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The U.S. Bureau of the Census and Statistics Canada has just jointly released one of the most interesting and unusual publications in the Special Studies Series of the Current Population Reports. Entitled "Migration Between the United States and Canada," it represents the latest tangible product of the long and sustained cooperation between the two agencies in research issues of mutual concern. Immigration and emigration by their very natures are international concerns. Only by integrating data and information from the countries involved can the international exchange of people be understood. This article describes the background and characteristics of the United States-born population in Canada and the Canadian-born population in the United States. Migrants from each country to the other are compared in terms of demographic, social, and economic characteristics. The social indicators include marital status, fertility, education, and language. Labor force participation, occupation and industry of employment, and income are included in the analyses of economic characteristics of the two migration flows.

This paper examines recent nonmetropolitan population redistribution trends and places them in historical context. Between 1980 and 1987, nonmetropolitan areas grew by 4 percent despite a slight migration loss. Metropolitan growth rates again exceeded those in nonmetropolitan areas during the period in sharp contrast to the trend of the 1970s. The nonmetropolitan population and migration gains between 1980 and 1987 are neither as large nor widespread as those during the 1970s, but they are quite substantial by any historical standard. There is little evidence in the data for the 1980s suggesting a return to an era of substantial out-migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonmetropolitan turnaround refers to the process where nonmetropolitan areas cease being losers of population through net migration and become gainers. Implicitly, the turnaround involves both a pre- and post-turnaround period. However, most studies of the turnaround examine the migration change occurring after the onset of the turnaround. In this paper we introduce a broader conceptual framework to the study of the nonmetropolitan turnaround by examining not only the migration change since the beginning of the turnaround but also the amount of change experienced for a period before the turnaround. Our analyses indicate that measures operationalizing these two concepts result in very different results, and that the principal predictors of one are tint the same as predictors of the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents several books related to sociology. "Hacia una sociologia del surco: Resultados del Sexto Congreso Nacional de Sociologia de Morelia," by Roberto Agramonte. In this small volume the distinguished professor of sociology and director of the Department of Cultural Interchange at the University of Havana summarizes succinctly the program of Mexico's Sixth National Sociological Congress and appraises with keen insight most of the major papers presented at it. "El hombre y Ia tierra en Boyacd: Bases socio-históricas para una ref orma agraria," by Orlando Fals Borda. This volume contains an intensive study of the institutionalized relations between man and the land in the Department of Boyacá, Colombia. The study was done with the aid of a fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and the English version was presented as a Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Florida. "Migraciones internas en Costa Rica," by Wilburg Jimenez Castro. Based largely upon materials gathered in the 1950 census of population, this volume contains the results of one of the most thorough going studies of rural-urban and interregional migration ever done in Latin America.

The directions of net migration and population redistribution in the U.S. have switched from nonmetropolitan deconcentration during the 1970s, to metropolitan concentration during the 1980s, and back to deconcentration once again in the early 1990s. The complex causes of these distribution shifts are thought to involve both structural reconfigurations of economic activities that affect the location of opportunities and residential preferences that are tied more closely to amenities and quality of life considerations. This paper uses comparable data from three representative sample surveys of the U.S. population to update and extend earlier research on the preferential basis of redistribution trends. Our analysis does not support the view that shifts in the direction of residential preferences during 1972-1992 tend to coincide with shifts in metropolitan-nonmetropolitan net migration and population redistribution. Rather, a consistent finding across all three surveys is that most people prefer their current residence type, and those who do not are almost twice as likely to prefer lower rather than higher density settings. These findings support the importance of preferences to explanations of recent population trends, but these preferences are not in isolation from the economic contexts in which they occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the structural effects of the migration turnaround on the small towns and communities of rural America. It is hypothesized that the rapid immigration of urbanites may give rise to structural disturbances in the rural communities in which it occurs; institutional overland and cultural clash are the principal forms of community disturbance discussed. Perceptions of fundamental community problems were ascertained via questionnaires mailed to a sample of 21,792 Michigan households, randomly selected by counties. Findings form an ecological, county-level analysis show that the migration turnaround is linked to community problems, particularly in the areas of education, community solidarity, health care, social welfare, crime and Public safety, and other municipal services. Concerning the employment situation, the postulate that job opportunities would he fewer in high growth areas is not supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of including place of origin, place of current residence and place of migration in the Sewell-Hauser basic model of socioeconomic achievement and particularly focuses on the effect on earnings. The analysis is based on data from the Wisconsin longitudinally study of 1957 high school seniors. The inclusion of the residential variables markedly increases the explained variance in earnings, but does not alter the effects of the socioeconomic and ability variables on earnings. Further analysis indicate that current residence is particularly important in accounting for earnings. Earnings are positively related to size of place of current residence, even after adjusting for other variables. The earnings of men living in rural communities, especially those living on farms, are low compared with all other respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement of Black people or African Americans from rural areas and cities in the South to the metropolitan areas of the North in the U.S. had been occurring prior to 1915, but it took the outbreak of war in Europe in 1916 to accelerate the stream. Combined with the dirge of economic opportunities and intense racial discrimination in the South which had remained virtually unchanged since the Civil War, the migration northward erupted between 1916 and 1918. While the exodus northward has received a great deal of attention, very little attention has been paid to the increasing counterstream. Black migration to the South has progressed from a little noticed movement to become one of the major migration streams in the U.S. More recently, in developing a general typology of migrants, those returning to the South accounted for nearly two-thirds of the North to South migrants. This paper examines the characteristics of African American migrants who journeyed back to the South after migrating North.

There is a growing interest in population distribution policy, with proposals for a slowdown of growth in and near large cities, and a promotion of growth in nonmetropolitan areas. To provide basic information on this issue, the present paper is an analysis of population changes in incorporated places of the nonmetropolitan United State between 1950 and 1970. Size of place distributions have changed little since 1950; however, the percentage of places growing over each decade ranges from under 30 to over 85 for different size and location groupings, with smaller, more remote places less likely to grow. A smaller proportion of places over 2,500 grew in decade 1960–1970 than in 1950–1960, whereas in the South and in segments of the North Central region there was an increase in the later decade of an emerging decentralization trend around larger nonmetropolitan centers. The implications of the results for population distribution policy and for problems in formulating and implementing such policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study employs a multiple covariance regression model to determine the significance of one independent variable and six covariables in explaining 1950-60 net migration rates of counties and county equivalents in the United States. The mathematical model which the study fits accounts for over 50 percent of the variability of the county migration rates, the multiple correlation coefficient (R²) being significant at the one percent level. Five of the variables (census division, percent nonwhite, median family income, percent under 20 years of age, and percent employed in construction) explain an appreciable amount of the variability of the rates of net mobility; two variables (median years of school completed and percent completing four or more years of high school) are not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses trends of the marriage rate based on the study of 1,703 families located in open-country areas of five North Carolina counties. The trend in the marriage rate of a given population may be determined from a simple population census. Two basic items of information that are needed are the year of birth and year of first marriage. It was found that, during the period from 1915 to 1919 the marriage rate of the relief population was 13.0 per 100, as compared with a nonrelief rate of only 8.1. The difference of 4.9 is approximately four times its standard error of 1.2. Among the non-relief population, where incomes are higher and more secure, marriage rates were found to be closely related to the business cycle. It was seen that the marriage rate of the non-relief population rose substantially in 1933; whereas the marriage rate of households continued to decline. This study, it has been emphasized, analyzes the marriage rates of only the living population and its increase in a given area. All migrants from the area who are offspring of parents living in the area are included; but migrants having no parental home in the area could not be included.

This article presents a list of books related to rural sociology. Some of the books include "Farm Population of the United States: 1982," by Vera J. Banks and Karen M. Mills, "Bibliography on Migrants and Migrant Education, 1981-1982," by E.C. Condon, "Migration Regions of the United States," by Paul B. Slater, "Tree Representations of Internal Migration Flows," by Paul B. Slater, and "Emotional Responses to Recreation Environments," by Thomas A. More.

In many parts of rural America, agrofood producers compete for a larger share of global markets by mechanizing, deskilling, and flexibly relocating to reduce labor costs. They recruit new immigrant workers but sow transience rather than sustainable rural growth. The industrialization of U.S. dairy farming appears to be aligned with these processes, and yet the large-scale dairy farmers who have replaced small craft producers face a paradox: The more they rationalize production on their farms, the more vulnerable their herds become to stress and illness, compromising production. Focusing on three competing dairies in Kansas, I examine how farmers variously organize work among immigrant employees to promote herd health while expanding their operations. Evidence from 22 months of ethnographic research and repeated interviews with farm owners, managers, employees, and extension agents suggests that enhancing production requires promoting employee citizenship at work--especially among immigrant employees possessing the fewest citizenship rights outside of work. In contrast to the high labor turnover endemic to other forms of industrialized food production, the distinctive human-animal relations central to dairying encourage farm owners and employees to cooperate, with promising results for farms and rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bstract This article uses interview and questionnaire data to examine how adult English as a second language (ESL) providers in rural Pennsylvania perceive community receptivity toward immigrants and the factors they believe foster or hinder receptivity and immigrants' integration. ESL providers' depictions of local responses to immigrants ranged from welcoming to hostile. They identified four constellations of factors that influenced receptivity: national and local politics, the labor market and immigrant occupations, immigrants' ability to look or act like native-born residents, and community institutions. This study reveals how differing contexts of reception are believed to influence immigrants' incorporation into rural communities. It also highlights the role of educators and educational institutions in creating a welcoming atmosphere that supports immigrants' socioeconomic well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1988 the Census Bureau reported that 28.2 percent of the 20 million U.S. Hispanics lived in poverty. This research focuses on the relationship between poverty and the migration of Hispanic youth. Individual- and county-level variables are incorporated into a logit analysis. An important finding is that Hispanic youth who are poor have higher ratios of migration than nonpoor Hispanic youth. Also, Hispanic youth residing in counties with higher rates of poverty are more likely to migrate than those living in more prosperous counties. However, these relationships change when multilevel interactions between individual and contextual variables are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information from the current bulletin index on migration, rural population change, and related topics. Since this is the last index of population-related bulletins that will be published prior to the 1990 Census, the featured publication this time is one of the products the Bureau of the Census has prepared as part of the groundwork for conducting the census. The Census Education Project: 1990 is a teaching kit developed for use in primary and secondary schools throughout the United States. The K-12 teaching kit was developed in consultation with a cross section of educators, including teachers, curriculum specialists, school administrators, and representatives of state and national education agencies. The objectives of the kit are to provide educator with materials useful in their classroom teaching and to introduce educators, students, and their families to the Bicentennial Census as an important national event; perhaps the only event in which everyone in the country is a desired participant. The Census Education Project: 1990 has a high potential to increase census and other data literacy.

This study examines the influence of household agricultural and socioeconomic attributes on long-term migration of household members and investigates differences in these effects among agriculturally and socio economically diverse rural communities. The data are for 180 households surveyed in a panel study conducted in rural portions of three Colombian municipios (counties) in 1963 and 1971. Independent variables incorporated in the logistic regression models include measures of change between 1963 and 1971 as well as static measures for 1965. Other than control variables of little substantive interest, no variable significantly predicts migration in more than one of the three communities. Structural reasons for these different patterns of selectivity across communities are identified. The analysis supports earlier contentions that migrants from origins with strong overall resource pushes are less selective than migrants from other settings and that different patterns of community structure and community structural change result in different patterns of selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recessionary period of the early 1980s coincided with a decrease in the growth rate of nonmetropolitan areas such that these areas are once again growing more slowly than metropolitan areas. The purpose of this research is to more clearly specify the key factors affecting net migration during this time. I compare the influence of variables used in past research (employment growth and diversity, commuting) retirement migration, income, unemployment, age structure, and adjacency) with the influence of two previously neglected variables (nonfarm self-employment and percentage of the labor force that is female) reflecting recent changes in the employment structure of the United States. Results suggest that, for the early part of this decade, these new variables are more important determinants of nonmetropolitan migration than are past variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of a random sample of U.S. white wives explored the relationship between their pre-1970 fertility and their migration status in 1970-1975. Objectives were to determine (1) whether migrants from nonmetro origins had higher pre-1970 fertility than migrants from metro origins, (2) whether migrants to nonmetro destinations had higher pre- 1970 fertility than those to metro destinations, and (3) whether the pre- 1970 fertility of migrants and nonmigrants differed. The pre-1970 fertility of migrants having nonmetro origins or destinations was not significantly higher than that of those having metro origins or destinations. Among older wives (over age 35), the pre-1970 fertility of migrants and nonmigrants differed, but this depended on place of origin and destination. Among younger wives, the pre-1970 fertility of migrants and nonmigrants did not differ significantly. We argue that the findings represent the con- vergence in fertility levels between nonmetro and metro populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1970, the long historic trend of net out-migration from Eastern, Kentucky has reversed to one of substantial net in-migration. Correspondingly, the past trend toward a more Concentrated settlement pattern has shifted to one of greater uniformity. These population changes have little to do with a revitalized coal economy, economic growth, or diversification, nor do they reflect the characteristics of the nationwide pattern of movement from metro to nonmetro areas. This research suggest that the migration reversal is primarily attributed to return migrants many of whom are moving to the most isolated parts of the Cumberland Plateau. An important factor affecting recent in-migration appears to be the influence of the stem family that encourages many former residents to return to the old homestead to wait out the economic hard times plaguing the cities of the North Central states. There is little evidence to suggest that enough economic improvement has taken place in Appalachian Kentucky to prevent a massive out-migration from recurring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from a survey of immigrants to rapidly growing non-metropolitan areas of the Midwest are used to document the importance of location-specific capital to destination selection. Ties to a prior residence have often been found to be important for return migrants. The analysis finds that family and friends are important stimuli in the context of both return and nonreturn migration. Prior residence in an area is shown to have little direct effect on destination selection. Rather, it serves as a vehicle for the acquisition of more specific causal factors that in turn affect destination selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the percentage of elderly with in nonmetropolitan areas are decomposed into the components of net migration and natural increase of those aged 0 to 64 and those 65 or older for three time periods: 1950 to 1960. 1960 to 1970, and 1970 to 1975. The relative importance of these demographic components is estimated, as well as the effects of various country-level characteristics on intercounty variation in "aging." Migration, particularly among the voting, is most important in explaining differential changes across counties in the elderly percentage. Moreover. the indirect effects of county characteristics on change in the elderly percentage are larger through the migration components than through the natural increase components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of married Pennsylvania women with rural backgrounds and a national probability sample of women with urban backgrounds are compared in order to examine the effects of rural residence on the socio-economic attainment process. The findings indicate that rural backgrounds are associated with deficits in human capital resources and socio-economic attainment. Earnings and status returns to human capital variables such as education are higher for women with urban backgrounds than for women with rural backgrounds. Component analysis shows that a considerable proportion of the urban-rural difference in earnings and status attainment cannot be explained by individual level, status attainment variables. Although migration from rural to urban areas is associated with larger human capital resources and socio-economic attainment, migrants with rural backgrounds continue to experience deficits in attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the influence of religious affiliation on migration intentions in a unique cultural setting: Nonmetropolitan Utah. Two hypotheses have been tested: (1) Religion exerts significant influence on migration intention after controlling the effects of other relevant variables; (2) Effects of other independent variables on migration intentions vary by religious affiliation. Findings strongly substantiate hypothesis (1) and fail to support hypothesis (2). The substantiation of hypothesis (1) implies that if the degree of consistency between expected and actual migration does not vary significantly between Mormons and non-Mormons and if the pattern of in-migration remains basically the same, one can speculate that nonmetropolitan Utah will maintain its cultural uniqueness in the future via social forces such as differential migration. The failure to support hypothesis (2) implies that, though religion is the most dominant institution for the Mormons, its influence on individual behavioral intentions (such as the intent to migrate) does not undermine the influence of other individual characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compositional changes in migration streams between nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas are examined in relation the post-1970 migration "turnaround." Analysis focuses on changes between 1955 and 1975 in (1) the sex, age, educational, and occupational selectivity and interchange of migration. and (2) the impact of migration on population composition. United States data from the 1960 and 1970 Public Use Samples and the 1975 Current Population Survey indicate that both streams since 1970 have become less selective of the young and high-SES groups. However, this decline is least prominent for the nonmetropolitan-to-metropolitan steam, thus accentuating the differential inability of nonmetropolitan areas to retain these subgroups. Also, the stream and counterstream between these areas have become slightly more dissimilar in age structure and in educational and occupational composition. Finally, even for the turnaround period, migration has pushed the age structure upward and has depressed the overall socioeconomic status level in nonmetropolitan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the value orientations of potential migrants and nonmigrants to infer possible push-pull forces for population redistribution and sources of value conflicts between potential movers and destination populations. It is hypothesized that different value orientations will be associated with metro-nonmetro migration preferences (after adjusting for social, economic, and life cycle characteristics). Data come from a statewide survey in North Carolina. The findings indicate that value-based push-pull forces seem to operate primarily on potential nonmetro-to-metro movers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a dramatic reversal of the long established trend toward urban concentration. America's nonmetropolitan areas are now growing at a rate exceeding that of its metropolitan areas. What this population turnaround portends for the future of rural life, the character and stability of rural communities, and the viability of American agriculture, is still uncertain. A brief overview of the current situation is provided here, and some of the conditioning factors undergirding the reversal phenomenon arc explored (demographic and economic trends, changing preferences, and motivational elements entering into decisions to migrate). A number of potential consequences are discussed (problems of social integration, fiscal effects, land utilization issues) and the analytic utility of a social systems perspective, derived from earlier research on rural-to-urban migration, is examined. Understanding the reversal phenomenon and its sociocultural impacts, it is suggested, represents a formidable research challenge for rural sociologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the structural and spatial features of Pennsylvania nonmetropolitan places with net outmigration, 1940-60, and net inmigration, 1960-70, in comparison with Pennsylvania nonmetropolitan places with net outmigration, 1940-70. A one-way analysis of variance and step-wise discriminant function analysis were used for this purpose. The nonmetropolitan places which turned around to net inmigration between 1960 and 1970 were smaller in size, less densely populated, closer to SMSAS, and had smaller proportions of residents 15-24 years of age than the continuous net outmigration areas. Turnaround areas were also more likely to have colleges or military bases, and they were functionally specialized in services and finance. The changing functional needs for labor force skills by society and metropolitan spillover were suggested as major influences resulting in this nonmetropolitan turnaround. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The probability of blacks moving from the South has been directly related to years of school completed. Of those who leave, the most highly educated are the most likely to return. This and other evidence fails to support the hypothesis that return of the least capable migrants accounts for why southern-born blacks in the North earn more than northern-born blacks. Other implications are explored. The rate of black migration from the South appears to be declining at almost every educational level, and return migration seems to be rising at almost every educational level. The degree of selectivity of black outmigration and return migration did not appreciably change between the 1950's and the 1960's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature suggests a distinction between the instrumental adjustment and the social integration components of adaptation by rural migrants to new environments. Using an index measuring both formal and informal social contacts with natives, the integration process was plotted over time through a cross-sectional analysis of 688 residences for a sample of rural migrants from Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Results suggest that the integration of contemporary rural migrants in new settings is a relatively rapid process. However, our data show that integration is inhibited when: 1) the destination community is large; 2) the migrants have low initial socioeconomic status; and, 3) kin are present in the receiving area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to examine the differentials and patterns in the distances of movement of interstate migrants if all moved in direct proportion to the population of each of the other states. Furthermore, to compare and contrast the actual with the expected patterns of distance of movement. A study has found that the actual distance of movement of interstate migrants in the U.S. increased steadily in three successive periods, going from an average of 603 miles per migrants in 1935-1940 to 685 miles in 1949-1950, and to 750 miles in 1955-0960, it shows that the migrants actually moved shorter average distances than would have expected had they moved in direct proportion to the population of each of the population of the other states.

The major objective of this research was to determine whether interstate migrants moved greater distances in 1935–1940, in 1949–50, or in 1955–1960, the only three periods for which interstate migration data exist. Accessibility greatly increased between 1935 and 1960; therefore, it is reasonable to assume that interstate migrants moved successively greater distances. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, the distances moved by interstate migrants in the United States increased steadily during the three periods studied, going from an average of 606 miles in 1935–1940, to 689 miles in 1949–50, to 756 miles in 1955–1960. Second, despite the relatively long distances moved by some, most interstate migrants (the modal group) moved only between 100 and 199 miles in each of the three periods. Third, white migrants consistently moved farther than nonwhites in each of the three periods studied. Nevertheless, the differences between whites and nonwhites in the average number of mile moved narrowed inn each successive period, from 167 miles in 1935–1940, to 128 miles in 1949–50, to 82 miles in 1955–1960. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports a test of the hypothesis that high school seniors with high attachment to the family of orientation, but receiving support from this system to migrate, and seniors with low attachment to the family of orientation, are more likely to plan migration after high school than seniors with high attachment but no support to migrate. The sample consists of 790 seniors from a low income and high agricultural county in northern New York State. Three forms of social psychological support and one form of economic support are utilized in testing the hypothesis. A four-item index is developed as an operational measure of attachment. The basic hypothesis is supported. Limitations of the study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents literature related to rural sociology. Migration, training and occupation of youth from two areas of Utah one, six and eleven years after high school graduation have been studied. Study of characteristics of the Negro population including number, residential and geographic distribution, age and sex distribution, occupation, education and income have been done with the study of trends and comparisons with white population. Nature and extent of socioeconomic and attitude differences in French and non-French ethnic groups in rural Louisiana are taken in account. Sample area from three types of communities, French predominant language, English predominant language, French and English approximately equal. Comparison of Maine's contract broiler growers 1957 and 1963 as to socioeconomic characteristics and characteristics of the operation have been done. An examination of economic trends in the Appalachian economy using Bureau of Census data. Most comparisons for 1950 and 1960.

This study discusses an analytical scheme for fitting together migration streams, representing separate migration patterns, into an integrated whole. Attention focuses on indicating the probable existence of "migration systems" on the demographic level, their conceptual form, the data necessary to study them, and some problems associated with such study. Migration systems are illustrated by 1949-1950 migration data for State Economic Areas of the Southern Appalachians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports an attempt to test the basic assumption that the desire to migrate is inversely related to the degree of satisfaction with the home community, and some related factors on a sample of potential migrants, namely, high school seniors in a rural area of Michigan. It presents a study of the migration attitudes of farm youth from rural areas with relatively high outmigration. It examines some of the social-psychological aspects of migration, which have received relatively less attention than demographic factors. More specifically, this study, examines the residential, occupational, and educational plans of a sample of high school seniors from four rural counties of central Michigan. The focus of this article is the anticipated migration behavior of rural high school seniors about to graduate. In the spring of 1958 a self-administered questionnaire, designed to elicit information on community satisfaction, occupational, residential, and educational aspirations was submitted to the 545 respondents in this study.

A net of 8.6 million persons alive at both the beginning and end of the decade migrated from farms between 1940 and 1950—a net out-migration rate of 31 per cent, compared with 13 per cent for 1930-40, and 19 per cent for 1920&ndash30. In the 1940&ndash50 decade, rates for young people were high in all areas, rates for children and for persons 25&ndash44 were low in most areas, and rates for persons older than 45 were generally intermediate between the rates for the other groups. Rates for girls and young women were usually higher than rates for boys and young men. Rates were usually higher for nonwhite persons than for white persons. The South Center and Southwest Plains and the Atlantic Flatwoods and Gulf Coast economic regions show up as the areas with highest out-migration rates. The Pacific Southwest had the lowest rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study differs from most migration studies in that it examines relationships between intentions to migrate and subsequent actual migration. Data for the study were gathered by interviews of 157 graduating high school seniors; all of the graduates of rural high schools in Hamilton County and Story City, Iowa. Of the group 81 intended to leave their home communities, 19 intended to stay and 57 were undecided. A follow up, one year later, showed that 92 had migrated and 64 had remained. Farm and nonfarm girls and nonfarm boys were much alike in their migration patterns but differed significantly from farm boys in this respect. Factors such as communication with parents, socioeconomic status of family, parental educational levels, age of parents and attitude toward farm life were related to migration patterns of respondents. Further research with a larger sample is needed to study the effects of intra-family relationships upon migration of rural young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The town of Tecolotlan, Jalisco contains generic features of culture and society which are roughly representative of the many communities from which Mexicans migrated to the United States. A mestizo, Spanish speaking community, Tecolothlan is a farming center with some small household industries. Over the past forty years it has undergone a number of changes incidental to the transformations of the system of land tenure, and the development of altered means of transportation. The change from economic and political domination by large haciendas to partial ascendency of agrarian communities has altered the form, if not the significance, of social stratification. Major segments of institutional arrangements, such as education and the schools, religion and the church, and the family are briefly analyzed and their functional roles are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes a very small portion of three special United States Census reports totalling 875 pages and dealing with internal migration in the United States, 1935&ndash40. Many findings from these total, nation-wide data confirm earlier and much smaller studies such as the tendency for most migrants to remain in the region of original residence, for nonwhites to be less migratory than whites, and for the rural-farm population to be less migratory than urban or nonfarm persons. The rural-nonfarm population was shown to have gained through migration from both farm and urban groups. The migration of professional workers did not conform to the patterns for the total population. Migration varied greatly by age, the 25&ndash29 year-olds being most migratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rural Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Living standards are low in Eastern Kentucky; a rough area with limited economic opportunity. People migrate from this area when jobs are available in industrial centers. The first extended migration was during World War I. When the depression came, most of these people returned to the old home because of small land holdings, family ties, or the possibility of securing relief. Now, during World War II, some thirty per cent of the people have again left the region to find work. One-hall of these plan to return while the other fifty per cent prefer to reside permanently outside the area. The number who Will become permanent emigrants is important to the economic future of the Mountains. If the current migration follows the pattern of the preceding one, most of those who left during the past four years will return, when the next depression becomes acute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rural Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the state aid given to drought sufferers in Haskell County, Kansas. Since the settlement of the county in 1885, marked deficiencies of rainfall have occurred in 1887, 1889, 1893-1897, 1899-1901, 1907-08, 1910-11, 1913, 1916-17, 1924, 1926 and 1932-36. The last drought was the worst in the history of the county. But unlike the previous droughts, there was less emigration, less dislocation of schooling and other community agencies and less interruption of social and economic life generally. This is to be accounted for by the federal assistance in the form of farm loans, relief grants, assistance by the Farm Security Administration, through Work Progress Administration and National Youth Administration projects and Agricultural Adjustment Administration benefit payments which ran as high as $450,000 per year from 1933 to 1936 and were received by ninety per cent of the farmers. During the droughts of the 1880's and 1890's Haskell County was almost depopulated by migration of distressed settlers.

The article presents a qualitative study of depopulation in the Stonewall Magisterial rural district in Richmond County, Virginia, from 1900 to 1930. The effect of cityward migration upon the quality of the residual rural population is a matter of vital social significance. Yet, just as all rural areas are not alike, so the effects of migration are not everywhere the same. Broadly speaking, three types of rural areas may be distinguished. They are those adjacent to a small city, those affected by industrial development, and those remote from both city and industry. One single method of determining the qualitative nature of rural depopulation has been applied to each of these three types of rural locality. A different picture was found in each area, lending credence to the view that environmental influences largely determine the qualitative character of migration and its effects upon the residual rural population. It was revealed that Stonewall district is losing much of its better population. A new population, recruited from the lower classes is emerging.

Students of farm labor in the United States may well rejoice in the voluminous data which have been accumulated in the past three years by two congressional committees; namely, the House Select Committee to investigate migration of citizens, commonly referred to as the Tolan Committee and the Senate Committee on Education and Labor, which has investigated the "violation of free speech and the rights of labor." The latter committee has recently issued Parts I, II and III of the summary report of its work to date. The main products are fruit and vegetables, requiring large numbers of seasonal workers, particularly in the harvesting operations. Since these products are highly perishable, the time limit on the harvest is short and the necessity of having adequate labor supplies at the right time and place, is especially acute. Because of the perishability of the commodities involved, the growers have been highly vulnerable to labor strikes. Public policies are in the making and the best thought of the rural leadership of the country should be brought to bear on the question to see that the best possible measures are adopted.