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U članku se iznose rezultati empirijskog istraživanja percepcije rata i okoliša u Zagrebu 1993. godine i uspoređuju s rezultatima identičnog istraživanja u 1992. godini. Faktorskom analizom pod komponentnim modelom uz GK kriterij dobiveno je pet faktora I reda — dimenzija nazvanih: »rat u funkciji socijalne i ekološke destrukcije« (rat kao ekocid), »oslobodilački rat opravdava ekološke posljedice«, »rat u funkciji napretka i odabiranja« (rat kao napredak), »ratna tehnika potiče materijalno-tehnički napredak i izaziva ekološke katastrofe«, »kontrola ratne tehnike je kontrola uništavanja čovjekove egzistencije«. Vrlo je slična struktura latentnih dimenzija u 1992. i 1993. godini. Usporedbom rezultata dvaju istraživanja, osobito t-testovima, pokazalo se da su ostali nepromijenjeni opći kriteriji vrednovanja rata i ekocida, ali se u 1993. godini razlikuju konkretni kriteriji percepcije nekih tvrdnji i shvaćanja. Smanjena je osjetljivost ispitanika na ekološke posljedice a povećana na pobjedu i oslovođenje tj. vrijednosti života. Autor zaključuje da je do promjene došlo vjerojatno uslijed pogoršavanja socijalnog konteksta: nastavak rata i teške socijalne prilike. Pogoršanje socijalnog stanja i ratnih posljedica nije dovelo u pitanje opće vrijednosti prirode i opće osude rata kao destruktivnosti. Međutim u 1993. ostaje, kao i u 1992. dimenzija poimanja rata i kao poticajnog faktora napretka., This article describes results of empiric research works on perception of war and environment, carried out on representative samples of students from the University of Zagreb in 1992 (312 respondents) and in 1993 (236 responders). The examination was performed using the method of questionnaire. The instrument of 15 items was accompanied by the Lickert scale from 1 to 5. For processing of results the multivariate analysis on component model by GK and BK criteria was applied. Both research works resulted in similar structure of five latent dimensions each, implying that the structure of thinking has essentially not changed. War is understood in two different ways: as destruction of environment and human beings, and as an impulse to progress. In 1993 the sensitivity of respondents towards actual protection of nature weakened, preferring victory and preservation of life, which means that social significance of war has gained weight. The comparison (t-tests) shows that in 1993 the sensitivity of respondents towards impacts of war on environment weakened, as well as the confidence in global control of war technology. Particular emphasis was laid on the belief that accumulation of war technology necessarily causes war. Despite their respecting the wartime circumstances in Croatia, a high percentage of respondents still take into account some civilization values of environment. War is perceived as a process of adapting the social and natural system, but also as an oicocide, i.e., destruction of environment and human culture.

Članak iznosi rezultate empirijskog istraživanja percepcije čovjeka, prirode i tehnike. Istraživanje je provedeno u Republici Hrvatskoj 1992. godine na reprezentativnom slučajnom uzorku studenata na sveučilištima u Rijeci i Zagrebu. Uzorak je tvorilo 547 studenata različitih fakulteta i godina studija. Istraživanje je provedeno anketom. Instrument se sastojao od dvadeset i dvije tvrdnje kojima je pridružena skala Likertova tipa. Rezultati su pokazali da su najprihvaćenije tvrdnje o ravnoteži prirode i potrebi njenog očuvanja, a najmanje su prihvaćene tvrdnje o ugrožavanju prirode i čovjeku kao njenom gospodaru. Faktorskom analizom pod komponentnim modelom dobiveno je šest latentnih dimenzija (faktori f reda) među kojima postoji djelomična povezanost. To su: "tehnološki optimizam", "naturalistički determinizam", "antropocentrizam na tehnološkoj osnovi", "čovjek u službi tehnike", "pomirenje s prirodom" i "međusobna uvjetovanost prirodne i socijalne ravnoteže". Testiranje razlika aritmetičkih sredina (1992 i 1988 godine) pokazuje da je kod većine tvrdnji došlo do smanjenja vrijednosti x u 1992. g. što znači da su sadržaji tih tvrdnji manje prihvatljivo nego prije četiri godine. Povećano je značenje tehnike i očekivanja od istraživanja svemira te uvažavanje prirodnih uvjeta u društvenom razvoju., The article brings up the results of empiric research of the perception of man, nature and technology. The research was carried out in the Republic of Croatia in 1992 by the representative chance specimen of the students from the Universities of Rijeka and Zagreb. The specimen included 547 students from different faculties and years of studies. The research was made by a survey. The instrument consisted of twenty two assertions to which Likert type scale was added. The results showed that the most acceptable assertions were the ones about the nature balance and the need for its preservation. The least acceptable assertions were about endangering of nature and about man as its master. Using factor analysis under component model, six latent dimensions (of the factor of 1st order) were obtained among which exists partial connection. They are: "technological optimism", "naturalistic determinism", "anthropocentrism on technological basis", "man in service to technology", "coming to terms with nature" and "mutual condition of natural and social balance". Testing of arithmetic averages in 1992 and 1988 shows that most assertions have undergone a decrease in value in 1992 which means that the contents of those assertions are less acceptable than four years earlier. The importance of technology and expectations from space research have been increased as well as appreciation of natural conditions in social development.

Autor polazi od teze o postojanju kulturnog õikosa koji definira preko prostornih, socijalnih (porodičnih) i individualnih obilježja. Istražuje utjecaj tih obilježja na preferiranje globalnih koncepata (nazvanih alternativnim). Koncepti su definirani kao socijalnoekološke orijentacije i to: antropocentrizam, naturalizam i dinamička ravnoteža. Na osnovu empirijskog istraživanja izdvojena su tri subuzorka. U prvom su ispitanici čiji roditelji imaju isti stupanj obrazovanja, u drugom roditelji pripadaju istoj vjeroispovijesti a u trećemu roditelji pripadaju istoj vjeroispovijesti a ispitanik »adekvatnoj« nacionalnosti, (npr pravoslavni — Srbi, katolici — Hrvati itd). Tako autor pored drugih obilježja posebno testira utjecaj obrazovanja, religije i nacionalnosti na opredjeljenja o trima globalnim konceptima. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se najveći postotak (preko 70%) ispitanika opredjeljuje za koncept »dinamičke« ravnoteže, jedna četvrtina za »naturalistički« i ostali za »antropocentrički « koncept Nacionalna pripadnost ne pokazuje statistički značajne razlike, kao što se pokazuju kod obrazovanja i vjeroispovijesti roditelja, te stava ispitanika prema religiji. U članku se objašnjavaju različitosti utjecaja prostornih, porodičnih i individualnih obilježja tj. utjecaj kulturnog õikosa. Obrazovanje utječe na poticanje alternativa dok religijska socijalizacija različitih vjeroispovijesti djeluje reproduktivno i univerzalistički., The author sets forth from the thesis about the existence of cultural õikos, which he defines through spacial, social (family) and individual characteristics. He explores the influence of these characteristics on the preferences of global concepts (named alternative concepts). These concepts are defined as the following socio-ecological orientations: anthropocentrism, naturalism and dynamic balance. Based on empirical research 3 subsamples have been selected The first contains the respondents whose parents have the same level of education, in the second the parents belong to the same religion, while in the third the parents belong to the same religion and the respondent belongs to the »corresponding« nationality (for example Orthodox-Serbian, Catholic-Croatian etc.). Thus, in addition to other characteristics the author tests in particular the influence of education, religion and nationality on the commitment to the 3 global concepts. The findings indicate that the majority (over 70%) of the respondents have chosen the concept of »dynamic balance«, 25 the »naturalistic« concept ant the rest-the »anthropocentric« concept Regarding national belonging no statistically relevant differences have been found as in the case of the parents education and religion, and the respondent’s attitude toward religion. In the text the different influences of spacial, family and individual features, i. e. the influence of cultural õikos are interpreted Education stimulates alternative concepts while religious socialization of different religions acts reproductively and universally.

Na osnovi rezultata empirijskog istraživanja na uzorku od 2714 ispitanika autor govori o percepciji načina rješavanja zaštite čovjekove okoline. Prikazani rezultati odnose se samo na jedan od instrumenata u anketi provedenoj 1989. godine. Na svakoj tvrdnji bila je Likertova skala ocjenjivana s ocjenama od 1 do 5. U toku obrade korišteni su relativni brojevi aritmetičke sredine na osnovi kojih autor pokazuje da su najprihvatljivije tvrdnje da u ekološkoj politici treba preventivno djelovati, strogo kažnjavati zagađivače i da troškove zaštite snose sami zagađivači. Najmanje je poželjna uloga države i politička sredstva. Radi utvrđivanja latentne strukture rađena je komponentna analiza uz PB kriterij, koji je izdvojio jedan bazični faktor. Kosom rotacijom dobivena je OBO dimenzija nazvana "demokratsko-preventivni način zaštite". Između te dimenzije i, istim postupkom dobivene dvije OBO (na drugom instrumentu od 19 tvrdnji) nazvane "antropocentrizam na bazi tehnike" i "naturalistički determinizam", rađana je kanonička korelacija. Time je dobivena pozadina "demokratsko-preventivne politike" i cjelovita zamisao načina zaštite nazvana "prednost prirodnog u demokratsko-preventivnoj ekološkoj politici". Između antropocentrizma i demokratsko-preventivnog načina zaštite dobivena je negativna korelacija a s naturalističkim determinizmom pozitivna korelacija (0.93). Autor zaključuje da osnove demokratske i preventivne ekološke politike počivaju na respektu prirodnih zakonitosti, a ne čovjekovih težnji i želja neovisno o sposobnosti prirode za samoreprodukciju. Rezultati empirijskog istraživanja na uzorku od 2714 ispitanika, provedenog 1989. godine, govore da se preferira prevencija, određivanje strožih kazni zagađivačima i nadoknada štete i posljedica zagađivanja od strane zagađivača. Ispitanici su najmanje ocijenili prihvatljivim prepuštanje zaštite čovjekove okoline državi ili političkim sredstvima, kao i imanentnosti tehnološkog razvoja. Komponentna analiza je pod PB kriterijem izdvojila jednu latentnu dimenziju koju autor naziva "demokratsko-preventivni način zaštite". Kanonička analiza s dvama, prethodno dobivena faktora na drugom instrumentu: "antropocentrizam" i "naturalizam", pokazala je pozitivnu korelaciju s "naturalizmom" i negativnu s "antropocentrizmom". Istinska demokratska i preventivna ekološka politika mora se zasnivati na respektu sposobnosti prirode za samoreprodukcijom., Based on the results of empirical research on a sample of 2714 examinees, the author discusses the perception of the means of human environment protection. The results presented refer only to one of the instruments included in the survey which was conducted in 1959. Each statement contained a Likert-type scale with values from I to 5. In the data analysis the methods of relat ive numbers and arithmetic mean were applied on whose bases the author indicates that the most accepted statements are preventive action in ecological policy, and rigorous punishment of polluters including payment for the costs of environmental protection, ihe least desirable is the role of the state and the application of political means. In order to establish a latent structure the method of component analysis under the PB criterion was applied, resulting in the extraction of one basic factor. By means of oblique rotation there emerged the OBQ dimension named "democratic - preventive mode of protection". Subsequently, the author examined the canonical correlations of this dimension with two other OBQs extracted by the same method (by means of another instrument containing 19 items) and identified as "anthropocentrism based on technology" and "naturalistic determinism". Thus the background of the "democratic-preventive policy" has been established as well as an integral concept of protection named "the advantage of the natural in democratic - preventive ecological policy." Between anthropocentrism and the democratic - preventive mode of protection a negative correlation is indicated and between the latter and naturalistic determinism a positive correlation (0.93) is indicated. The author concludes that the basics of democratic and preventive ecological policy depend upon the acknowledgement of natural laws and not human aspirations and wishes regardless of nature’s ability for self-reproduction.

Ekološki pokreti se ubrajaju u nove socijalne pokrete. Kao što o novim socijalnim pokretima postoje divergentna mišljenja, tako se ona reflektiraju i na ekološke pokrete. Autor smatra da se može govoriti o ekološkim pokretima s obzirom na različitost historijske uvjetovanosti i profiliranosti u pojedinim zemljama, ali istovremeno i o ekološkom pokretu (u kontekstu novih socijalnih pokreta) u smislu izražavanja relativno konzistentne alternative u odnosu na društvo. U svom radu autor se osvrće samo na neka pitanja i to ona vezana uz njihov nastanak u nekim industrijskim zemljama i oblike njihove strategije nastupanja. Autor podržava njihovu kritičku poziciju spram industrijskog društva, u ime redefiniranja odnosa čovjeka i prirode, ali ne i konzervativne ideološke tendencije niti odstupanja od klasne borbe kao sadržaja općeljudske emanicipacije., Ecological movements are one of the new social movements. The author stresses that modern ecological movements are — from one side — a part of new social movements in general, and from the other side — some of them express social goals by themselves. The author discuss some of basic questions concerning the development of the ecological movement as well as the different strategies of the ecological movement. The author supports the basic critical position which ecological movement takes against industrial society in general, but he takes a critical position against their conservative ideological tendencies as well as their withdrawal from the class battle as a part of the whole human emancipation.

The article was primarily aimed at presenting some data concerning the connections of Zagreb, as the big city, with its surroundings in broader and narrower sense. Two aspects of the study were especially stressed here: a) the number and the nature of the contacts; and b) the desire to leave the present place of residence as expressed by the inhabitants of the areas in question. Both aspects were analysed in the light of the age of respondents. The results show that the contacts with Zagreb are rather rare, relatively short in duration (half a day to whole day) and motivated by various reasons. They also indicate that direct contacts of the inhabitants of Zagreb surroundings had no major influence on the attitudes towards the big city and life in it. The perceptions of life in the big city and especially the attitudes towards it are still being formed through other media or persist from earlier experience. But in spite of this, perceptions of the respondents show Zagreb as the center of cultural life and amusement, especially for younger individuals, in spite of the shortness of contacts. Some specific perceptions were pronounced too: perceptions of Zagreb as the means to social ends — professional and social promotion in younger individuals, or economic factors in older ones. The study also confirmed some hypotheses concerning the exodus of rural youth, and adults too, as influenced by positive stereotypes of the big city. Although the majority of the respondents reveals no actual intention to change the place of residence, it is clear that some 30% tend to do that, especially younger individuals. A substantial obstacle to the mobility was proved to be the land ownership. Individuals not possessing land express more readily desire to move than the individuals coming from agricultural or land-holding families. In this sense we can conclude that the optimal solution would be the introduction of the intentional and planned change of rural life styles, in favor of gradual penetration of urban patterns. In this way the basic conditions for changing attitudes toward the city life can be created. This could possibly lead to lowering the intensity of the migration to cities, stop the depopulation of rural agglomerations and raise the general level of satisfaction of rural population. Another significant outcome of the study is that 50% of potential migrants choose Zagreb as the new place of residence, especially the young. This reflects the importance of perceptions: in spite of urbanization and industrialization of rural areas in general, Zagreb retains the strongest appeal as the stereotype of the big city. Aspirations to change place of residence and move to Zagreb reflect merely a general tendency toward social and professional advancement. But, if this remains to be the main channel of social mobility which is in turn determined exclusively by disfavored status of the rural areas, it can become a major social concern in the nearest future.

This wonk is based on the researches about the position and role of the mechanical and civil engineers temporary employed abroad, in great industrial firms of Switzerland and West Germany. A total number of 93 engineers have been interviewed in one accidental sample. By using the method of semantic differential we examined the perceptual meanings of the concepts »enterprise«, »manager« and »job« of engineers, with regard to the work organization in Yugoslavia and abroad. We started with hypothesis that there was an important difference in the perception of those concepts with regard to the type of the work organization (self-managing and hierarchical respectively). Testing with the interviewed each and ever}7 individual hypothesis about the importance of the three concepts mentioned above, the differentiation of perceptions has been discovered. Work organizations in our country are perceived by the interviewed subjects more through the prism of a socio-psychological criteria, but enterprises abroad are perceived on basis of a rational criteria and through the prism of a work organization. The economic motives have been found in the subtext of that perception. Although the importance of differences has not been established on all the scales of semantic differential, and with all three concepts, we can accept though, hypothesis about essential different perception of the two mentioned types of work organizations (self-managing and hierarchical) on basis of a different criteria that also conditions a differential perception of those concepts.

U ovom članku autor analizira razvoj socijalne ekologije u Jugoslaviji. Tri pitanja su u fokusu rada. To su: 1. osnovna obilježja razvoja socijalne ekologije, 2. potencijalni doprinosi socijalne ekologije i 3. pretpostavke daljnjeg razvoja socijalne ekologije. Ona je u procesu konstituiranja. Na razvoj i stanje socijalne ekologije utjecali su znanstveni rezultati u svijetu kao i tri kompleksa faktora u Jugoslaviji. To je a) objektivno stanje razvoja privrede, te hnologije i socijalnih promjena, b) tendencije u društvenim i političkim subjektima razvoja i c) stanje u samoj istraživačkoj i empirijskoj praksi socijalne ekologije. Autor pozitivno procjenjuje buduće doprinose socijalne ekologije s obzirom na njegovu procjenu porasta objektivnih i subjektivnih uvjeta i interesa za socijalnoekološku problematiku. Zalaže se za utjecaj socijalnoekološke svijesti na demokratske tokove u socijalnoekološkoj sferi, povećavanje utjecaja subjekata ekoloških odluka i širenje znanstvene kompetentnosti socijalne ekologije. Za to je potrebno, osim društvenih pretpostavki, i znanstveno angažiranje sociologa na istraživanjima, edukaciji i širenju ekološke svijesti u društvu. Iako socijalna ekologija kao disciplina tek nastaje, socijalnoekološki radovi i razmišljanja datiraju već skoro dvije decenije., In this article the author analyses the development of social ecology in Yugoslavia. The work focuses upon three issues: 1. the main features of the development of social ecology; 2. the potential contribution to society of social ecology; 3. the conditions determining the further development of social ecology, now being established. What has influenced the development and the present position of social ecology are the results of scientific research in other countries as well as three groups of factors operating in Yugoslavia. These are: a) the present state of the development of economy, technology and social change; b) trends concerning the social and political subjects of development; c) the state of research and surveys in social ecology. The author assesses positively the future contributions of social ecology regarding another of his estimates — of the growth of the number of subjective and objective presuppositions and interests in socio-ecological issues. He pleads for a greater impact of socio-ecological consciousness upon democratic trend in the socio-ecological sphere, for a growing influence of the active participants of ecological decision-making and an increasing scientific competence of social ecology. In order to accomplish this, apart from the social presuppositions, what is necessary is the scientific involvement in research of sociologists and the education and spreading of ecological consciousness throughout the society. Although social ecology is as a discipline still in the state of emergence, reflection and works in socio-ecology are already nearly two decades old.

Autor u članku ukazuje na tendencijsko povećavanje interesa za ekološku i socijalnoekološku problematiku u znanosti, društvu i javnosti općenito. Interes je motiviran od najbanalnijih »pomodnosti« do zabrinutosti za sudbinu čovječanstva. Porast interesa za ekološku problematiku otvara mogućnosti razvoja socijalne ekologije kao discipline. Njeno utemeljenje autor pokazuje u odnosima triju sistema: tehničkog, socijalnog j prirodnog. Iz njihove relativne samostalnosti ali i međuodnosa izvode se i tri pristupa: tehnologizam, antropocentrizam i naturalizam, kao i tri hipoteze: hipoteza tehnološkog suficita, socijalnog maksimuma i hipoteza ekološkog deficita. Za socijalnu ekologiju najznačajnija je hipoteza socijalnoekološkog optimuma. U tom kontekstu autor skicira i shvaćanja o socijalnoj ekologiji. Po jednima ona je posebna disciplina, po drugima nadznanost, a po trećima problemsko područje. Ona se shvaća kao sintetička znanost i kao integrativna znanost, iako je smatraju i hibridnom disciplinom. Iz krize kompetentnosti disciplina može se izvesti socijalna ekologija kao disciplina, a iz tendencije globaliziranja problema izvodi se socijalno-ekološko područje istraživanja. Pod pritiskom ekološke krize socijalna ekologija tendira transformiranju od znanosti u pokret na bazi znanosti., In the article the author points out the trend of increased interest in ecological and socio-ecological problems in science, society and generally in public. The interest ranges from the simplest »fashion« to the concern for destiny of mankind. An increased interest in ecological problems gives new possibilities of the development of social ecology as a discipline. Its foundation is shown in the relation of three systems: technical .social and natural. The three approaches can be seen in their relative independence and inter-relation: technologism, anthropocentrism, and naturalism, as well as three hypotheses: the hypothesis of technological surplus, social maximum and of the ecological deficiency. The most important for social ecology is the hypothesis of social-ecological optimum. The author also displays his ideas of social ecology. Some consider it a discipline, others a decline, and the rest a problem. It is regarded as a synthetic science and as an integrative science. It may as well be considered an artificial (»hybrid«) discipline. Social ecology as a discipline can be drawn out of a crisis of any valid discipline, and socio-ecological field of research is seen through the tendency of making problems global. Under the pressure of ecological crisis, social ecology tends towards transformation from science to a movement based on science.

Ovaj je prilog napisan na osnovi rezultata istraživanja u projektu »Društveni položaj asistenata u SRH«. Iznijeli smo mišljenja mlađih znanstvenih radnika (asistenata) o njihovim društvenim i profesionalnim aspiracijama i šansama njihovog ostvarivanja, koje su u bližoj vezi sa samim znanstvenim radom. Rezultati su pokazali da su kod asistenata značajnije prisutne profesionalne aspiracije nego društvene. Na prvo mjesto dolaze one vrednote koje su neposrednije vezane uz samu znanstvenu (profesionalnu) aktivnost, zatim vrednote profesionalnog napredovanja, društvenog statusa, a na posljednje mjesto dolazi težnja za društvenom moći. Primarni interes mlađe generacije znastvenih radnika usmjeren je k znanstvenom radu a manje k osobnom (profesionalnom i društvenom) statusu. Vjerojatno se ipak i u tim interesima kriju dijelom i motivi i aspiracije za društvenim napredovanjem i ugledom. Uspoređujući aspiracije i šanse njihovog ostvarivanja uočili smo postojanje manjeg interesa asistenata za društvenu afirmaciju od interesa za profesionalnu. Tako se pokazalo da postoje razlike između aspiracija i šansi kod pojedinih vrijednosti. Veće aspiracije od šanse uočene su kod vrednota: »dobri uvjeti za stvaralački rad«, »obavljanje društveno korisnog posla« i »dobar materijalni položaj«. Manje aspiracije od šansi uočene su kod vrednota »ugledan društveni položaj« i »mogućnost društveno-političkog rada«. Po mišljenju asistenata jednake su im aspiracije i šanse u »stjecanje profesionalne afirmacije« i »utjecajni položaj u društvu«., This contribution was written on the basis of the results of the research project »The Social Position of University Assistants in the Socialist Republic of Croatia«. The opinions of younger scientists (university assistants) on their social and professional aspirations and on chances of their realization are presented, those having a close connection with their scientific work. The results demonstrated professional aspirations being preponderant to social aspirations. The most significant are those values having the closest connection with the scientific (professional) activities, professional promotion coming second, social status after that, and the craving for social power coming the last. The principal interest of the younger generation of scientists is scientific work, while much less personal (professional and social) status. However, there probably is a part motives and aspirations concerning social promotion and respectability hidden within the scientific interests. By a comparison of aspirations and chances for their realization the lesser interests concerning social esteem as compared to the one concerned professional advancement becomes evident. The differences between aspirations and chances with respect to individual values have been demonstrated. Aspirations prevailing over the chances for their realization have been established with respect to the following values: »good conditions for creative work«, »performing a socially useful task«, and »good material situation«. Aspirations lesser than chances have been established for the following values: »respectable social position « and »possibilities of political engagement«. Aspirations equalizing chances — in the opinion of the assistants — exist with respect to »gaining esteem professionally« and »influential position in the society«.

U zadnjih desetak godina vrlo značajno se povećala literatura koja obrađuje probleme krize kapitalizma. Jedno od shvaćanja koje se u tom periodu razvilo jeste shvaćanje o postojanju dualne privrede kao alternative problemima koje su izazvali i izazivaju ekonomski rast i tehnološki razvitak. Autor u svom članku na sistematičan način prikazuje terminologiju koja se razvila u literaturi na Zapadu i probleme koji iz toga proistječu, kao i različite dualizme vezane za sam pojam »dualna privreda« (ekonomija). Iako se dualizam danas predstavlja kao ekonomska alternativa (osobito u rješavanju problema nezaposlenosti) on ima svoje kritičare osobito u feminističkim i lijevim orijentacijama na Zapadu. I sam autor prihvaća dualnu privredu kao »racionalno« rješavanje ekonomskih teškoća, ali smatra da na osnovama industrijalizma to rješenje može »posegnuti« još više u sferu čovjekovog »vlastitog rada i života«: s jedne strane »kolonizacijom« industrijskog sistema u tu sferu, a s druge strane prevođenjem te sfere u industrijski sistem., The literature which has dealt with different aspects of crisis of capitalism has been growing in the last ten years. The idea of the existence of dual economy as an alternative to the problems which caused economic war and present technological development is one of the conceptions which has developed in this period. In this article the author points out the different meanings and terminologies which are in use in the western literature concerning “dual economy” or "parallel economy". Many authors think that "dualism” is an economic alternative especially as an solution for the unemployment problem event the feminist and radical left movement are against this solution.