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Preliminary effectiveness test of a novel structured personalized discharge teaching intervention for multimorbid inpatients. Using a 2-group sequential pre/post-intervention design, the sample comprised 68 pre-intervention control group and 70 post- intervention group participants. The discharge teaching intervention by trained clinical nurses used structured tools to engage patients and individualize discharge teaching. Outcomes measures included Patient Activation Measure, Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale, Discharge Care Experiences Survey, and readmission with 10 days post-discharge. The intervention had a statistically significant positive effect on improving patient activation (M =4.8; p = 0.05) from admission to post-discharge. The participation subscale of the Discharge Care Experiences Survey was higher in the intervention (M =4.1, SD =0.7) than the control group (M =3.8, SD =0.7; t (127)= −2.79, p =.01, effect size=.34). There were no significant between-group differences in Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale and readmission. Our results suggest that a structured personalized discharge teaching intervention can improve patient activation and participation in discharge care. Further refinement of the intervention is needed to evaluate and improve specific components of the intervention. Structured personalized discharge teaching should include patient engagement strategies in the teaching-learning process. • Many patients lack information on managing their health after hospitalization. • We tested a discharge teaching intervention tailored to the patient's activation level. • The intervention group had a statistically significant increase in activation. • The intervention group reported greater perceived participation in discharge care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a self-management program on activation and inner strength in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).Methods: This study assigned 86 patients with CVDs to an experimental and a comparison group utilizing alternate allocation based on a quasi-experimental design. The experimental group participated in a self-management program based on a theoretical framework in three stages, i.e. orientation-recognition, reinforcing-engaging and monitoring-follow-up; whereas the comparison group received routine care. The supportive program was administered through holding five individual face-to-face sessions, providing educational booklets and performing four phone-call follow-ups during three months after discharge. The outcomes were measured using the patient activation measure (PAM) and the inner strength scale (ISS).Results: The between group analysis indicated a statistically-significant difference in the mean score of patient activation (P < 0.001) in the two groups. Nevertheless, there was not a statistically-insignificant difference in the mean score of inner strength between the two groups (P < 0.104).Conclusion: Although a three-month nurse-led self-management support program was found to improve patient activation levels, it was ineffective in promoting inner strength.Practice Implications: Psychosocial dynamics should be integrated in providing self-management program by nurses. To promote patient activation, tailored consultations is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objectives of this review are to (1) describe the state of the science of patient activation interventions for the self-management of chronic conditions; (2) identify effective intervention elements for improving patient activation; and (3) compare intervention effectiveness across chronic conditions.Methods: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (PRISMA). PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases were searched.Results: Thirty-two articles published between 2005 and 2019 were identified with intervention elements of self-management, disease management, and education. Meta-analysis of a subset of seven randomized controlled trials (n = 7) that used the 13-item version of the Patient Activation Measure with data collection points at 6 months demonstrated that patient activation did not change significantly in comparison with controls (MD = 0.25, 95 % CI = 0.02-0.47).Conclusion: Most interventions reported significant improvement in patient activation and were linked to tasks such as regular exercise and monitoring glucose. However, the meta-analysis of RCTs did not confirm these findings.Practice Implications: Patient activation can be assessed and addressed uniformly across all chronic conditions to improve patient engagement in care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess whether participation in Stanford Youth Coaches Programs (SYCP) increases patient activation scores and patient activation levels for vulnerable youth from low income communities.Methods: From 2016 to 18, seven high schools and four residency programs in California, Alabama, Kansas and Missouri participated in SYCPs. Enrolled youth participants completed online pre and post-participation surveys including the Patient Activation Measure (PAM®10). We used paired T-tests, chi square tests, and linear multivariate models to compare pre-and post-scores and levels.Results: 143 participants completed pre- and post-participation surveys. The PAM®10 mean pre-test score was 64.5 and post-test was 69.37, with mean difference 4.89 (p=.002). Participants showed significant improvement in patient activation levels after participation. 60 % participants in lowest activation Level 1; 63 % in Level 2; and 32 % in Level 3 moved to a higher level of activation after participation; 46 % who started in Level 4 moved down to Level 3 after participation.Conclusion and Practice Implications: Participation in SYCPs has potential to significantly increase patient activation for vulnerable youth which could lead to lifelong improvements in health outcomes and decrease in healthcare costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To demonstrate how the chronic care model can be applied in prenatal care.Methods: This study was conducted through analysis of data generated in the women's health and family medicine departments of one community hospital and two medical centers across three states (Georgia, Nevada, and Virginia). 159 low-risk obstetric patients were monitored throughout their pregnancy for patient activation and biometric measures including: blood pressure at each appointment, baby's gestational age at birth, and mode of delivery. Patient activation was assessed with the validated, licensed patient activation measure.Results: Patient activation was strongly associated with the Prenatal Interpersonal Processes of Care metric (F (2, 155) = 3.41, p < .05). Also, increased age, decreased Prenatal Interpersonal Processes of Care, fewer pregnancies, and increased diastolic blood pressure were associated with an increased likelihood of cesarean delivery and the model correctly predicted 81% of cases.Conclusion: Women who identified as feeling more activated reported more positive pregnancy experiences, and women who reported more positive pregnancy experiences were more likely to experience a vaginal delivery.Practice Implications: Activated patients, more positive prenatal experience, and improved delivery outcomes can be achieved through applying the chronic care model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the use of the PAM in the English National Health service. The PAM is a validated scale that measures 'activation' (people's knowledge, skills, and confidence in managing their health) and assigns patients to four categories of activation (low-to-high). Some evidence suggests that higher activation levels correlate to better clinical outcomes and patient experiences, and lower healthcare costs. Empirical studies of implementing the PAM are scarce.Methods: An ethnographic study of six healthcare organisations' PAM implementation focused on 'core-teams' who designed projects, and frontline staff and patients' experiences of those. Data comprised 123 hours of observation, 112 interviews, and document reviewing. Analysis used a constant-comparative approach.Results: The PAM appealed as it fitted with different logics of measurement, offering a means of quantifying soft, process-oriented qualitative constructs used in tailoring care, whilst simultaneously producing reliable high-level outcome metrics. Data revealed challenges to these logics. The PAM's developers emphasised fidelity to ensure reliability but, in practice, flexibility was commonplace and often perceived as appropriate and beneficial by frontline staff.Conclusion: The intended logic of measurement is important in determining an appropriate balance of fidelity and flexibility and, therefore, reliability and patient benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the variables affecting patients' online health information-seeking behaviours by examining the relationships between patient participation in their healthcare and online health information-seeking behaviours.Methods: A cross-sectional survey of Italian chronic patients (N=352) was conducted on patient's online health information-seeking behaviours and patient participation-related variables. Structural equation modeling analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis.Results: This study showed how the healthcare professionals' ability to support chronic patients' autonomy affect patients' participation in their healthcare and patient's online health information-seeking behaviours. However, results do not confirm that the frequency of patients' online health-information seeking behavior has an impact on their adherence to medical prescriptions.Conclusion: Assuming a psychosocial perspective, we have discussed how patients' engagement - conceived as the level of their emotional elaboration of the health condition - affects the patients' ability to search for and manage online health information.Practice Implication: To improve the effectiveness of patients' online health information-seeking behaviours and to enhance the effectiveness of technological interventions in this field, healthcare providers should target assessing and improving patient engagement and patient empowerment in their healthcare. It is important that health professionals acknowledge patients' online health information-seeking behaviours that they discuss the information offered by patients and guide them to reliable and accurate web sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine whether patient activation is predictive of the course of diabetes over a three year period among patients with and without diabetes.Methods: Longitudinal analyses utilized electronic health record data from 2011 to 2014. We examined how the patient activation measure (PAM) was predictive of 2014 diabetes-related outcomes among patients with diabetes (n=10,071); pre-diabetes (n=1804); and neither diabetes nor pre-diabetes (n=46,402). Outcomes were clinical indicators (blood pressure, cholesterol, and trigylcerides), costly utilization, and progression from no diabetes to pre-diabetes or diabetes.Results: Higher PAM level predicted better clinical indicator control in patients with diabetes. In patients with pre-diabetes, PAM level predicted better clinical indicator control, and those in the highest level of PAM in 2011 had lower odds of having a hospitalization compared to those in the lowest level. In patients without diabetes or pre-diabetes in 2011, higher PAM level was associated with lower odds of developing pre-diabetes.Conclusions: More activated patients with diabetes and pre-diabetes had better outcomes than less activated patients. More activated patients without diabetes or pre-diabetes were less likely to develop pre-diabetes over a three year period.Practice Implications: Strategies to improve patient activation may be useful to help curb the diabetes epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We assess how patient activation is associated with behaviors and experiences of people with cancer, including: understanding risks; making treatment decisions; communicating with providers; coping with symptoms; and adhering to regimens.Methods: The study utilizes survey data from six surveys each including 500 cancer survivors. Multivariate analyses are presented.Results: Higher activated patients are more than 9 times more likely to feel their treatment plans reflect their values, 4.5 times more likely to cope with side effects, and almost 3.3 times more likely to initiate a healthier diet after their diagnosis, than are less activated patients. Less activated patients are less likely understand their diagnosis, to follow treatment regimens, and to be satisfied with their care.Conclusions: The findings show that all along the care continuum, patient activation is associated with differences in experiences.Practice Implications: The findings point to the value of assessing patients' activation levels at the beginning of their cancer experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of having a contract for self-referral to inpatient treatment (SRIT) in patients with severe mental disorders.Methods: A randomized controlled trial with 53 adult patients; 26 participants received a SRIT contract, which they could use to refer themselves into a Community Mental Health Centre up to five days for each referral without contacting a doctor in advance. Outcomes were assessed after 12 months with the self-report questionnaires Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13), Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS), and the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale (BASIS-32) and analyzed using linear mixed and regression models.Results: There was no significant effect on PAM-13 (estimated mean difference (emd) -0.41, 95% CI (CI):-7.49-6.67), nor on the RAS (emd 0.02, CI:-0.27-0.31) or BASIS-32 (0.09, CI:-0.28-0.45). An exploratory post hoc analysis showed effect of SRIT in those with low PAM below ≤47 (p=0.049).Conclusion: There were no group differences after 12 months, but both groups maintained their baseline levels.Practice Implications: SRIT contracts can be recommended as it supports the rights to self-determination, promote user participation in decision-making in own treatment without any indication of adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purposes of this paper are to describe the internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the PAM-13 for hospitalized cardiology and oncology patients and to examine the predictors of low patient activation in the same population.Methods: We evaluated the internal consistency reliability of the PAM-13 in the inpatient setting. Construct validity of the PAM-13 was then assessed using two approaches: expected known-groups differences between patients with planned and unplanned admissions PAM-13 levels and convergence of PAM-13 levels with other measures.Results: The PAM demonstrated adequate internal consistency overall (Cronbach α=0.81). Patients with unplanned admissions were more likely to have low activation than patients with planned admissions (adjusted OR=5.7, p=0.008). The PAM-13 was modestly correlated (p<0.001) with each of the PROMIS Global Health components used in this study (global, physical and mental health).Conclusion: This study demonstrates the PAM-13 is a reliable and valid measure for use in the inpatient hospital setting and that type of admission (planned versus unplanned) is an important predictor of patient activation.Practice Implications: By measuring patient activation with the PAM-13, clinicians and researchers can provide tailored communication and care strategies to meet patient's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Patient activation can be measured using the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) developed by Hibbard et al., however, little is known about the uses of the PAM in research and in practice. This study aims to explore its differing utility in four UK exemplar sites.Methods: Data from four exemplars in a range of health settings with people living with long-term conditions (i.e. stroke or COPD) were evaluated. PAM scores were described and explored in relation to clinical and sociodemographic variables and outcome measures.Results: PAM scores illustrated that most with COPD or stroke reported PAM levels of 3 or 4, indicating that they are engaging, but may need help to sustain their scores. The exemplars illustrate the utility of, and potential issues involved in, using PAM as a process/outcome measure to predict activation and the effectiveness of interventions, and as a tool to inform tailoring of targeted interventions.Conclusions: The PAM tool has been shown to be useful as an outcome measure, a screening tool to tailor education, or a quality indicator for delivery of care.Practice Implications: However good demographic and patient history are needed to substantiate PAM scores. Further work is needed to monitor PAM prospectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Patient activation, the patient's knowledge, skill, and confidence to manage his or her health, is an important indicator of future health and use of health care resources. Understanding factors associated with patient activation in an older population with functional difficulties may inform care in this population. This study aimed to determine whether patient activation is associated with depression, chronic conditions, family support, difficulties with activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), hospitalizations, education, and financial strain.Methods: (N=277), We administered surveys measuring patient activation, financial strain, depressive symptoms, family support, and chronic conditions to an older adult population. We tested association through multivariate linear regressions controlling for race, sex, and age.Results: Patient activation is significantly (p<0.05), positively associated with family support and self-rated overall health, and significantly (p<0.05), negatively associated with depressive symptoms and difficulties with ADLs and IADLs. We found no association between patient activation and financial stress, hospitalizations, and education.Conclusions: Older age, depressive symptoms, and difficulties with ADLs and IADLs were associated with decreased patient activation.Practice Implications: Developing interventions tailored to older adults' level of patient activation has the potential to improve outcomes for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to use path analysis methods to determine if health literacy mediates the relationship between race and patient activation.Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial in elderly, urban, minority patients using path analysis. Path analysis was used to evaluate the mediation of race on patient activation through different variables. Several models were tested for best fit for their effects on patient activation.Results: Across all models, significant mediation paths were identified from race to lower patient activation through health literacy. This relationship remained significant throughout alternative model testing for covariate combinations. The best-fit model included an indirect effect of sex on patient activation through health literacy indicating that the mediation effect of health literacy on patient activation was most profound for African American males. Health literacy had a bigger influence on patient activation for participants with a greater comorbidity than for those with fewer conditions. No significant direct effect was shown between race and patient activation in any of the models.Conclusion: Racial disparities in patient activation were fully mediated by health literacy skills.Practice Implications: Future interventions to improve racial disparities in patient activation need to be targeted at improving health literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: While there is growing interest in improving patient activation in general medical health services, there are too few randomized controlled trials in mental health settings which show how improvement can be achieved. Using the Patient Activation Measure-13 (PAM-13), we aimed to assess the effect of pre-treatment, peer co-led educational intervention on patient activation. Secondary outcomes included measures of patient satisfaction, well-being, mental health symptoms, motivation, and treatment participation.Methods: Patients from two community mental health centres were randomized to a control group (CG, n=26) receiving treatment as usual, or an intervention group (IG, n=26) consisting of a four-hour group educational seminar (aiming to encourage patients to adopt an active role in their treatment) followed by treatment as usual.Results: Only the IG improved on PAM-13, at one- and four-month follow-ups. The intervention had significant effects on patient satisfaction and treatment participation, compared to CG.Conclusion: Providing pre-treatment, peer co-led education improves patient activation in community mental health care settings.Practice Implications: The use of peers as co-educators may contribute to a different mental health care delivery, ensuring patient activation and participation in treatment. Further studies should examine peers' needs for supervision, challenges for the services, long-term and cost-benefit effects. CLINICALTRIALS.Gov Identifier: NCT01601587. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Patient Activation Measure-13 (PAM-13) has been found useful for assessing patient knowledge, skills and confidence in management of chronic conditions, but the empirical evidence from mental health is sparse. The psychometric properties of PAM in out-patients waiting for treatment in community mental health centers (CMHC) have therefore been examined.Methods: A total of 290 adults from two CMHC completed PAM. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted with 273 patients. Data at baseline and after 4 weeks were used to analyze test-retest reliability (n=60) and to analyze the sensitivity to change (n=51).Results: The exploratory factor analysis revealed a fit for a two-factor model (Cronbach's α was 0.86 and 0.67), and was assessed for a one-factor model (α=0.87). The test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.76. Sensitivity to change was good with a statistically significant activation improvement (p<0.001) on patients receiving a peer co-led-educational intervention (Cohen's d was 0.85).Conclusion: PAM has appropriate and acceptable psychometric properties in mental health settings.Practice Implications: Assessing activation before treatment might be useful for scheduling the delivery of mental health services as well as evaluating educational interventions aimed at improving patient engagement in mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Patients and consumers make many choices that affect their health and their health care. Some of these decisions are informed by evidence, but many are not. A growing body of research indicates that those who are more activated or engaged in their health are more likely to seek out and use information to inform their health decisions. In this paper we review the evidence about patient activation and information seeking, health behaviors, and health outcomes. We also review what is known about how to increase patient activation, and how best to support patients who are at different levels of activation to use information to support their choices.Discussion: Strategies can be tailored to support and information for patients at different levels of activation. These strategies might be implemented in different clinical settings and situations, tailored and targeted approaches for care transitions, health coaching, and in the use of shared-decision-making.Conclusions: Efforts to support informed consumer choices have largely been a 'one size fits all' approach. Understanding consumers, and trying to meet them where they are, is likely to be the focus of the 'next generation' of interventions to support informed consumer choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]