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After summarizing Austrian population trends from 1961 to 1995, the authors describe three main scenarios for Austria's future population developments to the year 2021 based on various assumptions about internal and international migration, mortality, and fertility. Their results show that total population size will increase slightly, and that demographic aging will take place. Regional differences will be apparent, however, with the western areas showing demographic growth while the population of the southern regions decreases. Future demographic trends in the labor force are also summarized; unemployment is expected to remain relatively high. This article was based on a more detailed report produced for an Austrian conference on spatial management; projection results are available in machine-readable form from the Osterreichische Raumordnungskonferenz, Hohenstaufengasse 3, 1010 Vienna, Austria.

The demographic situation in the Czech Republic is reviewed using data from the 1991 census. Information is included on population size and growth, fertility and population reproduction, age structure, educational status, employment, and population projections to 2020.

Trends in international migration to West Germany and Bavaria during 1960-1990 are examined. Four different scenarios of future immigration to Germany and Bavaria are then presented for the period 1991-2010. Migration of Germans and foreigners is analyzed separately, and the impact on population growth is considered.

The impact of international migration on future population trends in Germany is examined for the period 1990-2000. Effects on population size, age structure, and spatial distribution of the population are analyzed.

The projected effects of immigration on age structure, the labor market, the housing market, infrastructure, and land use are analyzed for Bavaria, Germany. The projections are primarily for the period 1990-2010 and include four different scenarios.

Population projections for Germany for the period 1990-2030 are reviewed, with emphasis on population decrease and demographic aging. The extent to which immigration might affect trends in population size and age structure is then evaluated.

The demographic situation in Western Europe is reviewed, with an emphasis on projections of population decrease, demographic aging, and labor supply during the period 1990-2030. The potential for international migration to Europe is then examined, and migration policy problems in Germany are discussed.

Trends in international migration to Europe are reviewed. Two strategies for dealing with the pressure of immigration are then discussed: the creation of an environment favorable to immigration in the receiving countries, and the use of development aid to improve living conditions in the countries of origin. The need for international cooperation is stressed.

Major trends in internal migration and emigration from East Germany are examined for the period 1981-1989. Topics discussed include the age and sex structure of migration and regional differences.

Trends and regional differences in female labor force participation in the Federal Republic of Germany are examined using data from the 1972 and 1978 micro-censuses. The analysis is carried out for three separate age groups (women aged 15-24, 25-44, and 45-64) and 45 economic regions. The impact of behavioral changes and demographic changes on female labor force potential is also assessed.

The potential impact of population decrease on the environment is assessed using projections for the Federal Republic of Germany up to the year 2030. The focus is on the region of Aachen. Factors discussed include air pollution, water supply, waste products, and land supply.

This article is concerned with projected regional differences in population decline in the Federal Republic of Germany. A general overview of fertility decline and its effects is first presented. The assumptions and results of model calculations of regional population trends up to the year 2030 are then discussed. Finally, the implications for regional planning are considered, with particular attention to the impact of changes in the dependency burden.

This study attempts to use empirically based appraisals of regional fertility patterns in West Germany as a basis for forecasts of future fertility. Nondemographic fertility determinants must be stressed in such an investigation: about 90% of the fertility decline in Berlin between 1970-77 was due to changes in reproductive behavior rather than in age structures. The analysis seeks to quantify the nondemographic influences on fertility and to use the resulting measure as a basis for forecasts of future development of fertility in the different regions. The crude birth rate, general fertility rate, total fertility rate, net reproduction rate, and standardized fertility rate are defined and explained, and some comparisons presented for the years 1970, 1974, and 1977 for different regions defined on the basis of density and settlement structure. A typology of 5 regional types is constructed on the basis of changes in the standardized fertility rate between 1970-1977 and between 1974-77. Necessary assumptions for forecasting future fertility on this basis and a suggested procedure for making such predictions are supplied. An example of application of the procedure is included.

Geographic differentials in mortality are analyzed for 96 rural and urban districts of Bavaria, Federal Republic of Germany, using official data for 1973-1982. The data are standardized for age structure and are differentiated by sex. Possible causes for the observed geographic patterns are examined by analyzing the relationship between total mortality and 40 indicators. The findings show that the greatest correlation is between mortality and mobility indicators.