput cinerous, short black-bristly.

We have seen in several of my previos papers that the Owlet Moths, or Noctuidœ of temperate North America, the United States and Canada, resemble most strongly those of Europe. The divergence lies chiefly in the greater number of species belonging to the Noctudiœ fasciatœ, or Catocalinœ; and this is a tropical feature, such forms becoming more plentiufl as we go southward, although Catacala, the typical genus of the group, does not seem to cross the equator, to which latter fact I have already called attention.

Oligotrophus papyriferae Gagné is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge in mid-May and the females deposit small egg clusters on the underside of the leaf near the petiole of paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.). Larval eclosion occurs 1–2 weeks later; there are three instars. The larvae bore into and down the petiole and enter the stem or a bud attending the leaf base. Galls appear in early August. There are petiole-bud and petiole-stem galls, depending on which tissues are infested. Third-instar larvae vacate the galls in late September, work their way into the litter, and construct cocoons in which they overwinter. Pupation occurs the following May. Trees from 2 to 30 ft tall are attacked; lower branches are attacked the heaviest. Large galls kill buds, twigs, and entire branches. Small galls leave deeply indented branch scars and deformed limbs.

The history of the wasps of temperate America has not been recorded. It appears that entomologists have no great desire to study those interesting insects; and although several species occur in Canada, we know little or nothing of their natural history. One species, the spotted wood wasp (Vespa maculata, Linn.), occurs commonly, as near as I can determine, about every third year, in our northern woods. Havinq partially studied its habits, and collected a series of the nests in all their stages, it is particularly in regard to the latter that I claim attention. But before I proceed to relate what I have ascertained regarding their architecture, it will suffice to state that each large nest which we notice suspended from trees towards the end of summer consisted of a colony of males, females and workers or imperfect females, as they are termed.

In this tribe the secondaries are oftenest gaily coloured (mostly yellow) and banded, still subordinated to the primaries which show, more or less adequately, the usual Noctuidous ornamentation. The abdomen is rarely tufte. On account of the shape of the primaries, the form of the abodmen, the abdominal tuftings, the pattern of the wings beneath, the apporacth to Ophideres, I regard the genus and species Euparthenos nubilis, Ann N.Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., as entirely distinct from Catocala sp.

This tribe is, so far as I know, exclusively American. The thorax is elevated, the patagia usually deflected. The eyes are naked; the front embossed; the legs thinly scaled, with a claw on front tibiæ; the abdomend somewhat short and weak, untufted on dorsum; the wings pointed at tips. The genera seem to fall in between Calpe and Plusia* They are: Basilodes, Stiria, Stibadium, Fala, Plagiomimicus, Acopa. The genus Cirrhophanus probably belongs to the Heliothini; we do not know the larva, but the moth is allied to Chariclea delphinii, by the Hübnerian charcter of the pattern of ornamentation.

Figures Nos. 25,26 and 27 represent the caterpillar, chrysalis, and perfect insect of the grape-vine sphinx, Chærocampa pampinatrix. The young larvæ varying in color from green to pale lilac or red, are now (August 1st) very common, and may be easily recognised by reference to the figure: for although the ground-tint of the body may vary.

Attacus cecropia.–During the winter months, when the apple trees are leafless, the large cocoons of the Cecropia moth may be found here and there, firm1y bound to the twigs, and occasionally I have seen them on young trees attachcd to the stock near the ground. They are about and are entirely constructed of silk, the fibres of which are very much stronger than those of the common silk worm Bombyx mori. This silk has been worked to a limited extent and manufactured into socks and other articles, which have been found very durable; but a drawback to the advancement of this branch of industry lies in the fact that the caterpillars do not bear confinement well, and hence are not easily reared.

The tibiæ are usually all spinose, the eyes naked, the body untufted, the form normal, the male antennæ of various structure, pectinated, brushlike simple. The European species are refered by Lederer all to one genus, Agrotis or Hübner. Nervertheless, I think the yellow-winged forms may well be separated under Hiria and Tryphœna. Of these yellow-winged forms, with flattened abdomen, we have only one T. Chardinyi, from Anticosti and Maine, considered identical with the Siberian species of the same name, described orginally by Boisduval under Anarta.

Although additional papers of this series are in preparation, it is considered appropriate to publish the completed ones at this time and to present this interim, tabulated, summary of the preceding five papers to assist the reader in the recognition of the forms with which we have already dealt. Other forms occur on conifers in the mountainous regions of western Canada and the United States that are not well known taxonomically. When studies on them are completed, it is the intention to prepare a final summary of all work that has been done on this subject.

For my part, I am very glad that a plate of tibial structure has at last been published, and by Mr. Smith. It illustrates characters upon which I have long insisted, and is a valuable addition to the present “Synopsis.” The second plate might well have been omitted; it hardly assists the student, and is badly drawn. The “Synopsis” itself is a gratification to me; it is scientifically written so far as the characters it discusses are concerned. Its difference from my own work in its conclusions are more apparent than real. Mr. Smith writes with a critical eye to my shortcomings, and really finds very little to say. He quotes at some length a former statement of mine as to the spinose tibiæ (made ten years ago), which I at once corrected on examining again the small insect under a larger lens. But he excuses other modern writers with worse mistakes to father. In stating the case fairly, he should have said that although Mr. Grote has been the first American to insist on the natural characters of spinose tibiæ, yet once he called the tibiæ unarmed, where they were really spinose, but he promptly corrected the mistake.

My last paper in the Proceedings of the Am. Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, contains a number of typographical errors, the most serious of which I corrected subsequently by an “errata” in a later volume, not being able to see the proofs. This paper reviewed the main and first two groups, leaving the Fasciatæ (Catocalinæ Pack.) and the Deltoids unrevised. I would recognise five very unequal groups both in structural value an extent. Adopting Packard's nomenclature so far as he went (this author excluded the Deltoids at the time), we may call these groups subfamilies, but in Europe my Thyatiridœ and the Brephidœ are taken out of the Noctuidœ as distinct families.

The factors responsible for the relative resistance of plants to aphid attack are not very well known. Chemical analyses of several varieties of peas indicate that the quantity of nitrogenous constituents in plant juice is proportional to the susceptibility of the plant to aphid attack. These tests hare also demonstrated that amino acids represent the major portion of the soluble nitrogenous constituents in the plants studied.By the method of paper partition chromatography, several qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses were made of the amino acids in juice extracts of two varieties of peas and of pea aphids feeding on these varieties. This particular method of chromatography, first developed in England in 1944 by Consden, Gordon, and Martin (1), and modified since by other workers (2, 3), was found very effecrive for these studies.

The acceptability of host plant extracts on pith, charred filter paper, and an agar diet, and vacuum infiltrated into lettuce leaves was compared on three species of Lepidoptera and two of Coleoptera. The vacuum infiltrated lettuce was eaten by two of the Lepidoptera and it was the only method acceptable to the Coleoptera. The agar diet was eaten by the three Lepidoptera while pith and charred filter paper were acceptable to only two of them. It is concluded that vacuum infiltration of lettuce leaves is a useful method for the bioassay of host plant extracts to determine if they contain insect feeding token substances.

In field investigations on the relative resistance of varieties of peas, Pisum sativum L., to the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), the average number of aphids per terminal growth for 13 years (Maltais, 1937, 1950, 1951, and unpublished technical report, 1950-54) for six varieties was as follows: Perfection, 39.6; Daisy, 32.6; Lincoln, 35.6; Laurier (H-103), 9.8; Champion of England, 11.8; and Melting Sugar, 16.8. In a preliminary investigation by Auclair and Maltais (1950), 11 free amino acids were detected in pea plant extracts by paper chromatography. From a visual comparison of chromatograms, the variety Perfection appeared to contain a higher concentration of most free amino acids than the variety Laurier. This is a report on the quantitative estimation of the free and total amino acid contents of the three susceptible varieties (Perfection, Daisy, and Lincoln) and the three resistant varieties (Laurier, Champion of England, and Melting Sugar) by the method of paper chromatography.

A simple method for separating and surface sterilizing spruce budworm eggs is described. The egg masses are incubated with constant agitation in a 1% solution of NaOH for 10 minutes at 35 °C. The separated eggs are rinsed serially in distilled water, 1% bovine albumen solution, and 70% ethanol, and placed on a moist, sterile filter paper in a petri dish. When surface sterilized eggs are not required the 70% ethanol wash can be omitted.

Twenty species of ground beetles (Family Carabidae) and one species of carrion beetle (Family Silphidae) were collected in six stations east of a kraft paper mill in Thunder Bay, Ontario, from May to August, 1971. The beetle population decreased markedly towards the mill. There was no apparent statistical difference in size variation of specimens near the mill and those further away.

In a short paper publihsed in the Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., Vol. XIII., on the occurrence, in a single restirced locality in Arizona, of a species of Micropeza, I gave a very brief resumé of the food-habits of some of the better known families of Acalyptrate, Muscidæ, with the view of suggesting the possible habit of the species there considered. This prompted me later to bring together all avialble notes on the subject. As these small flies are of much economic importance, both as being injurious and benefical, I have left that a quite compelte summary of their larval food-habits would be of much use to the working entomologist, besides being of no little importance to those who may be making a special study of the diptera.

Insect eggs and small organisms may be removed from foliage or bark with solvents and recovered on filter paper. Tests with Acleris variana (Fern.) showed that 96 per cent of eggs were recovered compared to 47–70 per cent counted on foliage. Tests indicated that the extraction method required one-third to one-tenth the time spent in counting the organisms on foliage. The extraction method was more consistent than counts on foliage, and less affected by differences in personnel and working conditions. The method and the solvent must be selected and modified to suit the organism.

In connection with a revision of Agrotid genera (in sens. strict.) which I have been working on for some time and which has involved a study of the male genitalia of all our North American species, I have come across a number of discrepancies in the placing of certain genera and species which it is the purpose of this short paper to correct.

In the first paper of this series (3), the factors affecting flight, and the flight potential of egg-laden females of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliona (Schiff.), were discussed. It was shown that the adults are relatively strong fliers, with a potential flight range greater than indicated in much of the earlier literature. It was also pointed out that natural dispersal of this species is dependent upon flight and subsequent oviposition by gravid females because unmated females seldom fly, and little, if any, population dispersal occurs through the long range movements of early instars drifting on silk. This final paper of the series deals with field studies designed to obtain information concerning the dispersal tendencies of gravid females under natural field conditions.

The stucly of the arthropod head offers some of the most interesting and important evidence indicating the paths of development followed in the evolution of the various types of arthropods, but the evidence from this source has not been brought together, and nrost of the important types of head capsule have not been figured. The present paper, and the one following it, are offered with a view to supplying this needed information; and in these papers especial attention has been paid to the Crustacea, since these furnish the proto-types of many of the modifications met with in the Insecta, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, etc., and the carcinologists have neglected to furnish us with figures of these important forms.

In a previous paper I discussed the character of the female genitalia of the genus Hydriomena in general and more particularly in connection with the glaucata-crokeri group. In the present paper I offer further notes on certain other species of the genus which I have lumped roughly into the ruberata group. All these species show in the male genitalia a deep excavation between the forks of the uncus; each fork tends to broaden toward its apex which is evenly rounded and not bent downward nor pointed.

Dyar (1913) listed Diathrausta reconditalis (Walker) as a “form” of the South American D. nerinalis (Walker) and described as new the “form” harlequinalis from Arizona. From the context it is evident that in that paper Dyar used “form” as equivalent to geographic race, and the form names he proposed there can accordingly be treated as valid trinomina. Haimbach (1915), apparently in ignorance of Dyar's paper, described Diathrausta montana from Colorado. This was sunk by Barnes and McDunnough (1917) as a synonym of harlequinalis. Barnes and McDunnough listed harlequinalis as a geographical race of reconditalis, but did not follow Dyar in uniting these with nerinalis.

Since the publication of the third paper of this series in the Canadian Entomologist for August and September, 1894, my time has been so fully occupied with other duties that but little opportunity has been presented for the collection and study of Indiana Orthoptera. Notes have been made and specimens taken only of such species as came readily to hand during field work in geology. A better knowledge of the distribution over the State of many of the Acrididae has, however, been gained, and seven species and one variety have been added to the number formerly listed, and to my private collection. Of these, one species and variety have been described as new by Prof. A. P. Morse, a second is described for the first time in the present paper, and a third has before been taken only in Montana and Nebraska.

Over a century ago Peck (4) observed that open-growing stands of white pine, Pinus strobus L., were subjected to greater weevil damage than were those growing in mixture with, and shaded by, other tree species. This observation, which was later corroborated by Graham (2) and MacAloney (3), suggested possibilities of silvicultural control of the insect by means of plantation growing of white pine in various kinds of mixtures. The results of this work were recently assessed in a review paper by Belyea and Sullivan (1), who concluded that further silvicultural control measures be curtailed until the physical and biological requirements of the insect were defined in terms of measurable factors of the environment. Investigations were carried out (6, 7) to establish the conditions of temperature, light, and moisture favourable for feeding, copulation, and oviposition of the adults, and development of the larvae. The results indicated that P. strobi is well adjusted to the environmental conditions in open stands of white pine, but that the limitations imposed by weather on weevil oviposition might be a major factor contributing to the inability of the insect. to adapt readily to the climate of many shaded stands. The present paper is an attempt to assess the role of weather and the physical characteristics of white pine leaders, hereafter called leaders, in limiting the successful invasion, by the weevil, of white pine stands growing as partially suppressed, understory trees. Emphasis is placed on providing an understanding of the differences in the climate of weevil habitats, adult feeding and oviposition behaviour, and survival of weevil populations in exposed and shaded stands of white pine. In addition, records were obtained for the purpose of forecasting differences in both the timing and amount of such acts as oviposition and feeding in populations in the two habitats.

This is the first of a danned series of pauers on the taxonomy of the cocoons and puparia, cast larval skins, and other remains of parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera that are found in or near the remains of parasitized hosts after the parasites have emerged. The study is based. at least initially, on the host species so that the keys and descriptions may be of use to those who work on the host species as such and who wish to name parasite remains they encounter. The parasites of Diprionidae will be dealt with first, because of the economic significance of these sawflies. The present paper deals with the known Canadian parasites of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.), and includes descriptions of the structures that are of taxonomic significance and of the methods used in their study; these descriptions will be in general applicable to the species to be discussed in subsequent papers.

This is the third paper in a series dealing with investigations, initiated in 1956, to determine if the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), might be eradicated in the Okanagan and Similkameen Vallevs of British Columbia by the release of sexually sterile moths. In the first twoe papers exposure to heat (Proverbs and Newton, 1962) and to gamma radiation (Proverbs and Newton, 1962a) were examined as methods of inducing sexual sterility. Heat was not satisfactory. However, exposure of fully developed pupae to 40,000 rads of gamma radiation induced almost complete sexual sterility (used in the broad sense) in the male moth without causing undesirable side effects. The female was more easily sterilized than the male.

In his recent revision Rupert (1949) has focused attention on the geometrid genusPlagodis. In the present paper the writer presents descriptions of larvae of three of the four Canadian species in this genus and of the larvae ofAnagoga occiduaria(Wlk.) andHyperetis amicaria(H.-S.). Forbes (1948) notes that these three genera make a neat subgroup in the tribeAnagoginiand indicates that there are differences in the larvae. From studies during the summer of 1949 it was determined that there are differences in these larvae; and the differences, along with the similarities, are set forth in this paper.

This paper is a report an the applicability of the linear discriminant function to insect taxonomy. Mather and Dobzhansky (1939) and Cox (1953) applied this technique to problems in insect taxonomy, but the former study was concerned with detecting a difference between samples, and the latter used the function only secondarily. In this paper, discriminant functions were calculated from several combinations of linear characters in males of two closely related species of grasshopper, Arphia pseadonietana (Thomas) and A. conspersa Scudder, to determine: (a) whether a reliable criterion could be found for relatively inexperienced workers to determine individual specimens with a predictable degree of precision; and (b) which characters, or combination of characters, would provide the most reliable criteria.

This paper is based almost entirely on material in the Canadian National Collection. It proposes several taxonomic changes, which are detailed in the summary that concludes the paper. It outlines the Canadian and Alaskan distribution of the forms considered and is, perhaps, justified by the paucity of published records of distribution in the more northern regions. The records for Hippodamia are based on more than 2,000 specimens that were identified by de Ruette; these records supplement those of Chapin (1946, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 106(11): 1-39), who revised the New World forms of the genus and mapped their distribution in the United States.

The oviposition behaviour of Neodiprion sawflies has been the subject of much investigation in recent years. The impetus for this interest seems to lie in the paper by Atwood and Peck (1943), in which it was suggested that the number and spacing of eggs on needles were a useful tool for the identification of memhers of this important group of conifer defoliators. Ghent (1955) has analysed the egg clusters of N. pratti banksianae Roh., and Ghent and Wallace (1958) have investigated the behaviour responsible for the pairing of eggs on adjacent jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb. ) needles by N. swainei Midd. More recently, Ghent (1959) has presented a study of the factors determining the spacing of eggs by the European pine sawfly, N. sertifer (Geoff.). Of these, the 1955 and 1959 papers, in addition to making valuable contributions to our understanding of the behaviour of adults, cast doubt on the usefulness of the number and spacing of eggs as identifying characters in these species.

In a previous paper (Simmonds 1946) a curious factor affecting diapause in insects was recorded. In two species of parasitic Hymenoptera the age of the parent female at the time of oviposition has a marked effect on the tendency of the resulting larva to enter a state of diapause when full-grown. The older the female at the time of oviposition the greater is the chance that an egg will produce a larva entering diapause. In a second paper (Simmonds 1948) this maternal influence on the tendencies of her progeny to enter diapause was investigated further. Some general conclusions were drawn as to the nature of diapause, and the experiments were considered in the light of the various theories put forward to explain the phenomenon. In brief it was concluded that the underlying cause of diapause is the occurrence of a physiological disturbance at some stage in the life-history.

The paper which I have prepared to read upon the genus Colias differs from any that I have consulted up to the present time, in that it treats principally of the habits of the different species during lifetime in the imago state.During the last ten years giganitc strides have been made by lepidopterologists in breeding the different species of this perplexing family, and their efforts have been crowned with such succes that only a few remain about which nothing is known of the primary stages. It is about the life habits in the prefect state of someof these that I propose to address you, and if my paper does no good, it certainly cannot do any harm, as you will see by the subjoined list of my captures of the different species of Coliadæ that I have a right to express an opinion in this particular direction.

Parasites of the sawflies Neodiprion abbotii (Leach), N. abietis (Harr.), N. lecontei (Fitch), N. nanulus nanulus Schedl, N. pinetum (Nort.), N. pratti banksianae Roh., N. swainei Midd., and the N. virginiana Roh. complex are separated by using characters of the parasite remains in the host cocoons from which the parasites emerged. Characteristics of the cast skin of the last larval instar of 11 species are described and illustrated in this paper; the remaining 29 species were described and illustrated in earlier papers (Finlayson, 1960a, 1960b, 1962). Keys are given to separate the species of the genera Exenterus and Lamachus that attack the above hosts, using characters of the cast skin of the last larval instar.

In the second paper of this series I have selected for discussion the nymphal stages of three species. The first of these is Paurocephala fremontiae F. D. Klyver, the adults of which are described in the preceding paper. The other species considered are Psylla pyricola Förster and P. mali Schdbg., both of which are of special interest because of their economic importance. The nymphal stages of neither species have been adequately figured nor described in detail.

There appear to be very few published records of the species of the Aquatic Coleoptera found in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. According to Hatch (1928, J. New York Ent. Soc., 36:335-354) only two papers deal with the Coleoptera of Nova Scotia and in each of these papers only a single species of the families of the aquatic beetles is named. Hatch also gives four references to the water beetles of the Labrador Province of Newfoundland; from these I have been able to extract a total of five species listed from Newfoundland proper and a further two species from Nova Scotia. An exhaustive search of literature, including the Leng Catalogue and Supplements, has produced a total of 31 species as previously known from Newfoundland proper, of which two species (Hydroporus obscurus Sturm & Oreodytes alpinus Payk.) must be deleted as erroneous; also 6 species as previously known from Nova Scotia, of which one species (Dytiscus marginalis L.) must be deleted as recorded in error.