Cazeneuve, Brian, Habib, Daniel G., Menez, Gene, Syken, Bill, Woo, Andrea, and Schecter, B.J.
The article focuses on the migration of professional sports franchises across the United States. Like the Westward expansion that preceded it by a century, the migration of franchises has observed the logic of Manifest Destiny: Baseball is America's pastime, and where the land is open, the soil fertile and the sky wide, the game must take root. We saw the California transplantation of the Dodgers, Giants and Athletics, and the creation of new clubs in Texas, in the Rocky Mountains and in the Arizona desert, the last in 1998 when Jerry Colangelo unwrapped the expansion Diamondbacks in Phoenix and opened a ballpark that featured a swimming pool. A wave of expansion in the early 1990s added nine NHL franchises in areas such as Florida, Atlanta and Nashville. In the last 11 years four teams (the North Stars, Nordiques, Jets and Whalers) relocated to nontraditional hockey cities Dallas, Denver, Phoenix and Raleigh, respectively. Before 1985 the NBA league had not gone more than five years without a team switching cities. Since David Stern became commissioner in '84 he has preferred expansion to relocation, adding seven teams since '88. No NFL team had relocated in 19 years when Al Davis took the Raiders from Oakland to Los Angeles in 1982.