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Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses two important trends that have shaped research in the economic sciences over the last two decades. The first one is the growing interdisciplinarity of economic research. The second one is the impact of technological changes on research in the economic sciences. The paper presents the author's systematization of these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to answer the following research question: which factors relating to the international competitiveness of German enterprises are most important for the Polish market? Then, in a broader context: which competitiveness factors play a key role in helping enterprises from the highest developed countries conquer the market of a relatively less developed country? On the basis of a literature review, a research gap is identified, indicating there is a shortage of studies that clearly identify a group of factors that influence a company's success on the foreign market. The gap is filled with the empirical qualitative research and the conclusions regarding the key competitiveness factors and their effective combination. Competitive strategies and factors key for their implementation are identified, presenting the factors responsible for the growth of German enterprises on the international market (Poland) and achieving market success. The set of enterprises' competitiveness factors is established and the hierarchy those factors is presented. Although the qualitative research based on thirteen companies is not representative, the leading German enterprises provide a valuable lesson on how to successfully conquer a foreign market. The key competitiveness factors responsible for such success in the context of strategic goals, competition strategies and modern methods of competition are presented and discussed. The findings are very useful for real enterprises in internationalizing situations, where the management has to determine the competitive strategy which should lead to foreign growth and in consequence success on the international market. The study indicates what to focus on when entering the foreign market and which factors have a direct impact on the growth on the foreign market. The paper is a result of empirical research on competitiveness and provides valuable information about the set of ranked competitive factors that have a direct influence on success in a foreign market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper addresses some issues related to the status of agricultural activity in the light of the 'Business Constitution.' It discusses the conditions that an individual needs to meet in order to become an entrepreneur in the context of the Entrepreneurs' Law, and the scope, categories and nature of exemptions to the application of economic activity regulations. The concepts of agricultural activity provide a background for these considerations. Also, this paper makes an attempt to answer the question of whether, in the light of legal acts included in the 'Business Constitution,' an agricultural activity can be considered an economic activity and a farmer, who is a natural person, can be considered an entrepreneur. The above classification is related to the problem of applying the 'Business Constitution' to agricultural activities. The author concludes that the new legal regulation comprehensively governs matters related to the establishment and pursuit of an economic activity, and, through the legal instruments it implements, helps entrepreneurs to support the development of economic activity. The definition of entrepreneur provided for in the Entrepreneurs' Law is of a more general and universal dimension. The author finds that in some cases, the legislator extended the definition of agricultural production activity with the sale of partially processed plant and animal products made by the farmer. The paper also addressed the classification of agricultural producers by production size and by the exemptions applicable to certain operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Law on Higher Education and Science adopted by the Polish parliament in July 2018 made extensive changes to the model of the institutional evaluation of research. The evaluated output consists mainly of papers published in scientific journals. In principle, the journals eligible for the evaluation procedure are those indexed in Scopus or WoS. The official Polish ranking of journals should reflect the metrics from these databases. The statutory enlargement of bibliometric data on the evaluation of legal papers constitutes a fundamental breach in the history of Polish legal journals. The article deals with a few questions: how representative is the application of the bibliometrics for legal publications? Is the Polish ranking of legal journals consistent with the evaluation practices in other countries? What is unique in the caesura in the history of Polish legal journals marked by the law from 2018, when compared to earlier turning points in this history? What recommendations to change the evaluation legal journals in Poland are justified? The author sees the evaluation of legal journals focused on Scopus and WoS as an unwanted revolution. Using comparative, historical and pragmatical arguments, he recommends the transformation of the revolution into evolutive modifications. This reasonable evolution should be based on two things. Firstly, replacing bibliometric evaluation with expert evaluation. Secondly, more legal journals should be eligible in the evaluation process: journals indexed in ERIH+ and HeinOnline, and journals included in the official journal lists of countries other than Poland, should be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper is based on research results. The aim of the paper is to examine knowledge of social entrepreneurship as a potential labour market among graduates. The article is divided into three sections. The first introduces the idea of the social economy as an element of the market economy. The second part is devoted to the presentation of the results of the authors’ own research, conducted with the use of a questionnaire among students at the University of Łodz who were in the third year of their bachelor’s degree, and students in the second year of a supplementary master’s degree in economics and non-economic subjects. The last section offers recommendations pertaining to the potential development of the social economy as a place for professional development. The results of the study and the literature review indicate poor recognition of social entrepreneurship among the respondents. Therefore, actions should be taken to supply young people with information about the opportunities available in this sector and to change the perception of the social economy as an element of the labour market and economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is an attempt to diagnose the condition of contemporary sociology (its weaknesses, but also its potential strengths) based on an analysis of its language. On this basis, several scenarios concerning the future of sociology are formulated. Two of them (the scenario of the literaturization of sociology and the scenario of its gradual blending with the sciences of complexity) seem to be tantamount to the gradual self-elimination of sociology. Another -- the scientization of sociology and its subordination to terminological and methodological regimes much more restrictive than previous ones -- appears to be a practically unrealistic scenario, taking into account the history of sociology and its theoretical and methodological pluralism. The last three scenarios mentioned in the paper: the scenario of sociology developing as a sociological theory of complexity par excellence, the scenario of sociology based on existing traces, and the scenario of animationintervention sociology, mean that it will be forced to undergo radical change, while at the same time seeking to prolong its chances of survival to the greatest extent as a scientific discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the essence of financial technologies in personal financial planning, especially robo-advice. The main aim of the paper is to describe the presumptions for the development of robo-advice. An analysis of robo-advice on personal finance management was made. The analysis was based on a review of the subject literature, and on primary and secondary research. Particular attention was paid to the intensification of activities in the implementation of modern solutions and tools supporting the management of personal finances and the gradual development of robo-advisors. Modern solutions are still struggling with great distrust on the part of their current and potential customers, and the development of modern technologies in liquidity and asset management still requires a human factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Polish membership in the European Union finds its expression, among other things, in the powers of the Polish Sejm to participate in the European law-making process. The rules of this participation are provided for in the heterogeneous, fluctuating and evolving body of European and domestic law. Its complex nature, stretching between the constitutional foundations of political power, on the one hand, and the procedural matters of the parliamentary practice, on the other, offers a wide range of legal challenges to anyone who applies it. The paper aims to reveal that diversity and addresses some aspects of parliamentary practice when dealing with matters involving the EU. The issues of concern are selected with respect to the experience gained and best practice developed by the Sejm's legal services: the Legislative Bureau and the Bureau of Research. All of them are systemic and - as it is argued - derived directly from the still unsettled question of the constitutional basis for the newly acquired competences of the national parliament to act on the European stage. The paper deals with the accountability of the Sejm's committee for EU matters, cross-border interparliamentary cooperation and the subsidiarity check, as well as the legal representation of the Sejm in the European forum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we aim to investigate the importance of the sports sector of the economy for macrolevel performance in the European Union Member States. The problem that we address is worthy of research focus as sport is a dynamically expanding and important sector of the economy. The increasing importance of sport in national economies cannot be fully analysed due to the lack of sufficient statistical data. In this paper, we provide a comparison of the Eurostat sports collections results and Sport Satellite Account-based examination of the contribution of sport to the GDP and value added. The analysis of statistical data is preceded by a description of the sports sector measurement. We establish that the contribution of sport is more remarkable for developed economies, however, it has also been increasing over time in other EU Member States. This can be observed for employment, changes in enterprises' statistics, and international trade. Household spending on sports goods and services also increases even if the Great Recession led to a downturn in sport consumption in some countries. The frequency and coherence of sports data collections related to its economic significance is not satisfactory. The issue needs to be given a higher priority by public authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to conduct a meta-analysis of the EU and CEECs civil liability institutions in order to find out if they are ready for the Artificial Intelligence (AI) race. Particular focus is placed on ascertaining whether civil liability institutions such as the Product Liability Directive (EU) or civil codes (CEECs) will protect consumers and entrepreneurs, as well as ensure undistorted competition. In line with the aforementioned, the authors investigate whether the civil liability institutions of the EU and CEECs are based on regulations that can be adapted to the new generation of robots that will be equipped with learning abilities and have a certain degree of unpredictability in their behaviour. The conclusion presented in the paper was drawn on the basis of a review of the current literature and research on national and European regulations. The primary contribution that this article makes is to advance the current of the research concerning the concepts of AI liability for damage and personal injury. A second contribution is to show that the current civil liability institutions of the EU as well as the CEECs are not sufficiently prepared to address the legal issues that will start to arise when self-driving vehicles or autonomous drones begin operating in fully autonomous modes and possibly cause property damage or personal injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses a research project that attempted to examine selected public institutions' response strategies to a pandemic. The most important research question of the project was the relationship between the pandemic and innovativeness of the sector of public institutions (understood as the desire to introduce new ways of operating, new inter-institutional links, new patterns of relations with stakeholders, etc., resulting from the knowledge provided to individual institutions by functioning under the conditions of the pandemic). During qualitative research we found that the researched institutions' predominant reaction to the challenges of the pandemic was not an orientation towards innovation but a striving to maintain a mode of functioning that is as similar as possible to that from before the pandemic. The innovations made (transition to remote working, simplification of some administrative procedures) resulted from external pressure to a greater extent and internal reflexivity to a lesser extent. The narratives captured in the study about the everyday life of public institutions during the pandemic have three common elements. First, they all focus less on large and spectacular innovations and more on micro-innovations (not treated as innovation, but understood as dozens of micro-improvements, minimal adjustments to existing routines). Second, they all miniaturize the experience of the pandemic, regarding it as events so extreme as to be useless for designing a better institutional order. Thirdly, all the reconstructed narratives are situated in an institutional zone of in-between, which means that they perceive themselves as a transparent medium fluctuating between the state and society and as a subject without influence on the shape of its own functioning. On the one hand, this would depend on the level of civic culture and, on the other hand, on the policy created at the highest levels of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the issue of the so-called out-of-court restructuring, which is a proposal for further improvements to be introduced to the restructuring proceedings system. Out-of-court restructuring conducted with omitting the stage of judicial approval of the arrangement is currently unknown to Polish law, but it has been provided as an option by the European legislator in the pending implementation of the Directive (EU) 2019/1023 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on preventive restructuring frameworks, on discharge of debt and disqualification measures to increase the efficiency of procedures concerning restructuring, insolvency and discharge of debt, and amending Directive (EU) 2017/1132. The main objective of this paper is to attempt to assess the legitimacy of introducing solutions concerning out-of-court restructuring into domestic law. The research thesis is that this kind of restructuring is an effective instrument that allows for the acceleration of the proceedings, however, a significant obstacle to its effective implementation in practice is the lack of interpersonal confidence, which is characteristic of business relations in Poland. To achieve the main aim and verify research thesis, dogmatic and comparative methods were used. Moreover, an analysis of statistical data on the assessment of social capital in Poland was carried out, referring to the welfare index developed by the Legatum Institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a catalogue of the most significant socio-legal consequences that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic. The considerations are based on the first comprehensive publication in the field of legal science: Law in the Time of COVID-19 edited by Katharina Pistor (New York: Columbia Law School, 2020). This study aptly assumes that, in principle, the impact of the pandemic on society and legal regulations is evident on three basic levels: human rights, public law and private law. This article analyses the most relevant legal issues, including in particular the protection of the right to privacy, electoral law, and social welfare, as well as principal contractual clauses intended to secure commercial contracts against the impact of COVID-19. In the conclusion of the considerations, it is indicated that while the solutions introduced in various legal systems aimed at counteracting the impact of the pandemic generally fulfilled their role, at the same they led to negative legal consequences, which should be removed as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the transitional provisions contained in the Act on Wind Energy Investments, in particular those concerning the planning acts of the municipality. The main research issue was to determine the possibility of issuing a land development decision for a residential investment in a situation where the planned investment could, hypothetically, be within the impact zone of a wind power plant, the construction of which is provided for in the local spatial development plan. The considerations were conducted against the background of the judgment of the Provin- cial Administrative Court in Poznan of 8 October 2020, II SA/Po 598/20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the essence of the lawmaking autonomy of local selfgovernment units, to describe the various legal forms that their formal decisions take, as well as to distinguish and define - using the achievements of the doctrine and jurisprudence - the various categories of acts created by local government bodies. The research method used was based on comparative legal analysis and literature research, evaluation of the legal status existing in the field of the discussed issues, as well as on an analysis of views presented in the science of administrative law and in the case law. The author points out that the legislator has granted local self-government bodies a large degree of law-making independence. Its sources can be found in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, and then in local government system acts. These norms are additionally strengthened by the provisions of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, which provide for the right of local communities to act freely on their territory while respecting the principle of legalism. The attribution of the quality of autonomy to local government units has also been consolidated in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal. The far-reaching independence of self-governments can be seen in many areas of their activity, but legislation seems to be one of the most important. Legal acts set the norms and rules of conduct, binding certain groups of addressees and affect their personal situation. in terms of their rights and obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The numerous studies of risk perception to date have been focused on three different areas of the subject. Firstly, researchers have aimed at the identification of risk perception determinants, secondly, they have created recommendations on how to communicate the risk to society, and finally they have analysed the relationships between risk perception measures and the means of risk control implemented in organizations. The last indicated research area is complemented by the following paper. On the basis of data derived from online interviews it was concluded that the higher the assessment of the measures of environmental insurance risk perception, the more frequently organizations implemented selected means of risk control in the environmental management system according to ISO 14001 (EMS ISO 14001). The largest number of statistically significant dependencies were observed in the area of variables which describe the informative potential of EMS ISO 14001 (informative potential variables) and those which directly determine the volume of environmental insurance risk (the volume of risk variables). Simultaneously, not all categories of risk perception measures are equally related to the frequency of risk control means implementation. A particularly large number of statistically significant correlations were identified for the following variable: the evaluation of the likelihood of the occurrence of environmental damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental law is one of the few branches of law in which we can currently observe the increasing role of teleological interpretation. The system of values that affects this process has been changing dynamically, due to the type and scales of existing environmental hazards. Erroneous goal identification, or ignoring the goals altogether, while analysing grey areas of interpretation concerning legal standards, may interfere with, or even paralyse, the functioning of certain legal institutions. In practice, this translates to an increased level of environmental hazards. The significance of the axiological context means that the aim of this paper is not only to highlight the importance of teleological interpretation in this area but also to draw attention to the applicability of a particular interpretation scheme. The background of this study is a general analysis of the system of values and objectives present in environmental law and their reference to the relevant views and concepts established in the theory of law. The applied research method is based mainly on a review of the main teleological assumptions in Maciej Zieliński's derivative conception of legal interpretation and an attempt to juxtapose them with the statements of the environmental law doctrine relating to the purpose of a legal norm. The adopted construction aims to substantiate the thesis that Zieliński's derivative concept of legal interpretation may be the most accurate tool for interpreting environmental law norms. Its theoretical-legal structure, referring in particular to the reconstruction of objectives and other values from the legal text, confirms the indicated research assumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The prevailing view in the Polish doctrine and judicature is that after the death of the testator, the persons inheriting thereafter in the second and further sequence, have the right to reject the inheritance, as long as none of the persons appointed to inherit on a stronger basis wants to or can become an heir. This view is unfavourable for the persons appointed to the inheritance on a weaker basis. Earlier (anticipatory) rejection of the inheritance is assumed to be invalid, as performed under the condition that the person rejecting the inheritance would become the heir (Article 1018 § 1 of the Civil Code). This paper is the attempt to present criticism of such a view. In the opinion of the author, with the moment of the testator's death, the declaration on rejecting of the inheritance may be also made by the person appointed to the inheritance on a weaker basis, and thus inheriting in the second or further sequence. The effectiveness of such an act in law, due to the conditio iuris in force, is, however suspended until it turns out that the persons appointed to the inheritance on a stronger basis do not want to inherit or cannot become heirs. Thus, anticipatory rejection of the inheritance is admissible de lege lata. Given the discrepancies in the doctrine and unambiguous position of the judicature, the introduction of appropriate provisions into the Civil Code, similar to the regulation of § 1946 BGB, is suggested in the article within the de lege ferenda comments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is council housing, as part of social housing in contemporary Poland. The goal of council housing is to deliver affordable homes to households with an income too low to allow for access to social housing or to rent a home on the open market. The provision of such assistance, which currently may take two forms of tenancy, is the municipalities' own task. Currently, Poland is introducing changes in law which grant more flexibility to municipalities in terms of how homes used for the purpose of tenancy on social terms are created and how the existing housing stock is managed. These changes accompany the transformation of housing policy from a selective model in broad version to a selective model in narrow version (such in which housing assistance is addressed to low-income households only). So far, the National Housing Programme, adopted by the Government in 2016, has failed to bring measurable effects of increasing the supply of social homes or improving the provision of housing assistance to low- and very lowincome households. Nonetheless, the implemented projects have considerable potential to bring beneficial changes for social groups with low incomes, both within social and council housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the literature, there has been a discussion for years on the legitimacy of granting shares in central taxes to local government units (LGUs) as a source of revenue, and including them in their own revenue. Despite the fact that local authorities consider of this type of revenue sources as a good one, they see a problem in the principles of their distribution. In the case of the Polish personal income tax (PIT), funds are allocated to units according to the taxpayer's place of residence, which means that many people who use local public goods and services from one unit pay the income tax allocated to another one. This applies especially to large cities. The paper characterizes the share in PIT as a source of revenue for municipalities in Poland and estimates the amount of funds lost by municipalities as a result of pointed problems resulting from the adopted method of this revenue distribution between units. Voivodeship cities were chosen as the subjects of the research, and the time scope covered the years 2016 and 2011. The data used to estimate the amount of potential revenue loss of cities come from the resources of the Central Statistical Office and the Ministry of Finance. The estimates confirm that the loss of potential revenue from the analysed source would have a significant fiscal impact for voivodship cities. They would constitute slightly more than 3% of their own revenue and nearly 8% of revenue from participation in PIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the problem of criminal responsibility of secondary parties for inciting and aiding an act that is committed outside of Polish territory. According to Article 18 § 2 and § 3 of the Polish Criminal Code, encouraging and supporting a prohibited act are under penalty. It is debatable whether those regulations apply if the advocated or assisted act is to be performed abroad. In principle, such a possibility cannot be excluded, but there are certain categories of acts in case of which aiding or abetting an out-of-country commitment shall not be penalized. Firstly because the prohibited act can be performed only on Polish territory, secondly because the protected good can be attacked only domestically, and thirdly, because the performance of the act abroad will not be of a reckless nature, exceeding the permitted risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to provide an overview of the achievements of selected representatives of Poznań studies on international law, whose writings have been published in the previous volumes of the Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny [Journal of Law, Economics and Sociology]: Bohdan Winiarski, Alfons Klafkowski, Krzysztof Skubiszewski, Bolesław Wiewióra, Jan Sandorski, Jerzy Tyranowski, Tadeusz Gadkowski, and Anna Michalska. The article considers a selection of papers representative for the main directions of research conducted by three generations of international lawyers from Poznań's Department of Public International Law. The topics covered are as follows: the relationship between international law and national law, the sources of international law, international river law, international law of armed conflict and international responsibility, the law of international organizations, international protection of human rights, territory and recognition in international law, and nuclear law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to evaluate Polish agricultural law periodicals in comparison with their Western European counterparts. In particular, the evaluation takes into account the mission of the periodicals, their thematic scope, the layout and language of the texts published, and the circle of their addressees-readers. With consideration given to the length of time that such periodicals have been on the publishing market and their publication output, the Italian context is the first to be taken into account, before attention turns to German, French, and Spanish periodicals. The author concludes that agricultural law periodicals were established at different stages in the development of this branch of law. The oldest one (Rivista di Diritto Agrario) brought the name of this new normative matter into scientific circulation, and subsequently contributed to both the separation of agricultural law in the system of law and its further development. Other periodicals (Agrar- und Umweltrecht, Revue de Droit Rural and Revista de Derecho Agrario y Alimentrario) were established in the 1970s and 1980s, with a view to strengthening the science of agricultural law and its influence on the practice of law-making and application. In this light, Polish agricultural law periodicals look somewhat inferior, as they are characterized by a short period of functioning on the publishing market. The future of the periodical Przegląd Prawa Rolnego (Agricultural Law Review), the only agricultural law journal in Poland, is under threat, due to the fact that authors now tend to submit articles on agricultural law to other, more highly-ranked journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to present, from a historical perspective, the evolution of the system of academic advancement in Poland, with particular emphasis on solutions from the period following the start of the political transformation. The author uses elements of the analysis and conceptual apparatus typical for institutional economics, both in the variant sometimes referred to as the old institutional economics, and in the so-called new institutional economics. The analysis of changes in the system of academic advancement in Poland in the period after independence was regained in 1918, and especially in the period after World War II, shows that the changes were clearly evolutionary, rather than revolutionary. This occurred with clear path dependence and the important role, next to formal institutions related to legislative changes, of informal institutions in the area of tradition, custom and discussion about the response to incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]