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On the occasion of the 1st International Forum of the Council on Business and Society that groups six of the world's leading business schools -ESSEC, Keio, Fudan, Tuck, Mannheim and FGV-EAESP - a White Paper was drafted by Professor Patricia Charlety of ESSEC Business School. The Paper deals with the question of Corporate Governance and Leadership and in particular analyses, draws conclusions and offers recommendations on Governance in relation to society, finance, corporate Boards and the CEO.

Despite the crucial importance of high quality reviewing for the scientific process, new scholars often learn how to do this based on casual advice and trial-and-error learning. We offer a checklist that helps referees systematically develop high quality referee reports and avoid some of the common pitfalls, in the spirit of the checklists used with success by surgeons and airplane pilots.The specific format in our checklist is not the only or `best’ one, but we believe it is useful, especially for junior scholars, to have access to at least one effective format laid out in a very specific form. This checklist is based upon ideas in Berk, Harvey and Hirshleifer (2016; 2017 forthcoming).See our companion papers:Preparing a Referee Report: Guidelines and Perspectives and How to Write an Effective Referee Report and Improve the Scientific Review Process.

The 13th Paris December Finance Meeting is organized in Paris downtown on December 17, 2015 by EUROFIDAI (European Financial Data Institute), AFFI (French Finance Association) and Leonard de Vinci Pole Universitaire, and jointly sponsored by CDC Institute for Research, CNRS, Institut Louis Bachelier, Fondation Banque de France in Money, Finance and Banking, Equipex BEDOFIH and 'Regulation and Systemic Risk' ACPR Chair. Equipex BEDOFIH will sponsor a special Microstructure session under the supervision of T. Hendershott (UC Berkeley), and the 'Regulation and Systemic Risk' ACPR Chair will sponsor a special session, under the supervision of C. Gourieroux (ENSAE and University of Toronto).

Professors John C. Coates, IV, and R. Glenn Hubbard have prepared a study entitled, Competition and Shareholder Fees in the Mutual Fund Industry: Evidence and Implications for Policy. I will refer to it henceforth as "Coates-Hubbard." The working paper was published in June of 2006 under the auspices of the American Enterprise Institute. Coates-Hubbard joins with the Investment Company Institute in claiming that fees for mutual fund advisory services are not excessive and that findings to the contrary are based on faulty scholarship. In truth, as is explained below, it is the Coates-Hubbard scholarship that is defective, featuring conclusions that are unsupported and unsupportable.

This Working Paper identifies the position that court justice occupies in the context of the pursuit of sustainability and in improving the quality of society as a whole. The purpose of court justice is to create, promote and maintain balanced, healthy and righteous interpersonal relationships. Court justice occupies a key position in society as a pillar of the rule of law in a static sense, while in a dynamic sense it holds the keys to steer in the quality of inter humane relationships, or the 'societal ecology'. Striving for sustainability is not only related to natural environments, but also to social environments. Consideration of the justice system from the point of view of the pursuit for sustainability is therefore a logical step. Thinking in terms of sustainability, social ecology and the quality of inter humane relationships is a paradigm change in the justice system. It involves constructive engagement of judicial power to improve the 'social ecology' and provides a framework for developing a justice system which is of greater importance to society. The author asserts that the introduction of mediation and ADR, the development of Drug Courts, Problem-Solving Courts, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Restorative Justice, and the increased focus on integrated conflict resolution are symptoms of the impact that the global wave of sustainability has on the judicial system. This paradigm shift has introduced a new focus in court justice which is oriented on a better future and on improvement of relationships between parties in litigation and resolution of abuses in society. The shift started in the 80th and will ultimately penetrate the whole legal system.The sustainability perspective unlocks a wonderful vision of the justice system and forms an inspiring guiding principle for courts of the future. The author asserts that principles of sustainable justice and social responsible justice will revamp the justice system and give it a new allure. It opens up new perspectives for transparency in the administration of justice on top.

Ponizszy raport przedstawia sposob zarządzania wartością przedsiebiorstwa, polegający na wykorzystaniu metody VBM (z ang. Value-based management). Zawarte w nim obliczenia dokonane na podstawie sprawozdan finansowych obrazują efektywnośc zarządzania kapitalami przedsiebiorstw oraz sugerują dalszy kierunek dzialan analizowanych przedsiebiorstw , zmierzających do zwiekszenia ich ekonomicznej wartości. This report shows how the value of the company management, which is to use methods of VBM (stands for Value-based management). Included in the calculations made on the basis of the financial statements reflect the efficiency of capital management companies and suggest further course of action of the analyzed companies to increase their economic value.

Raport mial na celu przedstawienie sposobu zarządzania ryzykiem przedsiebiorstwa poprzez analize trzech roznych scenariuszy. Ryzyko od zawsze jest nieodlącznym elementem egzystencji ludzkiej oraz wszystkich przedsiewziec związanych z dzialalnością ludzi. Dotyczy ono sytuacji niepewnych czy sytuacji, ktorych wynik jest nieznany i trudny do przewidzenia. Z terminem ryzyka mamy do czynienia rowniez w przypadku prowadzenia dzialalności. Zrozumienie ryzyka związanego z funkcjonowaniem firmy jest podstawą do zdefiniowania roznych zagrozen dla tworzenia w nim wartości, ktorą oceniają jego wlaściciele lub potencjalni inwestorzy. Zarządzanie tym ryzykiem to w glownej mierze wszelkie dzialania, ktore dotyczą kierowania i nadzorowania przedsiebiorstwa w odniesieniu do ryzyka.Purpose of this work is to manage enterprise risk by analyzing possible scenarios.Risk has always been an integral part of human existence and all projects related to human activity. It concerns the situation of uncertain or situations where the outcome is unknown and difficult to predict. The term risk we also do the business. Understanding the risks associated with the operation of the company is essential to define the various threats to the creation of value in it, you evaluate its owners or potential investors. Managing this risk is mainly all activities that relate to management and supervision of the company with regard to risk.

This case describes the people and events that transformed a strike and tension-ridden situation into a "world-class operation." The case outlines the issues and personalities that created this remarkable change. See also the A case (UVA-OB-0396).

This short paper provides an overview of some of Richard Thaler’s research findings and applications to the field of financial planning.

What will happen to current regimes of liability when driverless cars become commercially available? What happens when there is no human actor — only a computational agent — responsible for an accident? This white paper addresses these questions by examining the historical emergence and response to technologies of autopilot and cruise control. Through an examination of technical, social and legal histories, we observe a counter-intuitive focus on human responsibility even while human action is increasingly replaced by automation. We argue that a potential legal crisis with respect to driverless cars and other autonomous vehicles is unlikely. Despite this, we propose that the debate around liability and autonomous systems be reframed more precisely to reflect the agentive role of designers and engineers as well as the new and unique kinds of human action attendant to autonomous systems. The advent of commercially available autonomous vehicles, like the driverless car, presents an opportunity to reconfigure regimes of liability that reflect realities of informational asymmetry between designers and consumers. Our paper concludes by offering a set of policy principles to guide future legislation.

This White Paper offers an achievable "breakthrough opportunity" and framework for restoring trust to the Internal Revenue Service. It identifies the ill-conceived massive 1998 structural reorganization and division (like salami-slicing) of field operations as a major cause of the IRS’s current "downward slide." With that recognition, change-makers can travel a 2015 bipartisan pathway to addressing a wrong-headed 1998 "solution" to a 1998 non-existent structural problem by introducing a 2015 proposal for a National Office consolidation (slimming down) coupled with a field operations decentralization (closer to customers and ending the practice of absentee senior-management without local accountability). The 1998 restructuring was, at best, a bad idea masterfully executed. At worst, it was a bad idea oversold, overrated and hierarchical making IRS an overly-centralized Washington agency. The 1998 reorganization architects had scrapped a perfectly good structure by eliminating locally-accountable "District Offices" and replacing them with a headquarters-heavy (and field-light) bureaucracy of unjustifiably divisive stovepipes. To recover from that, presently, IRS can feasibly deliver a range of better practices, especially through refreshingly new, "Field Executive Offices (FEOs)" (See page 16, infra) run by senior-executive "Field Directors," to restore "grass roots" accountability and a geographic footprint. In sum, that 1998 ill-conceived restructuring can more accurately be seen for what it always was, "reversible error" and a "treatable self-inflicted wound." As prophesized by Brookings and countless "independent" minded Service insiders, things actually did get "worse"! So, what now!

This "white paper," written for the Roosevelt Institute, looks at the Dodd-Frank Orderly Liquidation Authority, as currently conceived of by regulators. The existence of OLA is crucial to the idea that the Dodd-Frank Act has actually ended "too big to fail." Since financial institutions remain very big, it is up to OLA to provide a means for them to fail. The real question is whether OLA will work and, as OLA was originally presented, there were good reasons for doubt.The FDIC has figured out a clever way to avoid the problems with OLA. Under the new "single point of entry" approach, only the holding company would be placed in OLA, and the FDIC would then continue to prop up the operating subsidiaries, wherever located. The new question is: Will single point of entry work?This short essay explores this question and what remains to be done to create a workable bankruptcy system for global banks. In short, I argue that while single point of entry is a great improvement, it still has its potential faults, and the excitement over it obscures many lingering questions. And nothing has been done to improve the ability of chapter 11 to handle a large financial institution, despite the fact that OLA is only supposed to "backstop" the normal bankruptcy process.

This short paper presents a summary of the Angolan legal framework applicable to commercial companies aimed at implementing a public-private partnership (PPP).

This is a historical account of first nine years of Arthur Andersen & Co.’s Public Review Board (PRB), from 1974 to 1983. This period coincides with the term of Chair Newton N. Minow. The paper draws on the published annual reports of both the firm and the PRB, as well as on interviews with principals from that period, including Minow. The PRB was a unique experiment, as the Andersen firm established it as an independent board composed of distinguished public servants who were to review the firm’s policies and make visits to the firm’s offices around the world, and then render annual reports on their assessment of the quality of the firm’s work in carrying out its professional practice, in auditing, tax, and administrative services. The paper concludes with a discussion of some lessons learned from the PRB experience for today’s debate over the independent oversight of audit firms.[enter Abstract Body]

This article is an excerpt topic from the "Renewable Energy Technologies" approved AIUs Ph.D. Subject Curriculum Course of a research thesis submitted to the Atlantic International University School of Science and Engineering (AIU SCE USA) with a Grade of 4.00 ("A+") earned. This doctoral course subject accounted for 2016-2018 Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Building and Construction Engineering. This paper is my latest article contributions for ViewPoint Journal June 2019 edition in aligning with the “Future of Engineering” theme. The document has been prepared to provide a course background with the requirement of our future of engineering in spite of climate change happening around the globe within the building built infrastructure scales applications in the building built environment. However, this article paper tackled the implications of water bottled plastic, and electronic toxicities in our context, and the preservation of seeds for the future of generation in the agricultural sector. And thus, provides a learning process and experiences that will involve within the course of my study and research over time for the future of engineering.

Human resources management (HRM) as a function providing organizations with workforce and thus assisting the achievement of organization’s business strategy is an inevitable element of contemporary organisation’s arrangements. Passing through different stages from conventional one to strategic service, HRM has transformed its concept, content, philosophy and scope of services affecting the way of understanding and role of the HR function in the organization. Becoming one among most important organizational functions, HRM was transiting from reactive function, over independent function towards the integrative and supportive function. This paper is aimed in contributing to the better understanding of contemporary challenges of HRM function and HR services in organizations, analysing various concepts and describing development and nature of different aspects and recent approaches to the HRM in terms of their influence to achieving and maintenance of organizational business strategy and competitive advantage. In that sense, the objective of the paper is to provide the overview of HRM contemporary challenges, and assess its impact to modern organization in context of organizational performance and organizational effectiveness.

In their 1932 volume "American Business Leaders: A Study in Social Origins and Social Stratification," Frank W. Taussig and Carl S Joslyn, then a young Harvard graduate, argued that success in business depended more on innate superiority than on other environmental factors such as financial aid, influential connections, and formal education. The aim of this paper is to analyze the main contentions of Taussig and Joslyn, as well the intellectual genesis of, and the general reactions to, this controversial volume. Although our main focus is on Taussig and Joslyn, other figures, all directly affiliated with Harvard, will play a decisive role in our narrative—the economist Thomas Nixon Carver, the psychologist William McDougall, and the sociologist Pitirim Aleksandrovic Sorokin. This makes the scope of this paper in many respects broader than its title may suggest—in the sense that it will allow us to place a work like American Business Leaders within the context of an important strand of social science research at Harvard during the interwar years.

The aim of this paper is to, first, define what a freelance executive actually is or could be. Secondly, this paper aims to identify the main qualities needed to be a successful freelance executive in various industries. The main research utilized will be from the author’s first 12 months as an executive in the writing, music, cosmetics, and asset management industries and from research conducted on the topics of senior level executive compensation and job satisfaction.

This paper investigates how management discourses developed in the arts industry. The theoretical background applied to answer this question, is rooted in the deep discussion on the role of managerial thinking in capitalistic societies which is provided in Boltanski and Chiapello’s “The new spirit of capitalism” (2005; first version in French “Le nouvel esprit du capitalisme”, 1999), and it is enlarged by a discussion on how managerial discourses have affected the creative and the arts sector in more recent times. The theorizing provided in this paper is based on the analysis of the managerialization process of an Italian opera house. The case study is described by reporting both the “official version” and less official voices, putting particular emphasis on the role played by managerial discourses. The results show how the vocabulary of management is used internally to justify the managerialization process, and externally to communicate with potential investors of the private sector. However it is contrasted internally by some “voices out of tune” which see management principles as conflicting with the artistic mission of the opera house, and their application as detrimental for the artistic quality and as source of frustration for artists and creative professionals. After the analysis of the case study, I provide a discussion of what seems to be a managerialization process investing the arts sector, in contrast to the artification of management which is undergoing in the profit-seeking creative sectors. Following Boltansky and Chiapello’s reasoning, I conclude by questioning about the possibility of a revival of the artistic critique in the cultural sector.

The paper aims at examining the current practices concerning the education of business ethics (BE) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the university curricula in Nepal. Since the issue of business ethics and CSR has the direct bearing on business and management domain, the paper has explored the syllabi of management and business schools. The study — based on a descriptive approach — sought to draw out a perspective on the content and pedagogy of the BE and CSR module in Nepali varsities. Encompassing the existing Nepali universities and/or the business schools under their fold, the study discovered that Tribhuvan University, the only central and national university of Nepal, has offered more the BE and CSR contents either as a separate, independent module or as an integral part of other related subjects in a larger number of bachelors and masters programmes. Yet, pedagogical arrangements have to be specified and ameliorated in most of the universities in Nepal. Since BE and CSR are relatively very young modules in graduate and post graduate levels, the study findings should prove instrumental for Nepali universities to formulation of curricular plans and strategies vis-a-vis foreign business schools in the days to come.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the role of foundational competencies in enhancing work engagement. Design/methodology/approach - Applying the strategic-choice theory and the resource based view on SMEs’s firms. In this study a research model are developed to demonstrate the premise that implementing proper foundational competencies in enhancing the work engagement. The study utilizes online survey data from 100 employees in various department from SMEs firms in Malaysia. The results are based on regression analysis and equation modelling by using SPSS software. Findings - The study finds that all foundational competencies, namely, business/management competencies, interpersonal/personal competencies, global mind-sets competencies and technology competencies have a positive relationship towards work engagement. Practical Implications - For SMEs firms, the results indicate that firms benefit greatly if their employees have greater work engagement because it can affecting the foundational competencies themselves. Originality/value - The paper theoretically develops logic and empirically shows that all work engagement appropriate practices for mediating the impact on enhancing foundational competencies. Considered at a higher level of abstraction, these relationships indicate a contribution to theory that explains how work engagement can result in foundational competencies responsiveness, throughout the SMEs. Paper type - Research Paper

This paper seeks to extend the understating of how performance information (PI) is used in the university context and is intended to contribute to the current debate on the use of PI in the context of faculty performance management (PM). Empirical data was gathered through two in-depth case studies. This approach allows a multi-level analysis based on neo-institutional theory and legitimacy theories. The results of this study are also compared with the literature on PI use. PM practices at universities have become increasingly popular on an institutional, group, and individual basis. The results indicate that PI is used in universities; however, the extent and the scope of PI use by various actors can differ at various levels. How PI is used seems to be motivated by the influences coming to the national and international accrediting and rating agencies. In general, universities use PI to legitimize themselves externally as research-oriented institutions, and their practices are gradually becoming isomorphic. However, analysis at the internal level reveals different attitudes and approaches related to the use of PI. We found evidence of decoupling from the existing performance regulation in the case of more traditional university. In the case of more entrepreneurial universities, mimetic isomorphic practices are more evident. This paper focuses on two case studies, which are still undergoing change. Analysis could be reinforced by studying more cases, the use of different data collection methods, and cross-country and between-country comparative analysis. The use of PI is discussed in the specific context of the higher education system in Poland. Also, the cases of two business schools facilitate the analysis of the differences in how PI is used in the context of traditional and entrepreneurial universities.

The phrase, “Bottom of the pyramid” has become a famous cliche for infamous settings. The moment this phrase is used in socio-economic settings (with particular reference to India), it has always been the underprivileged, downtrodden and the subalterns who come to one’s focus. Condescending with this view, the paper shall be looking at the pyramid, starting from bottom upwards. Marx was nowhere amiss when he referred to the power of the proletariat, which would displace the capitalists. And, he had also referred to the economic base as the edifice on which the political and social superstructure is built upon. To add to this, his writings also underscored the entrepreneurial potential in the industrial capitalists. Parallely, Prahalad referred to the bottom of the pyramid, where the micro-entrepreneurs would be serving the consumers at the bottom of the pyramid. In line with this thought, the proposed paper shall be an attempt at underscoring the immense potential which this very bottom of the pyramid has, when it comes to creativity and innovations, by drawing a parallel between Marx and Prahlad’s pyramidal base(s)/bottom(s). The paper shall be a brief on the Grassroots Innovators; Upscaling of these innovations; Dissemination of these innovations; and; the role of the academics in the emergence of these Grassroots Innopreneurs. Lastly, the paper shall give future directions for research in this field.

Many organization when tried to implement lean failed to transform themselves into a lean organization. The reason for this failure is the sole focus only on lean tools and methods which are the visible and superficial part of lean that are relatively easy to understand and implement. Such a focus yielded initial results but cannot not be sustained over time. When addressing this problem, this paper explores the following key research question: “How can lean be implemented such that the results are sustainable?”. The main objective of this paper is to investigate whether lean leadership is the key to successful lean implementation by exploring lean leadership in warehousing sector. This paper develops a theoretical framework in lean implementation and then examines it through real-life case studies in warehousing. Moreover, this research demonstrates why lean leadership principles are key to sustainable lean success. This paper is based on exhaustive literature review which is substantiated by case studies of logistics companies who have already rolled-out lean in their organisation. To illustrate practical validation of lean leadership this paper reviews lean-rollout in a contract logistics company. The review is followed by improved results, discussions and conclusion. The lean rollout in the logistic company manifested improved and sustaining results. Lean rollout improved warehouse performance by integrating principles of lean leadership. The outcome was an increase in productivity, development of people and financial gains.This research shows that lean leadership principles are key to achieving sustainable lean success in warehousing.

Purpose: Marketing theory is unclear about the strategic role of the marketing department in a firm. Marketing practice often relegates the Marketing department to functions such as advertising. This paper addresses these issues by reviving Drucker and Kotler’s vision for a Marketing department positioned at the centre of firm strategy and execution. Design/approach: Relevant strategic marketing literature is reviewed and combined with our experience and observation of business practice, seeks to explain marketing’s identity problem in the firm. Drucker and Kotler’s vision is explicated and applied to contemporary marketing so as to develop a capability model for a strategic Marketing department. Findings: The Marketing Influence Model (MIM) identifies seven strategically focussed capabilities, four tactically focussed capabilities, and their implications for four operationally focussed capabilities. The model identifies the Marketing department’s role and influence on these capabilities. Research limitations/implications: The MIM provides a classification of marketing capabilities the firm needs. This classification supports a theory that the Marketing department can have a strategic role. Practical implications: The MIM provides a structural, operational and implementable response for firms to put strategic capabilities under the control of the Marketing department as it should be for maximum effectiveness of firm strategy. Originality/value: This paper goes beyond lamenting the Marketing department’s shrinking role in firms, which has been recognised in the marketing literature, to providing the missing piece of the puzzle, which is a capability model for a strategic Marketing department.

Faff, Godfrey and Teng (2016) tell the initial story of an undergraduate exchange student (Jie Teng) from Fudan University, China, visiting the University of Queensland. As described by Faff, Godfrey and Teng (2016), the first author devised a program of incremental “discovery” and learning for the second author, based on Faff’s (2015, 2017) “pitching research” template tool. For the initial exercise fully documented in Faff, Godfrey and Teng (2016), Jie Teng chose a recent academic paper of interest to him – a paper on innovation and financial dependence – for which he then reverse engineered a “pitch”. The current paper is a companion piece that documents the subsequent exercise – in which Jie successively chooses one of the key papers in each of three further pitching rounds, thereby producing four linked pitches. In the second stage he pitches a paper on IPOs and innovation. In the third stage he pitches a paper on ownership and innovation. In the fourth and final stage he pitches a paper on corporate control vs. shareholder activism. Accordingly, herein we provide a narrative review of this example, to illustrate a “snowballing” pedagogic strategy to pitching research.

This paper proposes that the standard of peer review needs to be replaced by the standard of strategic science. The paper presents the intrinsic limitations of peer review, and the intrinsic advantages of strategic science. Various examples are explored on how strategic science would be applied. The paper suggests how the standard of strategic science be applied in journals and in intellectual institutions. Further, that global intellectual institutions have an intrinsic responsibility, referred to as the humanist strategic purpose, to ensure the quality of the ideas offered to humanity. Finally, the paper considers the reduction in global paper output, but the increase in the quality that would result from applying the new standard.

Our paper fits into all the themes ● The clinician and community needs ● The clinician and research into the impact of clinic ● The clinician and academic identity ● The clinician and curriculum and student learning This paper examines the value in students, academics and clinical supervisors learning and working together across different disciplines through an interdisciplinary student clinic (IDSC) to deliver legal and public health education to people who experience social exclusion by reason of vulnerability or disadvantage (including poverty)– the ‘Health Justice Partnership Student Clinic’. This paper situates the discussion firstly within the context of author one’s research on multi-disciplinary practices (MDP) including Health Justice Partnerships (HJP) which have led to this decision at University of Portsmouth to set up a IDSC. MDP in this context is where a number of professionals work together in a practice to assist the client using their different skills but in the one place and setting. One subset of an MDP is the HJP which sees lawyers working alongside nursing and allied health professionals to reach clients with a range of problems capable of legal solutions e.g. debt, family violence, poor housing, consumer issues, care and protection, human rights, access to services. It is about going to where people in need of help are likely to turn. This paper firstly identifies the evidence-based research that has led the authors to see the need, not just for multi-disciplinary practices in a service context but also interdisciplinary practice and teaching opportunities through clinical learning that brings greater collaboration for students, supervisors and academics across the professional divide to improve outcomes for clients. The authors see a critical need in universities to better prepare the emerging professionals to learn about collaboration with other disciplines and demonstrate influence and impact in the wider community. Author one’s empirical research into effective practice also suggests that such collaboration leads to better outcomes for clients and patients especially those experience some form of vulnerability or disadvantage. Secondly, as there is some literature on IDP and IDSC, (mainly from the United States and Australia) this paper will explore other models, the reasons and rationales for their emergence and the benefits and challenges and how this has informed the development other new pilot IDSC at the University of Portsmouth. The paper then discusses why the IDSC has emerged as an important way of building better and more responsive future practitioners in nursing, law and allied health disciplines. The paper also discusses aims of the three-year University of Portsmouth pilot IDSC and the joint learning opportunities for students of different disciplines, their supervisors and across departments which are envisioned so as to break down barriers between professionals, enable future practitioners to collaborate across different fields and thereby improve social justice and health outcomes for clients and community. These include fostering and increasing understanding and respect for different professional roles and approaches, breaking down stereotypes, enhancing student employability and working together to better reach and meet client/patient needs by being more responsive to legal and public health needs. The proposed trial IDSC HJP student clinic course will teach new approaches to students studying nursing, dentistry and law in a joint learning environment that includes problem solving, relationship-building, communication and collaboration skills in a clinic which will provide live client legal and public health advice. It will discuss how this is being undertaken and the challenges and approach of the course and its curriculum. The paper finally discusses the embedded evaluation of the pilot study. It is embedded as the authors are keen to enable good practice, share lessons learned and inform replicable models in other university settings. The embedded evaluation being undertaken will inform as to the projects impact on students, academic staff, partner agencies and clients.

The paper reviews the literature on the adoption and implementation (A&I) process of activity-based costing (ABC). The paper finds that the majority of the studies have tried to identify technical, behavioral, organizational and other contextual factors that result in the adoption and successful implementation of ABC. However, findings have been inconclusive and only found few specific factors for instance top management support, implementation training, non-accounting ownership and business size, to be associated with a successful process. Only few studies challenge the well-behaved adoption and implementation process assumed in the factor studies, as the process actually includes legitimization issues, power struggles among individuals and pressure from certain institutions. To advance the research within the adoption & implementation of ABC, a future research agenda is proposed. This includes a request for research within new geographical regions and organizational sizes, a demand for a new research framework in contingency-theory related factor studies and a call for research within alternative management accounting research perspectives to illustrate the complexity of the adoption & implementation process.

In the Eurozone Crisis, ‘bad ideas’ were initially resilient not just in the discourse but also in practice, as neo-liberal ideas focused on austerity and structural reform were embedded in the legislative packages and intergovernmental pacts (Six Pack, Two Pack, and Fiscal Compact). Later, however, the bad ideas continued to be resilient in the discourse while the practices incrementally changed for the better as rival ideas gain influence. This paper explains why such discursive resilience through an empirical examination of EU political actors’ discourse first in their initial response to the crisis that reinforced the ‘stability’ rules and then in their shift first to a discourse of growth and then of flexibility, all the while insisting that they were sticking by the rules. The paper argues, in essence, that leaders chose to reinterpret the rules ‘by stealth,’ that is, by not admitting to their national constituencies—or even to one another—that their ideas weren’t working, and that the rules therefore needed to change. Theoretically, the paper explains this according to five possible reasons for the resilience of neo-liberal ideas, including the adaptability of the concepts, their lack of actual implementation, their strength in the discourse compared to alternatives, the role of interests in benefiting from those ideas, and their embedding in institutions.

Portuguese Abstract: O presente artigo visa a apresentacao da tarefa de protecao e defesa do meio ambiente a partir da perspectiva de um dever fundamental inerente a todos os cidadaos brasileiros como decorrencia do comando constitucional presente no art. 225 da Constituicao brasileira. Nesse sentido, parte-se de pesquisa de campo realizada por uma Instituicao de Educacao Superior no Distrito Federal para se mostrar que o entendimento deste dever fundamental de preservacao ambiental nao e disseminado junto a populacao, o que inevitavelmente fragiliza a propria cidadania. Para solucionar o problema apresenta-se uma proposta de maior participacao politico-social do cidadao, de maneira que o mesmo possa interferir diretamente nas politicas publicas para, desta maneira, concretizar seu dever fundamental de protecao do meio ambiente.English Abstract: This paper aims at presenting the task of protecting the environment from the perspective of a fundamental duty inherent to all Brazilian citizens as a result of the constitutional rule in article 225 of the Brazilian Constitution. In this sense, it starts from a field research conducted by an institution of higher education in the Federal District of Brazil to show that the understanding of this fundamental duty of environmental preservation is not widespread at the population, which inevitably weakens citizenship itself. To solve the problem the paper presents a proposal for greater political and social participation of citizens, so that it can interfere directly in public policies, thus, achieving its fundamental duty to protect the environment.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the significance of bounded rationality for innovation research. It does so by expounding the structure and the assumptions of an agent-based model where boundedly rational actors engage in knowledge development and imitation. It is a conceptual paper that illustrates the model but does not present its results. Design/methodology/approach This model explores the consequences of common theoretical hypotheses and empirical stylized facts regarding innovation, knowledge development and knowledge management by geographically clustered rival firms. This model artificially generates innovations, unknown and unexpected to the artificial decision-makers. As the set of possibilities is not known a priori to the agents, they cannot apply utility maximization. Bounded rationality enters this model both as behavioural rules of thumb and as cognitive constraints on their application. Findings This paper illustrates a model. Originality/value This paper links innovation studies to the concept of bounded rationality. It shows what problems must be faced and what issues must be addressed by an agent-based model on this subject.

This paper critically appraises the topic of creating a rewards and recognition program in a large US corporation. The American workforce has been categorized into four generational groups with distinct traits. These groups have different, and sometimes conflicting, expectations of rewards and recognition. It is thus important to understand these traits and cater any corporate-wide rewards and recognition program that tries to engage such a multi-generational workforce. This paper, as it answers its research question, provides background into multi-generational workforce, some of its traits, and guidance about engaging such a workforce in a digital workplace. It makes recommendations to management to improve Rewards and Recognition process by making it transparent, crowdsourced, and more frequent; utilize digital recognition systems that provide ‘mobile first’ user interfaces with gamification; and provide sensitivity training to existing managers regarding the millennials.

This paper explores the connection between founder personality and organizational culture in founder-led entrepreneurial companies. It draws from the literature in upper echelon/top management teams, family business and organizational psychology – notably the Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA: Schneider, 1987) and Person-Organization fit (P-O: O'Reilly, Chatman, & Caldwell, 1991) theories. Using ethnographic, psychological and organizational data from the founders and employees of four small firms from multiple industries, we find that, contrary to ASA and P-O predictions, aggregate personality seems to mediate the effect of founder personality on culture. At the same time, the direct impact of founder personality seems to be enhanced by intentional efforts to build culture and by sheer force of personality. The paper concludes with plans for further research into the personality-organizational culture effects and thoughts about the applicability of these results for founders.

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize evidence about how culture affects management control systems (MCS). To accomplish this, a systematic literature review is conducted based on 57 journals in the accounting field ranked 4 – 2 in the Chartered Association of Business Schools’ Academic Journal Guide 2015. 98 articles were initially chosen and the most significant of these articles are used for a discussion. The paper takes a wide approach to culture, combining national culture with upper echelon theory and organisational culture. The framework, by Malmi and Brown (2008), on management control systems structures the paper, as it focuses on five groups of control systems, and the effect of culture is considered in relation to these groups.It is found that the literature on the effects of culture on MCS is fragmented, as a variety of definitions of culture is in use, resulting in a lack of coherence of the cultural influence. Several examples of how culture influences management accounting practices are identified for each of the five groups, but several papers are also found to report no effect of culture. This relates to the Malmi and Brown framework, and a discussion of why the results differ is undertaken, where it is argued that it is mainly due to a negligence of considering internal and external aspects of culture in cohesion. The main contribution of this paper is that it shows that culture does matter for MCS, but that culture needs to be seen from a perspective combining internal aspects of culture such as cultural controls, sometimes driven by upper echelon theory, with external aspects of culture such as national culture. The discussion of whether national culture matters for MCS, as such, is slightly misguided, as focus should rather be on which of the two aspects of culture dominates. In addition, a model is developed for practitioners showing where different elements of culture are found to have an influence on selected MCS based on the literature reviewed.

Italian Abstract: La necessita di incrementare il livello di efficienza dell’azione amministrativa ha spinto il legislatore italiano, a partire dagli anni novanta, ad estendere alla Pubblica amministrazione alcuni strumenti gestionali tipici delle realta aziendalistiche, in linea con le esperienze di altri paesi europei; tra questi strumenti un ruolo rilevante e stato assegnato ai controlli interni. Trascorsi oltre vent’anni dalla loro introduzione, il funzionamento dei controlli interni della Pubblica amministrazione presenta ancora molte ombre. Il lavoro, attraverso una valutazione comparata con altri modelli a livello europeo, mette in luce le principali carenze del quadro normativo di riferimento, quali l’assenza di una struttura chiaramente individuata di internal audit, nonche evidenzia l’eccessiva focalizzazione delle attivita di controllo su aspetti formalistici e di produzione documentale. Inoltre, la disamina dei risultati delle attivita di valutazione della performance fa emergere la scarsa diffusione, all’interno della Pubblica amministrazione, di una cultura effettivamente orientata ai principi di “responsabilizzazione” e di “trasparenza” dei risultati gestionali; cio mina alla base l’efficacia e l’utilita potenziale dei controlli interni.English Abstract: At the beginning of the 1990s, in line with trends in other European countries, the need to increase the efficiency of administrative activity resulted in legislative initiatives to extend some of the management tools developed in the private sector to the Public Administration. Among these instruments, an important role was assigned to internal controls. Over twenty years since their introduction, the functioning of public internal controls still displays several critical aspects. Through a comparative assessment with other European models, this paper highlights the problems affecting the legal framework of Italian public internal controls, such as the lack of a clearly identified internal audit structure; the paper also points out that controls focus almost exclusively on formal rather than substantive aspects. Moreover, the results of past performance appraisal activities show that the principles of “accountability” and “transparency” are not widely applied within the Public Administration, thus undermining the effectiveness and usefulness of internal controls.

This paper examines Meg Whitman’s tenure as HP’s CEO from September 2011 till March 2016. It considers the external contextual forces shaping radical changes in the information technology industry as well as the internal contextual forces associated with the unresolved issues left by her predecessors that she had to face at the time of her appointment. It documents how she identified and assessed these external and internal strategic challenges, culminating in her initial conclusion that the company’s consumer-oriented and enterprise-oriented businesses would perform “better together” but needed to be significantly strengthened through improving the key elements of the company’s strategic leadership capability. The paper then documents how the continued rapid changes in the information technology industry reduced the interbusiness complementarity while customer and competitive forces increased the intra-business complexity of the consumer-oriented and enterprise-oriented businesses. These changes potentially threatened to drive HP’s adaptive capacity from anti-fragile to fragile and culminated in Whitman’s radically new conclusion by October 2014 to “split HP in two:” HP Inc and Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE). The remainder of the paper focuses on how Whitman continues to develop the strategic leadership capability of HPE during 2015. It concludes with assessing in early 2016 her differential contributions as CEO to HP’s integral process of becoming by creating the two new companies.

This case study explores the design and evolution of Project Maua, a micro-distribution programme for Wrigley products operating in rural and urban Kenya established by Mars Catalyst. The pilot has been an experiment in how the Mars Corporation can become more mutual with its stakeholders. The programme has sought a win-win outcome through the extension of its business into Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) markets and newly engaging those in poverty in its distribution system. This Working Paper provides a deep dive into the goals and design of the programme, and uses an evaluative framework that focuses on human, social, and financial capital to outline how it works on the ground. The Maua programme has been fast growing and profitable and extended the corporation’s reach into new markets, while also creating a new economic opportunity for those living in poverty. We attribute the profitability and longevity of the introduction of novel management practices and programme design to the organization. This Working Paper highlights three new practices for Mars. Firstly, this work involved engaging non-profit partners. Secondly, it applied an entrepreneurial organisational model, which both increased the autonomy of participants and limited the company’s managerial burden. Finally, the pilot applied new, non-financial metrics for tracking performance. However, each of these innovations requires trade-offs, and as the programme has grown, it has also encountered challenges. These are also explored herein. As a detailed case study, this Working Paper contributes to a still small body of in-depth work on route-to-market programmes and efforts to expand businesses at the BoP. As we learn more through academic research and business case studies, this research will continue to challenge readers on the steps that Mars and other corporations should explore moving forward to become more mutual.

As more and more of our lives are lived online, so too are those who live lives of crime. Like everyone else, criminals of all stripes are increasingly using online services of all kinds to plan and commit their wrongful acts. Evidence of crime that not so long ago was on-the-ground and physical is now increasingly in-the-cloud and digital. All this has thrown the law parcelling the authority to search and seize among different jurisdictions into confusion, as clouds of data — like those in the sky — are everywhere and nowhere at once. Unless some clarity is brought to this situation and soon, the future of cloud computing as a unified global phenomenon may be hazy indeed.This paper describes how the fractal complexity of cloud computing’s physical geography has fractured the system of Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) that arose during the jet age to help shuttle evidence of crime across borders. It explains why the territorially-based MLAT system fundamentally doesn’t work with the physical, technological, and corporate structures that are used to deliver cloud-based services, and how the resulting problems threaten their continued global nature. It highlights the role played by US laws, companies, and government institutions in exacerbating these difficulties that, ironically, have now been visited on the US government itself in the Microsoft Ireland case. It then finally sketches some elements of a potential solution based on principled US leadership that recognizes the legitimate interests of other governments.This paper is hardly the first to examine what’s wrong with the MLAT system or what should be done to fix it. Since the Microsoft Ireland case first started to make headlines nearly two years ago, there has been a flurry of writing on this issue from a range of perspectives. What I hope this paper will contribute is a fuller description of why the MLAT system and cloud computing as we know them are fundamentally irreconcilable, and what are the minimum requirements of an alternative regime that can prevent the splintering of these services along national geographic lines.This paper has grown out of my participation first in a symposium on this issue hosted here at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society in June 2015, which was generously supported by the MacArthur Foundation and Microsoft Corporation, and then by my ongoing involvement in an ad-hoc Cross-Border Data Requests (CBDR) working group of US-based stakeholders that is devising solutions to the problems my paper discusses. My views on this topic are entirely my own and do not represent those of the Berkman Center, the participants in and sponsors of the June 2015 event, or my CBDR co-collaborators — all of whom I thank for informing and inspiring this work.

This paper, the fourth and final in a series on the management of expert evidence during the Kilmore East bushfire proceeding, considers the use of assessors. It is based on interviews conducted with some of the judges, barristers, solicitors and experts involved in the proceeding, and it records their reflections on whether the use of assessors was valuable. It appears that the use of assessors was a success, and all the participants interviewed regarded them as being beneficial to the trial. This paper suggests that the appointment assessors should be considered in future cases of similar complexity to help the trial judge deal with very difficult expert evidence.

Portuguese Abstract: O artigo analisa a decisao proferida pela diretoria colegiada da Comissao de Valores Mobiliarios, que censurou a conduta da Uniao, enquanto acionista controladora da Eletrobras - Centrais Eletricas S.A. (companhia brasileira listada em bolsa de valores), ao votar em situacao de conflito de interesses, enquadravel na hipotese do artigo 115 da Lei no 6.404/76. O voto da Uniao proferido em assembleia geral foi determinante para aprovacao, pela assembleia geral de acionistas, da renovacao dos contratos de concessao do setor eletrico, mantidos pelo Grupo Eletrobras. O artigo discute-se ainda os desafios da aplicacao do artigo 238 da Lei no 6.404/76 no caso concreto, o sentido e alcance do poder controle acionario exercido pelo ente publico e os deveres fiduciarios dos administradores da sociedade de economia mista.English Abstract: The paper analyses the Comissao de Valores Mobiliarios board decision that reproved the Federal Government’s conduct as controlling shareholder of Eletrobras – Centrais Eletricas S.A. (a Brazilian listed company). The Federal Government voted in a shareholder meeting for the renewing of concession contracts in the energy sector signed by Eletrobras Group, although the presence of conflict of interest according to article 115, § 1o, Law 6.404/76. The paper also discusses the application in the specific case of article 238, Law 6.404/76, as well as the meaning and extension of the controlling shareholder power exercised by the Government. Finally, the paper takes into consideration the fiduciary duties of managers and directors of state owned enterprises.

U.S. public activities in space directed via NASA are undergoing change. While NASA has historically been able to drive market creation, through its procurement policy (which is much weaker in Europe), the past decade has seen a visible shift in US space policy, away from NASA-directed developments in low-Earth orbit (LEO) towards an ecosystem with a mix of private, not-for-profit, and public actors in LEO. This has fundamentally changed NASA’s role from an orchestrating/directing role, to a more ‘facilitating’ one driven by commercialization needs. This shift in mission and approach has ramifications for the LEO ecosystem as well as NASA’s innovation policy, which has previously centred on clearly defined “mission-oriented” objectives, such as putting a man on the moon or creating the shuttle fleet. Such objectives required ‘active’ innovation policy whereby NASA both funded and ‘directed’ the innovation, within its walls and with its partners. The emerging multi-actor ecosystem approach has involved a more open-ended objective that does not have a unified nor clearly defined end-game. In this situation, NASA’s ability to shape activities in a direction in line with its mission will depend on its relationships with other members in the system. The rise of new actors in the space eco-system, and new relationships between them, presents interesting challenges for innovation policy informed by an Innovation System approach. In this paper, we critique the market failure approach of public intervention in markets and describe further work to be done in the innovation systems literature - more focus on the interactions between agents (and the type of agents) as complimentary to the dominant focus on funding programmes in innovation systems. In this paper, we present the evolving processes of NASA’s engagement in building a low-earth orbit economy to draw out case specific insights into a public agency shifting its mission to incorporate approaches to facilitate the market creation policy. The paper focuses on the way that NASA structures its new innovation policy, away from a classical supply side oriented R&D investment through NASA itself, towards a policy of orchestration and combination of instruments rather. We close the paper with a reflection on the ramifications of NASA’s approach to building a sustainable low-Earth orbit economic ecosystem.

A wealth of research has addressed the internationalization of firms using different theories and conceptual perspectives. This paper examines the extant research on internationalization specifically delving into seven streams of research: Market Power, Evolutionary Model, Internalization Transaction Cost, Eclectic Paradigm, Resource-Based View, Institutional and International New Ventures Born Global. Methodologically we conduct a bibliometric review in six leading journals recognized for publishing International Business (IB) research, during a forty one year period, from 1970 to 2010. Using citations and co-citations analyses on a sample of 1,459 articles, we sought to better understand the internationalization approaches and how they are interconnected, by examining its growth over time, the most used approaches, the works that have had the greatest impact, and the intellectual interconnections among authors. We conclude that there is no dominant approach in International Business research, albeit the Evolutionary Model has been the most cited - in almost 26% of the extant research, specially the paper– “The internationalization process of the firm: A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitment”, by Johanson and Vahlne (1977). We present a broad discussion and point out limitations and directions for future research. A internacionalização das empresas foi abordada pela academia sobe diferentes abordagens conceptuais. Esteartigo examina a investigação existente sobre sete teorias explicativas da internacionalização das empresas:Teoria do Poder de Mercado, Modelos Evolucionário; Teoria da Internalização Teoria dos Custos deTransação, Paradigma Eclético, Visão Baseada em Recursos, Teoria Institucional e EmpreendedorismoInternacional Born Global. Metodologicamente efetuamos um estudo bibliométrico baseado em seis revistaslíderes em Negócios Internacionais (NI), durante um período de 41 anos, de 1970 a 2010. Utilizando citações eco-citações em uma amostra de 1.459 artigos. Propomos contribuir para uma melhor compreensão das diferentesabordagens conceptuais sobre a internacionalização das empresas e do modo como estão interligadas,examinando o seu desenvolvimento ao longo do tempo, bem como as abordagens mais utilizadas, os trabalhosque tiveram o maior impacto e as interconexões intelectuais entre autores. Concluímos que não se verificadomínio absoluto de nenhuma das abordagens em investigação de negócios internacionais, embora o ModeloEvolucionário tenha sido o mais citado – com cerca de 26% na nossa pesquisa.

The international migration – and recruitment of health professionals has gained momentum in the last fifteen years, becoming a matter of international concern. Work-related issues – i.e. working conditions, integration and retention of foreign-educated health professionals – have emerged along with (old) issues of ethical recruitment. This paper focuses on the recruitment of foreign-educated nurses (FENs) and contributes to the current debate on approaches to international recruitment and labour market integration of health professionals by introducing the concept of ‘sustainable recruitment’, which binds together ethical recruitment and work-related issues. This study aims to investigate the ways these aspects actually or potentially shape current approaches of international recruitment. A qualitative approach is used to study the case of Finland, which is an emerging destination country of FNEs and that has started to recruit nurses both from within the European Union and in the Philippines. In particular the paper presents and discusses the results of an empirical investigation carried out in Finland in 2015 that was aimed at exploring whether and how private and public health care organizations and private recruitment agencies are responding to issues of ‘sustainable recruitment’ while recruiting FENs internationally.

Russian Abstract: Работа содержит обоснование и проект междисциплинарной исследовательской программы, посвящённой выявлению, систематизации и разработке методов государственного управления развитием как особого вида управленческой деятельности.Представлена теоретическая модель управления развитием, ориентированная на специфику государственного управления, разработаны направления исследований и методологическое обоснование изучения управления развитием как теоретической и прикладной задачи.English Abstract: The research paper is introducing the project of the research program on the management of development in public administration and in public policy. The research program is meant to assure new findings, and systemic analysis of methods of development management.The paper presents new theoretical model of managing development in public sector, focused on most recurrent methodological issues. Basic principles of development management are discussed an reviewed.

The purpose of this paper will be to share aspects relating to the above title from its writer by first describing and explaining collaborative relationships. Additional topics to address include: Potential dangers of collaboration at each phase of this paper’s authors consulting cycle, some potential benefits of the phases, and how comfortable this paper’s author would be in working in a collaborative manor with his client and examining some personality traits or experiences would assist this author/consultant in a collaboration process (Block, 2011).

Today, efficiencies are considered to play a critical role during the Clayton Act Section 7 analysis. However, despite the 1997 revision of the Merger Guidelines, no prima facie case has yet been rebutted with an efficiency claim. This paper looks at the importance of an efficiency story, specifically in the healthcare industry, through the lens of the recent St. Luke’s case. In St. Luke’s, the Court found that absent a decrease in price efficiencies, quality efficiencies would not offset any anticompetitiveness of the transaction. This paper examines the importance of quality efficiencies in the healthcare industry and how these efficiencies could potentially benefit consumers even more than price decreases. Additionally, this paper looks at the importance of having a sound burden-shifting framework for a Section 7 analysis. Specifically, I argue that in St. Luke’s the district court seemed to treat market shares as more than just a “convenient starting point,” ultimately causing insurmountable hurdles in presenting an efficiency defense during litigation. Finally, this paper discusses why an efficiency defense should not involve having to disprove all the potential negatives on competition.

This paper will show how entrepreneurs and the way they bring their ideas to market represent a model of revelation for people today. The vision entrepreneurs follow and the enthusiasm with which they execute their ideas often show a striking resemblance to theological language about building the Kingdom of God. Further, this paper argues that the metaphor of entrepreneurship resonates more closely with contemporary experience than does traditional theological doctrine. These claims are presented through the creation and analysis of a new parable for the twenty-first century -- the parable of the evangelist and the venture capitalist.

The English version of this paper can be found at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2709713Italian Abstract: La tecnologia fondamentale del protocollo Bitcoin, conosciuta come blockchain, e emersa recentemente in tutta la sua straordinaria portata innovativa, teoricamente in grado di riconfigurare le nostre attuali interazioni economiche, politiche e sociali. Sebbene l'interesse accademico per questa tecnologia sia ormai crescente, finora non e stata ancora divulgata un'analisi esaustiva delle sue applicazioni dal punto di vista politologico. Questa ricerca si propone di discutere i punti essenziali di una governance decentralizzata fondata sulla blockchain, che sfida in varia misura i meccanismi tradizionali della autorita statale, della cittadinanza e della democrazia. In particolare, la ricerca si pone l'obiettivo di verificare la performance della blockchain e delle piattaforme decentralizzate come strumenti iperpolitici, in grado cioe di gestire interazioni sociali su ampia scala e di destituire eventualmente le autorita centrali tradizionali. L'analisi evidenzia i rischi relativi a posizioni dominanti di natura privatistica negli ecosistemi distribuiti, che potrebbero spogliare i cittadini dei loro diritti e permettere l'insorgere di una societa globale senza stato. Se gli utopisti tecnologici sollecitano la destituzione di qualsiasi autorita centrale, questa ricerca difende invece il ruolo dello Stato come necessario punto di coordinazione nella societa civile e dimostra come la decentralizzazione attuata attraverso algoritmi e sistemi di consenso distribuito costituisca una teoria organizzativa, non una teoria politica autonoma.English Abstract: The core technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain, has recently emerged as a disruptive innovation with a wide range of applications, potentially able to redesign our interactions in business, politics and society at large. Although scholarly interest in this subject is growing, a comprehensive analysis of blockchain applications from a political perspective is severely lacking to date. This paper aims to fill this gap and it discusses the key points of blockchain-based decentralized governance, which challenges to varying degrees the traditional mechanisms of State authority, citizenship and democracy. In particular, the paper verifies to which extent blockchain and decentralized platforms can be considered as hyper-political tools, capable to manage social interactions on large scale and dismiss traditional central authorities. The analysis highlights risks related to a dominant position of private powers in distributed ecosystems, which may lead to a general disempowerment of citizens and to the emergence of a stateless global society. While technological utopians urge the demise of any centralized institution, this paper advocates the role of the State as a necessary central point of coordination in society, showing that decentralization through algorithm-based consensus is an organizational theory, not a stand-alone political theory.

The current techno-economic transformation, or Algorithmic Revolution, has wide- ranging consequences for society, posing many challenges of economic policy. At a macro level, it has been associated with rising inequality, “disruption” of many economic sectors, and the destruction of many jobs as well as the creation of others, with still unknown net effects. At the micro level, it has generated a particular type of employment relations: while the industrial revolution was associated with wage labor, often in large concentrations of workers, the current revolution is associated with a shift from employees to what might be called micro-entrepreneurs, who are often widely dispersed. This paper addresses the political effects of these transformations — specifically the effects on the structure of popular interest representation regarding these policies of economic regulation. These changes may be profoundly affecting the nature of mass democracy in the 21st century, or Democracy 2.0.The new worlds of work, by atomizing workers and challenging unions, makes collective action more difficult, particularly around “productionist” policies — micro and macro economic outcomes of the techno-economic transformation as it unfolds. A host of important questions are raised. What role can unions still play in addressing these issues? Can other organizations, which have emerged around other kinds of issues, engage economic or productionist policies effectively? What is the role of social media in coordinating action not only for protest but also for organizing and providing policy input? Through raising these questions, this paper proposes an agenda of comparative research for examining the capacity of citizens to engage the policies that may guide the goals of technology development, how technology is implemented, and how its social and economic consequences are regulated.