631 results
Search Results
2. Paper-Based Supercapacitive Mechanical Sensors
- Author
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Mahdi Ahmadi, Serdar Sezen, Ye Zhang, Rajesh Rajamani, and Xiang Cheng
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Fabrication ,Materials science ,Capacitive sensing ,Microfluidics ,lcsh:Medicine ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,engineering.material ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Coating ,Cleanroom ,Microelectronics ,lcsh:Science ,Microelectromechanical systems ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,engineering ,lcsh:Q ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Contact area - Abstract
Paper has been pursued as an interesting substrate material for sensors in applications such as microfluidics, bio-sensing of analytes and printed microelectronics. It offers advantages of being inexpensive, lightweight, environmentally friendly and easy to use. However, currently available paper-based mechanical sensors suffer from inadequate range and accuracy. Here, using the principle of supercapacitive sensing, we fabricate force sensors from paper with ultra-high sensitivity and unprecedented configurability. The high sensitivity comes from the sensitive dependence of a supercapacitor’s response on the contact area between a deformable electrolyte and a pair of electrodes. As a key component, we develop highly deformable electrolytes by coating ionic gel on paper substrates which can be cut and shaped into complex three-dimensional geometries. Paper dissolves in the ionic gel after determining the shape of the electrolytes, leaving behind transparent electrolytes with micro-structured fissures responsible for their high deformability. Exploiting this simple paper-based fabrication process, we construct diverse sensors of different configurations that can measure not just force but also its normal and shear components. The new sensors have range and sensitivity several orders of magnitude higher than traditional MEMS capacitive sensors, in spite of their being easily fabricated from paper with no cleanroom facilities.
- Published
- 2018
3. Three-dimensional paper-based slip device for one-step point-of-care testing
- Author
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Kwi Nam Han, Joseph Kwon, and Jong-Soon Choi
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Paper ,Time Factors ,Computer science ,Point-of-care testing ,One-Step ,02 engineering and technology ,Slip (materials science) ,medicine.disease_cause ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,medicine ,Humans ,Fluidics ,Simulation ,Caliciviridae Infections ,Detection limit ,Multidisciplinary ,Diagnostic Tests, Routine ,business.industry ,Norovirus ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Reproducibility of Results ,Equipment Design ,Paper based ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Point-of-Care Testing ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Computer hardware - Abstract
In this study, we developed a new type of paper-based analytical device (PAD), the three-dimensional (3D) slip-PAD, to detect infectious human norovirus for global healthcare. The 3D configuration of the papers combined with a slip design provides unique features and versatility that overcome the limitations of fluidic manipulation and sensitivity in point-of-care (POC) tests. The assay can be carried out in a single step based on a moveable slip design, making it suitable for unskilled users. The 3D fluidic network developed by layered construction of wax-patterned papers provides different fluidic paths for the sequential delivery of multiple fluids without the need for peripheral equipment. The release and mixing of enhancement reagents on the device improved the sensitivity and detection limit. The assay results could be visualized by naked eye within 10 min, with subsequent amplification of the signal over time (4 copies ml−1 for human norovirus. These results demonstrate that the 3D slip-PAD is a sensitive diagnostic assay for detecting human norovirus infection that is particularly suitable for POC testing in regions where resources are scarce.
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- 2016
- Full Text
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4. Paper-based upconversion fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensor for sensitive detection of multiple cancer biomarkers
- Author
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Donglei Zhou, Baojiu Chen, Ze Yin, Biao Dong, Wen Xu, Shaobo Cui, Hongwei Song, and Sai Xu
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Paper ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Materials science ,02 engineering and technology ,Biosensing Techniques ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ,Limit of Detection ,medicine ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ,Detection limit ,Multidisciplinary ,Multiple cancer ,business.industry ,Reproducibility of Results ,Paper based ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Fluorescence ,Photon upconversion ,0104 chemical sciences ,Specific antibody ,Förster resonance energy transfer ,Optoelectronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Biosensor - Abstract
A paper-based upconversion fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay device is proposed for sensitive detection of CEA. The device is fabricated on a normal filter paper with simple nano-printing method. Upconversion nanoparticles tagged with specific antibodies are printed to the test zones on the test paper, followed by the introduction of assay antigen. Upconversion fluorescence measurements are directly conducted on the test zones after the antigen-to-antibody reactions. Furthermore, a multi-channel test paper for simultaneous detection of multiple cancer biomarkers was established by the same method and obtained positive results. The device showed high anti-interfere, stability, reproducible and low detection limit (0.89 ng/mL), moreover it is very easy to fabricate and operate, which is a promising prospect for a clinical point-of-care test.
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- 2016
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- View/download PDF
5. Rapid Dissolving-Debonding Strategy for Optically Transparent Paper Production
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Liangbing Hu, Xiaogang Han, Raphael Elspas, Fan Cheng, Jiang Yuhao, Pengbo Lu, Zhiqiang Fang, Jun Li, Steven D. Lacey, Bin Zhao, Jiaqi Dai, Jinbo Chen, and Detao Liu
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Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Paper production ,02 engineering and technology ,Substrate (printing) ,Production efficiency ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,0104 chemical sciences ,Cellulose fiber ,Optoelectronics ,Electronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Dissolution - Abstract
Transparent paper is an alternative substrate for electronic devices due to its unique properties. However, energy-intensive and/or time-consuming procedures currently limit the scalable production of transparent paper. In this report, we demonstrate a rapid process to fabricate optically transparent paper with regenerative cellulose fibers (RCFs) by employing a dissolving-debonding strategy. The RCFs have an average width of 19.3 μm and length of several hundred microns and are prepared into transparent paper by vacuum filtration. This new dissolving-debonding approach enables high production efficiency while creating transparent paper with excellent optical and mechanical properties.
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- 2015
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6. Direct Desktop Printed-Circuits-on-Paper Flexible Electronics
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Yunxia Gao, Jing Liu, Yi Zheng, and Zhi-Zhu He
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Coated paper ,Multidisciplinary ,Inkwell ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Electrical engineering ,Substrate (printing) ,Article ,Flexible electronics ,Printed circuit board ,ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING ,Electronics ,business ,RTV silicone - Abstract
There currently lacks of a way to directly write out electronics, just like printing pictures on paper by an office printer. Here we show a desktop printing of flexible circuits on paper via developing liquid metal ink and related working mechanisms. Through modifying adhesion of the ink, overcoming its high surface tension by dispensing machine and designing a brush like porous pinhead for printing alloy and identifying matched substrate materials among different papers, the slightly oxidized alloy ink was demonstrated to be flexibly printed on coated paper, which could compose various functional electronics and the concept of Printed-Circuits-on-Paper was thus presented. Further, RTV silicone rubber was adopted as isolating inks and packaging material to guarantee the functional stability of the circuit, which suggests an approach for printing 3D hybrid electro-mechanical device. The present work paved the way for a low cost and easygoing method in directly printing paper electronics.
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- 2013
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7. Foldable and Disposable Memory on Paper
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Sung Gap Im, Jin-Woo Han, Yang-Kyu Choi, Hyejeong Seong, Myung-Lok Seol, Byung-Hyun Lee, Seung-Bae Jeon, M. Meyyappan, Dongil Lee, and Hagyoul Bae
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Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Process (computing) ,Battery (vacuum tube) ,02 engineering and technology ,Chemical vapor deposition ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Organic memory ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electrode ,Optoelectronics ,Electronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Layer (electronics) ,Voltage - Abstract
Foldable organic memory on cellulose nanofibril paper with bendable and rollable characteristics is demonstrated by employing initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) for polymerization of the resistive switching layer and inkjet printing of the electrode, where iCVD based on all-dry and room temperature process is very suitable for paper electronics. This memory exhibits a low operation voltage of 1.5 V enabling battery operation compared to previous reports and wide memory window. The memory performance is maintained after folding tests, showing high endurance. Furthermore, the quick and complete disposable nature demonstrated here is attractive for security applications. This work provides an effective platform for green, foldable and disposable electronics based on low cost and versatile materials.
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- 2016
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8. Dispensing of high concentration Ag nano-particles ink for ultra-low resistivity paper-based writing electronics
- Author
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Mao Peng, Fuliang Wang, and Hu He
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010302 applied physics ,Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Inkwell ,business.industry ,Sintering ,Nanoparticle ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Flexible electronics ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,0103 physical sciences ,Air compressor ,Optoelectronics ,Electronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Electrical conductor - Abstract
Paper-based writing electronics has received a lot of interest recently due to its potential applications in flexible electronics. To obtain ultra-low resistivity paper-based writing electronics, we developed a kind of ink with high concentration of Ag Nano-particles (up to 80 wt%), as well as a related dispensing writing system consisting an air compressor machine and a dispenser. Additionally, we also demonstrated the writability and practical application of our proposed ink and writing system. Based on the study on the effect of sintering time and pressure, we found the optimal sintering time and pressure to obtain high quality Ag NPs wires. The electrical conductivity of nano-silver paper-based electronics has been tested using the calculated resistivity. After hot-pressure sintering at 120 °C, 25 MPa pressure for 20 minutes, the resistivity of silver NPs conductive tracks was 3.92 × 10−8 (Ωm), only 2.45 times of bulk silver. The mechanical flexibility of nano-silver paper-based electronics also has been tested. After 1000 bending cycles, the resistivity slightly increased from the initial 4.01 × 10−8 to 5.08 × 10−8 (Ωm). With this proposed ink preparation and writing system, a kind of paper-based writing electronics with ultra-low resistivity and good mechanical flexibility was achieved.
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- 2016
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9. Transparent Conductive Nanofiber Paper for Foldable Solar Cells
- Author
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Natsuki Komoda, Thi Thi Nge, Hitomi Yagyu, Makoto Karakawa, and Masaya Nogi
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Pressing ,Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Organic solar cell ,business.industry ,Article ,Transparency (projection) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,Nanofiber ,Optoelectronics ,Cellulose ,business ,Electrical conductor ,Transparent conducting film - Abstract
Optically transparent nanofiber paper containing silver nanowires showed high electrical conductivity and maintained the high transparency and low weight of the original transparent nanofiber paper. We demonstrated some procedures of optically transparent and electrically conductive cellulose nanofiber paper for lightweight and portable electronic devices. The nanofiber paper enhanced high conductivity without any post treatments such as heating or mechanical pressing, when cellulose nanofiber dispersions were dropped on a silver nanowire thin layer. The transparent conductive nanofiber paper showed high electrical durability in repeated folding tests, due to dual advantages of the hydrophilic affinity between cellulose and silver nanowires and the entanglement between cellulose nanofibers and silver nanowires. Their optical transparency and electrical conductivity were as high as those of ITO glass. Therefore, using this conductive transparent paper, organic solar cells were produced that achieved a power conversion of 3.2%, which was as high as that of ITO-based solar cells.
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- 2015
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10. From synchrotron radiation to lab source: advanced speckle-based X-ray imaging using abrasive paper
- Author
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Yogesh Kashyap, Kawal Sawhney, and Hongchang Wang
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Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Phase (waves) ,Synchrotron radiation ,02 engineering and technology ,Synchrotron light source ,computer.file_format ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Flat panel detector ,Article ,Speckle pattern ,Optics ,Absorbed dose ,0103 physical sciences ,Raster graphics ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,computer - Abstract
X-ray phase and dark-field imaging techniques provide complementary and inaccessible information compared to conventional X-ray absorption or visible light imaging. However, such methods typically require sophisticated experimental apparatus or X-ray beams with specific properties. Recently, an X-ray speckle-based technique has shown great potential for X-ray phase and dark-field imaging using a simple experimental arrangement. However, it still suffers from either poor resolution or the time consuming process of collecting a large number of images. To overcome these limitations, in this report we demonstrate that absorption, dark-field, phase contrast and two orthogonal differential phase contrast images can simultaneously be generated by scanning a piece of abrasive paper in only one direction. We propose a novel theoretical approach to quantitatively extract the above five images by utilising the remarkable properties of speckles. Importantly, the technique has been extended from a synchrotron light source to utilise a lab-based microfocus X-ray source and flat panel detector. Removing the need to raster the optics in two directions significantly reduces the acquisition time and absorbed dose, which can be of vital importance for many biological samples. This new imaging method could potentially provide a breakthrough for numerous practical imaging applications in biomedical research and materials science.
- Published
- 2016
11. An experimental investigation of evolutionary dynamics in the Rock-Paper-Scissors game
- Author
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Moshe Hoffman, Uri Gneezy, Sigrid Suetens, Martin A. Nowak, Experimental and Political Economics / CREED (ASE, FEB), Department of Economics, and Research Group: Economics
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Sequential game ,Computer science ,Evolutionary stability ,Combinatorial game theory ,Strong reciprocity ,Article ,Extensive-form game ,Evolutionarily stable strategy ,03 medical and health sciences ,symbols.namesake ,Strategy ,Game Theory ,0502 economics and business ,Simulations and games in economics education ,Animals ,Humans ,050207 economics ,030304 developmental biology ,Implementation theory ,0303 health sciences ,Non-cooperative game ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Symmetric game ,Normal-form game ,Screening game ,Biological Evolution ,Games, Experimental ,Nash equilibrium ,Equilibrium selection ,Best response ,symbols ,Repeated game ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Perfect rationality ,Mathematical economics ,Game theory ,Social behavior - Abstract
Game theory describes social behaviors in humans and other biological organisms. By far, the most powerful tool available to game theorists is the concept of a Nash Equilibrium (NE), which is motivated by perfect rationality. NE specifies a strategy for everyone, such that no one would benefit by deviating unilaterally from his/her strategy. Another powerful tool available to game theorists are evolutionary dynamics (ED). Motivated by evolutionary and learning processes, ED specify changes in strategies over time in a population, such that more successful strategies typically become more frequent. A simple game that illustrates interesting ED is the generalized Rock-Paper-Scissors (RPS) game. The RPS game extends the children's game to situations where winning or losing can matter more or less relative to tying. Here we investigate experimentally three RPS games, where the NE is always to randomize with equal probability, but the evolutionary stability of this strategy changes. Consistent with the prediction of ED we find that aggregate behavior is far away from NE when it is evolutionarily unstable. Our findings add to the growing literature that demonstrates the predictive validity of ED in large-scale incentivized laboratory experiments with human subjects.
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- 2015
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12. High performance organic transistor active-matrix driver developed on paper substrate
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Xiaochen Ren, Xinyu Wang, Paddy K. L. Chan, Boyu Peng, Zongrong Wang, and Robert C. Roberts
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Multidisciplinary ,Fabrication ,Organic field-effect transistor ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Transistor ,Article ,law.invention ,Active matrix ,law ,Array data structure ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Laser drilling ,Light-emitting diode ,Electronic circuit - Abstract
The fabrication of electronic circuits on unconventional substrates largely broadens their application areas. For example, green electronics achieved through utilization of biodegradable or recyclable substrates, can mitigate the solid waste problems that arise at the end of their lifespan. Here, we combine screen-printing, high precision laser drilling and thermal evaporation, to fabricate organic field effect transistor (OFET) active-matrix (AM) arrays onto standard printer paper. The devices show a mobility and on/off ratio as high as 0.56 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) and 10(9) respectively. Small electrode overlap gives rise to a cut-off frequency of 39 kHz, which supports that our AM array is suitable for novel practical applications. We demonstrate an 8 × 8 AM light emitting diode (LED) driver with programmable scanning and information display functions. The AM array structure has excellent potential for scaling up.
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- 2014
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13. Use of IP-10 detection in dried plasma spots for latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis in contacts via mail
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Josep Domínguez, Adela Cantos, Esther García-García, J. Ruiz-Manzano, Maria Angeles Jimenez, M. L. De Souza-Galvão, Raquel Villar-Hernández, Morten Ruhwald, Israel Molina-Pinargote, Irene Latorre, Beatriz Muriel-Moreno, J. Pilarte, Cristina Prat, Yoel Gonzalez-Diaz, N. Altet, Joan Pau Millet, Institut Català de la Salut, [Villar-Hernández R, Latorre I] Servei de Microbiología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain. Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain. CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Badalona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain. [De Souza-Galvão ML, Jiménez MA] Unitat de Tuberculosi Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. [Ruiz-Manzano J] CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Badalona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain. Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain. [Pilarte J, Cantos A] Unitat de Tuberculosi Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. [Altet N] Unitat de Tuberculosi Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. Unidad Clínica de Tratamiento Directamente Observado 'Serveis Clinics', Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Badalona, Spain., and Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus
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0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,Male ,Tuberculosis ,aminoácidos, péptidos y proteínas::péptidos::péptidos y proteínas de señalización intercelular::citocinas::quimiocinas::quimiocinas CXC::quimiocina CXCL10 [COMPUESTOS QUÍMICOS Y DROGAS] ,Otros calificadores::/diagnóstico [Otros calificadores] ,Tuberculosi - Diagnòstic ,lcsh:Medicine ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Article ,QuantiFERON ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Latent Tuberculosis ,Other subheadings::/diagnosis [Other subheadings] ,medicine ,Humans ,Postal Service ,Bacterial Infections and Mycoses::Bacterial Infections::Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections::Actinomycetales Infections::Mycobacterium Infections::Tuberculosis::Latent Tuberculosis [DISEASES] ,lcsh:Science ,Whole blood ,Multidisciplinary ,Chromatography ,Latent tuberculosis ,Filter paper ,Spots ,business.industry ,infecciones bacterianas y micosis::infecciones bacterianas::infecciones por bacterias grampositivas::infecciones por Actinomycetales::micobacteriosis::tuberculosis::tuberculosis latente [ENFERMEDADES] ,técnicas de investigación::métodos epidemiológicos::rastreo de contactos [TÉCNICAS Y EQUIPOS ANALÍTICOS, DIAGNÓSTICOS Y TERAPÉUTICOS] ,lcsh:R ,Infection diagnosis ,Plasma ,medicine.disease ,Quimiocines ,Chemokine CXCL10 ,030104 developmental biology ,Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Peptides::Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins::Cytokines::Chemokines::Chemokines, CXC::Chemokine CXCL10 [CHEMICALS AND DRUGS] ,ROC Curve ,Cytokines ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,Dried Blood Spot Testing ,Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Contact Tracing [ANALYTICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT] ,Contact Tracing ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Interferon-gamma Release Tests - Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the use of IP-10 detection in dried plasma from contact studies individuals (contacts of smear positive patients), by comparing it with IP-10 and IFN-γ detection in direct plasma, to establish IP-10 detection in DPS as a useful assay for LTBI diagnosis. Whole blood samples were collected from 80 subjects: 12 with active tuberculosis (TB), and 68 from contact studies. The amount of IFN-γ produced by sensitized T cells was determined in direct plasma by QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube test. IP-10 levels were determined in direct and dried plasma by an in-house ELISA. For dried plasma IP-10 determination, two 25 µl plasma drops were dried in Whatman903 filter paper and sent by mail to the laboratory. Regarding TB patients, 100.0%, 91.7% and 75.0% were positive for IFN-γ detection and IP-10 detection in direct and dried plasma, respectively. In contacts, 69.1%, 60.3% and 48.5% had positive results after IFN-γ and IP-10 in direct and dried plasma, respectively. The agreement among in vitro tests was substantial and IP-10 levels in direct and dried plasma were strongly correlated (r = 0.897). In conclusion, IP-10 detection in dried plasma is a simple and safe method that would help improve LTBI management.
- Published
- 2019
14. Synergy of combined free nitrous acid and Fenton technology in enhancing anaerobic digestion of actual sewage waste activated sludge
- Author
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Salar Siami, Razieh Karimi, S. Zahedi, Behnoush Aminzadeh, Nicky Eshtiaghi, Ali Torabian, and Seyed Mostafa Hallaji
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0208 environmental biotechnology ,Sewage ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,Cellulase ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Methane ,Article ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemical engineering ,Bioreactor ,Organic matter ,Bioenergy ,Civil engineering ,lcsh:Science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,business.industry ,Chemical oxygen demand ,lcsh:R ,Pulp and paper industry ,020801 environmental engineering ,Anaerobic digestion ,Activated sludge ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,lcsh:Q ,business - Abstract
In this study, actual swage waste activated sludge in batch reactors was employed to assess the synergistic effect of free nitrous acid and Fenton pre-treatments on enhancing methane production in the anaerobic digestion process. In addition to methane enhancement, the mechanisms driving the enhancement were also investigated via measuring enzymes activity and solubilisation of organic matter. This study revealed that the combined pre-treatments solubilised organic matter significantly more than the bioreactors pre-treated with individual FNA and Fenton. For understanding the influence of pre-treatments on solubilisation of organic matter, soluble protein, soluble polysaccharide and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were measured before and after the treatments and it was shown that they respectively increased by 973%, 33% and 353% after the treatments. Protease and cellulase activity, as the key constituents of the microbial community in activated sludge, decreased considerably after the combined pre-treatments 42% and 32% respectively, which resulted in considerable methane enhancement. The results corroborate the synergy of the combined FNA and Fenton pre-treatment in degrading the organic and microbial constituents in waste activated sludge, paving the way for the big-scale implementation of these technologies.
- Published
- 2020
15. Performance of wild-Serbian Ganoderma lucidum mycelium in treating synthetic sewage loading using batch bioreactor
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Hassimi Abu Hasan, Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar, Wan Abd Al Qadr Imad Wan-Mohtar, Zarimah Mohd Hanafiah, Anita Klaus, and Henriette Stokbro Jensen
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0301 basic medicine ,Reishi ,Nitrogen ,Sewage ,lcsh:Medicine ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Water Purification ,Industrial wastewater treatment ,03 medical and health sciences ,Bioreactors ,Bioremediation ,Ammonia ,Bioreactor ,lcsh:Science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Mycelium ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Chemical oxygen demand ,lcsh:R ,Fungi ,Biodegradation ,Pulp and paper industry ,6. Clean water ,Environmental sciences ,Oxygen ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,030104 developmental biology ,Wastewater ,13. Climate action ,Sewage treatment ,lcsh:Q ,business - Abstract
The fluctuation of domestic wastewater characteristic inhibits the current conventional microbial-based treatment. The bioremediation fungi has received attention and reported to be an effective alternative to treat industrial wastewater. Similar efficient performance is envisaged for domestic wastewater whereby assessed performance of fungi for varying carbon-to-nitrogen ratios in domestic wastewater is crucial. Thus, the performance of pre-grown wild-Serbian Ganoderma lucidum mycelial pellets (GLMPs) was evaluated on four different synthetic domestic wastewaters under different conditions of initial pH (pH 4, 5, and 7) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrogen (COD/N) ratio of 3.6:1, 7.1:1, 14.2:1, and 17.8:1 (C3.6N1, C7.1N1, C14.2N1, and C17.8N1). The COD/N ratios with a constant concentration of ammonia–nitrogen (NH3–N) were chosen on the basis of the urban domestic wastewater characteristics sampled at the inlet basin of a sewage treatment plant (STP). The parameters of pH, COD, and NH3–N were measured periodically during the experiment. The wild-Serbian GLMPs efficiently removed the pollutants from the synthetic sewage. The COD/N ratio of C17.8N1 wastewater had the best COD and NH3–N removal, as compared to the lower COD/N ratio, and the shortest treatment time was obtained in an acidic environment at pH 4. The highest percentage for COD and NH3–N removal achieved was 96.0% and 93.2%, respectively. The results proved that the mycelium of GLMP has high potential in treating domestic wastewater, particularly at high organic content as a naturally sustainable bioremediation system.
- Published
- 2019
16. Rapid Scotch Whisky Analysis and Authentication using Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry
- Author
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David M Hughes, Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah, Simon Maher, Ian Goodall, Rebecca Eccles, and Barry L. Smith
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0301 basic medicine ,business.product_category ,lcsh:Medicine ,Mass spectrometry ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,food ,Desorption ,Partial least squares regression ,Scotch whisky ,Bottle ,lcsh:Science ,Analytical biochemistry ,food.beverage ,Principal Component Analysis ,Multidisciplinary ,Atmospheric pressure ,Alcoholic Beverages ,lcsh:R ,Pulp and paper industry ,Counterfeit ,Atmospheric Pressure ,030104 developmental biology ,Principal component analysis ,Environmental science ,lcsh:Q ,Drug Contamination ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Whisky, as a high value product, is often adulterated, with adverse economic effects for both producers and consumers as well as potential public health impacts. Here we report the use of DAPCI-MS to analyse and chemically profile both genuine and counterfeit whisky samples employing a novel ‘direct from the bottle’ methodology with zero sample pre-treatment, zero solvent requirement and almost no sample usage. 25 samples have been analysed from a collection of blended Scotch whisky (n = 15) and known counterfeit whisky products (n = 10). Principal component analysis has been applied to dimensionally reduce the data and discriminate between sample groups. Additional chemometric modelling, a partial least squares regression, has correctly classified samples with 92% success rate. DAPCI-MS shows promise for simple, fast and accurate counterfeit detection with potential for generic aroma profiling and process quality monitoring applications.
- Published
- 2019
17. Assessment of low concentration wastewater treatment operations with dewatered alum sludge-based sequencing batch constructed wetland system
- Author
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Wei Chen, Wei Kang, Qiang He, Hongxiang Chai, Yu Xiang, and Zhiyu Shao
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Biochemical oxygen demand ,Denitrification ,Hydraulic retention time ,Nitrogen ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Sewage ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Poaceae ,01 natural sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Article ,lcsh:Science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Phosphorus ,Pulp and paper industry ,020801 environmental engineering ,Oxygen ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Wastewater ,Wetlands ,Constructed wetland ,Environmental science ,Alum Compounds ,Sewage treatment ,lcsh:Q ,Aeration ,business - Abstract
Competition of volatile fatty acids between anoxic denitrification and anaerobic phosphorus release is prominent. Therefore, low concentration wastewater has restricted effects on nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The purpose of this study is to treat dormitory sewage with a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ranging from 50 to 150 mg/L using dewatered alum sludge-based sequencing batch constructed wetland system. Vegetation in the wetland system was chosen to be Phragmites australis. Three parallel cases were carried out to assess impacts due to different hydraulic retention time (HRT) and artificial aeration. The results showed that this system is effective in removing total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP) under different HRT. However, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission poses to be the greatest challenge in the high HRT cases. Artificial aeration could reduce N2O emission but is associated with high operational cost. Results indicate that dewatered alum sludge-based sequencing batch constructed wetland system is a promising bio-measure in the treatment of low concentration wastewater.
- Published
- 2017
18. Highly Flexible and Conductive Printed Graphene for Wireless Wearable Communications Applications
- Author
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Xiao Zhang, Xianjun Huang, Mohammed Aqeeli, Kostya S. Novoselov, Ting Leng, Mengjian Zhu, Andre K. Geim, JiaCing Chen, KuoHsin Chang, and Zhirun Hu
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Paper ,Computer science ,Wearable computer ,02 engineering and technology ,Communications system ,Article ,law.invention ,Nanocomposites ,law ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,Wireless ,Graphite ,Electrical conductor ,Multidisciplinary ,Nanocomposite ,business.industry ,Graphene ,Electrical engineering ,Electric Conductivity ,020206 networking & telecommunications ,Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Electric power transmission ,Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ,Printing ,Radio frequency ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Telecommunications ,Porosity ,Wireless Technology - Abstract
In this paper, we report highly conductive, highly flexible, light weight and low cost printed graphene for wireless wearable communications applications. As a proof of concept, printed graphene enabled transmission lines and antennas on paper substrates were designed, fabricated and characterized. To explore its potentials in wearable communications applications, mechanically flexible transmission lines and antennas under various bended cases were experimentally studied. The measurement results demonstrate that the printed graphene can be used for RF signal transmitting, radiating and receiving, which represents some of the essential functionalities of RF signal processing in wireless wearable communications systems. Furthermore, the printed graphene can be processed at low temperature so that it is compatible with heat-sensitive flexible materials like papers and textiles. This work brings a step closer to the prospect to implement graphene enabled low cost and environmentally friendly wireless wearable communications systems in the near future.
- Published
- 2015
19. Lateral photovoltaic effect in flexible free-standing reduced graphene oxide film for self-powered position-sensitive detection
- Author
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Jungwoo Oh, Bugeun Ki, Jongwan Choi, Seonno Yoon, and In Kyu Moon
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Graphene ,business.industry ,Oxide ,Photodetector ,02 engineering and technology ,Photovoltaic effect ,Photothermal therapy ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,0104 chemical sciences ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,law ,Electrode ,Optoelectronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Graphene nanoribbons ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
Lightweight, simple and flexible self-powered photodetectors are urgently required for the development and application of advanced optical systems for the future of wearable electronic technology. Here, using a low-temperature reduction process, we report a chemical approach for producing freestanding monolithic reduced graphene oxide papers with different gradients of the carbon/oxygen concentration ratio. We also demonstrate a novel type of freestanding monolithic reduced graphene oxide self-powered photodetector based on a symmetrical metal–semiconductor–metal structure. Upon illumination by a 633-nm continuous wave laser, the lateral photovoltage is observed to vary linfearly with the laser position between two electrodes on the reduced graphene oxide surface. This result may suggest that the lateral photovoltaic effect in the reduced graphene oxide film originates from the built-in electric field by the combination of both the photothermal electric effect and the gradient of the oxygen-to-carbon composition. These results represent substantial progress toward novel, chemically synthesized graphene-based photosensors and suggest one-step integration of graphene-based optoelectronics in the future.
- Published
- 2016
20. Nitrite addition to acidified sludge significantly improves digestibility, toxic metal removal, dewaterability and pathogen reduction
- Author
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Stefano Freguia, Fangzhou Du, Damien J. Batstone, Ilje Pikaar, Zhiguo Yuan, and Jurg Keller
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Biosolids ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Sewage ,Portable water purification ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Wastewater ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Microbiology ,Water Purification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Metals, Heavy ,Nitrite ,Nitrites ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Pulp and paper industry ,020801 environmental engineering ,Activated sludge ,Digestion ,business ,Water Microbiology ,Sludge - Abstract
Sludge management is a major issue for water utilities globally. Poor digestibility and dewaterability are the main factors determining the cost for sludge management, whereas pathogen and toxic metal concentrations limit beneficial reuse. In this study, the effects of low level nitrite addition to acidified sludge to simultaneously enhance digestibility, toxic metal removal, dewaterability and pathogen reduction were investigated. Waste activated sludge (WAS) from a full-scale waste water treatment plant was treated at pH 2 with 10 mg NO2−-N/L for 5 h. Biochemical methane potential tests showed an increase in the methane production of 28%, corresponding to an improvement from 247 ± 8 L CH4/kg VS to 317 ± 1 L CH4/kg VS. The enhanced removal of toxic metals further increased the methane production by another 18% to 360 ± 6 L CH4/kg VS (a total increase of 46%). The solids content of dewatered sludge increased from 14.6 ± 1.4% in the control to 18.2 ± 0.8%. A 4-log reduction for both total coliforms and E. coli was achieved. Overall, this study highlights the potential of acidification with low level nitrite addition as an effective and simple method achieving multiple improvements in terms of sludge management.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Evaluating digestion efficiency in full-scale anaerobic digesters by identifying active microbial populations through the lens of microbial activity
- Author
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Kyohei Kuroda, Ran Mei, Masaru K. Nobu, Wen Tso Liu, and Takashi Narihiro
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Microorganism ,030106 microbiology ,Biomass ,Biology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Article ,Biotechnology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Anaerobic digestion ,030104 developmental biology ,Microbial ecology ,Wastewater ,Sewage treatment ,business ,Ribosomal DNA ,Illumina dye sequencing - Abstract
Anaerobic digestion is a common technology to biologically stabilize wasted solids produced in municipal wastewater treatment. Its efficiency is usually evaluated by calculating the reduction in volatile solids, which assumes no biomass growth associated with digestion. To determine whether this assumption is valid and further evaluate digestion efficiency, this study sampled 35 digester sludge from different reactors at multiple time points together with the feed biomass in a full-scale water reclamation plant at Chicago, Illinois. The microbial communities were characterized using Illumina sequencing technology based on 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene (rDNA). 74 core microbial populations were identified and represented 58.7% of the entire digester community. Among them, active populations were first identified using the ratio of 16S rRNA and 16S rDNA (rRNA/rDNA) for individual populations, but this approach failed to generate consistent results. Subsequently, a recently proposed mass balance model was applied to calculate the specific growth rate (μ) and this approach successfully identified active microbial populations in digester (positive μ) that could play important roles than those with negative μ. It was further estimated that 82% of microbial populations in the feed sludge were digested in comparison with less than 50% calculated using current equations.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Energy Bandgap and Edge States in an Epitaxially Grown Graphene/h-BN Heterostructure
- Author
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Hongwoo Baek, Young Kuk, Sungjun Lim, Gunn Kim, Joseph A. Stroscio, Sungmin Kim, Jisoon Ihm, Suklyun Hong, Jeong Hoon Kwon, Beomyong Hwang, Jong Keon Yoon, Dongchul Sung, Jeongwoon Hwang, and Minjun Lee
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Graphene ,business.industry ,Scanning tunneling spectroscopy ,Heterojunction ,02 engineering and technology ,Substrate (electronics) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,law.invention ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Optoelectronics ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Bilayer graphene ,business ,Layer (electronics) ,Graphene nanoribbons ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
Securing a semiconducting bandgap is essential for applying graphene layers in switching devices. Theoretical studies have suggested a created bulk bandgap in a graphene layer by introducing an asymmetry between the A and B sub-lattice sites. A recent transport measurement demonstrated the presence of a bandgap in a graphene layer where the asymmetry was introduced by placing a graphene layer on a hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) substrate. Similar bandgap has been observed in graphene layers on metal substrates by local probe measurements; however, this phenomenon has not been observed in graphene layers on a near-insulating substrate. Here, we present bulk bandgap-like features in a graphene layer epitaxially grown on an h-BN substrate using scanning tunneling spectroscopy. We observed edge states at zigzag edges, edge resonances at armchair edges, and bandgap-like features in the bulk.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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23. Biogas generation in anaerobic wastewater treatment under tetracycline antibiotic pressure
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Wenqi Wang, Jia Yang, Jie Wang, Xiaojun Niu, Meiqing Lu, Jun Zhang, Zhiquan Yang, and Wei Liu
- Subjects
Acidogenesis ,Methanogenesis ,020209 energy ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Acetates ,Wastewater ,01 natural sciences ,Methane ,Article ,Water Purification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,Biogas ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Bioreactor ,Anaerobiosis ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Resource recovery ,Multidisciplinary ,Sewage ,business.industry ,Carbon Dioxide ,Pulp and paper industry ,Biotechnology ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,chemistry ,Tetracyclines ,Biofuels ,Carbon dioxide ,Propionates ,business ,Water Microbiology ,Hydrogen - Abstract
The effect of tetracycline (TC) antibiotic on biogas generation in anaerobic wastewater treatment was studied. A lab-scale Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) with three compartments was used. The reactor was operated with synthetic wastewater in the absence of TC and in the presence of 250 μg/L TC for 90 days, respectively. The removal rate of TC, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), biogas compositions (hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2)), and total biogas production in each compartment were monitored in the two operational conditions. Results showed that the removal rate of TC was 14.97–67.97% in the reactor. The presence of TC had a large negative effect on CH4 and CO2 generation, but appeared to have a positive effect on H2 production and VFAs accumulation. This response indicated that the methanogenesis process was sensitive to TC presence, but the acidogenesis process was insensitive. This suggested that the presence of TC had less influence on the degradation of organic matter but had a strong influence on biogas generation. Additionally, the decrease of CH4 and CO2 generation and the increase of H2 and VFAs accumulation suggest a promising strategy to help alleviate global warming and improve resource recovery in an environmentally friendly approach.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Characterization of Graphene-based FET Fabricated using a Shadow Mask
- Author
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Dung Hoang Tien, Ki Buem Kim, Jun-Young Park, Naesung Lee, and Yongho Seo
- Subjects
Shadow mask ,Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Graphene ,Graphene foam ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,law.invention ,Resist ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,Optoelectronics ,Photolithography ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Graphene nanoribbons ,Electron-beam lithography ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
To pattern electrical metal contacts, electron beam lithography or photolithography are commonly utilized and these processes require polymer resists with solvents. During the patterning process the graphene surface is exposed to chemicals and the residue on the graphene surface was unable to be completely removed by any method, causing the graphene layer to be contaminated. A lithography free method can overcome these residue problems. In this study, we use a micro-grid as a shadow mask to fabricate a graphene based field-effect-transistor (FET). Electrical measurements of the graphene based FET samples are carried out in air and vacuum. It is found that the Dirac peaks of the graphene devices on SiO2 or on hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) shift from a positive gate voltage region to a negative region as air pressure decreases. In particular, the Dirac peaks shift very rapidly when the pressure decreases from ~2 × 10−3 Torr to ~5 × 10−5 Torr within 5 minutes. These Dirac peak shifts are known as adsorption and desorption of environmental gases, but the shift amounts are considerably different depending on the fabrication process. The high gas sensitivity of the device fabricated by shadow mask is attributed to adsorption on the clean graphene surface.
- Published
- 2016
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25. Effective heterogeneous transition metal glycerolates catalysts for one-step biodiesel production from low grade non-refined Jatropha oil and crude aqueous bioethanol
- Author
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Ka Fu Yung, Tsz-Lung Kwong, and Pak-Chung Lau
- Subjects
Glycerol ,Iron ,020209 energy ,Jatropha ,02 engineering and technology ,Raw material ,complex mixtures ,Catalysis ,Article ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Plant Oils ,Manganese ,Biodiesel ,Multidisciplinary ,Ethanol ,biology ,business.industry ,Fatty Acids ,Water ,Esters ,Cobalt ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,biology.organism_classification ,Biotechnology ,Kinetics ,Zinc ,chemistry ,Biofuel ,Biofuels ,Biodiesel production ,Methanol ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
The utilization of bioethanol as the alcohol source for biodiesel production is more environmentally advantageous over methanol owing to its lower toxicity, lower flammability and its sustainable supply from renewable agricultural resources. However, as the presence of water in crude bioethanol is the critical factor limiting the biodiesel production process, the energy-intensive and costly purification of bioethanol is necessary for biodiesel application. Manganese glycerolate (MnGly) is reported the first time here as a robust heterogeneous catalyst that exhibited over 90% conversion by using aqueous ethanol containing 80 wt.% of water in the production of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE). The employment of 95 wt.% ethanol with respect to water could achieve 99.7% feedstock conversion in 6 hours under the optimal reaction conditions: reaction temperature (150 °C), feedstock-to-ethanol molar ratio (1:20) and catalyst loading (6 wt.%). Commercially available low grade crude bioethanol with the presence of impurities like sugars were applied which demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity in 24 hours. The high water tolerance of MnGly towards biodiesel production could eventually simplify the purification of bioethanol that consumes less energy and production cost.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Graphene growth on Ge(100)/Si(100) substrates by CVD method
- Author
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Iwona Jozwik, Wlodek Strupinski, Mindaugas Lukosius, Iwona Pasternak, Jacek M. Baranowski, Marek Wesolowski, Grzegorz Lupina, and P. Dabrowski
- Subjects
Materials science ,02 engineering and technology ,Substrate (electronics) ,010402 general chemistry ,Synthesis of graphene ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,law.invention ,symbols.namesake ,law ,Monolayer ,Microelectronics ,Wafer ,Graphene oxide paper ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Graphene ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,symbols ,Optoelectronics ,0210 nano-technology ,Raman spectroscopy ,business ,Graphene nanoribbons - Abstract
The successful integration of graphene into microelectronic devices is strongly dependent on the availability of direct deposition processes, which can provide uniform, large area and high quality graphene on nonmetallic substrates. As of today the dominant technology is based on Si and obtaining graphene with Si is treated as the most advantageous solution. However, the formation of carbide during the growth process makes manufacturing graphene on Si wafers extremely challenging. To overcome these difficulties and reach the set goals, we proposed growth of high quality graphene layers by the CVD method on Ge(100)/Si(100) wafers. In addition, a stochastic model was applied in order to describe the graphene growth process on the Ge(100)/Si(100) substrate and to determine the direction of further processes. As a result, high quality graphene was grown, which was proved by Raman spectroscopy results, showing uniform monolayer films with FWHM of the 2D band of 32 cm−1.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Large-Area Growth of Turbostratic Graphene on Ni(111) via Physical Vapor Deposition
- Author
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Lawrence Barrett, Yimei Zhu, Javier F. Pulecio, Joseph A. Garlow, Kim Kisslinger, and Lijun Wu
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Graphene ,Bilayer ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,law.invention ,symbols.namesake ,law ,Physical vapor deposition ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Optoelectronics ,Thin film ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Raman spectroscopy ,Bilayer graphene ,Graphene nanoribbons ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
Single-layer graphene has demonstrated remarkable electronic properties that are strongly influenced by interfacial bonding and break down for the lowest energy configuration of stacked graphene layers (AB Bernal). Multilayer graphene with relative rotations between carbon layers, known as turbostratic graphene, can effectively decouple the electronic states of adjacent layers, preserving properties similar to that of SLG. While the growth of AB Bernal graphene through chemical vapor deposition has been widely reported, we investigate the growth of turbostratic graphene on heteroepitaxial Ni(111) thin films utilizing physical vapor deposition. By varying the carbon deposition temperature between 800 –1100 °C, we report an increase in the graphene quality concomitant with a transition in the size of uniform thickness graphene, ranging from nanocrystallites to thousands of square microns. Combination Raman modes of as-grown graphene within the frequency range of 1650 cm−1 to 2300 cm−1, along with features of the Raman 2D mode, were employed as signatures of turbostratic graphene. Bilayer and multilayer graphene were directly identified from areas that exhibited Raman characteristics of turbostratic graphene using high-resolution TEM imaging. Raman maps of the pertinent modes reveal large regions of turbostratic graphene on Ni(111) thin films at a deposition temperature of 1100 °C.
- Published
- 2016
28. Using a low melting solvent mixture to extract value from wood biomass
- Author
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Eini Puhakka, Sauli Vuoti, Stella Rovio, Tommi Virtanen, Taina Ohra-aho, Lauri Kuutti, and Jaakko Hiltunen
- Subjects
Green chemistry ,platform chemicals ,Biomass ,Lignocellulosic biomass ,02 engineering and technology ,fractionation of wood-based biomass ,low melting mixture ,Lignin ,01 natural sciences ,Catalysis ,Article ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Freezing ,Hemicellulose ,non-condensed lignin ,Cellulose ,ta999 ,choline chloride ,Multidisciplinary ,010405 organic chemistry ,business.industry ,Hydrolysis ,ta1182 ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Wood ,0104 chemical sciences ,Biotechnology ,chemistry ,Biofuel ,Biofuels ,Solvents ,Environmental science ,Valorisation ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,boric acid ,conversion of hemicelluloses - Abstract
Green chemistry, sustainability and eco-efficiency are guiding the development of the next generation of industrial chemical processes. The use of non-edible lignocellulosic biomass as a source of chemicals and fuels has recently raised interest due to the need for an alternative to fossil resources. Valorisation mainly focuses on cellulose, which has been used for various industrial scale applications for decades. However, creating an economically more viable value chain would require the exploitation of the other main components, hemicellulose and lignin. Here, we present a new low melting mixture composition based in boric acid and choline chloride and demonstrate its efficiency in the fractionation of wood-based biomass for the production of non-condensed lignin, suitable for further use in the search for sustainable industrial applications and for the selective conversion of hemicelluloses into valuable platform chemicals.
- Published
- 2016
29. Large-area functionalized CVD graphene for work function matched transparent electrodes
- Author
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Saverio Russo, Adolfo De Sanctis, Thomas H. Bointon, Ruth E. Hill-Pearce, Gareth F. Jones, and Monica F. Craciun
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Graphene ,02 engineering and technology ,Substrate (electronics) ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Flexible electronics ,Article ,0104 chemical sciences ,law.invention ,Indium tin oxide ,law ,Optoelectronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Polyethylene naphthalate ,Layer (electronics) ,Transparent conducting film ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
The efficiency of flexible photovoltaic and organic light emitting devices is heavily dependent on the availability of flexible and transparent conductors with at least a similar workfunction to that of Indium Tin Oxide. Here we present the first study of the work function of large area (up to 9 cm2) FeCl3 intercalated graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition on Nickel and demonstrate values as large as 5.1 eV. Upon intercalation, a charge density per graphene layer of 5 ⋅ 1013 ± 5 ⋅ 1012 cm−2 is attained, making this material an attractive platform for the study of plasmonic excitations in the infrared wavelength spectrum of interest to the telecommunication industry. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of this material for flexible electronics in a transparent circuit on a polyethylene naphthalate substrate.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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30. On the Structural and Chemical Characteristics of Co/Al2O3/graphene Interfaces for Graphene Spintronic Devices
- Author
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B. Canto, Daniel L. Baptista, C.P. Gouvea, Joao Edgar Schmidt, and Braulio S. Archanjo
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Spintronics ,business.industry ,Graphene ,Graphene foam ,Bioinformatics ,Evaporation (deposition) ,Article ,law.invention ,law ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Bilayer graphene ,Layer (electronics) ,Graphene nanoribbons ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
We report a detailed investigation of the structural and chemical characteristics of thin evaporated Al2O3 tunnel barriers of variable thickness grown onto single-layer graphene sheets. Advanced electron microscopy and spectrum-imaging techniques were used to investigate the Co/Al2O3/graphene/SiO2 interfaces. Direct observation of pinhole contacts was achieved using FIB cross-sectional lamellas. Spatially resolved EDX spectrum profiles confirmed the presence of direct point contacts between the Co layer and the graphene. The high surface diffusion properties of graphene led to cluster-like Al2O3 film growth, limiting the minimal possible thickness for complete barrier coverage onto graphene surfaces using standard Al evaporation methods. The results indicate a minimum thickness of nominally 3 nm Al2O3, resulting in a 0.6 nm rms rough film with a maximum thickness reaching 5 nm.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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31. A modified oxic-settling-anaerobic activated sludge process using gravity thickening for excess sludge reduction
- Author
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Feng Jiang, Hui Lu, Jun Wang, Guangli Liu, Shiyu Li, Guanghao Chen, and Ke Wu
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Sewage ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Pulp and paper industry ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Article ,Mixed liquor suspended solids ,Activated sludge ,Settling ,Waste Management ,Holding tank ,Sludge bulking ,Anaerobiosis ,business ,Sludge ,Waste disposal - Abstract
Oxic-settling-anaerobic process (OSA) was known as a cost-effective way to reduce the excess sludge production with simple upgrade of conventional activated sludge process (CAS). A low oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) level was the key factor to sludge decay and lysis in the sludge holding tank of the OSA process. However, the ORP control with nitrogen purge or chemical dosing in the OSA process would induce extra expense and complicate the operation. Hence, in this study, a sludge holding tank using gravity thickening was applied to OSA process to reduce the excess sludge production without any ORP control. Results showed that the modified OSA process not only reduced the excess sludge production effectively but also improved the sludge settleability without affected the treatment capacity. The reduction of the excess sludge production in the modified OSA process resulted from interactions among lots of factors. The key element of the process was the gravity thickening sludge holding tank.
- Published
- 2015
32. Electron-beam induced nano-etching of suspended graphene
- Author
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A. Ganczarczyk, Martin Geller, Axel Lorke, Jens Sonntag, Günther M. Prinz, Benedikt Sommer, and Daniel Braam
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,Graphene ,business.industry ,Physik (inkl. Astronomie) ,Bioinformatics ,Article ,law.invention ,symbols.namesake ,law ,Ballistic conduction ,Nano ,Cathode ray ,symbols ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Bilayer graphene ,Raman spectroscopy ,Graphene nanoribbons ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
Besides its interesting physical properties, graphene as a two-dimensional lattice of carbon atoms promises to realize devices with exceptional electronic properties, where freely suspended graphene without contact to any substrate is the ultimate, truly two-dimensional system. The practical realization of nano-devices from suspended graphene, however, relies heavily on finding a structuring method which is minimally invasive. Here, we report on the first electron beam-induced nano-etching of suspended graphene and demonstrate high-resolution etching down to ~7 nm for line-cuts into the monolayer graphene. We investigate the structural quality of the etched graphene layer using two-dimensional (2D) Raman maps and demonstrate its high electronic quality in a nano-device: A 25 nm-wide suspended graphene nanoribbon (GNR) that shows a transport gap with a corresponding energy of ~60 meV. This is an important step towards fast and reliable patterning of suspended graphene for future ballistic transport, nano-electronic and nano-mechanical devices.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Direct Deposition of Uniform High-κ Dielectrics on Graphene
- Author
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Lin Chen, David Wei Zhang, Pengfei Wang, Songbo Yang, Peng Zhou, Shi-Jin Ding, and Qing-Qing Sun
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Graphene ,Dielectric ,Article ,law.invention ,Atomic layer deposition ,symbols.namesake ,law ,symbols ,Optoelectronics ,Breakdown voltage ,business ,Raman spectroscopy ,Current density ,Graphene nanoribbons ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
High quality High-κ dielectrics on graphene were achieved by atomic layer deposition directly using remote oxygen plasma surface pretreatment. The uniform coverage on graphene is illustrated by atomic force microscopy and confirmed by high resolution transmission microscopy. The possible surface lattice damage induced by plasma is limited and demonstrated by Raman spectra. The excellent Hall mobility for graphene is maintained at 2.7 × 10(3) cm(2)/V · s, which only decreases by 25%. The excellent electrical characteristic of dielectric presents the low leakage current density and high breakdown voltage. Moreover, the technology is compatible with the traditional CMOS process which brings much possibility to future graphene devices.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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34. Fabrication of graphene-based electrode in less than a minute through hybrid microwave annealing
- Author
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Sun Hee Choi, Jum Suk Jang, Duck Hyun Youn, Ji-Wook Jang, Jae Young Kim, and Jae Sung Lee
- Subjects
Tafel equation ,Multidisciplinary ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Graphene ,Graphene foam ,Overpotential ,Electrocatalyst ,Article ,law.invention ,law ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Graphene nanoribbons ,Susceptor ,Graphene oxide paper - Abstract
Highly efficient and stable MoS2 nanocrystals on graphene sheets (MoS2/GR) are synthesized via a hybrid microwave annealing process. Through only 45 second-irradiation using a household microwave oven equipped with a graphite susceptor, crystallization of MoS2 and thermal reduction of graphene oxide into graphene are achieved, indicating that our synthetic method is ultrafast and energy-economic. Graphene plays a crucial role as an excellent microwave absorber as well as an ideal support material that mediates the growth of MoS2 nanocrystals. The formed MoS2/GR electrocatalyst exhibits high activity of hydrogen evolution reaction with small onset overpotential of 0.1 V and Tafel slope of 50 mV per decade together with an excellent stability in acid media. Thus our hybrid microwave annealing could be an efficient generic method to fabricate various graphene-based hybrid electric materials for broad applications.
- Published
- 2014
35. Research on multi-effect evaporation salt prediction based on feature extraction
- Author
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Hong-Fei Zhu, Yongtao Yu, Min Ji, Zhu Guochang, Bolun Chen, and Yong Hua
- Subjects
Production line ,Mathematics and computing ,Salt (cryptography) ,Feature extraction ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Evaporation ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,Article ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Production (economics) ,Process engineering ,lcsh:Science ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,Multidisciplinary ,Artificial neural network ,business.industry ,Physics ,lcsh:R ,Chemical industry ,Chemistry ,Scientific method ,Environmental science ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,lcsh:Q ,business - Abstract
In the multi-effect evaporation salt making process, the smooth operation of the salt making process is crucial. As the salt production process continues, many unstable factors will cause the salt production process not to proceed smoothly. These factors can be discovered in advance by predicting the salt production data, thus, it is of great significance to predict the multi-effect evaporation salt production data. In the process of multi-effect evaporation and salt production, the multiple salt-making devices make the influence between the parameters closer, and the influence of a single parameter on itself is sometimes ductile. Therefore, the data of multi-effect evaporation and salt production have the characteristics of high dimensions, high complexity and temporal information. If the historical salt production data is used for data prediction directly, the prediction model will take a long time and the prediction effect is not good. Thus, how to predict the multi-effect evaporation salt production data is the main research problem of this paper. In view of the above problems, according to the characteristics of multi-effect evaporation salt production data, this paper analyzes and improves the self encoder for feature extraction of multi effect-evaporation salt production data, so as to solve the problem of high dimensions and high complexity of salt production data. On this basis, combined with the time-series information contained in the salt production data, a multi-effect evaporation salt production data prediction model is proposed based on long-term and short-term memory cycle neural network to solve the prediction problem of time-series salt production data. Experiments show that the prediction model can predict and prevent the problems in salt production line in advance. It has a certain theoretical research value and application value in the intelligent production process and production line optimization of salt chemical industry.
- Published
- 2020
36. Research on PM2.5 concentration based on dissipative structure theory: a case study of Xi’an, China
- Author
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Xiaoke Sun, Zhizhen Liu, Hong Chen, and Hengrui Chen
- Subjects
Pollution ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Distribution (economics) ,lcsh:Medicine ,010501 environmental sciences ,Spatial distribution ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Environmental impact ,Urbanization ,Econometrics ,China ,lcsh:Science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Energy consumption ,Environmental sciences ,Environmental social sciences ,Quantitative analysis (finance) ,Dissipative system ,Environmental science ,lcsh:Q ,business - Abstract
PM2.5 pollution has become a serious urban environmental problem, especially in developing countries with increasing urbanization. Understanding the proportion of PM2.5 generation sources has laid a foundation for better PM2.5 concentration reduction This paper used Point of Interesting (POI)data, building profile data of Xi’an, PM2.5 concentration and wind monitoring data of five provinces near Xi’an as the basic data. And this paper studied the spatial distribution of various buildings in Xi’an, the temporal and spatial distribution of PM2.5 in Xi’an and the five provinces, and found that the spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentration in Xi’an and the building distribution in Xi’an does not match. Based on this, a quantitative model of PM2.5 concentration in Xi’an, energy consumption, wind, and other factors is established through the qualitative and quantitative analysis of PM2.5 concentration in Xi’an. Entropy theory and dissipative structure theory are applied to analyze this phenomenon. The results show PM2.5 in Xi’an mainly comes from the spread of PM2.5 in the five provinces. The PM2.5 generated by energy consumption in Xi’an is not enough to cause serious PM2.5 pollution. And further suggestions on how to reduce PM2.5 concentration in Xi’an are put forward.
- Published
- 2020
37. The 'completely randomised' and the 'randomised block' are the only experimental designs suitable for widespread use in pre-clinical research
- Author
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Michael F. W. Festing
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Multidisciplinary ,Research use ,business.industry ,Design of experiments ,lcsh:R ,Industrial research ,lcsh:Medicine ,Article ,Treatment and control groups ,Clinical trial ,Experimental models of disease ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Clinical research ,Medical research ,Block (programming) ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,lcsh:Q ,business ,lcsh:Science ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Too many pre-clinical experiments are giving results which cannot be reproduced. This may be because the experiments are incorrectly designed. In “Completely randomized” (CR) and “Randomised block” (RB) experimental designs, both the assignment of treatments to experimental subjects and the order in which the experiment is done, are randomly determined. These designs have been used successfully in agricultural and industrial research and in clinical trials for nearly a century without excessive levels of irreproducibility. They must also be used in pre-clinical research if the excessive level of irreproducibility is to be eliminated. A survey of 100 papers involving mice and rats was used to determine whether scientists had used the CR or RB designs. The papers were assigned to three categories “Design acceptable”, “Randomised to treatment groups”, so of doubtful validity, or “Room for improvement”. Only 32 ± 4.7% of the papers fell into the first group, although none of them actually named either the CR or RB design. If the current high level of irreproducibility is to be eliminated, it is essential that scientists engaged in pre-clinical research use “Completely randomised” (CR), “Randomised block” (RB), or one of the more specialised named experimental designs described in textbooks on the subject.
- Published
- 2020
38. Extreme subsidence in a populated city (Mashhad) detected by PSInSAR considering groundwater withdrawal and geotechnical properties
- Author
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Babak Alizadeh, Mohammad Khorrami, Saeed Abrishami, Yasser Maghsoudi, and Daniele Perissin
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,Specific storage ,lcsh:R ,Natural hazards ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,lcsh:Medicine ,Subsidence ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Interferometric synthetic aperture radar ,Global Positioning System ,Geotechnical engineering ,lcsh:Q ,Hydrology ,business ,Baseline (configuration management) ,lcsh:Science ,Groundwater ,Geology ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Ground deformation can cause serious environmental issues such as infrastructure damage, ground compaction, and reducing the ground capacity to store water. Mashhad, as one of the largest and most populated cities in the Middle East, has been suffering from extreme subsidence. In the last decade, some researchers have been interested in measuring land subsidence rates in the Mashhad valley by InSAR techniques. However, most of those studies were based on inaccurate measurements introducing uncertainties in the resulting subsidence rates. These researches used a small number of EnviSat data with long perpendicular and inhomogeneous temporal baseline. This paper seeks to determine the subsidence rate in urban areas of Mashhad in recent years, the threat that was neglected by the city managers and decision-makers. For this purpose, the Persistent Scatterer InSAR technique was applied in the study area using two time-series of descending and ascending Sentinel-1A acquisitions between 2014 and 2017. The results demonstrated the maximum line-of-sight deformation rate of 14.6 cm/year and maximum vertical deformation (subsidence) rate about 19.1 cm/year which could have irreversible consequences. The results were assessed and validated using piezometric data, GPS stations, and geotechnical properties. This assessment confirms that the main reason for subsidence in the interested area is groundwater over-extraction. Also, investigation of geotechnical properties shows that thick fine-grained layers in the northwest of the city could strongly affect the results. At the end of this paper, a new simplified method was proposed to estimate specific storage in special cases to predict the subsidence rate.
- Published
- 2020
39. Effects of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines: a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials
- Author
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Bagher Larijani, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh, Soraiya Ebrahimpour-Koujan, and Alireza Milajerdi
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0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Immunoglobulins ,lcsh:Medicine ,Gastroenterology ,Article ,law.invention ,Weighted mean difference ,Salivary iga ,03 medical and health sciences ,Probiotic ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Saliva ,lcsh:Science ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Interleukins ,Probiotics ,lcsh:R ,030206 dentistry ,Middle Aged ,Inflammatory biomarkers ,Clinical trial ,Risk factors ,Meta-analysis ,Cytokines ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,Inflammation Mediators ,business ,Lozenge - Abstract
Findings on the effects of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines have been conflicting. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on clinical trials that examined the effects of oral intake and local administration of probiotics on salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines in adults. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar up to April 2020 for all relevant published papers assessing probiotic intakes and salivary cytokines and immunoglobulines. We included all randomized clinical trials that investigated the effect of oral probiotic supplementation or lozenges tablets on inflammatory biomarkers in adults. Studies that reported their effect sizes as mean ± SD or mean ± SEM were included. After excluding non-relevant papers, 8 studies remained in this review. Combining findings from 3 studies with 4 effect sizes, we found no significant reduction in salivary IgA concentrations after oral probiotic supplementation [weighted mean difference (WMD): −0.26; 95% CI: (−0.86, 0.35)]. A significant increase in salivary IL-1β concentrations reached after local probiotic supplementation (WMD: 28.21; 95% CI: 18.42, 38.01); however, no significant changes in salivary IL-6 concentrations after local probiotic supplementation was found (WMD: 0.36; 95% CI: −0.85, 1.56). We observed a significant increase in salivary IL-8 concentrations after local probiotic supplementation (WMD: 31.82; 95% CI: 27.56, 36.08). In case of salivary IL-10 concentrations after local probiotic administration, no significant reduction was seen (WMD: −0.02; 95% CI: −0.10, 0.06). we found that oral and local administrations of probiotics might influence some of salivary cytokines. However, additional clinical trials are required to examine these effects on further pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulines.
- Published
- 2020
40. Design and Fabrication of Low-cost Microfluidic Channel for Biomedical Application
- Author
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Krishna Kishore Mahato, Shailendra Kumar Tiwari, and Somashekara Bhat
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Fabrication ,Materials science ,Multiphysics ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Soft lithography ,Article ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Printed circuit board ,Channel pattern ,Etching ,lcsh:Science ,Multidisciplinary ,Polydimethylsiloxane ,business.industry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,lcsh:R ,DNA ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Mechanical engineering ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Optoelectronics ,lcsh:Q ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Biomedical engineering ,Communication channel - Abstract
This paper presents the design, simulation and low-cost fabrication of microfluidic channel for biomedical application. Channel is fabricated using soft lithography technique. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is used to make the master for the channel. Channel pattern is transferred on PCB plate using toner transfer technique followed by ferric chloride etching. Paper also discusses, the issues involved in PCB based master fabrication and their viable solutions. Glass is used as substrate material and the channel is made of Sylgard 184 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Channel is interfaced with a syringe pump to observe the fluid flow. To predict the behavior of the channel, FEM simulation is performed using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.2a. There is a good match between the theoretical, simulation and test results. Finally, to test the biocompatibility of the channel, genomic DNA is passed through the channel and gel electrophoresis analysis is performed.
- Published
- 2020
41. Author Correction: The Use of Motion Analysis as Particle Biomarkers in Lensless Optofluidic Projection Imaging for Point of Care Urine Analysis
- Author
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Marek Smieja, Leyla Soleymani, Qiyin Fang, Bo Xiong, and Jessica Kun
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Motion analysis ,Multidisciplinary ,Computer science ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,lcsh:Medicine ,Computer vision ,lcsh:Q ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Projection (set theory) ,lcsh:Science ,Point of care - Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
- Published
- 2020
42. Author Correction: Transcription Factor HOXA9 is Linked to the Calcification and Invasion of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
- Author
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Jang-Hee Kim, Yong Jun Choi, Hyeung Kyoo Kim, Euy Young Soh, Insun Song, Yilan Jin, Yoon Sok Chung, and Jeonghun Lee
- Subjects
Thyroid carcinoma ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Cancer research ,Medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,lcsh:Q ,business ,medicine.disease ,lcsh:Science ,Transcription factor ,Calcification - Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
- Published
- 2020
43. Author Correction: Significance of abnormal 53BP1 expression as a novel molecular pathologic parameter of follicular-shaped B-cell lymphoid lesions in human digestive tract
- Author
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Daisuke Niino, Thi My Hanh Luong, Katsuya Matsuda, Hirokazu Kurohama, Masahiro Ito, and Masahiro Nakashima
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Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Science ,Biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Text mining ,Follicular phase ,medicine ,Medicine ,Digestive tract ,business ,B cell - Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
- Published
- 2021
44. Author Correction
- Author
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Emile de Kleine, Pim van Dijk, and Elouise A. Koops
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Multidisciplinary ,Hearing loss ,business.industry ,Science ,Audiology ,Gray (unit) ,medicine ,Medicine ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Tinnitus - Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
- Published
- 2021
45. Author Correction: Healthcare utilization among children and young people with life-limiting conditions: Exploring palliative care needs using National Health Insurance claims data
- Author
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In Gyu Song, Jin Yong Lee, Min Sun Kim, Cho Hee Kim, Nam Gu Lim, and Hee Young Shin
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Multidisciplinary ,Palliative care ,business.industry ,Published Erratum ,lcsh:R ,MEDLINE ,lcsh:Medicine ,National health insurance ,Healthcare utilization ,Life limiting ,Claims data ,Family medicine ,medicine ,lcsh:Q ,business ,lcsh:Science - Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
- Published
- 2020
46. Author Correction: Comparative genomic analysis of eutherian connexin genes
- Author
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Marko Premzl
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,Text mining ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Connexin ,lcsh:Medicine ,lcsh:Q ,Comparative genomic analysis ,Computational biology ,Biology ,business ,lcsh:Science ,Gene - Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
- Published
- 2020
47. Author Correction: Hypoxia causes reductions in birth weight by altering maternal glucose and lipid metabolism
- Author
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Elitsa Y. Dimova, Jenni Määttä, Lorna G. Moore, Peppi Koivunen, Niina Sissala, and Raisa Serpi
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Birth weight ,lcsh:R ,lcsh:Medicine ,Lipid metabolism ,Hypoxia (medical) ,Endocrinology ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,lcsh:Q ,medicine.symptom ,business ,lcsh:Science - Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
- Published
- 2020
48. Author Correction: Dysfunctional EAT thickness may promote maladaptive heart remodeling in CVD patients through the ST2-IL33 system, directly related to EPAC protein expression
- Author
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Elena Dozio, Elena Vianello, Marco Guazzi, Erika Longhi, Lorenza Tacchini, Gerd Schmitz, Manuela Nebuloni, Francesco Bandera, and Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli
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Multidisciplinary ,Text mining ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,MEDLINE ,Medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,Dysfunctional family ,lcsh:Q ,business ,Bioinformatics ,lcsh:Science ,Protein expression - Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
- Published
- 2020
49. Author Correction: Notch signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic target for extracranial vascular malformations
- Author
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Carrie J. Shawber, Nicholas C. Datto, Julie Blatt, Kathleen M. Caron, Kristy S. Pahl, Scott V. Smith, and Reema B. Davis
- Subjects
Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Cancer research ,Notch signaling pathway ,Medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,lcsh:Q ,business ,lcsh:Science - Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
- Published
- 2020
50. Ranking Regions, Edges and Classifying Tasks in Functional Brain Graphs by Sub-Graph Entropy
- Author
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Shu-Hsien Chu, Bhaskar Sen, and Keshab K. Parhi
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Support Vector Machine ,Statistical methods ,Computer science ,Entropy ,Emotions ,lcsh:Medicine ,Article ,Differential entropy ,03 medical and health sciences ,Entropy (classical thermodynamics) ,Functional brain ,0302 clinical medicine ,Machine learning ,medicine ,Connectome ,Entropy (information theory) ,Humans ,Radial basis function ,Entropy (energy dispersal) ,lcsh:Science ,Entropy (arrow of time) ,Data mining ,Multidisciplinary ,Human Connectome Project ,Network models ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Entropy (statistical thermodynamics) ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Brain ,Pattern recognition ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Graph ,Electrical and electronic engineering ,Support vector machine ,030104 developmental biology ,lcsh:Q ,Artificial intelligence ,Nerve Net ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Entropy (order and disorder) - Abstract
This paper considers analysis of human brain networks or graphs constructed from time-series collected from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the network of time-series, the nodes describe the regions and the edge weights correspond to the absolute values of correlation coefficients of the time-series of the two nodes associated with the edges. The paper introduces a novel information-theoretic metric, referred as sub-graph entropy, to measure uncertainty associated with a sub-graph. Nodes and edges constitute two special cases of sub-graph structures. Node and edge entropies are used in this paper to rank regions and edges in a functional brain network. The paper analyzes task-fMRI data collected from 475 subjects in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) study for gambling and emotion tasks. The proposed approach is used to rank regions and edges associated with these tasks. The differential node (edge) entropy metric is defined as the difference of the node (edge) entropy corresponding to two different networks belonging to two different classes. Differential entropy of nodes and edges are used to rank top regions and edges associated with the two classes of data. Using top node and edge entropy features separately, two-class classifiers are designed using support vector machine (SVM) with radial basis function (RBF) kernel and leave-one-out method to classify time-series for emotion task vs. no-task, gambling task vs. no-task and emotion task vs. gambling task. Using node entropies, the SVM classifier achieves classification accuracies of 0.96, 0.97 and 0.98, respectively. Using edge entropies, the classifier achieves classification accuracies of 0.91, 0.96 and 0.94, respectively.
- Published
- 2019
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