Sexual cultures in East Asia: the social construction of sexuality and sexual risk in a time of AIDSEvelyne Micollier (Ed.), 2004, London, RoutledgeCurzon, £60.00, 279 pp. ISBN 0 415 30871 2This book arises mainly from papers presented at the International Institute for Asian Studies conference held in Amsterdam in 2000. The authors are a mix of social and medical anthropologists, historians, sociologists, communication specialists, medical doctors and a development expert, with a good mix of Europeans and East Asians; the various papers report the results of a three-year research project funded by the European Science Foundation.The first part of the book deals with Sexual cultures: caught between traditions and transitions, with chapters on sex work of one kind or another in China, Japan, Vietnam and Cambodia. The chapters illustrate very well the value of a detailed understanding of what drives sex work, as well as how changes in such activity provide some insights into the impact of globalization in these countries. For example, in contrast to the West, where engaging in sex work is generally regarded as being rather shameful, many young women in Vietnam regard it as their duty to help pay for their families' keep. In Walters' chapter, as well as in Suiming's on China, the complexities (and dependencies) of the social and economic networks are nicely described (hotel and bar owners, hustlers, police, etc. are all involved), alongside outlines of how the authorities have tried unsuccessfully to restrain activities.Kelly's chapter shows how Confucian values and systems amongst the older Vietnamese seriously restrict the opportunities to develop effective HIV prevention programmes. Amongst such barriers are the three obediences and four virtues by which women are expected to live their lives, discourses that do not readily allow space for women to fulfil their expected preventive role of insisting on condom use, for example. She nicely illustrates how a society under threat from Western influences reverts back to traditional values, thereby negating the attempts to move towards greater gender equality legislation by the socialist regime. Derks' analysis of the ‘broken women’ of Cambodia contains an excellent discussion of the varieties of ways in which young women get involved in sex work, and the complexities of any simple dichotomy between choice and coercion.The second part of the collection—The social construction of sexual risk in the light of STDs/AIDS control—contains chapters on Republican Shanghai, Taiwan and Vietnam. The first is a fascinating historical summary of STD prevalence and treatment in Shanghai, and how the greater the efforts by the authorities to restrict commercial sexual activity, the more activities have been driven underground. This is followed by Hsu et al.'s analysis of media coverage of HIV/AIDS in Taiwan, and the way that discourses of ‘them’ and ‘us’ have developed and changed over the past twenty years. Micollier charts the emerging role of civil society in HIV prevention in care work in Taiwan, and the willingness of many young people to get involved in voluntary activities, and Blanc shows how the introduction of more sex education in and out of Vietnamese schools has been met with resistance from Confucian-based cultural, moral an social obstacles.Whilst all the chapters in this volume are of great interest, and raise issues of conflict between traditional values and modern changes, the final chapter is, in my view, the most provocative. Wolffers et al. disentangle the notion of traditional ‘cultural’ values, and present a powerful and cogent case that such values serve to privilege men in many Asian societies. By calling on ‘culture’ as justifications for not acting on recommended prevention programmes, by denial of—for example—sex work (or even sexual desire) amongst ‘our’ women (it is often overseas women who are to blame), by turning a blind eye to hypocrisy and double standards, men basically protect their rights and privileges and power. These authors argue that, even though the actual manifestations of such dynamics may vary from country to country, the basic deep structure is the same. They highlight one of the key dilemmas of any social scientist involved in development work; namely, to what extent do we accept that ‘cultural traditions’ must be respected and accepted, or should over-riding rights of gender equality and non-discrimination guide the work.If I have a criticism of the volume (apart from the price and the descriptive nature of some of the chapters) it is that this fundamental issue is not discussed further. Given that the chapters emanate from a coordinated research programme, and many were presented at a conference, then I would like to have read rather more about the discussions between the participants, especially since they are drawn from both the West and the East.Roger InghamCentre for Sexual Health Research, University of Southampton, UK [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]