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The main objective was to evaluate the viability of the SARS-CoV-2 viral particles excreted in stools. In addition, we aimed to identify clinical factors associated with the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces, and to determine if its presence is associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome, defined as intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or death. A prospective multicenter cohort study of COVID-19 adult patients, with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR assay in nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs admitted to four hospitals in Spain, from March 2020 to February 2021. Sixty-two adult COVID-19 patients had stool samples collected at admission and/or during the follow up, with a total of 79 stool samples. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in stool samples from 27 (43.5%) out of the 62 patients. Replicative virus, measured by the generation of cytopathic effect in cell culture and subsequent RT-PCR confirmation of a decrease in the Ct values, was not found in any of these stool samples. Fecal virus excretion was not associated with the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, or with differences in the evolution of COVID-19 patients. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 replicative capacity is null or very limited in stool samples, and thus, the fecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 as an alternative infection route is highly unlikely. In our study, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces at the beginning of the disease is not associated with any clinical factor nor with an unfavorable clinical outcome., This work was supported by National Plan R+D+I 2013–2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases [REIPI RD16/0016/0009]; cofinanced by European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe”, Operative program Intelligent Growth 2014–2020; and supported by Grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Proyectos de Investigación sobre el SARS-CoV-2 y la enfermedad COVID-19 [COV20/00370; COV20/00580]. J.S.C. is a researcher belonging to the program “Nicolás Monardes” (C-0059-2018), Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Spain.

Weaning is a critical period in the life of pigs with repercussions on their health and welfare and on the economy of the swine industry. This study aimed to assess the efect of the commercial early weaning on gut microbiota, intestinal gene expression and serum metabolomic response via an integratedomic approach combining 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the OpenArray gene expression technology and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy. Fourteen piglets from diferent litters were sampled for blood, jejunum tissue and caecal content two days before (− 2d), and three days after (+3d) weaning. A clearly diferential ordination of caecal microbiota was observed. Higher abundances of Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Dorea and Lachnospira genera in weaned piglets compared to prior to weaning showed the quick microbial changes of the piglets’ gut microbiota. Downregulation of OCLN, CLDN4, MUC2, MUC13, SLC15A1 and SLC13A1 genes, also evidenced the negative impact of weaning on gut barrier and digestive functions. Metabolomic approach pinpointed signifcant decreases in choline, LDL, triglycerides, fatty acids, alanine and isoleucine and increases in 3-hydroxybutyrate after weaning. Moreover, the correlation between microbiota and metabolome datasets revealed the existence of metabolic clusters interrelated to diferent bacterial clusters. Our results demonstrate the impact of weaning stress on the piglet and give insights regarding the associations between gut microbiota and the animal gene activity and metabolic response., We would like to acknowledge the funding from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO) of Spain for granting the project AGL2016-75463-R within the framework of Proyectos I+D+I Convocatoria RETOS 2016 and the State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation. MS received an FPI grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant number BES-2017-080018). MD received support from Opening Sphere UAB-CEI to Postdoctoral Fellows (project H2020-MSCA-COFUND-2014). HLK received the University, Research Center and Hospital Foundation Grants for the Contracting of New Research Staff (FI) from Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) of the Catalan Government. PL received support from the Tecniospring program (TECSPR15-1-0040) of ACCIÓ funded by the Catalan Government and the Marie Curie COFUND Fellowship Program within the 7th European Community Framework. YRC is recipient of a Ramon y Cajal post-doctoral fellowship (RYC2019-027244-I) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.

Human blood metagenomics has revealed the presence of different types of viruses in apparently healthy subjects. By far, anelloviruses constitute the viral family that is more frequently found in human blood, although amplification biases and contaminations pose a major challenge in this field. To investigate this further, we subjected pooled plasma samples from 120 healthy donors in Spain to high-speed centrifugation, RNA and DNA extraction, random amplification, and massive parallel sequencing. Our results confirm the extensive presence of anelloviruses in such samples, which represented nearly 97% of the total viral sequence reads obtained. We assembled 114 different viral genomes belonging to this family, revealing remarkable diversity. Phylogenetic analysis of ORF1 suggested 28 potentially novel anellovirus species, 24 of which were validated by Sanger sequencing to discard artifacts. These findings underscore the importance of implementing more efficient purification procedures that enrich the viral fraction as an essential step in virome studies and question the suggested pathological role of anelloviruses., This work was supported by Grant SAF2017-82287-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and competitiveness (MINECO) and FEDER funding. JMC was supported by a Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral contract from MINECO.

Parkinson’s disease is characterised by a decrease in the density of presynaptic dopamine transporters in the striatum. Frequently, the corresponding diagnosis is performed using a qualitative analysis of the 3D-images obtained after the administration of $$^{123}$$ 123 I-ioflupane, considering a binary classification problem (absence or existence of Parkinson’s disease). In this work, we propose a new methodology for classifying this kind of images in three classes depending on the level of severity of the disease in the image. To tackle this problem, we use an ordinal classifier given the natural order of the class labels. A novel strategy to perform feature selection is developed because of the large number of voxels in the image, and a method for generating synthetic images is proposed to improve the quality of the classifier. The methodology is tested on 434 studies conducted between September 2015 and January 2019, divided into three groups: 271 without alteration of the presynaptic nigrostriatal pathway, 73 with a slight alteration and 90 with severe alteration. Results confirm that the methodology improves the state-of-the-art algorithms, and that it is able to find informative voxels outside the standard regions of interest used for this problem. The differences are assessed by statistical tests which show that the proposed image ordinal classification could be considered as a decision support system in medicine.

We study the competition of two spreading entities, for example innovations, in complex contagion processes in complex networks. We develop an analytical framework and examine the role of dual users, i.e. agents using both technologies. Searching for the spreading transition of the new innovation and the extinction transition of a preexisting one, we identify different phases depending on network mean degree, prevalence of preexisting technology, and thresholds of the contagion process. Competition with the preexisting technology effectively suppresses the spread of the new innovation, but it also allows for phases of coexistence. The existence of dual users largely modifies the transient dynamics creating new phases that promote the spread of a new innovation and extinction of a preexisting one. It enables the global spread of the new innovation even if the old one has the first-mover advantage., We acknowledge financial support from Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI, Spain) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional under Project ESoTECoS Grant No. FIS2015-63628-C2-2-R (AEI/FEDER,UE) and from Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI, Spain) through the Maria de Maeztu Program for Units of Excellence in R&D (MDM-2017-0711). This work was supported by the research grant of the Chungbuk National University in 2018.

Tillage is known for its adverse effects on soil biota, at least in arable agroecosystems. However, in vineyards effects might differ as tillage is often performed during dry periods or only in every other inter-row allowing species to re-colonise disturbed areas. We examined the response of earthworms (lumbricids), springtails (collembola) and litter decomposition to periodically mechanically disturbed (PMD) and permanently green covered (PGC) vineyard inter-rows and assessed whether site effects are altered by the surrounding landscape. In commercial vineyards in Austria we sampled earthworms by handsorting, springtails by soil coring and pitfall trapping and installed litter decomposition bags. Earthworm species diversity increased with plant biomass under PMD but not under PGC; earthworm density was unaffected by tillage but increased with plant biomass mainly at high soil quality (soil fertility index). Springtail species diversity was unaffected by tillage; springtail densities (mainly larger species) were reduced under PGC. Litter decomposition was little affected by investigated parameters. Landscape heterogeneity affected the functional diversity of surface springtails, but did not influence soil-dwelling springtails, earthworms or litter decomposition. We conclude that effects on soil biota of periodical tillage in vineyards need not necessarily be detrimental and will be modified by plant biomass and soil quality., We are grateful to Johann Grassl and to the winegrowers in the Leithaberg and Carnuntum region for allowing us to run this study in their vineyards. Thanks to Edith Gruber, Friederike Hegselmann, Barbara Messerer, Thomas Müllner, Yoko Muraoka and Norbert Schuller for assistance during field sampling. Comments by Andrea Bryndum Buchholz, Rasmus Jonathan Buchholz, Georg Iwanov and three anonymous reviewers helped to improve the text. This work is part of the project VineDivers (www.vinedivers.eu) funded through the 2013–2014 BiodivERsA/FACCE JPI joint call with the national funders Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF, Germany), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, France), Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI, Romania), Ministerio des economía y competitividad (MINECO, Spain) and FWF-Der Wissenschaftsfonds (Austria).

The question of how genotypic and ecological units arise and spread in natural microbial populations remains controversial in the field of evolutionary biology. Here, we investigated the early stages of ecological and genetic differentiation in a highly clonal sympatric Sinorhizobium meliloti population. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that a large DNA region of the symbiotic plasmid pSymB was replaced in some isolates with a similar synteny block carrying densely clustered SNPs and displaying gene acquisition and loss. Two different versions of this genomic island of differentiation (GID) generated by multiple genetic exchanges over time appear to have arisen recently, through recombination in a particular clade within this population. In addition, these isolates display resistance to phages from the same geographic region, probably due to the modification of surface components by the acquired genes. Our results suggest that an underlying process of early ecological and genetic differentiation in S. meliloti is primarily triggered by acquisition of genes that confer resistance to soil phages within particular large genomic DNA regions prone to recombination., This work was supported by research grant BIO2014-51953-P from the Plan Nacional de I + D + i, the biotechnology program of the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad including ERDF (European Regional Development Funds). We thank Dr. F. Martínez-Abarca for critical reading of the manuscript and Dr. Sebastián Acosta-Jurado for technical assistance. We also thank the Centro de Investigación, Tecnología e Innovación (CITIUS) of the University of Seville for allowing us to use their NMR facilities.

The microvasculature continuously adapts in response to pathophysiological conditions to meet tissue demands. Quantitative assessment of the dynamic changes in the coronary microvasculature is therefore crucial in enhancing our knowledge regarding the impact of cardiovascular diseases in tissue perfusion and in developing efficient angiotherapies. Using confocal microscopy and thick tissue sections, we developed a 3D fully automated pipeline that allows to precisely reconstruct the microvasculature and to extract parameters that quantify all its major features, its relation to smooth muscle actin positive cells and capillary diffusion regions. The novel pipeline was applied in the analysis of the coronary microvasculature from healthy tissue and tissue at various stages after myocardial infarction (MI) in the pig model, whose coronary vasculature closely resembles that of human tissue. We unravelled alterations in the microvasculature, particularly structural changes and angioadaptation in the aftermath of MI. In addition, we evaluated the extracted knowledge's potential for the prediction of pathophysiological conditions in tissue, using different classification schemes. The high accuracy achieved in this respect, demonstrates the ability of our approach not only to quantify and identify pathology-related changes of microvascular beds, but also to predict complex and dynamic microvascular patterns. The authors would like to thank Angel Colmenar for staining tissues for four of the subjects. The authors would also like to express their gratitude to Carlos Galan Arriola for providing us with the tissue from infarcted pigs at 45 days post MI along with the characteristics of the corresponding subjects and MRI-based estimations of blood flow. The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Action) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant Agreement 608027. This work was also supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness SAF2014-52050-R to A.G.A., TEC2015-66978-R to A.S. and SAF2013-49663-EXP to B.I., from the Institute of Health Carlos III and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER) PI13/01979 to B.I., from La Marato TV3 Foundation to A.G.A., and from NIH grant R01HL101200 to A.P. The CNIC is supported by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0505). Sí

Some studies have suggested that the immunogenicity of oats depends on the cultivar. RP-HPLC has been proposed as a useful technique to select varieties of oats with reduced immunogenicity. The aim of this study was to identify both the avenin protein patterns associated with low gluten content and the available variability for the development of new non-toxic oat cultivars. The peaks of alcohol-soluble avenins of a collection of landraces and cultivars of oats have been characterized based on the RP-HPLC elution times. The immunotoxicity of oat varieties for patients with celiac disease (CD) has been tested using a competitive ELISA based on G12 monoclonal antibody. The oat lines show, on average, seven avenin peaks giving profiles with certain similarities. Based on this similarity, most of the accessions have been grouped into avenin patterns. The variability of RP-HPLC profiles of the collection is great, but not sufficient to uniquely identify the different varieties of the set. Overall, the immunogenicity of the collection is less than 20 ppm. However, there is a different distribution of toxicity ranges between the different peak patterns. We conclude that the RP-HPLC technique is useful to establish groups of varieties differing in degree of toxicity for CD patients., The Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project IPT-2011-1321-010000), the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) and Junta de Andalucía (Project P12-AGR-1762) supported this work.

Chimeric somatostatin/dopamine compounds such as BIM-23A760, an sst2/sst5/D2 receptors-agonist, have emerged as promising new approaches to treat pituitary adenomas. However, information on direct in vitro effects of BIM-23A760 in normal and tumoral pituitaries remains incomplete. The objective of this study was to analyze BIM-23A760 effects on functional parameters (Ca2+ signaling, hormone expression/secretion, cell viability and apoptosis) in pituitary adenomas (n = 74), and to compare with the responses of normal primate and human pituitaries (n = 3–5). Primate and human normal pituitaries exhibited similar sst2/sst5/D2 expression patterns, wherein BIM-23A760 inhibited the expression/secretion of several pituitary hormones (specially GH/PRL), which was accompanied by increased sst2/sst5/D2 expression in primates and decreased Ca2+ concentration in human cells. In tumoral pituitaries, BIM-23A760 also inhibited Ca2+ concentration, hormone secretion/expression and proliferation. However, BIM-23A760 elicited stimulatory effects in a subset of GHomas, ACTHomas and NFPAs in terms of Ca2+ signaling and/or hormone secretion, which was associated with the relative somatostatin/dopamine-receptors levels, especially sst5 and sst5TMD4. The chimeric sst2/sst5/D2 compound BIM-23A760 affects multiple, clinically relevant parameters on pituitary adenomas and may represent a valuable therapeutic tool. The relative ssts/D2 expression profile, particularly sst5 and/or sst5TMD4 levels, might represent useful molecular markers to predict the ultimate response of pituitary adenomas to BIM-23A760., This work has been funded by the following grants: Junta de Andalucía (BIO-0139, CTS-1406, PI-639-2012); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Gobierno de España (BFU2013-43282) ; Proyectos de Investigación en Salud FIS, funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13-00651, co-funded by ERDF/ESF, “Investing in your future”); Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad ‘CIBERobn’; and Ayuda Merck Serono 2013 (to RML and JPC). Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development Merit Award and the National Institutes of Health: R21AG031465 and R01DK088133 (to RDK).

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.-- et al., Obesity is a main global health issue and an outstanding cause of morbidity and mortality predisposing to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases. Huge research efforts focused on gene expression, cellular signalling and metabolism in obesity have improved our understanding of these disorders; nevertheless, to bridge the gap between the regulation of gene expression and changes in signalling/metabolism, protein levels must be assessed. We have extensively analysed visceral adipose tissue from age-, T2DM- and gender-matched obese patients using high-throughput proteomics and systems biology methods to identify new biomarkers for the onset of T2DM in obesity, as well as to gain insight into the influence of aging and gender in these disorders. About 250 proteins showed significant abundance differences in the age, T2DM and gender comparisons. In diabetic patients, remarkable gender-specific hallmarks were discovered regarding redox status, immune response and adipose tissue accumulation. Both aging and T2DM processes were associated with mitochondrial remodelling, albeit through well-differentiated proteome changes. Systems biology analysis highlighted mitochondrial proteins that could play a key role in the age-dependent pathophysiology of T2DM. Our findings could serve as a framework for future research in Translational Medicine directed at improving the quality of life of obese patients., This work was supported by grant SAF2012-33014 from MINECO (B.P.), FPI-UAM Program (M.G.S.) and Pro CNIC Foundation (E.C., J.A.L. and J.V).

14 pages, 5 figures, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30228-4.-- Data availability: Raw data are available in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) under the accession number PRJEB23911 (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB23911). Supplementary materials are available as figshare public repository under the https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21884934. The code is available at https://github.com/kcmitsi/microeuk_Sanabria, Microbial eukaryotes are diverse and ecologically important organisms, yet sampling constraints have hindered the understanding of their distribution and diversity in freshwater ecosystems. Metabarcoding has provided a powerful complement to traditional limnological studies, revealing an unprecedented diversity of protists in freshwater environments. Here, we aim to expand our knowledge of the ecology and diversity of protists in lacustrine ecosystems by targeting the V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene in water column, sediment and biofilm samples collected from Sanabria Lake (Spain) and surrounding freshwater ecosystems. Sanabria is a temperate lake, which are relatively understudied by metabarcoding in comparison to alpine and polar lakes. The phylogenetic diversity of microbial eukaryotes detected in Sanabria spans all currently recognized eukaryotic supergroups, with Stramenopiles being the most abundant and diverse supergroup in all sampling sites. Parasitic microeukaryotes account for 21% of the total protist ASVs identified in our study and were dominated by Chytridiomycota, both in terms of richness and abundance, in all sampling sites. Sediments, biofilms and water column samples harbour distinct microbial communities. Phylogenetic placement of poorly assigned and abundant ASVs indicates molecular novelty inside Rhodophyta, Bigyra, early-branching Nucletmycea and Apusomonadida. In addition, we report the first freshwater incidence of the previously exclusively marine genera Abeoforma and Sphaeroforma. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of microeukaryotic communities in freshwater ecosystems, and provide the first molecular reference for future biomonitoring surveys in Sanabria Lake, This work was supported by Grants BFU2017-90114-P from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and PID2020-120609GB-I00 by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the “European Union” to IR-T. It has also received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. H2020-MSCA-ITN-2015-675752 (SINGEK Project, http://www.singek.eu/). This project has also received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 949745) and the support of a fellowship from ”la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434) with fellowship code LCF/BQ/PI19/11690008, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S)

Ratchet devices allow turning an ac input signal into a dc output signal. A ratchet device is set by moving particles driven by zero averages forces on asymmetric potentials. Hybrid nanostructures combining artificially fabricated spin ice nanomagnet arrays with superconducting films have been identified as a good choice to develop ratchet nanodevices. In the current device, the asymmetric potentials are provided by charged Néel walls located in the vertices of spin ice magnetic honeycomb array, whereas the role of moving particles is played by superconducting vortices. We have experimentally obtained ratchet effect for different spin ice I configurations and for vortex lattice moving parallel or perpendicular to magnetic easy axes. Remarkably, the ratchet magnitudes are similar in all the experimental runs; i. e. different spin ice I configurations and in both relevant directions of the vortex lattice motion. We have simulated the interplay between vortex motion directions and a single asymmetric potential. It turns out vortices interact with uneven asymmetric potentials, since they move with trajectories crossing charged Néel walls with different orientations. Moreover, we have found out the asymmetric pair potentials which generate the local ratchet effect. In this rocking ratchet the particles (vortices) on the move are interacting each other (vortex lattice); therefore, the ratchet local effect turns into a global macroscopic effect. In summary, this ratchet device benefits from interacting particles moving in robust and topological protected type I spin ice landscapes., This work was supported by Spanish MICINN grants FIS2016-76058 (AEI/FEDER, UE), EU COST- CA16218. IMDEA Nanociencia acknowledges support from the ‘Severo Ochoa’ Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (MICINN, Grant SEV-2016-0686). MCO and AG acknowledges financial support from Spanish MICINN Grant ESP2017-86582-C4-1-R and IJCI-2017-33991; AMN acknowledges financial support from Spanish CAM Grant 2018-T1/IND-10360. MV acknowledges financial support from Spanish MICINN Grant PID2019-104604RB/AEI/10.13039/50110001103.

A mismatch exists between people’s mental representations of their own body and their real body measurements, which may impact general well-being and health. We investigated whether this mismatch is reduced when contextualizing body size estimation in a real-life scenario. Using a reverse correlation paradigm, we constructed unbiased, data-driven visual depictions of participants’ implicit body representations. Across three conditions—own abstract, ideal, and own concrete body— participants selected the body that looked most like their own, like the body they would like to have, or like the body they would use for online shopping. In the own concrete condition only, we found a significant correlation between perceived and real hip width, suggesting that the perceived/real body match only exists when body size estimation takes place in a practical context, although the negative correlation indicated inaccurate estimation. Further, participants who underestimated their body size or who had more negative attitudes towards their body weight showed a positive correlation between perceived and real body size in the own abstract condition. Finally, our results indicated that different body areas were implicated in the different conditions. These findings suggest that implicit body representations depend on situational and individual differences, which has clinical and practical implications. LDC was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación Grant IJC2018-038347-I and the CONEX-Plus programme funded by Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 801538. ATJ was supported by Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad of Spain Ramón y Cajal Grant RYC-2014-15421. This research was partly funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2019-105579RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). The authors would like to thank Martin Mojica-Benavides for his help in preparing the psychometric curve analyses.

8 Pág. Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), E/D163 polymorphism of dog prion protein (PrP) has been recently proposed as the variant responsible for canid prion resistance. To further investigate the protective role of this variant against prion replication, the transgenic mouse model OvPrP-Tg532 expressing sheep/goat PrP carrying the substitution D162 (equivalent to D163 position of dog PrP) was generated and intracranially inoculated with a broad collection of small ruminant prion strains. OvPrP-Tg532 mice showed resistance to classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from sheep and some classical scrapie isolates from sheep and goat but were susceptible to ovine atypical L-BSE and numerous classical scrapie isolates. Strikingly, some of these classical scrapie isolates showed a shift in their prion strain properties. These results suggest that other PrP residues apart from E/D163 variant of dog PrP or factors distinct than PrP may participate in prion resistance of canids and that different factors may be required for D162 sheep PrP to provide effective protection to sheep against ruminant prions., This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia PDI2019-105837RB-I00, Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [AGL2016-78054-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) and AGL2009-11553-C02-02 and fellowship BES-2010-040922 to P.A.C.] and the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (fellowship FPI-SGIT-2015-02 to A.M.M.).

The aim was to assess the ability of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load at first patient’s hospital evaluation to predict unfavorable outcomes. We conducted a prospective cohort study including 321 adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 through RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs. Quantitative Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA cycle threshold values were used to calculate the viral load in log10 copies/mL. Disease severity at the end of follow up was categorized into mild, moderate, and severe. Primary endpoint was a composite of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or death (n = 85, 26.4%). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load over the second quartile (≥ 7.35 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.003) and second tertile (≥ 8.27 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.01) were associated to unfavorable outcome in the unadjusted logistic regression analysis. However, in the final multivariable analysis, viral load was not independently associated with an unfavorable outcome. Five predictors were independently associated with increased odds of ICU admission and/or death: age ≥ 70 years, SpO2, neutrophils > 7.5 × 103/µL, lactate dehydrogenase ≥ 300 U/L, and C-reactive protein ≥ 100 mg/L. In summary, nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load on admission is generally high in patients with COVID-19, regardless of illness severity, but it cannot be used as an independent predictor of unfavorable clinical outcome., This work was supported by National Plan R+D+I 2013–2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases [REIPI RD16/0016/0009]; cofinanced by European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe”, Operative program Intelligent Growth 2014–2020; and supported by Grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Proyectos de Investigación sobre el SARS-CoV-2 y la enfermedad COVID-19 [COV20/00370; COV20/00580]. J.S.C. is a researcher belonging to the program “Nicolás Monardes” (C-0059-2018), Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Junta de Andalucía, Spain.

Explicitly accounting for phenotypic differentiation together with environmental heterogeneity is crucial to understand the evolutionary dynamics in hybrid zones. Species showing intra-specific variation in phenotypic traits that meet across environmentally heterogeneous regions constitute excellent natural settings to study the role of phenotypic differentiation and environmental factors in shaping the spatial extent and patterns of admixture in hybrid zones. We studied three environmentally distinct contact zones where morphologically and reproductively divergent subspecies of Salamandra salamandra co-occur: the pueriparous S. s. bernardezi that is mostly parapatric to its three larviparous subspecies neighbours. We used a landscape genetics framework to: (i) characterise the spatial location and extent of each contact zone; (ii) assess patterns of introgression and hybridization between subspecies pairs; and (iii) examine the role of environmental heterogeneity in the evolutionary dynamics of hybrid zones. We found high levels of introgression between parity modes, and between distinct phenotypes, thus demonstrating the evolution to pueriparity alone or morphological differentiation do not lead to reproductive isolation between these highly divergent S. salamandra morphotypes. However, we detected substantial variation in patterns of hybridization across contact zones, being lower in the contact zone located on a topographically complex area. We highlight the importance of accounting for spatial environmental heterogeneity when studying evolutionary dynamics of hybrid zones., This work was supported by National Funds through FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology (SALOMICS: PTDC/BIA-EVL/28475/2017); the authors also acknowledge funding from other FCT projects and FEDER funds through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors – COMPETE (EVOVIV: PTDC/BIA-EVF/3036/2012; FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-028325 and UIDB/500027/2020); and by National/FEDER funds through Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CGL2012-40246-C02-02). G.V.-A., A.L. and P.T. were supported by FCT (IF/01425/2014 and CEECIND/00937/2018, PD/BD/106060/2015, DL57/2016/CP1440/CT0008, respectively).

Increasing sea temperature is a driver of change for many fish traits, particularly for fast-growing epipelagic species with short life spans. With warming, altered spawning phenology and faster growth may produce substantially larger body sizes of the new cohort, affecting fishery productivity. We present an individual-based model (IBM) that predicts the distribution of fish length at catch under observed and projected thermal scenarios, accounting for mortality, temperature-dependent spawning phenology, temperature- and photoperiod- dependent growth. This IBM was demonstrated with Coryphaena hippurus (common dolphinfish), a circumglobally-distributed and highly thermophilic species sustaining commercial and recreational fisheries where it is present. The model projected a 13.2% increase in the average length at catch under marine heatwave conditions compared to the current thermal regime (1995–2005 average). Projections under RCP scenarios 4.5 and 8.5 by the end of the century led to 5.1% and 12.8% increase in average length, respectively. Furthermore, these thermal scenarios affected spawning phenology differently, producing higher variance in body size under RCP 8.5 scenario with respect to marine heatwave conditions. This study highlights how the environmental effects of climate change can alter the distribution of species length at catch., The present paper is part of the CERES project (H2020, EU 678193). Part of the data was obtained from the FAO-Copemed and FAO-Copemed II projects (http://www.faocopemed.org/). This study has been conducted using E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information. V. Moltó acknowledges a predoctoral grant funded by the Regional Government of the Balearic Islands and the European Social Fund, A. Ospina Álvarez was supported by H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (746361), and S. Pérez-Mayol salary was founded by PN Project DREAMER (CTM2015-66676-C2-1-R). We also acknowledge Andreina Fenech, Marie Louise Pace, and Roberta Mifsud from the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Malta for the data collection and provision.

The design of a planar slot array in groove gap waveguide technology implemented by glide-symmetric holes as Electromagnetic Band Gap structure is here presented. Despite the advantages of using holes instead of pins in terms of manufacturing simplicity and cost,the larger size of the holes compared to pins needs to be considered when designing slot arrays without grating lobes. A 1 to 4 corporate feed network is designed using this technology as well. Corrugations are included to further reduce the grating lobes. Experimental results support the viability of the proposed concept for designing glide-symmetric planar arrays of any size. This work has been partly funded by the Spanish Government through Projects TEC2016-79700-C2-2-R, PID2019-107688RB-C21 and TEC2017-86619-R. The authors would like to thank Qingbi Liao from KTH Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden) for the measurements in the anechoic chamber.

Oxygen vacancies are common to most metal oxides and usually play a crucial role in determining the properties of the host material. In this work, we perform ab initio calculations to study the influence of vacancies in doped manganites La(1−x)SrxMnO3, varying both the vacancy concentration and the chemical composition within the ferromagnetic-metallic range (0.2, Work at ICN2 was funded by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant PGC2018-096955-B-C43), Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR1506), and the EU-H2020 programme (654360 and 824143) under the NFFA-Europe Transnational Access Activity and the EU MaX Center of Excellence. ICN2 is also supported by the Severo Ochoa Program (SEV--2013--0295) and the CERCA Program of Generalitat de Catalunya. D. J. and V. F. acknowledge support from CONICET (PIP 00020-2019) and ANPCyT (PICT1857), Argentina. D. J. acknowledges CONICET for a doctoral fellowship.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a powerful neurostimulation therapy proposed for the treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, DBS mechanism of action remains unclear, being its effects on brain dynamics of particular interest. Specifically, DBS reversibility is a major point of debate. Preclinical studies in obesity showed that the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc), brain centers involved in satiety and reward circuits, are able to modulate the activity of brain structures impaired in this pathology. Nevertheless, the long-term persistence of this modulation after DBS withdrawal was unexplored. Here we examine the in vivo presence of such changes 1 month after LH- and NAcc-DBS, along with differences in synaptic plasticity, following an exploratory approach. Thus, both stimulated and non-stimulated animals with electrodes in the NAcc showed a common pattern of brain metabolism modulation, presumably derived from the electrodes’ presence. In contrast, animals stimulated in the LH showed a relative metabolic invariance, and a reduction of neuroplasticity molecules, evidencing long-lasting neural changes. Our findings suggest that the reversibility or persistence of DBS modulation in the long-term depends on the selected DBS target. Therefore, the DBS footprint would be influenced by the stability achieved in the neural network involved during the stimulation. This research was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (projects PI14/00860 and PI17/01766, and grant CPII14/00005), co-financed by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), “A way of making Europe”, CIBERSAM, Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2017/085), Fundación Mapfre and Fundación Alicia Koplowitz. MCV was supported by Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno as scholarship holder of this institution. DRM was supported by Consejería de Educación e Investigación, Comunidad de Madrid, co-funded by European Social Fund “Investing in your future” (grant, PEJD-2018-PRE/BMD- 7899). NLR was supported by Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, "Programa Intramural de Impulso a la I+D+I 2019”. The CNIC is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN) and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV‐2015‐0505). Support for Nacher’s lab came from Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2015- 68436-R), Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO2013/069) and Fundación Alicia Koplowitz (FAK2012/01).

17 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85008-9, Hakes of the genus Merluccius include 11 valid species as well a number of rare morphotypes suspected to be “cryptic species”. Concatenated nucDNA ITS1-rDNA and mtDNA cyt b sequences plus nested ITS1Nes sequences allowed to ascribe 14 specimens of nine rare morphotypes from the South Pacific and the South Atlantic to the phylogenetic backbone of this genus. Bayesian analyses pointed to M. bilinearis and M. albidus as the oldest species of the genus and the New World cluster, respectively. The phylogenetic status of M. angustimanus from the upper Gulf of California suggests its hybrid origin between M. gayi and M. productus from about 0.25 MYA, although an ever since confinement of a subset of those species cannot be ruled out. The molecular phylodiagnostic test suggests a common origin of all rare morphotypes and the absence of cryptic hake species in the Southern Cone. The molecular background of the morphotypes distributed between the Western Pacific South of New Zealand and the western Atlantic South of Argentina is compatible with their hybrid origin between M. gayi and both, M. australis or M. hubbsi, respectively, The Regional Government of Xunta de Galicia supported the M. F-M.’s Ph. D. grant (ED481A-2017/362). This research was partially supported with the project LETSHAKE (AGL2013-4846-R) co-funded by MINECO (Ministerio Español de Economía y Competitividad) and EU-FEDER to M.P. as well as with grant (IN607B 2018/14) to M. P. from Xunta de Galicia-Axencia Galega de Innovación. This work was also partly funded with grants from “Consellería de Educación e Ordenación Universitaria Xunta de Galicia (Galician Regional Government) cofunding from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the framework of the Operational Program Galicia 2014–2020 (CIM-UVIGO), “A way to build Europe”., With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

Among the materials that might be manufactured with laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), one can highlight maraging steels, with excellent weldability, strength and fracture toughness. However, the effects of the processing parameters and the mechanisms governing the as-built texture are not clear yet. A recent publication showed a low texture index in the prior austenite, in contrast to other alloys subjected to LPBF with the same strategy. Authors suggested several hypotheses, although no conclusions were drawn. This work aims to investigate these findings by using a 300 maraging steel processed under different conditions, i.e. different printer, powder layer thickness and laser emission mode. To do so, X-Ray Diffraction, Electron Backscattered Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy have been used. Results show that the heat treatment intrinsic to the LPBF process does not affect the prior austenite grains, whose texture and morphology remain unchanged throughout the process. Also, for the studied ranges, the microstructure texture is not related to the powder layer thickness or to the laser emission mode, although it could be affected by the laser power or the scan strategy. Finally, a low degree of variant selection has been observed, where the selected variants are those that contribute to a martensite cubic rotated texture., This study was funded by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness) (No. BES-2017-080945).

The Roma are the largest ethnic minority in Europe. With a Northwestern Indian origin around ~ 1.5 kya, they travelled throughout West Asia until their arrival in Europe around the eleventh century CE. Their diaspora through Europe is characterized by population bottlenecks and founder events which have contributed to their present day genetic and cultural diversity. In our study, we focus on the effects of founder effects in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) pool of Iberian Roma by producing and analyzing 144 novel whole mtDNA sequences of Iberian Roma. Over 60% of their mtDNA pool is composed by founder lineages of South Asian origin or acquired by gene flow during their diaspora in the Middle East or locally in Europe in Europe. The TMRCA of these lineages predates the historical record of the Roma arrival in Spain. The abundance of founder lineages is in contrast with ~ 0.7% of autochthonous founder lineages present in the non-Roma Iberian population. Within those founder lineages, we found a substantial amount of South Asian M5a1b1a1 haplotypes and high frequencies of West Eurasian founder lineages (U3b1c, J2b1c, J1c1b, J1b3a, H88, among others), which we characterized phylogenetically and put in phylogeographical context. Besides, we found no evidence of genetic substructure of Roma within the Iberian Peninsula. These results show the magnitude of founder effects in the Iberian Roma and further explain the Roma history and genetic diversity from a matrilineal point of view., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant numbers CGL2016-75389-P (MINEICO/FEDER, UE), PID2019-106485GB-I00 (MINEICO), and “Unidad María de Maeztu” (MDM-2014-0370) to DC and FC; and Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de la Recerca (Generalitat de Catalunya, grant 2017SGR00702).

8 páginas, 2 figuras, 2 tablas., The control of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock is becoming increasingly difficult due to the limited number of available drugs and the rapid development of anthelmintic resistance. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new anthelmintics that are effective against nematodes. Under this context, we tested the potential toxicity of three compounds in mice and their potential anthelmintic efficacy in Mongolian gerbils infected with Haemonchus contortus. The compounds were selected from previous in vitro experiments: two diamine (AAD-1 and AAD-2) and one benzimidazole (2aBZ) derivatives. 2aBZ was also selected to test its efficacy in sheep. In Mongolian gerbils, the benzimidazole reduced the percentage of pre-adults present in the stomach of gerbils by 95% at a dose of 200 mg/kg. In sheep, there was a 99% reduction in the number of eggs shed in faeces after 7 days at a dose of 120 mg/kg and a 95% reduction in the number of worm adults present in the abomasum. In conclusion, 2aBZ could be considered a promising candidate for the treatment of helminth infections in small ruminants. © 2022, The Author(s)., Financial support came from MINECO: RETOS (AGL2016-79813-C2-1R/2R) and MICINN/AEI (PID2020- 119035RB-100). EVG was funded by FPU17/00627, FPU17/05346; VCGA, MAB, MCP and LGP are recipients of Junta de Castilla y León (JCyL) (LE082-18, LE051-18, LE135-19, LE096-20, respectively) and MMV by the Spanish “Ramon y Cajal” Programme (Ministerio de Economía y competitividad; MMV, RYC-2015-18368).

Thyroid cancer is the most common primary endocrine malignancy in adults and its incidence is rapidly increasing. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), generally defined as RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides with no protein-encoding capacity, are highly tissue-specific molecules that serve important roles in gene regulation through a variety of different mechanisms, including acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that ‘sponge’ microRNAs (miRNAs). In the present study, using an integrated approach through RNA-sequencing of paired thyroid tumor and non-tumor samples, we have identified an interactome network between lncRNAs and miRNAs and examined the functional consequences in vitro and in vivo of one of such interactions. We have identified a likely operative post-transcriptional regulatory network in which the downregulated lncRNA, SPTY2D1-AS1, is predicted to target the most abundant and upregulated miRNAs in thyroid cancer, particularly miR-221, a well-known oncomiRNA in cancer. Indeed, SPTY2D1-AS1 functions as a potent tumor suppressor in vitro and in vivo, it is downregulated in the most advanced stages of human thyroid cancer, and it seems to block the processing of the primary form of miR-221. Overall, our results link SPTY2D1-AS1 to thyroid cancer progression and highlight the potential use of this lncRNA as a therapeutic target of thyroid cancer., This work was supported by grants SAF2016-75531-R and PID2019-105303RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN); Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, B2017/BMD-3724 from Comunidad de Madrid; GCB14142311CRES from Asociación Española contra el Cáncer (AECC); and PI14/01980 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Spain). JR-M holds a FPU fellowship from MECD (Spain)

NG2-glia, also referred to as oligodendrocyte precursor cells or polydendrocytes, represent a large pool of proliferative neural cells in the adult brain that lie outside of the two major adult neurogenic niches. Although their roles are not fully understood, we previously reported significant clonal expansion of adult NG2-cells from embryonic pallial progenitors using the StarTrack lineage-tracing tool. To define the contribution of early postnatal progenitors to the specific NG2-glia lineage, we used NG2-StarTrack. A temporal clonal analysis of single postnatal progenitor cells revealed the production of different glial cell types in distinct areas of the dorsal cortex but not neurons. Moreover, the dispersion and size of the different NG2 derived clonal cell clusters increased with age. Indeed, clonally-related NG2-glia were located throughout the corpus callosum and the deeper layers of the cortex. In summary, our data reveal that postnatally derived NG2-glia are proliferative cells that give rise to NG2-cells and astrocytes but not neurons. These progenitors undergo clonal cell expansion and dispersion throughout the adult dorsal cortex in a manner that was related to aging and cell identity, adding new information about the ontogeny of these cells. Thus, identification of clonally-related cells from specific progenitors is important to reveal the NG2-glia heterogeneity., This work was supported by research Grants from the MICINN (PID2019-105218RB-I00), MINECO (BFU2016-75207-R) and the Fundación Ramón Areces (Ref. CIVP9A5928).

© The Author(s) 2020., Maternal malnutrition plays a critical role in the developmental programming of later metabolic diseases susceptibility in the offspring, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Because the liver is the major organ that produces and supplies blood glucose, we aimed at defining the potential role of liver glycogen autophagy in the programming of glucose metabolism disturbances. To this end, newborns were obtained from pregnant Wistar rats fed ad libitum with a standard diet or 65% food-restricted during the last week of gestation. We found that newborns from undernourished mothers showed markedly high basal insulin levels whereas those of glucagon were decreased. This unbalance led to activation of the mTORC1 pathway and inhibition of hepatic autophagy compromising the adequate handling of glycogen in the very early hours of extrauterine life. Restoration of autophagy with rapamycin but not with glucagon, indicated no defect in autophagy machinery per se, but in signals triggered by glucagon. Taken together, these results support the notion that hyperinsulinemia is an important mechanism by which mobilization of liver glycogen by autophagy is defective in food-restricted animals. This early alteration in the hormonal control of liver glycogen autophagy may influence the risk of developing metabolic diseases later in life., This work was supported by MINECO (BFU2016-77931-R), CIBERdem (ISCIII, Spain) and MOIR-2 S2017-BMD-3684 (CAM)

The following article appeared in Scientific Reports 10 (2020): 16039 and may be found at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-73029-9, In this work we report on the characterization and biological functionalization of 2D MoS2 fakes, epitaxially grown on sapphire, to develop an optical biosensor for the breast cancer biomarker miRNA21. The MoS2 fakes were modifed with a thiolated DNA probe complementary to the target biomarker. Based on the photoluminescence of MoS2, the hybridization events were analyzed for the target (miRNA21c) and the control non-complementary sequence (miRNA21nc). A specifc redshift was observed for the hybridization with miRNA21c, but not for the control, demonstrating the biomarker recognition via PL. The homogeneity of these MoS2 platforms was verifed with microscopic maps. The detailed spectroscopic analysis of the spectra reveals changes in the trion to excitation ratio, being the redshift after the hybridization ascribed to both peaks. The results demonstrate the benefts of optical biosensors based on MoS2 monolayer for future commercial devices, The research is supported by the MINECO (CTQ2017-84309-C2-2-R, CTQ2017-84309-C2-1-R, ELECTROBIONET, RED2018-102412-T) and Comunidad de Madrid (TRANSNANOAVANSENS, P2018/NMT4349) projects. ARC acknowledges Ramón y Cajal program (under contract number RYC-2015-18047)

Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a broadly conserved intracellular second messenger that influences different bacterial processes, including virulence, stress tolerance or social behaviours and biofilm development. Although in most cases the environmental cue that initiates the signal transduction cascade leading to changes in cellular c-di-GMP levels remains unknown, certain l- and d-amino acids have been described to modulate c-di-GMP turnover in some bacteria. In this work, we have analysed the influence of l-amino acids on c-di-GMP levels in the plant-beneficial bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440, identifying l-arginine as the main one causing a significant increase in c-di-GMP. Both exogenous (environmental) and endogenous (biosynthetic) l-arginine influence biofilm formation by P. putida through changes in c-di-GMP content and altered expression of structural elements of the biofilm extracellular matrix. The contribution of periplasmic binding proteins forming part of amino acid transport systems to the response to environmental l-arginine was also studied. Contrary to what has been described in other bacteria, in P. putida these proteins seem not to be directly responsible for signal transduction. Rather, their contribution to global l-arginine pools appears to determine changes in c-di-GMP turnover. We propose that arginine plays a connecting role between cellular metabolism and c-di-GMP signalling in P. putida., This work was funded by grants BFU2016-80122-P from the Plan Estatal de I+D+I and P11-CVI-7391 from Junta de Andalucía, and EFDR funds. L.B.-M. was the recipient of a predoctoral contract from Junta de Andalucía.

Complex systems often exhibit long-range correlations so that typical observables show statistical dependence across long distances. These teleconnections have a tremendous impact on the dynamics as they provide channels for information transport across the system and are particularly relevant in forecasting, control, and data-driven modeling of complex systems. These statistical interrelations among the very many degrees of freedom are usually represented by the so-called correlation network, constructed by establishing links between variables (nodes) with pairwise correlations above a given threshold. Here, with the climate system as an example, we revisit correlation networks from a probabilistic perspective and show that they unavoidably include much redundant information, resulting in overfitted probabilistic (Gaussian) models. As an alternative, we propose here the use of more sophisticated probabilistic Bayesian networks, developed by the machine learning community, as a data-driven modeling and prediction tool. Bayesian networks are built from data including only the (pairwise and conditional) dependencies among the variables needed to explain the data (i.e., maximizing the likelihood of the underlying probabilistic Gaussian model). This results in much simpler, sparser, non-redundant, networks still encoding the complex structure of the dataset as revealed by standard complex measures. Moreover, the networks are capable to generalize to new data and constitute a truly probabilistic backbone of the system. When applied to climate data, it is shown that Bayesian networks faithfully reveal the various long-range teleconnections relevant in the dataset, in particular those emerging in El Niño periods., Financial support from Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spain) and FEDER (EU) is kindly acknowledged; JMG and CEG from Project MULTI-SDM (CGL2015-66583-R); JML, DP, and MAR from Project VACOSCAD (FIS2016-74957-P).

Determining the origin of different glial subtypes is crucial to understand glial heterogeneity, and to enhance our knowledge of glial and progenitor cell behavior in embryos and adults. NG2-glia are homogenously distributed in a grid-like manner in both, gray and white matter of the adult brain. While some NG2-glia in the CNS are responsible for the generation of mature oligodendrocytes (OPCs), most of them do not differentiate and they can proliferate outside of adult neurogenic niches. Thus, NG2-glia constitute a heterogeneous population containing different subpopulations with distinct functions. We hypothesized that their diversity emerges from specific progenitors during development, as occurs with other glial cell subtypes. To specifically target NG2-pallial progenitors and to define the NG2-glia lineage, as well as the NG2-progenitor potential, we designed two new StarTrack strategies using the NG2 promoter. These approaches label NG2 expressing progenitor cells, permitting the cell fates of these NG2 progenitors to be tracked in vivo. StarTrack labelled cells producing different neural phenotypes in different regions depending on the age targeted, and the strategy selected. This specific genetic targeting of neural progenitors in vivo has provided new data on the heterogeneous pool of NG2 progenitors at both embryonic and postnatal ages., This work was supported by research Grants from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO; BFU2016-75207-R) and Fundación Ramón Areces (Ref. CIVP9A5928).

Optimal foraging theory has typically paid little attention to species feeding on mobile prey and has emphasised energy intake rather than the nutritional contribution of food. The difficulty of capturing food has rarely been included in foraging models, even when it is a potentially important modulator of time devoted to foraging. From the central place foraging and provisioning perspectives, it is posited that at high levels of prey selectivity, the time spent to capture prey is longer than at low levels of prey selectivity. Furthermore, in the case of carnivorous predators, it is thought that nutritional composition does not influence foraging strategies. To explore these issues, we investigated the influence of abundance, size, difficulty of capture, gross energy and nutritional composition (fat, protein, protein-fat ratio and amino acid contents) of prey species on the foraging behaviour of a predator species, the common kestrel Falco tinnunculus, in a region of high diversity of prey species. Our results show that capturability index and load-size explain the foraging behaviour of kestrels. Preferred prey take longer to be provisioned, both selectivity and capturability might explain this result. It is also shown that specific nutritional components, such as protein and amino acid contents, are likely to explain food preference in this carnivorous-insectivorous species., was supported by a Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI) grant from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MIMECO). Research was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) through projects CGL2007–61395, CGL2010–15726, CGL2013–42451-P and PGC2018–095070-B-I00. This is a contribution of the El Ventorrillo Biological Station.

© The Author(s) 2020., Determining the effect of wastewater treatment in water resistome is a topic of interest for water quality, mainly under re-use and One-Health perspectives. The resistome, the plasmidome, and the bacterial community composition of samples from influents and treated effluents from a wastewater treatment plant located in Northern Portugal were studied using metagenomic techniques. Wastewater treatment contributed to reduce the abundance of resistance genes and of plasmid replicons, coinciding with a decline in the number of intrinsic resistance genes from Enterobacteriaceae, as well as with a reduction in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria after treatment. These taxons comprise bacterial pathogens, including those belonging to the ESKAPE group, which encompasses bacteria with the highest risk of acquiring antibiotic resistance, being the most relevant hosts of resistance genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Our results support that wastewater treatment efficiently removes the hosts of antibiotic resistance genes and, consequently, the harboured antibiotic resistance genes. Principal component analysis indicates that the resistome and the bacterial composition clustered together in influent samples, while did not cluster in final effluent samples. Our results suggest that wastewater treatment mitigates the environmental dissemination of urban resistome, through the removal of the hosts harbouring mobile resistance genes., This work was financed by the Water JPI through the national funding agencies supporting the consortium WaterJPI/0001/2013 STARE—“Stopping Antibiotic Resistance Evolution” (Spain.MINECO; Portugal. FCT). I.V.M. was supported by the FCT grant SFRH/BPD/87360/2012. C.N.R. by the FCT grant SFRH/BD/97131/2013. J.L.M was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant RD16/0016/0011)—cofinanced by the European Development Regional Fund “A Way to Achieve Europe”. by grant S2017/BMD-3691 InGEMICS-CM. funded by Comunidad de Madrid (Spain) and European Structural and Investment Funds and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (BIO2017-83128-R).

Historical genetic links among similar populations can be difficult to establish. Identity by descent (IBD) analyses find genomic blocks that represent direct genealogical relationships among individuals. However, this method has rarely been applied to ancient genomes because IBD stretches are progressively fragmented by recombination and thus not recognizable after few tens of generations. To explore such genealogical relationships, we estimated long IBD blocks among modern Europeans, generating networks to uncover the genetic structures. We found that Basques, Sardinians, Icelanders and Orcadians form, each of them, highly intraconnected sub-clusters in a European network, indicating dense genealogical links within small, isolated populations. We also exposed individual genealogical links -such as the connection between one Basque and one Icelandic individual- that cannot be uncovered with other, widely used population genetics methods such as PCA or ADMIXTURE. Moreover, using ancient DNA technology we sequenced a Late Medieval individual (Barcelona, Spain) to high genomic coverage and identified IBD blocks shared between her and modern Europeans. The Medieval IBD blocks are statistically overrepresented only in modern Spaniards, which is the geographically closest population. This approach can be used to produce a fine-scale reflection of shared ancestry across different populations of the world, offering a direct genetic link from the past to the present., This research was supported by a PGC2018-0955931-B-100 grant (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) of Spain to C.L.-F., by a grant from MINECO (FIS2016-77447-R) to S.C. and by 2017SGR 00622 grant from Generalitat de Catalunya’s Agency (AGAUR) to S.C. Sequences from the Medieval genome are deposited at the European Nucleotide Archives under accession number PRJEB33120.

10 páginas, 3 figuras. Contiene material suplementario accesible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62050-7, Abnormalities in actin cytoskeleton have been linked to Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), an inherited peripheral neuropathy characterised by an early loss of neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) among other clinical symptoms. Despite all efforts to date, we still do not fully understand the molecular events that contribute to the lack of sensory neurons in FRDA. We studied the adult neuronal growth cone (GC) at the cellular and molecular level to decipher the connection between frataxin and actin cytoskeleton in DRG neurons of the well-characterised YG8R Friedreich's ataxia mouse model. Immunofluorescence studies in primary cultures of DRG from YG8R mice showed neurons with fewer and smaller GCs than controls, associated with an inhibition of neurite growth. In frataxin-deficient neurons, we also observed an increase in the filamentous (F)-actin/monomeric (G)-actin ratio (F/G-actin ratio) in axons and GCs linked to dysregulation of two crucial modulators of filamentous actin turnover, cofilin-1 and the actin-related protein (ARP) 2/3 complex. We show how the activation of cofilin is due to the increase in chronophin (CIN), a cofilin-activating phosphatase. Thus cofilin emerges, for the first time, as a link between frataxin deficiency and actin cytoskeleton alterations., Tis work was supported by grants from the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España [Grant no. PI11/00678; SAF2015-66625-R] within the framework of the National R+ D+ I Plan and co-funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)-Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación and FEDER funds; Fundación Ramón Areces (CIVP18A3899); the Generalitat Valenciana (ACOMP/2014/058; PROMETEO/2018/135). CIBERER is an initiative developed by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III in cooperative and translational research on rare diseases.

Under ever-changing environmental conditions, the General Stress Response (GSR) represents a lifesaver for bacteria in order to withstand hostile situations. In α-proteobacteria, the EcfG-type extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors are the key activators of this response at the transcriptional level. In this work, we address the hierarchical function of the ECF σ factor paralogs EcfG1 and EcfG2 in triggering the GSR in Sphingopyxis granuli TFA and describe the role of EcfG2 as global switch of this response. In addition, we define a GSR regulon for TFA and use in vitro transcription analysis to study the relative contribution of each EcfG paralog to the expression of selected genes. We show that the features of each promoter ultimately dictate this contribution, though EcfG2 always produced more transcripts than EcfG1 regardless of the promoter. These first steps in the characterisation of the GSR in TFA suggest a tight regulation to orchestrate an adequate protective response in order to survive in conditions otherwise lethal., This work was supported by grant BIO2014–57545-R, co-funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia and the European Regional Development Fund, and by fellowships from the FPU program (Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain), awarded to R.D.

Social information use has well-known fitness benefits. However, causes underlying the apparent inter-individual variability in the propensity to use social information are poorly studied. Melanins are pigments responsible for most of intra-specific color variation in vertebrates and their variation is often associated with changes in behaviour. Here, we explored whether melanism is related to individual propensity to use social information in the color polymorphic scops owl Otus scops. We manipulated social information on predation risk at nests by broadcasting calls of the sympatric little owl Athene noctua and found that owlets of brownish females exposed to alarm calls had lower levels of natural antibodies than those of greyish females. In parallel, we found changes in parental behaviour contingent on coloration because when exposed to the risky treatment brownish females returned earlier to nests than greyish females and owlets raised by brownish females were fed with smaller prey than those raised by greyish ones. These results provide support for a previous ignored role of melanins on the propensity to use social information, which may help to explain the maintenance of melaninbased color polymorphisms wherever social environments are variable, The study was funded by the Spanish Ministries of Education and Science/FEDER and of Economy and Competitiveness, respectively, through the projects CGL2011-27561/BOS, CGL2014-56769-P and CGL2017-83503-P and by the Government of Extremadura through the contract TA13002 to D.P.

Up to 40% of newly diagnosed cases of HIV-1 infection are late diagnoses, with a profound decrease in CD4 cell counts in many cases. One-third of these individuals do not achieve optimal CD4 cell recovery (OR) after suppressive antiretroviral treatment (ART). This retrospective/longitudinal study of poor recovery (PR) included 79 HIV-1-infected individuals with CD4 count, This work was supported in part by the Spanish AIDS Network “Red de Investigación en Sida (RIS)” RD16/0025/0001; Ayudas contratación de ayudantes de investigación y técnicos de laboratorio, Consejería de Educación, Juventud y Deporte de la Comunidad de Madrid (PEJ15/bio/tl-0064 to MJRL and PEJ17/AI_BMD-6683 to FHW); Health Institute Carlos III, PI18/01216; Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo, Proyecto de Investigación de Excelencia CTS2593; YMP was supported by the Consejería de Salud y Bienestar Social of Junta de Andalucía through the “Nicolás Monardes” programme (C-0013-2017).

The habenula is a complex neuronal population integrated in a pivotal functional position into the vertebrate limbic system. Its main afference is the stria medullaris and its main efference the fasciculus retroflexus. This neuronal complex is composed by two main components, the medial and lateral habenula. Transcriptomic and single cell RNAseq studies have unveiled the morphological complexity of both components. The aim of our work was to analyze the relation between the origin of the axonal fibers and their final distribution in the habenula. We analyzed 754 tracing experiments from Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas, Allen Brain Map databases, and selected 12 neuronal populations projecting into the habenular territory. Our analysis demonstrated that the projections into the medial habenula discriminate between the different subnuclei and are generally originated in the septal territory. The innervation of the lateral habenula displayed instead a less restricted distribution from preoptic, terminal hypothalamic and peduncular nuclei. Only the lateral oval subnucleus of the lateral habenula presented a specific innervation from the dorsal entopeduncular nucleus. Our results unveiled the necessity of novel sorts of behavioral experiments to dissect the different functions associated with the habenular complex and their correlation with the distinct neuronal populations that generate them., Work supported by MINECO/AEI/FEDER (BFU2013-48230) to E. Puelles and D. Echevarría; MINECO/AEI/FEDER (SAF2017-83702-R; PID2020-118171RB-I00), GVA (PROMETEO/2018/041), ISCIII (“RD16/001/0010”), co-funded by ERDF/ESF, “Investing in your future”, and FTPGB (FTPGB18/SM) to S. Martinez. The Institute of Neurosciences is a “Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa (SEV-2017-0723)”.

We theoretically analyze the rise of photovoltage oscillations in hexagonal boron-nitride (h-BN) encapsulated monolayer graphene (h-BN/graphene/h-BN) when irradiated with terahertz radiation. We use an extension of the radiation-driven electron orbit model, successfully applied to study the oscillations obtained in irradiated magnetotransport of GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. The extension takes mainly into account that now the carriers are massive Dirac fermions. Our simulations reveal that the photovoltage in these graphene systems presents important oscillations similar to the ones of irradiated magnetoresistance in semiconductor platforms but in the terahertz range. We also obtain that these oscillations are clearly affected by the voltages applied to the sandwiched graphene: a vertical gate voltage between the two hBN layers and an external positive voltage applied to one of the sample sides. The former steers the carrier effective mass and the latter the photovoltage intensity and the oscillations amplitude. The frequency dependence of the photo-oscillations is also investigated. This work is supported by the MINECO (Spain) under grant PID2020-117787GB-I00 and by the Madrid Government (Comunidad de Madrid- Spain) under the Multiannual Agreement with UC3M in the line of Excellence of University Professors (EPUC3M14), and in the context of the V PRICIT (Regional Programme of Research and Technological Innovation). We also acknowledge the CSIC Research Platform on Quantum Technologies PTI-001.

Correcciones en la sección de Agradecimientos del artículo original, donde estaba incompleta., Correction to: Scientific Reports https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31803, published online 18 August 2016., This work was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO AGL2011-29821-C02 and AGL2014-56369-C2) and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). A. Puig-Oliveras was funded by a “Personal Investigador en Formació” (PIF) grant from Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (458-01-1/2011). M. Revilla was funded by a Formació i Contractació de Personal Investigador Novell (FI-DGR) Ph.D Grant from the Generalitat de Catalunya (ECO/1639/2013). M. Ballester is financially supported by a Ramon y Cajal contract (RYC-2013-12573) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.

Previous studies suggest a stronger influence of visual signals on body image in individuals with eating disorders (EDs) than healthy controls; however, the influence of other exteroceptive sensory signals remains unclear. Here we used an illusion relying on auditory (exteroceptive) signals to manipulate body size/weight perceptions and investigated whether the mechanisms integrating sensory signals into body image are altered in subclinical and clinical EDs. Participants; footstep sounds were altered to seem produced by lighter or heavier bodies. Across two experiments, we tested healthy women assigned to three groups based on self-reported Symptomatology of EDs (SED), and women with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), and used self-report, body-visualization, and behavioural (gait) measures. As with visual bodily illusions, we predicted stronger influence of auditory signals, leading to an enhanced body-weight illusion, in people with High-SED and AN. Unexpectedly, High-SED and AN participants displayed a gait typical of heavier bodies and a widest/heaviest visualized body in the light's; footsteps condition. In contrast, Low-SED participants showed these patterns in the 'heavy'; footsteps condition. Self-reports did not show group differences. The results of this pilot study suggest disturbances in the sensory integration mechanisms, rather than purely visually-driven body distortions, in subclinical/clinical EDs, opening opportunities for the development of novel diagnostic/therapeutic tools. This project has also received funding from the ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 101002711), as well as from the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad of Spain RYC-2014-15421 and PSI2016-79004-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) and by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2019-105579RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) grants awarded to A.T. L.C. was partially supported by an Erasmus+ training programme and J.L. by the doctoral training grant BES-2017-080471.

Although mitochondrial DNA has been widely used in phylogeography, evidence has emerged that factors such as climate, food availability, and environmental pressures that produce high levels of stress can exert a strong influence on mitochondrial genomes, to the point of promoting the persistence of certain genotypes in order to compensate for the metabolic requirements of the local environment. As recently discovered, the gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) comprise four highly divergent lineages across their distribution spanning the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions. Gentoo penguins therefore represent a suitable animal model to study adaptive processes across divergent environments. Based on 62 mitogenomes that we obtained from nine locations spanning all four gentoo penguin lineages, we demonstrated lineage-specific nucleotide substitutions for various genes, but only lineage-specific amino acid replacements for the ND1 and ND5 protein-coding genes. Purifying selection (dN/dS 1) was mostly present in codons of the Complex I (NADH genes), supported by two different codon-based methods at the ND1 and ND4 in the most divergent lineages, the eastern gentoo penguin from Crozet and Marion Islands and the southern gentoo penguin from Antarctica respectively. Additionally, ND5 and ATP6 were under selection in the branches of the phylogeny involving all gentoo penguins except the eastern lineage. Our study suggests that local adaptation of gentoo penguins has emerged as a response to environmental variability promoting the fixation of mitochondrial haplotypes in a non-random manner. Mitogenome adaptation is thus likely to have been associated with gentoo penguin diversification across the Southern Ocean and to have promoted their survival in extreme environments such as Antarctica. Such selective processes on the mitochondrial genome may also be responsible for the discordance detected between nuclear- and mitochondrial-based phylogenies of gentoo penguin lineages., Financial support for this study was provided by Beca ANID Doctorado Nacional (Folio: 21171214), Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE) ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program—ICN2021_002, Inach RT_12-14, Fondecyt 1150517, PIA ACT172065 GAB, Center of genome regulation (CRG) ANID/FONDAP/15200002, the CNPq (431463/2016-6) and the PROANTAR, IPEV programs 137 ANTAVIA-ECOPHY and 354 ETHOTAAF and by the Spanish Research Agency (CGL2004-01348, CGL2007-60369, POL2006-06635 and CTM2015-64720-R).

The effects of music on bodily movement and feelings, such as when people are dancing or engaged in physical activity, are well-documented¿people may move in response to the sound cues, feel powerful, less tired. How sounds and bodily movements relate to create such effects? Here we deconstruct the problem and investigate how different auditory features affect people's body-representation and feelings even when paired with the same movement. In three experiments, participants executed a simple arm raise synchronised with changing pitch in simple tones (Experiment 1), rich musical sounds (Experiment 2) and within different frequency ranges (Experiment 3), while we recorded indirect and direct measures on their movement, body-representations and feelings. Changes in pitch influenced people's general emotional state as well as the various bodily dimensions investigated¿movement, proprioceptive awareness and feelings about one's body and movement. Adding harmonic content amplified the differences between ascending and descending sounds, while shifting the absolute frequency range had a general effect on movement amplitude, bodily feelings and emotional state. These results provide new insights in the role of auditory and musical features in dance and exercise, and have implications for the design of sound-based applications supporting movement expression, physical activity, or rehabilitation. We acknowledge funding by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PID2019-105579RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the European Research Council Grant (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 101002711). JL is funded by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitivity of Spain (doctoral training Grant BES-2017-080471). OD is funded by the Volkswagen Foundation (Co-Sense grant). FB is partially funded by the ELEMENT project (ANR-18-CE33-0002).

Networks in biology have provided a powerful tool to describe and study very complex biological processes and systems such as animal societies. Social network analysis allows us to assess different processes occurring in animal groups. In the current study, we use this approach to investigate how conflict dynamics and post-conflict interactions shape the social networks of groups of captive bottlenose dolphins. We first examined temporal changes and aggression-affiliation motifs in the observed dolphins' network structure. Using the results of the previous analysis, we built two models that simulate the dynamics of aggression and affiliation in a small dolphin group. The first model is based only on the observed statistics of interactions, whereas the second includes post conflict memory effects as well. We found that the resulting social networks and their most common motifs matched the association patterns observed in wild and captive dolphins. Furthermore, the model with memory was able to capture the observed dynamics of this group of dolphins. Thus, our models suggest the presence and influence of post-conflict behaviors on the structure of captive dolphins' social networks. Therefore, the network approach reveals as an effective method to define animal social networks and study animal sociality. Finally, this approach can have important applications in the management of animal populations in captive settings., This research has received the support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through project PID2021-127214OB-100. APM was supported by an FPU PhD scholarship from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (AP2012-3501). JFG was supported by Direcció General de Política Universitària i Recerca from the government of the Balearic Islands through the postdoctoral program Vicenç Mut.

Amores, Angel; Marcos, Marta; Le Cozannet, Gonéri; Hinkel, Jochen. Coastal flooding and mean sea-level rise allowances in atoll island. Scientific Reports 12: 1281 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05329-1 . http://hdl.handle.net/10261/272771, Atoll islands are among the places most vulnerable to climate change due to their low elevation above mean sea level. Even today, some of these islands suffer from severe flooding generated by wind-waves, that will be exacerbated with mean sea-level rise. Wave-induced flooding is a complex physical process that requires computationally-expensive numerical models to be reliably estimated, thus limiting its application to single island case studies. Here we present a new model-based parameterisation for wave setup and a set of numerical simulations for the wave-induced flooding in coral reef islands as a function of their morphology, the Manning friction coefficient, wave characteristics and projected mean sea level that can be used for rapid, broad scale (e.g. entire atoll island nations) flood risk assessments. We apply this new approach to the Maldives to compute the increase in wave hazard due to mean sea-level rise, as well as the change in island elevation or coastal protection required to keep wave-induced flooding constant. While future flooding in the Maldives is projected to increase drastically due to sea-level rise, we show that similar impacts in nearby islands can occur decades apart depending on the exposure to waves and the topobathymetry of each island. Such assessment can be useful to determine on which islands adaptation is most urgently needed., This study was supported by the project RTI2018-093941-B-C31 supported by MCIN/ AEI 10.13039/501100011033 and by FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa and by the INSeaPTION Project that is part of ERA4CS, an ERANET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad-Agencia Estatal de Investigación (ES) (Grant number PCIN-2017-038), BMBF (DE), NOW (NL) and ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462). Angel Amores was funded by the Conselleria d’Educació, Universitat i Recerca del Govern Balear through the Direcció General de Política Universitària i Recerca and by the Fondo Social Europeo for the period 2014–2020 (Grant no. PD/011/2019). The authors are grateful to Dr. Rodrigo Pedreros for his help in the interpretation of the results, to Benoit Meyssignac for sharing SLR reconstruction data, Aurélie Maspataud for the bathymetry and Rémi Thiéblemont for contributions in the development of the SLR projection codes. The wave setup and wave-induced flooding simulations can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5521394.

Amores, Angel; Marcos, Marta; Le Cozannet, Gonéri; Hinkel, Jochen. Author Correction: Coastal flooding and mean sea-level rise allowances in atoll island. Scientific Reports 12: 2523 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06548-2 . http://hdl.handle.net/10261/272773, Atoll islands are among the places most vulnerable to climate change due to their low elevation above mean sea level. Even today, some of these islands suffer from severe flooding generated by wind-waves, that will be exacerbated with mean sea-level rise. Wave-induced flooding is a complex physical process that requires computationally-expensive numerical models to be reliably estimated, thus limiting its application to single island case studies. Here we present a new model-based parameterisation for wave setup and a set of numerical simulations for the wave-induced flooding in coral reef islands as a function of their morphology, the Manning friction coefficient, wave characteristics and projected mean sea level that can be used for rapid, broad scale (e.g. entire atoll island nations) flood risk assessments. We apply this new approach to the Maldives to compute the increase in wave hazard due to mean sea-level rise, as well as the change in island elevation or coastal protection required to keep wave-induced flooding constant. While future flooding in the Maldives is projected to increase drastically due to sea-level rise, we show that similar impacts in nearby islands can occur decades apart depending on the exposure to waves and the topobathymetry of each island. Such assessment can be useful to determine on which islands adaptation is most urgently needed., This study was supported by the project RTI2018-093941-B-C31 supported by MCIN/ AEI 10.13039/501100011033 and by FEDER Una manera de hacer Europa and by the INSeaPTION Project that is part of ERA4CS, an ERANET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad-Agencia Estatal de Investigación (ES) (Grant number PCIN-2017-038), BMBF (DE), NOW (NL) and ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462). Angel Amores was funded by the Conselleria d’Educació, Universitat i Recerca del Govern Balear through the Direcció General de Política Universitària i Recerca and by the Fondo Social Europeo for the period 2014–2020 (Grant no. PD/011/2019). The authors are grateful to Dr. Rodrigo Pedreros for his help in the interpretation of the results, to Benoit Meyssignac for sharing SLR reconstruction data, Aurélie Maspataud for the bathymetry and Rémi Thiéblemont for contributions in the development of the SLR projection codes. The wave setup and wave-induced flooding simulations can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5521394.

The Y chromosome can yield a unique perspective into the study of human demographic history. However, due to the repetitive nature of part of its sequence, only a small set of regions are suitable for variant calling and discovery from short-read sequencing data. These regions combined represent 8.9 Mbp or 0.14% of a diploid human genome. Consequently, investing in whole-genome sequencing to resolve Y-chromosome questions is poorly efficient. Here we use, as an alternative, target enrichment technology to greatly increase sequencing effectiveness, validating and applying the technique to 181 males, for 162 of whom we obtained a positive result. Additionally, 75 samples sequenced for the whole genome were also included, for a total sample size of 237. These samples were chosen for their Y chromosome haplogroup: R1b-DF27. In the context of European populations, and particularly in Iberia, this haplogroup stands out for its high frequency and its demographic history. Current evidence indicates that the diffusion of this haplogroup is related to the population movements that mark the cultural Bronze Age transition, making it remarkably interesting for population geneticists. The results of this study show the effects of the rapid radiation of the haplogroup in Spain, as even with the higher discriminating power of whole sequences, most haplotypes still fall within the R1b-DF27* paragroup rather than in the main derived branches. However, we were able to refine the ISOGG 2019–2020 phylogeny, and its two main subbranches, namely L176.2 and Z272, which present geographical differentiation between the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Iberia., This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant number PID2019-106485GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), and “Unidad María de Maeztu” (CEX2018-000792-M); and Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de la Recerca (Generalitat de Catalonia, grant 2017SGR00702). E.L. is supported by funding from the CERCA Programme (Generalitat de Catalonia) and from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spanish Government (PID2020-116908GB-100). I.O. is supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spanish Government (RYC2019-027909-I/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). This study makes use of data generated by the GCAT-Genomes for Life Cohort study of the Genomes of Catalonia, IGTP, with GCAT Cession reference number PI-2018-03. IGTP is part of the CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalonia. GCAT is supported by Acción de Dinamización del ISCIII-MINECO and the Ministry of Health of the Generalitat of Catalonia (ADE 10/00026); the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR) (2017-SGR 529).

The Chilean Patagonia is a complex puzzle of numerous fords, channels, bays, estuaries, and islands. The largest part of it is very remote, hampering the generation of scientifc knowledge and efective management planning that could balance conservation of the marine resources with the increasing development of aquaculture activities. The present study focuses on the deep-water emergent cold-water coral Desmophyllum dianthus, dwelling in Chilean Patagonia, with the aim to illustrate its population genetic structure, demography and adaptation of the species along this coast. Microsatellite loci analysis included D. dianthus individuals from twelve sampling localities along bathymetric and oceanographic gradients from the latitude 40°S to 48°S. The results showed a lack of genetic structure with an asymmetric dispersion of individuals, and relevant heterozygosity defciency in some populations. This study also analyses the natural and human impacts afecting the region (e.g., climate change, increasing salmon farming activities), and stresses the importance of including genetic information in the process of management and conservation of marine resources. In particular, the relevance of using interdisciplinary approaches to fll the gaps in scientifc knowledge especially in remote and pristine areas of western Patagonia. Therefore, information on genetic spatial distribution of marine fauna could become pivotal to develop a holistic ecosystem-based approach for marine spatial planning., Tis work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CGL2011-23306), Fondecyt (Projects 1150843 and 1201717), and the Fundación San Ignacio del Huinay and CSIC Projects 2011 and 2013.