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2. Comportement du béton à l'eau de mer. Synthèse bibliographique Concrete Behavior in Marine Environment. a Review Paper
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Lesage J. and Mercier N.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Depuis quelques années, dans l'élaboration de structures destinées à l'exploration et à l'exploitation des hydrocarbures en mer, le choix se porte parfois sur les structures en béton plutôt que sur les structures en acier, en particulier dans les zones difficiles de la mer du Nord. C'est pourquoi il nous a semblé intéressant de faire le point des connaissances actuelles sur le comportement du béton à l'eau de mer. Les problèmes les plus importants se situent au niveau de la zone de marnage, c'est-à-dire la zone où le béton est alternativement immergé. Ils sont de tous ordres : contraintes mécaniques avec érosion et cavitation, action capillaire de l'eau avec alternance d'humidification et de séchage, action du gel et du dégel. Les moyens de lutte ne manquent pas : constructions massives, voire surdimensionnées, résistant au choc, choix des formes, mise en aeuvre soignée d'un béton de qualité riche en ciment, correctement dosé en agrégats, dur, dense, compact, imperméable; introduction dans le béton d'un entraineur d'air pour diminuer les effets du gel. L'utilisation d'un ciment prise mer et le choix d'un rapport eau/ciment voisin de 0,45 sont hautement recommandés. Quant à la corrosion, elle concerne les structures en béton à tous les niveaux, aussi bien dans la zone immergée en continu que dans la zone alternativement immergée. L'attaque du béton par les sulfates contenus dans l'eau de mer conduit à la formation de sels de Candlot qui provoquent une dégradation du béton. Le remède consiste à limiter la teneur en aluminate tricalcique du ciment. L'attaque des aciers de renfort par les chlorures a fait l'objet de nombreuses études: la solution consiste surtout à protéger les aciers par galvanisation ou protection cathodique. D'une manière générale, le béton placé dans ce milieu agressif que constitue l'eau de mer subit des contraintes mécaniques et physicochimiques importantes, mais on sait en général y remédier, puisque certaines structures en béton ont été immergées plus de cinquante ans sans dommages. Ce qui est encore mal connu, bien que des publications commencent à apparaitre sur le sujet, c'est le comportement du béton à la fatigue en milieu marin. Il est clair que les expérimentations dans ce domaine présentent un grand intérêt pour les réalisations futures de structures off-shore. Recently, concrete structures have become a popular design alternativeto traditional steel structures, especially in rough secs such as in the case of the North Sea. This is why it seems pertinant to understand concrete behavior in a marine environment. The most important problems were found to be in the tidal range arec : mechanical stresses, permeability, freezing and thawing. Most of these have been solved by using highly resistant structures, by the choice of structural forms and by using high quality concrete of low permeability and adequate workability.
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- 2006
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3. Hierarchical simultaneous upscaling of porosity and permeability features using the bandwidth of kernel function and wavelet transformation in two dimensions: Application to the SPE-10 model
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Azad Mohammad-Reza, Kamkar-Rouhani Abolghasem, Tokhmechi Behzad, and Arashi Mohammad
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
In this paper, two methods of kernel bandwidth and wavelet transform are used for simultaneous upscaling of two features of hydrocarbon reservoir. In the bandwidth method, the criterion for upscaling is the cell variability, and by calculating the optimal bandwidth and determining the distance matrix, the upscaling process is performed in a completely non-uniform and unregularly manner. In areas with extreme variability, the bandwidth is considered small enough to maintain the fine scale characteristics of model. Conversely in homogenous areas, with the choice of large bandwidth, the maximum rate of upscaling will occur. The bandwidth upscaling algorithm is an iterative and hierarchical algorithm. The bandwidth method, unlike conventional scale-up methods, focuses on how to upgrid cells and, by determining the optimal averaging window, we will have the least loss information for the fine scale model. Upscaling is a pre-processing to building a simulator model with lower cell number, and thus, reducing volume and computational cost, while maintaining and retaining the basic information of the fine model. Due to the various variability of the reservoir features, the attribute upscaling pattern differs, and in order to show the variability of two features in the upscaling model simultaneously, it is suggested in this paper to upscale two features simultaneously. For simultaneous upscaling, we applied two different approaches; minimum and maximum bandwidth. Moreover, wavelet transformation is applied to upscaling the model. Then, as a result, the variance of the scale-up models based on wavelet is about one-third of the variance of the bandwidth method. Simulation results show that the bandwidth method is a good approach for upscaling the heterogeneous reservoirs.
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- 2021
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4. A semi-implicit approach for the modeling of wells with inflow control completions
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Flauraud Eric and Ding Didier Yu
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
In the last two decades, new technologies have been introduced to equip wells with intelligent completions such as Inflow Control Device (ICD) or Inflow Control Valve (ICV) in order to optimize the oil recovery by reducing the undesirable production of gas and water. To optimally define the locations of the packers and the characteristics of the valves, efficient reservoir simulation models are required. This paper is aimed at presenting the specific developments introduced in a multipurpose industrial reservoir simulator to simulate such wells equipped with intelligent completions taking into account the pressure drop and multiphase flow. An explicit coupling or decoupling of a reservoir model and a well flow model with intelligent completion makes usually unstable and non-convergent results, and a fully implicit coupling is CPU time consuming and difficult to be implemented. This paper presents therefore a semi-implicit approach, which links on one side to the reservoir simulation model and on the other side to the well flow model, to integrate ICD and ICV.
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- 2020
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5. Effect of initial water flooding on the performance of polymer flooding for heavy oil production
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Fabbri Clement, de-Loubens Romain, Skauge Arne, Hamon Gerald, and Bourgeois Marcel
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
In the domain of heavy to extra heavy oil production, viscous polymer may be injected after water injection (tertiary mode), or as an alternative (secondary mode) to improve the sweep efficiency and increase oil recovery. To prepare field implementation, nine polymer injection experiments in heavy oil have been performed at core scale, to assess key modelling parameters in both situations. Among this consistent set of experiments, two have been performed on reconstituted cylindrical sandpacks in field-like conditions, and seven on consolidated Bentheimer sandstone in laboratory conditions. All experiments target the same oil viscosity, between 2000 cP and 7000 cP, and the viscosity of Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide solutions (HPAM 3630) ranges from 60 cP to 80 cP. Water and polymer front propagation are studied using X-ray and tracer measurements. The new experimental results presented here for water flood and polymer flood experiments are compared with experiments described in previous papers. The effects of geometry, viscosity ratio, injection sequence on recoveries, and history match parameters are investigated. Relative permeabilities of the water flood experiment are in line with previous experiments in linear geometry. Initial water floods led to recoveries of 15–30% after one Pore Volume Injected (PVI), a variation influenced by boundary conditions, viscosity, and velocities. The secondary polymer flood in consolidated sandstone confirms less stable displacement than tertiary floods in same conditions. Comparison of secondary and tertiary polymer floods history matching parameters suggests two mechanisms. First, hysteresis effect during oil bank mobilization stabilizes the tertiary polymer front; secondly, the propagation of polymer at higher oil saturation leads to lower adsorption during secondary experiment, generating a lower Residual Resistance Factor (RRF), close to unity. Finally, this paper discusses the use of the relative permeabilities and polymer properties estimated using Darcy equation for field simulation, depending on water distribution at polymer injection start-up.
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- 2020
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6. Mechanism analysis, anti-corrosion techniques and numerical modeling of corrosion in energy industry
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Bai Hua
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Pipelines are the main transmission systems in energy industry thanks to its distinguished advantages on the low cost and high reliability. In order to ensure a safe and smooth pipeline operation, careful attentions must be paid to avoid structure failure and surface defect, which can both be attributed to corrosion. The past two decades has borne remarkable progress in our understanding of corrosion, with a tremendous increase in publications studying corrosion mechanisms and simulation. A review is constructed in this paper with three parts: mechanism analysis, anti-corrosion technique introduction, and numerical modeling and simulation. In mechanism, varieties of corrosions are found in engineering practice based on different electrochemical reaction conditions. The effect of temperature, pH, pressure, flow properties and steel types are reviewed and the mutual influence of these factors is presented. Short introductions to protect the pipelines from these corrosion mechanisms are attached respectively and a thorough comparison is also conducted. Advantages and shortcomings of popular coating techniques are concluded based on published studies, and special focus is paid on the idea of cathodic protection. Modeling of the electrochemical reaction process is incorporated with transportation equations to govern the direct numerical studies on pipeline corrosions. Meanwhile, empirical models have been proposed to estimate corrosion growth from both deterministic and stochastic points of view. Finite element method has been proved to be an effective approach to simulate pipeline corrosion and further integrity analysis. Suggestions on future studies on the numerical modeling and simulation of pipeline corrosion have been provided on three directions: advanced multiphase flow simulation schemes, thermodynamic analysis and the usage of big data technique and machine learning algorithm. This paper is wished to be helpful for the scholars who are interested in the numerical studies on pipeline corrosion and the engineers who are supporting pipeline operation and integrity management.
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- 2020
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7. Characterization of the ECN spray A in different facilities. Part 1: boundary conditions characterization
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Ben Houidi Moez, Hespel Camille, Bardi Michele, Nilaphai Ob, Malbec Louis-Marie, Sotton Julien, Bellenoue Marc, Strozzi Camille, Ajrouche Hugo, Foucher Fabrice, Moreau Bruno, Rousselle Christine, and Bruneaux Gilles
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The Engine Combustion Network (ECN) community has greatly contributed to improve the fundamental understanding of spray atomization and combustion at conditions relevant to internal combustion engines. In this context, standardized spray experiments have been defined to facilitate the comparison of experimental and simulation studies performed in different facilities and with different models. This operating mode promotes collaborations among research groups and accelerates the advancement of research on spray. In efforts to improve the comparability of the ECN spray A experiments, it is of high importance to review the boundary conditions of different devices used in the community. This work is issued from the collaboration in the ECN France project, where two new experimental facilities from PPRIME (Poitiers) and PRISME (Orleans) institutes are validated to perform spray A experiments. The two facilities, based on Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) design, have been investigated to characterize their boundary conditions (e.g., flow velocity as well as fuel and gas temperatures). A set of standardized spray experiments were performed to compare their results with those obtained in other facilities, in particular the Constant Volume Pre-burn (CVP) vessel at IFPEN. It is noteworthy that it is the first time that RCM type facilities are used in such a way within the ECN. This paper (part 1) focuses on the facilities description and the fine characterization of their boundary conditions. A further paper (part 2) will present the results obtained with the same facilities performing ECN standard spray A characterizations. The reported review of thermocouple thermometry highlights that it is necessary to use thin-wires and bare-bead junction as small as possible. This would help to measure the temperature fluctuations with a minimal need for error corrections, which are highly dependent on the proper estimation of the velocity through the junction, and therefore it may introduce important uncertainties. Temperature heterogeneities are observed in all spray A devices. The standard deviation of the temperature distribution at the time of injection is approximately 5%. We report time-resolved temperature measurement from PPRIME RCM, performed in the near nozzle area during the injection. In inert condition, colder gases from the boundary layer are entrained toward the mixing area of the spray causing a further deviation from the target temperature. This emphasizes the importance of the temperature in the boundary (wall) layer. In reacting condition, the temperature of these entrained gases increases by the effect of the increased pressure, as the RCM has a relatively small volume. Generally, the velocity and turbulence levels are an order of magnitude higher in RCM and constant pressure flow compared to CVP vessels. The boundary characterization presented here will be the base for discussing spray behavior in the part 2 of this paper.
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- 2020
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8. A complete workflow applied on an oil reservoir analogue to evaluate the ability of 4D seismics to anticipate the success of a chemical enhanced oil recovery process
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Dubos-Sallée Noalwenn, Fourno André, Zarate-Rada Jeanneth, Gervais Véronique, Rasolofosaon Patrick N. J., and Lerat Olivier
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
In an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) process, one of the main difficulties is to quickly evaluate if the injected chemical products actually improve oil recovery in the reservoir. The efficiency of the process can be monitored in the vicinity of wells, but it may take time to estimate it globally in the reservoir. The objective of this paper is to investigate the ability of 4D seismics to bridge this gap and to help predict the success or breakdown of a production strategy at reservoir scale. To that purpose, we consider a complete workflow for simulating realistic reservoir exploitation using chemical EOR and 4D seismic modeling. This workflow spans from geological description to seismic monitoring simulation and seismic attributes analysis, through geological and reservoir modeling. It is applied here on a realistic case study derived from an outcrop analog of turbiditic reservoirs, for which the efficiency of chemical EOR by polymer and surfactant injection is demonstrated. For this specific field monitoring application, the impact of both waterflooding and proposed EOR injection is visible on the computed seismics. However, EOR injection induces a more continuous water front that can be clearly visible on seismics. In this case, the EOR efficiency can thus be related to the continuity of the water front as seen on seismics. Nevertheless, in other cases, chemical EOR injections may have more moderate impacts, or the field properties may be less adapted to seismic monitoring. This points out the importance of the proposed workflow to check the relevance of seismic monitoring and to design the most adapted monitoring strategy. Numerous perspectives are proposed at the end of the paper. In particular, experts of the different disciplines involved in the proposed workflow can benefit from the availability of a complete set of well-controlled data of various types to test and improve their own tools. In contrast, the non-experts can easily and quickly benefit from “hands-on” experiments for understanding the involved phenomena. Furthermore, the proposed workflow can be directly applied to geological reservoirs all over the world.
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- 2020
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9. Well modelling methods in thermal reservoir simulation
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Liu Hui, Chen Zhangxin, Shen Lihua, Guo Xiaohu, and Ji Dongqi
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Reservoir simulation is of interdisciplinary research, including petroleum engineering, mathematics, and computer sciences. It studies multi-phase (water, oil and gas) flow in porous media and well modelling. The latter describes well behavior using physical and mathematical methods. In real world applications, there are many types of wells, such as injection wells, production wells and heaters, and their various operations, such as pressure control, rate control and energy control. This paper presents commonly used well types, well operations, and their mathematical models, such as bottom hole pressure, water rate, oil rate, liquid rate, subcool, and steam control. These are the most widely applied models in thermal reservoir simulations, and some of them can even be applied to the black oil and compositional models. The purpose of this paper is to review these well modelling methods and their mathematical models, which explain how the well operations are defined and computed. We believe a detailed introduction is important to other reseachers and simulator developers. They have been implemented in our in-house parallel thermal simulator. Numerical experiments have been carried out to validate the model implementations and demonstrate the scalability of the parallel thermal simulator.
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- 2020
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10. Low salinity effects on oil recovery performance: underlying physical mechanisms and practical assessment
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Bourbiaux B.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
This paper is a tentative synthesis of the main knowledge and experience gained from recent studies and application of Low Salinity Water Injection (LSWI) in carbonate and clayey silico-clastic rocks. A physical model based on ionic force is presented to explain the so-called Dual Layer Expansion (DLE) mechanism often invoked to account for the Low Salinity Effects (LSE) on rock wettability and oil recovery. The role played by the Multi Ion Exchange (MIE) mechanism is clarified, at least for clayey rocks. Eventually, the proposed physical analysis shows the complementary roles that injected brine concentration and composition can play on waterflood recovery efficiency depending on the Crude Oil Brine Rock (COBR) system under consideration. To account for the diversity of COBR systems, a straightforward modelling methodology is then proposed to simulate laboratory LSWI tests on a case-by-case basis and infer the actual evolution of residual oil saturation with brine concentration and/or composition. The simulation involves a wettability driver that may be either the global salinity or the square root of ionic force. The analysis of published results actually shows that the latter predicts low salinity effects on residual oil saturation better than the former. Hopefully, this paper contributes to the understanding of the DLE and MIE mechanisms induced by a smart water injection and provides a simple and robust methodology to simulate the reference coreflood experiments that remain necessary to assess and optimize LSWI.
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- 2020
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11. Relationship between well pattern density and variation function of stochastic modelling and database establishment
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Wang Jinkai, Zhao Kai, Yan Zhaoxun, Fu Yuxiang, and Xie Jun
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
For 3D geological modelling of oil and gas reservoirs, well pattern density is directly related to the number of samples involved in the calculation, which determines the variation function of stochastic modelling and has great impacts on the results of reservoir modelling. This paper focuses on the relationship between well pattern density and the variogram of stochastic modelling, selects the large Sulige gas field with many well pattern types as the research object, and establishes a variogram database of stochastic models for different well pattern densities. First, the well pattern in the study area is divided into three different types (well patterns A, B, and C) according to well and row space. Several different small blocks (model samples) are selected from each type of well pattern to establish the model, and their reasonable variogram values (major range, minor range and vertical range) are obtained. Then, the variogram values of all model samples with similar well pattern densities are analysed and counted, and the variogram database corresponding to each type of well pattern is established. Finally, the statistical results are applied to the modelling process of other blocks with similar well pattern density to test their accuracy. The results show that the reservoir model established by using the variation function provided in this paper agrees well with the actual geological conditions and that the random model has a high degree of convergence. This database has high adaptability, and the model established is reliable.
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- 2020
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12. How to Characterize a Potential Site for CO2 Storage with Sparse Data Coverage – a Danish Onshore Site Case
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Nielsen Carsten Møller, Frykman Peter, and Dalhoff Finn
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The paper demonstrates how a potential site for CO2 storage can be evaluated up to a sufficient level of characterization for compiling a storage permit application, even if the site is only sparsely explored. The focus of the paper is on a risk driven characterization procedure. In the initial state of a site characterization process with sparse data coverage, the regional geological and stratigraphic understanding of the area of interest can help strengthen a first model construction for predictive modeling. Static and dynamic modeling in combination with a comprehensive risk assessment can guide the different elements needed to be evaluated for fulfilling a permit application. Several essential parameters must be evaluated; the storage capacity for the site must be acceptable for the project life of the operation, the trap configuration must be efficient to secure long term containment, the injectivity must be sufficient to secure a longstanding stable operation and finally a satisfactory and operational measuring strategy must be designed. The characterization procedure is demonstrated for a deep onshore aquifer in the northern part of Denmark, the Vedsted site. The site is an anticlinal structural closure in an Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic sandstone formation at 1 800-1 900 m depth.
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- 2015
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13. Energy Management Strategies for Diesel Hybrid Electric Vehicle
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Grondin Olivier, Thibault Laurent, and Quérel Carole
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
This paper focuses on hybrid energy management for a Diesel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) with a parallel architecture. The proposed strategy focuses on the reduction of Nitric Oxides (NOx) emissions that represents a key issue to meet diesel emissions standards. The strategy is split in two separated functions aiming at limiting the NOx in steady-state and transient operating conditions. The first functions, control the torque split between the engine and the electric motor. This energy management is based on the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) where an additional degree of freedom is introduced to tune the optimization tradeoffs from the pure fuel economy case to the pure NOx limitation case. The second function adapts the torque split ratio between the motor and the engine, initially computed from the optimal control strategy during transient operations where NOx are produced. The engine torque correction relies on mean value models for the EGR system dynamics and for the NOx formation. This paper applies a methodology based on Software in the Loop (SiL) and Hardware in the Loop (HiL) simulations in order to understand the system performance according to the powertrain configurations and also to tune the proposed energy management strategy. The simulation results are confirmed by experiments performed on Hybrid-Hardware in the Loop (Hy-HiL) test bench. This work shows the potential of using the hybrid architecture to limit NOx emissions by choosing the best operating point and by limiting the engine dynamics. The NOx reduction has limited impact on fuel consumption.
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- 2015
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14. Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles: 15 years of development at the Ohio State University
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Rizzoni Giorgio and Onori Simona
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to document 15 years of hybrid electric vehicle energy management research at The Ohio State University Center for Automotive Research (OSUCAR). Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) technology encompasses many diverse aspects. In this paper we focus exclusively on the evolution of supervisory control strategies for on-board energy management in HEV. We present a series of control algorithms that have been developed in simulation and implemented in prototype vehicles for charge-sustaining HEVs at OSU-CAR. These solutions span from fuzzy-logic control algorithms to more sophisticated model-based optimal control methods. Finally, methods developed for plug-in HEVs energy management are also discussed
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- 2015
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15. Method for Simulation and Optimization of Underground Gas Storage Performance
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Wojdan K., Ruszczycki B., Michalk D., and Swirski K.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Proper simulation and identification of the flow potential of a gas storage plant is only possible if the nonlinear limits related to cavern operation and an optimal strategy (set of decision rules) related to the plant operation mode are considered. An efficient operation of a storage plant is a challenging task due to the complexity of cavern rock mechanical restrictions, as well as other technical restrictions imposed on different plant devices. The scope of this paper is to cater for these challenges by defining a set of different operational strategies, i.e., sets of actions which constitute the predefined high level mechanism that allows for an economic and efficient plant operation. In this paper, one specific strategy example is described in detail. Specifically, we give simulation results and outline an optimization procedure designed to maximize the plant’s performance capabilities. The general plant model and the form of rock mechanical restrictions of cavern operation are reviewed, and the construction of the computational algorithm is analyzed.
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- 2014
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16. Establishment and analysis of temperature field of riserless mud recovery system
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Zhang Jie, Li Xin, Tang Xu, and Luo Wen
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Due to the drill pipe in the Riserless Mud Recovery (RMR) system is exposed to seawater, so the characteristics of the temperature changing are very different from the conventional offshore drilling. Considering temperature is an important factor affecting the annulus pressure, it is necessary to study the variation law of the temperature field of the RMR. In this paper, according to the physical process of the heat transfer in RMR, the mathematical model of the temperature field is established. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software is used to simulate the temperature distribution in the drill pipe and the annulus, so that the law of the temperature changing can be observed more intuitively. In order to be more aware of the influencing factors of the temperature field changing, this paper analyzes the influence mechanism of the different discharge capacity and the different injection temperature on temperature changing. Moreover, this paper also analyzes the influence of the annulus temperature on the annulus pressure, which provides a theoretical basis for the well control of RMR.
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- 2019
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17. Assessment of LES-STRIP approach for modeling of droplet dispersion in diesel-like sprays
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Oruganti Surya Kaundinya, Millet Guillaume, and Gorokhovski Mikhael
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
In this paper, the stochastic equations of droplet motion in turbulent flow, proposed recently by Gorokhovski and Zamansky (2018, Phys. Rev. Fluids 3, 3, 034602), are assessed for turbulent spray dispersion in diesel like conditions along with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) for the gaseous flow. For droplets above the Kolmogorov length scale, this model introduces the concept of the stochastic drag, independently of laminar viscosity. For droplets below the Kolmogorov length scale, the model equation does depend on the laminar viscosity through the Stokes drag but the particle motion is stochastically forced. Both the stochastic drag and the stochastic forcing of the Stokes drag equation are based on the simple log-normal stochastic process for the viscous dissipation (ϵ) “seen” along the droplet trajectory. In this paper, this model is applied in the framework of two-way coupling, wherein the turbulence generated by the spray inturn controls the spray dispersion. The criterion for the choice of one of the approaches, i.e., the stochastic drag or the stochastic forcing, follows the classical condition for drag coefficient based on the droplet Reynolds number (Re p). The non-vaporizing spray experiments from Engine Combustion Network (ECN) are used as test cases. In addition to the comparison of the spray penetration length, spreading angle and spray structure with the experimental data, a qualitative analysis of the statistics of the droplet acceleration and gas phase velocities is presented. It was shown that the new approach is much more effective in modeling the spray dynamics on relatively coarser mesh. Consequently, the new approach in the framework of two-way coupling may predict the preferential concentration effects better, which is important for spray combustion.
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- 2019
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18. MUSCL scheme for Single Well Chemical Tracer Test simulation, design and interpretation
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Braconnier Benjamin, Preux Christophe, Douarche Frédéric, and Bourbiaux Bernard
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Our paper presents an improved numerical scheme to simulate Single Well Chemical Tracer Test (SWCTT) method. SWCTT is mainly applied to determine the residual oil saturation of reservoirs. It consists in injecting an aqueous slug of a primary tracer into the reservoir formation and displacing it at a certain distance from the well. This tracer is partly miscible with oil on the one hand, and generates in situ a secondary tracer on the other hand. As a consequence, a shift is observed between the primary and the secondary tracers arrival times when production is resumed. This time shift is used to evaluate the residual oil saturation. In our paper, we propose a numerical scheme based on a fractional time stepping technique to decouple the resolution of the phases mass conservation equations and the chemical tracers mole conservation equations. For the phases resolution, we use an implicit scheme to ensure stability and robustness. For the chemical tracers, we propose an explicit second-order scheme in time and in space via MUSCL technique to improve the tracers time-shift calculation. The proposed numerical method is implemented on a realistic simulation model consisting of a vertical well crossing a reservoir consisting of a stack of homogeneous layers. By reducing the numerical dispersion, the proposed scheme improves the accuracy of predicted concentration profiles, without significantly increasing the computation time. Finally, the advantages of using a second-order scheme for residual oil saturation assessment are discussed on the basis of a radial 1D mesh convergence study.
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- 2019
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19. Numerical Methods and Turbulence Modeling for LES of Piston Engines: Impact on Flow Motion and Combustion
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Misdariis A., Robert A., Vermorel O., Richard S., and Poinsot T.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
In this article, Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of Spark Ignition (SI) engines are performed to evaluate the impact of the numerical set-upon the predictedflow motion and combustion process. Due to the high complexity and computational cost of such simulations, the classical set-up commonly includes “low” order numerical schemes (typically first or second-order accurate in time and space) as well as simple turbulence models (such as the well known constant coefficient Smagorinsky model (Smagorinsky J. (1963) Mon. Weather Rev. 91, 99-164). The scope of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility and the potential benefits of using high precision methods for engine simulations, relying on higher order numerical methods and state-of-the-art Sub-Grid-Scale (SGS) models. For this purpose, two high order convection schemes from the Two-step Taylor Galerkin (TTG) family (Colin and Rudgyard (2000) J. Comput. Phys. 162, 338-371) and several SGS turbulence models, namely Dynamic Smagorinsky (Germano et al. (1991) Phys. Fluids 3, 1760-1765) and sigma (Baya Toda et al. (2010) Proc. Summer Program 2010, Stanford, Center for Turbulence Research, NASA Ames/Stanford Univ., pp. 193-202) are considered to improve the accuracy of the classically used Lax-Wendroff (LW) (Lax and Wendroff (1964) Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 17, 381-398) - Smagorinsky set-up. This evaluation is performed considering two different engine configurations from IFP Energies nouvelles. The first one is the naturally aspirated four-valve spark-ignited F7P engine which benefits from an exhaustive experimental and numerical characterization. The second one, called Ecosural, is a highly supercharged spark-ignited engine. Unique realizations of engine cycles have been simulated for each set-up starting from the same initial conditions and the comparison is made with experimental and previous numerical results for the F7P configuration. For the Ecosural engine, experimental results are not available yet and only qualitative comparisons are performed to enforce the analysis and conclusions made on the F7P configuration. Regarding SGS models, only slight differences are found at the aerodynamic level even if sigma allows a better resolution of small structures of the velocity field. However, all results are in cycle-to-cycle variability envelopes from Granet (Granet et al. (2012) Combust. Flame 159, 1562-1575) and these single cycle computations don’t permit to distinguish clear improvements on macroscopic parameters such as resolved kinetic energy, heat release or mean in-cylinder pressure. Concerning numerical schemes, TTG schemes also allow a slighlty better resolution of small scale vortices but global quantities such as resolved kinetic energy and SGS viscosity are comparable. Nevertheless, clear differences appear between the different schemes in the combustion stroke. This is attributed to a better resolution of the flame-turbulence interaction process during the free flame propagation period, leading to an increase of the resolved part of heat release. It is also shown in this paper that an adjustment of the efficiency constant in the Thickened Flame (TF) model is compulsory to account for the over dissipation of the smallest resolved structures if LW is used. In the light of these conclusions an hybrid setup, called ES O2 (Engine Stroke Optimal Order), which consists in using TTGC during combustion and LW elsewhere is proposed and applied to the two engines configurations. Results are in good agreement with the ones obtained in the case of a full TTGC simulation, while the CPU (Central Processing Unit) cost increase is only about 10% compared to LW. The accuracy of LW seems therefore to be sufficient for pure aerodynamic phases, while the use of TTGC only during combustion permits an improvement in the LES quality. The hybrid ES O2 method thus appears as an attractive approach to improve further calculations accuracy without being greatly penalized by additional CPU costs in multi-cycle simulations.
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20. Investigation of Boundary Condition and Field Distribution Effects on the Cycle-to-Cycle Variability of a Turbocharged GDI Engine Using LES
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Fontanesi S., Paltrinieri S., D’Adamo A., and Duranti S.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The paper reports some preliminary results of a numerical activity aiming at characterizing cycle-to-cycle variability of a highlydownsized turbocharged DISI (Direct Injection Spark Ignition) engine for high-performance car applications, using a customized version of the commercial software Star-CD licensed by CD-adapco. During experimental investigations at the engine testbed, high cycle to cycle dispersion was detected even for relatively stable peak-power/full-load operations of the engine, thus limiting the overall engine performance. Despite the complex architecture of the V-8 engine, the origin of such cyclic variability could not be related to cyclic fluctuations of the gas-dynamics within the intake and exhaust pipes. Several subsequent acquisitions of the instantaneous pressure traces were measured at both the intake port entrance and exhaust port junction, showing almost negligible differences in terms of both amplitude and phasing compared to those within the cylinder. In order to explore the potentials of the LES application to the analysis and understanding of the cycle-to-cycle variability, which notoriously strongly limits the overall engine performance, a numerical activity is carried out using full-cycle LES simulations over several subsequent engine cycles. Despite the very early stage of the investigation, two main issues are addressed in the paper: the analysis of the possible causes originating the high cycle to cycle variability and the influence of the boundary conditions on the predicted cyclic dispersion. Concerning the former aspect, a detailed investigation of local and global instantaneous fields is carried out aiming at identifying both a possible hierarchy of responsibilities on one side and limitations and possible improvements of the adopted numerical procedure on the other side. Concerning the latter aspect, a set of simulations, performed applying cycle-independent averaged experimental conditions, is compared to those resulting from the application of cycle-specific variable pressure traces at both intake and exhaust sides, in order to analyze the influence of port fluctuations on the in-cylinder pressure history. Results are also qualitatively compared to those resulting from a multi-cycle RANS simulation using the same grid-size, in order to better highlight the superior LES potentials.
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21. Thermochemical Conversion of Lignin for Fuels and Chemicals: A Review Conversion thermochimique de la lignine en carburants et produits chimiques : une revue
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Joffres B., Laurenti D., Charon N., Daudin A., Quignard A., and Geantet C.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Lignin is one of the biomass components potentially usable as renewable resource to produce fuels or chemicals. After separation from the lignocellulosic matrix, this macromolecule is nowadays essentially valorized by combustion in paper mills. If second generation ethanol is produced in the future from lignocellulosic biomass, some increasing reserves of lignin will be available in addition to the ones coming from the paper industry. The main thermochemical ways such as pyrolysis, solvolysis, hydrothermal conversion and hydroconversion considered for the valorization of the lignin are reviewed in this article. La lignine est une des composantes de la biomasse lignocellulosique potentiellement valorisable comme ressource renouvelable pour la production de carburants ou de produits chimiques. Après séparation de la matrice lignocellulosique, cette macromolécule est de nos jours essentiellement utilisée comme combustible dans l’industrie papetière. Outre cette filière papetière, la production d’éthanol de seconde génération à partir de la cellulose aura comme conséquence la mise à disponibilité d’encore plus grandes quantités de lignine. De nouvelles applications pourront donc être proposées pour l’utilisation de cette bio-ressource. Les différentes voies thermochimiques : pyrolyse, solvolyse, conversion hydrothermale et hydroconversion envisagées pour la valorisation de la lignine sont décrites dans cet article.
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22. LES of the Exhaust Flow in a Heavy-Duty Engine
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Bodin O., Wang Y., Mihaescu M., and Fuchs L.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The flow in the exhaust port and the exhaust manifold of a heavy-duty Diesel engine has been studied using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach. Some of the flow characteristics in these components are: flow unsteadiness and separation combined with significant geometry-induced secondary flow motion. Detailed analysis of these features may add understanding which can be used to decrease the flow losses and increase the efficiency of downstream components such as turbochargers and EGR coolers. Few LES studies of the flow in these components have been conducted in the past and this, together with the complexity of the flow are the motivations for this work. This paper shows that in the exhaust port, even global parameters like total pressure losses are handled better by LES than RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes). Flow structures of the type that affect both turbine performance and EGR cooler efficiency are generated in the manifold and these are found to vary significantly during the exhaust pulse. This paper also clearly illustrates the need to make coupled simulations in order to handle the complicated boundary conditions of these gas exchange components.
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23. Rational Formulation of Alternative Fuels using QSPR Methods: Application to Jet Fuels Développement d’un outil d’aide à la formulation des carburants alternatifs utilisant des méthodes QSPR (Quantitative Structure Property Relationship): application aux carburéacteurs
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Saldana D.A., Creton B., Mougin P., Jeuland N., Rousseau B., and Starck L.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Alternative fuels are a promising solution for road transport but also for aircraft. In the aviation field, a huge amount of work has been done in the past years with the approval to use up to 50 % by volume of SPK (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene) in blends with conventional fossil Jet A-1. SPK are Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels but also Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA). However, these alternative fuels can have different chemical properties depending on the process used for their production. These properties include normal to iso paraffin ratio, carbon chain length and level of branching. R&D studies of alternative fuels are based on the evaluation of products coming from identified production processes. However, it appears that a better way of studying them could be firstly to determine the best chemical composition regarding aviation problems and secondly to find the best process and finishing process in order to obtain such a product. The objective of this work is to design a tool that aims to guide the future formulation of alternative fuels for aviation through the prediction of targeted physical properties. Thus, it is proposed to apply a methodology that identifies relationships between the structure and properties of a molecule (QSPR for Quantitative Structure Property Relationship), with the aim of establishing predictive models. These models will be built for hydrocarbons (normal and iso paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, etc.) and oxygenated compounds (esters and alcohols). For aviation, oxygenated compounds are not considered as a drop-in fuel. It could be seen as a disruptive solution in a long term view. There are concerns with oxygenates in aviation that are covered in this paper such as the flash point but others such as the energetic content, the water affinity that are not taken into account in this paper. The properties currently studied are flash point, cetane number, density and viscosity. The data sets will contain data from the literature, from experimental measurements and from molecular simulations for complex molecules. The interest of such models in the selection of molecules can be shown for example by the trade-off between cold flow properties and density of paraffinic compounds. If the carbon chain length is too high, the cold flow properties are compromised. One solution can be to increase branching or incorporate fuel base with good cold flow properties such as naphthenic or aromatic compounds. However, this leads to a decrease in density below the jet fuel specification. Again, using naphthenic of alkyl-aromatic compounds produced from biomass can help. Le développement des carburants alternatifs est en plein essor, notamment dans le domaine aéronautique. Cela se concrétise par la possibilité d’incorporer jusqu’à 50 % de carburants de synthèse de type Fischer- Tropsch (FT) ou hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) dans du carburéacteur. De même, ces carburants paraffiniques se développent pour le transport terrestre en parallèle des biocarburants à base d’esters ou d’alcool actuellement disponibles. La formulation de ces carburants alternatifs est actuellement basée sur une sélection des produits via des critères physiques. L’atteinte de ces critères se fait souvent par des formulations empiriques et ce type de fonctionnement ne s’avère pas très efficace et montre ses limites. En effet, les carburants alternatifs présentent des propriétés chimiques qui peuvent être différentes en fonction du procédé (répartition n-paraffines/iso-paraffines, longueur de chaîne, ramification, etc.) et donc modulable. Ainsi, une nouvelle voie pourrait être envisagée visant à déterminer par le calcul, la molécule (ou le mélange de molécules) la plus à même de répondre au cahier des charges du carburant, puis à étudier ou à optimiser les voies de synthèse permettant d’accéder à ces produits. Le travail présenté a pour objectif le développement et l’application de méthodes QSPR (Quantitative Structure Property Relationship) permettant de relier la structure aux propriétés d’une molécule. Les produits étudiés sont les hydrocarbures (normal et iso-paraffines, naphtènes, aromatiques, etc.) et les oxygénés du type alcools et esters. Les propriétés ciblées sont celles figurant dans les spécifications carburants telles que le point d’éclair, l’indice de cétane, la masse volumique et la viscosité. Les modèles prédictifs des propriétés des corps purs ont été établis à partir de données expérimentales de référence provenant en grande partie de la littérature. L’utilité de tels modèles dans la sélection de composés d’intérêt peut être montrée par exemple pour trouver le meilleur compromis pour satisfaire les critères de tenue à froid et de masse volumique des paraffines. Ainsi, si la chaîne carbonée est trop longue alors le critère de tenue à froid risque de ne pas être satisfait. Il est alors nécessaire de favoriser la ramification ou d’ajouter des bases ayant une bonne tenue à froid comme certains naphtènes ou monoaromatiques alkylés. Cependant, cela entraîne bien souvent une masse volumique trop basse par rapport à la spécification. Là encore l’ajout de naphtènes ou de monoaromatiques alkylés issus de la biomasse peut être intéressant.
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24. An Optimization Strategy Based on the Maximization of Matching-Targets’ Probability for Unevaluated Results Optimisation par maximisation de la probabilité d’atteindre les cibles pour des résultats non évalués
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Feraille M.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The Maximization of Matching-Targets’ Probability for Unevaluated Results (MMTPUR), technique presented in this paper, is based on the classical probabilistic optimization framework. The numerical function values that have not been evaluated are considered as stochastic functions. Thus, a Gaussian process uncertainty model is built for each required numerical function result (i.e., associated with each specified target) and is used to estimate probability density functions for unevaluated results. Parameter posterior distributions, used within the optimization process, then take into account these probabilities. This approach is particularly adapted when, getting one evaluation of the numerical function is very time consuming. In this paper, we provide a detailed outline of this technique. Finally, several test cases are developed to stress its potential. La méthode présentée dans cet article rentre dans le cadre de l’optimisation probabiliste classique. La nouveauté consiste à construire un processus Gaussien pour chaque résultat souhaité (i.e. associé à chaque cible spécifiée) et de les utiliser ensuite pour estimer les densités de probabilité des résultats non évalués. Ces densités sont alors prises en compte dans le calcul de la densité a posteriori des paramètres à optimiser. Cette approche est adaptée lorsque chaque évaluation de la fonction est coûteuse en temps de calcul. Une description détaillée de cette méthode d’optimisation est proposée ainsi que son utilisation sur plusieurs cas tests.
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25. Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Reactors: A Review of a Few Scientific Challenges and of Related Recommended Research Topics Réacteur de pyrolyse rapide de la biomasse : une revue de quelques verrous scientifiques et d’actions de recherches recommandées
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Lédé J.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The use of biomass as an alternative energy resource requires its prior processing. Many options are possible. The present paper focuses on thermochemical routes and more specifically on fast pyrolysis carried out for the preparation of so called bio-oils. The optimization and scaling up of fast pyrolysis processes for improving bio oils yields and properties come up against several difficulties. The aim of the paper is to show that some of them are related to the lack of several basic scientific knowledges, more specifically at the level of the high temperature fast pyrolysis reactor. The analysis of these challenges (biomass sample thermal decomposition, biomass-reactor interactions, secondary reactions) suggests the development of several research topics. L’utilisation de la biomasse en tant que ressource énergétique de substitution nécessite sa transformation préalable. De nombreuses options sont possibles. Cet article s’intéresse aux voies thermochimiques et plus spécifiquement à la pyrolyse rapide mise en oeuvre pour la préparation d’huiles de pyrolyse. L’optimisation et l’extrapolation des procédés de pyrolyse rapide pour améliorer les rendements et propriétés des huiles de pyrolyse se heurtent à plusieurs difficultés. Le but de cet article est de montrer que certaines sont liées au manque de certaines connaissances scientifiques de base, plus précisément au niveau du réacteur haute température. L’analyse de ces verrous (décomposition thermique d’un grain de biomasse, interactions biomasse-réacteur, réactions secondaires) suggère le développement de plusieurs axes de recherche.
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26. Assessment by Simu ation of Benefits of New HEV Powertrain Configurations Évaluation par simulation des bénéfices de nouvelles chaînes de traction hybrides
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Kim N. and Rousseau A.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
During the past couple of years, numerous powertrain configurations for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) have been introduced into the marketplace. The current dominant architecture is the power-split configuration with the input split (single-mode) from Toyota and Ford. General Motors (GM) recently introduced a two-mode power-split configuration for applications in sport utility vehicles. Also, the first commercially available Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) — the GM Volt — was introduced into the market in 2010. The GM Volt uses a series-split powertrain architecture, which provides benefits over the series architecture, which typically has been considered for Electric-Range Extended Vehicles (E-REV). This paper assesses the benefits of these different powertrain architectures (single-mode versus multi-mode for HEV) (series versus GM Voltec for PHEV) by comparing component sizes, system efficiency and fuel consumption over several drive cycles. On the basis of dynamic models, a detailed component control algorithm was developed for each configuration. The powertrain components were sized to meet all-electric-range, performance and grade-capacity requirements. This paper presents and compares the impact of these different powertrain configurations on component size and fuel consumption. Durant les dernières années, de nombreuses configurations de motorisation pour véhicules hybrides ont été introduites sur le marché. La solution dominante est actuellement la dérivation de puissance en configuration ‘input split’ simple mode utilisée par Toyota et Ford. General Motors (GM) a récemment introduit une configuration basée sur la dérivation de puissance avec deux modes pour application sur des SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle). Par ailleurs, le premier véhicule hybride rechargeable la Volt de GM a été introduite sur le marché en 2010. La Volt utilise une architecture qui autorise plusieurs modes : électrique, série et dérivation de puissance, et qui est plus performante que l’architecture série mise en œuvre généralement pour les véhicules électriques à prolongateur d’autonomie (E-REV, Electric-Range Extended Vehicles). Ce papier est dédié à l’étude des bénéfices de différentes motorisations simple mode contre multi-mode pour les véhicules hybrides, série contre GM Voltec pour les véhicules hybrides rechargeables. Le dimensionnement des composants, leur rendement ainsi que celui du systeme et la consommation énergétique sur différents cycles sont étudiés. Un modèle dynamique détaillé avec son algorithme de contrôle a été développé pour chacune des configurations considérées. Les composants des motorisations ont été dimensionnés pour satisfaire aux exigences d’autonomie tout électrique ainsi qu’aux performances dynamiques et de franchissement. Cette étude présente et compare [impact de différentes chaînes de traction sur le dimensionnement des composants et leur consommation énergétique.
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27. Experimental Assessment of Battery Cycle Life Within the SIMSTOCK Research Program Évaluation expérimentale de la durée de vie de la batterie dans le programme de recherche SIMSTOCK
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Gyan P., Aubret P., Hafsaoui J., Sellier F., Bourlot S., Zinola S., and Badin F.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The steadiness over time, of on-board Energy Storage Systems (ESS) performances is a major issue fora successful and massive diffusion of electrified, hybrid and electric vehicles. Capacity fade and internal resistance increase due to ageing will directly affect vehicle range and performances. Therefore, ESS ageing forecasting remains an important area of investigations. Reaching this goal involves fundamental research on materials, experimentation, simulation and design by the end users. This paper describes the main results of a 3.5-year, 4.2 M€ collaborative research program on battery ageing, SIMSTOCK, which was finished in fall 2011. This program has involved 15 partners among which, research labs, ESS manufacturers, automotive components suppliers and vehicle manufacturers, with the support of the French agency ADEME. This paper will then focus mainly on modeling and simulation of a lithium-ion high power cell tested within the program. First, it describes the development of a numerical equivalent electrical circuit model of battery, associated with a calibration tool and its experimental validation. Secondly, it describes the construction of a Design of Experiments (DOE), its use and validation, for defining mathematical expressions, representing the battery model parameters evolutions, as a function of battery ageing. Thirdly, the paper details a mathematical method created with the aim to take into account the cycling and the calendar effects on battery characteristics during the experiment on tests benches. Finally, the battery model is integrated in a full hybrid vehicle model, on Imagine Lab AMESim simulation platform, to determine, with realistic driving conditions, the impact of battery ageing on the vehicle performance and fuel consumption. La stabilité dans le temps des performances des systèmes embarqués de stockage d’énergie (Energy Storage Systems, ESS) est un enjeu majeur pour une diffusion massive et le succès des véhicules électrifiés, hybrides et électriques. L’affaiblissement de la capacité et l’augmentation de la résistance interne due au vieillissement affecteront directement l’autonomie du véhicule et ses performances. Par conséquent, la prévision du vieillissement des ESS reste un domaine important de recherche. Atteindre cet objectif implique des recherches fondamentales sur les matériaux, l’expérimentation, la simulation et la conception. Ce papier décrit les principaux résultats du programme de recherche collaboratif SIMSTOCK qui s’est déroulé pendant 3,5 années avec un budget de 4,2 M € et qui s’est terminé à l’automne 2011. Ce programme a impliqué 15 partenaires parmi lesquels, des laboratoires de recherche, des fabricants d’ESS, des fournisseurs de composants de véhicules et des constructeurs automobiles et il a bénéficié du soutien de l’ADEME. Cet article se concentre principalement sur la modélisation et la simulation d’une cellule lithium-ion haute puissance testée dans ce programme. En premier lieu, est décrit l’élaboration d’un modèle numérique de circuit électrique équivalent de la batterie, associé à un outil de calibration et à sa validation expérimentale. En second, sont présentées la construction d’un plan d’expériences, son utilisation et sa validation, pour la définition des expressions mathématiques représentant les évolutions des paramètres du modèle de batterie en fonction du vieillissement de la batterie. Ensuite le papier détaille la méthode mathématique créée dans le but de prendre en compte le cycle et les effets calendaires sur les caractéristiques de la batterie lors des expériences sur bancs. Enfin, le modèle de batterie est intégré dans un modèle complet du véhicule hybride dans la plateforme de simulation Imagine Lab AMESim, afin de déterminer, avec des conditions de conduite réalistes, l’impact du vieillissement de la batterie sur la performance du véhicule et la consommation de carburant.
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28. Numerical Investigation of an Absorption-Diffusion Cooling Machine Using C3H8/C9H20 as Binary Working Fluid Étude numérique d’une machine frigorifique à absorption-diffusion utilisant le couple C3H8/C9H20
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Dardour H., Cézac P., Reneaume J.-M., Bourouis M., and Bellagi A.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
This paper is concerned with the analysis and the simulation of a heat-driven absorption-diffusion cooling machine which can operate with low-grade heat sources. The simplified configuration of the heat-powered absorption-diffusion refrigerating machine considered in this study is based on the Platen-Munters single pressure refrigerators principle [Platen B.C.V. and Munters C.G. (1928) Refrigerator, US Patent 1, 685-764J. Three working fluids are used, nonane as an absorbent, propane as a refrigerant and hydrogen as the inert auxiliary gas. The designed cooling capacity of the machine is 1 kW which is suitable for a domestic use for refrigeration purposes. We restricted the maximum temperature of the driving heat supplied to the generator to 130 °C, a temperature achievable with evacuated-tube solar collectors. The simulations are carried out using a commercially available flow sheeting software with the PengRobinson equation of state as property prediction method. In this paper, we analyze the heat and mass transfer characteristics in all relevant machine components (absorber, condenser, generator and solution heat exchangers). The simulations results allow determining the values of different parameters of the systems such as the refrigerant and the solvent temperatures in various points of the machine, the liquid and the vapor flow rates and compositions. The system performances were parametrically analyzed using the flow sheeting software. Performance characteristics were determined for a wide range of operating conditions allowing investigating and evaluating the effect of various design parameters. Ce papier est consacré à l’étude et l’analyse d’une machine frigorifique à absorption-diffusion. La machine est actionnée grâce à une source de chaleur de température modérée. La configuration et le principe de fonctionnement de l’appareil obéissent au modèle de Platen Munters [Platen B.C.V. and Munters C.G. (1928) Refrigerator, US Patent 1, 685-764]. Le fluide de travail utilisé est le binaire propane/n-nonane, le propane étant le réfrigérant et le n-nonane, l’absorbant. L’hydrogène est utilisé comme gaz inerte, égaliseur de pression. La machine est conçue pour une production frigorifique de 1 kW. La température maximale de la source de chaleur est fixée à 130 °C, une température qu’on pourrait atteindre aisément grâce à des capteurs solaires à tubes sous vide. Les simulations sont effectuées en utilisant un logiciel commercial de fiowsheeting. L’équation d’état de Peng-Robinson est le modèle thermodynamique utilisé. Nous analysons dans cet article les transferts thermiques et massiques dans les différents composants de l’appareil (absorbeur, condenseur, évaporateur, générateur et échangeurs de chaleur). Les résultats des simulations permettent de déterminer les valeurs des différentes grandeurs caractérisant le fonctionnement de la machine telles que les débits, les compositions et les températures. Une analyse paramétrique a été menée pour évaluer les performances de la machine pour un large éventail des conditions de fonctionnement.
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29. Optimization of Hybrid Power Trains by Mechanistic System Simulations Optimisation de groupes motopropulseurs électriques hybrides par simulation du système mécanique
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Katrašnik T. and Wurzenberger J. C.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The paper presents a mechanistic system level simulation model for mode/big hybrid and conventional vehicle topologies. The paper addresses the Dynamic interaction between different domains: internal combustion engine. exhaust after treatment devices, electric components. mechanical drive train. cooling circuit system and corresponding control units. To achieve a good ratio between accuracy. predictability and computational speed of the model an innovative time domain decoupling is presented, which is based on applying domain specific integration steps to ditferent domains and subsequent consistent cross-domain coupling ol’thefluxes. In addition, a computationally efficient frunieveork for transporting active and passive gaseous species is introduced to combine computational efficiency with the need for modeling pollutant transport in the gas path. The applicability and versatility of the mechanistic system level simulations model is presented through analyses of transient phenomena caused by the high interdependency of the sub-systems, i.e. domains. Results of a hyt’hrid vehicle are compared to results of a conventional vehicle to highlight differences in operating regimes of partiular components that are inherent to particular poster train topology. L’article présente un modèle de simulation au niveau mécanique destiné à la modélisation de topologies de véhicules hydrides et conventionnels. L’article décrit l’interaction dynamique entre différents domaines : moteur à combustion interne, dispositifs de post-traitement d’échappement, composants électriques, chaîne cinématique mécanique, circuit de refroidissement et les unités de contrôle correspondantes. Afin d’obtenir un rapport correct entre précision, prévisibilité et vitesse de calculs du modèle, un découplage innovant du domaine temporel est présenté, lequel est basé sur l’application à différents domaines, d’étapes d’intégration spécifiques au domaine et sur un couplage inter-domaines cohérent ultérieur des flux. En outre, une structure de calculs efficace permettant la simulation du transport d’espèces gazeuses actives et passives est introduite de manière à combiner l’efficacité des calculs à la nécessité d’une modélisation du transport des polluants clans le circuit des gaz. L’applicabilité et la versatilité du modèle de simulation au niveau mécanique sont présentées au moyen d’analyses des phénomènes transitoires provoqués par l’interdépendance élevée des sous-systèmes, c’est-à-dire les domaines. Les résultats obtenus pour les véhicules hybrides sont comparés â ceux obtenus pour les véhicules conventionnels afin de mettre l’accent sur les différences des régimes opératoires de composants particuliers inhérents à une topologie particulière du groupe motopropulseur.
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- 2013
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30. Identification and Quantification of Carbonate Species Using Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
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Pillot D., Deville E., and Prinzhofer A.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
This paper presents a new reliable and rapid method to characterise and quantify carbonates in solid samples based on monitoring the CO2 flux emitted by progressive thermal decomposition of carbonates during a programmed heating. The different peaks of destabilisation allow determining the different types of carbonates present in the analysed sample. The quantification of each peak gives the respective proportions of these different types of carbonates in the sample. In addition to the chosen procedure presented in this paper, using a standard Rock-Eval 6 pyrolyser, calibration characteristic profiles are also presented for the most common carbonates in nature. This method should allow different types of application for different disciplines, either academic or industrial.
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- 2013
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31. Smart Battery Thermal Management for PHEV Efficiency Une gestion avancée de la thermique de la batterie basse tension de traction pour optimiser l’efficacité d’un véhicule hybride électrique rechargeable
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Lefebvre L.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
A smart battery thermal management is crucial for vehicle performances and battery lifetime targets achievements when electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are concerned. The thermal system needs to be designed and tuned in accordance and compromises with powertrain and vehicle requirements, battery pack architecture, environmental constraints, costs, weight, etc., in a process that will be described in the first part of this paper. Among the portfolio of battery thermal management technologies, these items will be illustrated by two examples: thermal management by cabin air and by refrigerant in a direct cooling, enlightening a decision process. A simplified battery thermo-electric simulation model, which the second part of our work focuses on, has been built, first for both thermal and energetic balance dimensioning of the battery thermal management system. Examples are given on these two perspectives. That simplified simulation model has also identified some promising thermal management strategies for improving vehicle efficiency and performances and battery lifetime. That is the task of the last part of this paper. Battery heating has shown opportunities for improving energy and power availability at cold conditions and, thus, electric drive availability and autonomy. Post-cooling the battery at the end of a journey and its pre-conditioning before the following journey, not only improve vehicle efficiency, electric drive availability and autonomy, but also enhance battery lifetime and compromises with cabin thermal comfort. Others promising strategies optimizing the relation between vehicle performances and battery lifetime are still under investigations. L’atteinte des performances et des prestations requises d’un véhicule électrique ou hybride électrique rechargeable nécessite un thermomanagement intelligent de la batterie basse tension de traction. Ce thermomanagement est incontournable pour respecter dans le même temps la disponibilité d’énergie de traction électrique et la durabilité de la batterie. La conception du système de gestion thermique de la batterie basse tension doit donc prendre en compte les exigences requises de la chaîne de traction et du véhicule, la conception et l’architecture du pack batterie, les contraintes d’environnement, au moindre coût et au moindre poids, etc., tout en optimisant les compromis entre ces paramètres souvent antagonistes. Le processus de conception du thermomanagement de la batterie basse tension de traction fait l’objet de la première partie de cet article. Ce processus sera illustré par deux exemples, l’un mettant en oeuvre l’air en provenance de l’habitacle du véhicule et l’autre, par un refroidissement direct via le circuit de réfrigération du véhicule. Pour une application concrète, le processus de décision doit intégrer l’ensemble des modes de thermomanagement étudiés dans ce contexte et les différents paramètres et exigences pris en compte en tant que données d’entrée. La seconde partie de l’article présente un modèle de simulation thermoélectrique simplifié de la batterie basse tension de traction. Quelques résultats de calculs seront présentés à titre d’exemples dans deux perspectives différentes, d’une part, le dimensionnement thermique du système de thermomanagement, et d’autre part, l’optimisation du bilan énergétique du véhicule. Par ailleurs, ce modèle de simulation simplifié a également permis d’identifier et d’évaluer plusieurs stratégies pertinentes de gestion thermique de la batterie. Ces stratégies visent à améliorer l’efficacité et la performance du véhicule tout en ménageant la durée de vie de la batterie. La troisième partie présente certaines de ces stratégies. Parmi celles-ci, le post-refroidissement et le préconditionnement thermique de la batterie basse tension de traction, en préchauffage par conditions froides et en refroidissement. Ces stratégies ont montré une augmentation de l’énergie et de la puissance électrique alors disponibles. La disponibilité et l’autonomie de la mobilité tout électrique s’en trouvent d’autant améliorées. Le post-refroidissement et le préconditionnement thermique de la batterie basse tension de traction permettent aussi un gain sensible sur la durabilité de la batterie basse tension. D’autres stratégies prometteuses optimisant le compromis entre performances du véhicule et durabilité de la batterie de traction sont encore en cours d’investigation.
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- 2013
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32. Injecting Large Volumes of Preformed Particle Gel for Water Conformance Control Injection d’importants volumes de gel de type GPP (gel à particules préformées) pour le contrôle du balayage en injection d’eau dans les réservoirs matures
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Bai Baojun, Wei Mingzhen, and Liu Yuzhang
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
This paper describes Preformed Particle Gel (PPG) treatments for in-depth fluid diversion in four injection wells located in the northern section of the Lamadian reservoir, Daqing oilfield, China, which is a sandstone reservoir with thick heterogeneous pay zones. Forty-six producers were connected to the four treated injectors with an average water cut of 95.4% before PPG treatments. A large volume (more than 1 000 m3) of PPG suspension with concentrations of 1900-2 500 mg/L and particle sizes of 0.06-3.0 mm was injected into each well, each injection spanning approximately four months. The injection PPG suspension volumes range from 11458 to 17625 m3 per well with a total of 56269 m3 (295680 lb of dried PPG) for the four wells, which indicated the existence of super-K zones or fractures in the formation. During PPG injection, real-time data, including injection pressure, injection rate and particle sizes, were monitored to tune our treatment design and to analyze the practical status of the mature reservoir. This paper reports detailed information for the four well treatments, including well candidate selection criteria, treatment design, real-time monitoring results during PPG injection and treatment results. Le présent article décrit les traitements à base de gel à particules préformées (GPP) pour la dérivation de fluide en profondeur dans quatre puits d’injection situés dans la partie nord du gisement de Lamandian, dans le champs pétrolifère de Daqing en Chine; il s’agit d’un gisement de grès présentant des couches productrices épaisses et hétérogènes. Quarante-six producteurs ont été raccordés aux quatre injecteurs traités avec une proportion d’eau moyenne de 95,4 % avant les traitements à base de GPP. Un important volume (plus de 1000 m3) de suspension de GPP présentant des concentrations de 1900 à 2 500 mg/L et des tailles de particule de 0,06 à 3,0 mm a été injecté dans chaque puits, chaque injection durant environ quatre mois. Les volumes d’injection de suspension de GPP vont de 11458 à 17 625 m3 par puits pour un total de 56 269 m3 (295 680 lb, soit environ 134118 kg, de matière sèche de GPP) pour les quatre puits, ce qui indique l’existence de zones à haute perméabilité (K) ou de fractures dans la formation. Lors de l’injection de GPP, des données en temps réel, y compris la pression d’injection, le taux d’injection et les tailles de particule, ont été contrôlées pour ajuster notre méthode de traitement aux conditions de ce réservoir mature. Cet article présente des informations détaillées sur les traitements des quatre puits, y compris les critères de sélection des puits, la méthode de traitement, les résultats du contrôle en temps réel lors de l’injection de GPP et les résultats des traitements.
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- 2013
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33. Modeling Chemical EOR Processes: Some Illustrations from Lab to Reservoir Scale Modélisation des procédés EOR chimiques : du laboratoire au réservoir
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Douarche F., Rousseau D., Bazin B., Tabary R., Moreau P., and Morvan M.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Chemical flooding, SP (Surfactant Polymer) or ASP (Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer), are of increasing interest due to the need to increase oil production. Design of chemical processes is very project specific and requires case by case studies including various steps among which reservoir data analysis, chemical formulations, coreflood validations and reservoir simulation. Every step is dependent on the preceding ones and the last reservoir simulation step gathers all the information collected during the project. In this paper, we present a chemical simulator describing two phase flow with chemical transport of alkali, surfactant, polymer and salinity. Two phase flow is related to capillary desaturation curve through the decrease of oil-water interfacial tension. Physical chemistry reactions are described either with a thermodynamic approach or a simplified one using tables or simplified physics to be compatible with large scale reservoir simulations. In this paper, we describe the simulator and present results of numerous experiments specially designed to validate the model: alkaline injections of carbonates and borates, surfactant adsorption experiments at different salinities and pH, systematic effect of salinity on interfacial tension and oil recovery with/without salinity gradient. The good agreement between the experimental and numerical oil recoveries and chemical compositions is very encouraging and supports the validity of the physics implemented in the simulator. In particular, the dominant effect of pH on adsorption and the importance of a salinity gradient on oil recovery is highlighted by numerical simulation. Finally, a sensitivity study at the reservoir scale is presented to illustrate relevant factors for the implementation of an economic surfactant-based process. Les procédés de récupération tertiaire par voie chimique, SP (Surfactant Polymer) ou ASP (Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer), sont en plein essor du fait d’une demande croissante en produits pétroliers. La mise en œuvre des méthodes de récupération d’huile par voie chimique sont très spécifiques et demandent des études intégrées allant de l’étude du réservoir à la simulation du procédé à l’échelle du réservoir, sans oublier les études de laboratoire. Cet article présente le simulateur chimique SARIPCH développé pour les évaluations à l’échelle du réservoir. Il s’agit d’un simulateur de type ‘‘black oil’’ incorporant des équations de transport pour les produits chimiques : alcalin, tensio-actif et polymère. Le processus de récupération d’huile est introduit par la courbe de désaturation capillaire. Les réactions physico-chimiques sont décrites en utilisant soit une approche thermodynamique, complète ou simplifiée, soit des tables de façon à rendre les calculs plus efficaces. Dans cet article, on décrit le simulateur et on présente des résultats expérimentaux destinés à valider la physique du simulateur : injection alcaline avec carbonates ou métaborates comme additif alcalin, expériences d’adsorption en fonction de la salinité et du pH, effet systématique de la salinité sur la tension interfaciale et expériences de récupération d’huile avec ou sans gradient de salinité. La bonne adéquation entre résultats expérimentaux et résultats calculés par le simulateur, que ce soit sur les courbes d’élution des produits chimiques ou sur les taux de récupération d’huile, est encourageante et prouve la validité de la physique introduite dans le simulateur. Des études de sensibilité montrent l’impact majeur de la courbe de désaturation capillaire et de l’adsorption sur les taux de récupération d’huile. Pour finir, une approche économique, fondée sur des simulations numériques, fournit des guides à l’échelle du réservoir.
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- 2013
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34. Automatic-Control Challenges in Future Urban Vehicles: A Blend of Chassis, Energy and Networking Management Les défis de la commande automatique dans les futurs véhicules urbains : un mélange de gestion de châssis, d’énergie et du réseau
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Savaresi S.M.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The topic of this paper is the discussion of new challenges that the scientific field of automatic-control will face in the next decades, in the area of vehicles control. The focus is on urban vehicles for personal mobility, since this type of vehicles will be subject to the biggest changes in the next decades. The paper is articulated in three sections – in a top-down framework – briefly addressing and discussing the following items: the main drivers, which will force a change in urban personal mobility; the main types of vehicles, which are expected to address at best such drivers; the main automatic-control challenges on such type of vehicles. The scope of this paper is purposely non-technical. Its aim is mainly to discuss the emerging new challenges from the perspective of the automatic-control scientists and practitioners. The goal of the paper is to establish a discussion framework on the problems and opportunities, which will arise in this field, in the near future. Le sujet du présent article est une discussion sur les nouveaux défis auxquels le domaine scientifique de la commande automatique des véhicules va faire face dans les prochaines décennies. L’accent est mis sur les véhicules urbains destinés à une mobilité individuelle, puisque c’est ce type de véhicules qui va faire l’objet des plus grands changements dans les prochaines décennies. Le présent article s’articule, selon une démarche descendante, en trois sections abordant et discutant brièvement les éléments suivants : les principaux moteurs qui vont imposer un changement en matière de mobilité individuelle; les principaux types de véhicules qui sont attendus pour répondre au mieux à de tels moteurs et les principaux défis de la commande automatique sur un tel type de véhicules. À dessein, la portée du présent article est non technique. Son but est principalement de discuter les nouveaux défis émergeants, à partir de perspectives des milieux scientifiques et professionnels de la commande automatique. L’objectif du présent article consiste à établir un canevas de discussion sur les problèmes et opportunités qui verront le jour en ce domaine dans un proche avenir.
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- 2012
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35. Impact of geomechanical effects during SAGD process in a meander belt
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Malinouskaya Iryna, Preux Christophe, Guy Nicolas, and Etienne Gisèle
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
In the reservoir simulations, the geomechanical effects are usually taken into account to describe the porosity and the permeability variations. In this paper, we present a new method, patented by authors, which allows to model the geomechanical effects also on the well productivity index. The Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) method is widely used for the heavy oil production. A very high variation in pressure and temperature play a significant role on the petrophysical properties and may impact the productivity estimation. In this paper we develop a new simplified geomechanical model in order to account for the thermal and pressure effects on the porosity, permeability and the productivity index during the reservoir simulation. At the current state, these dependencies are defined using semi-analytical relationships. The model is applied to a meandering fluvial reservoir based on 3D outcrop observations. The productivity is found underestimated if the pressure and temperature effects on the petrophysical properties are ignored in the reservoir simulation. Moreover, this study shows an important impact of thermal effects on the productivity estimation. The results of this work show that it is essential to properly take into account the geomechanical effects on the petrophysical properties and also on the productivity index for a better productivity estimation.
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- 2018
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36. Review on enhanced oil recovery by nanofluids
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Li Kewen, Wang Dan, and Jiang Shanshan
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The addition of nanoparticles into water based fluids (nanofluid) with or without other chemicals to Enhance Oil Recovery (EOR) has recently received intensive interest. Many papers have been published in this area and several EOR mechanisms have been proposed. The main EOR mechanisms include wettability alteration, reduction in InterFacial surface Tension (IFT), increase in the viscosity of aqueous solution, decrease in oil viscosity, and log-jamming. Some of these mechanisms may be associated with the change in disjoining pressure because of the addition of the nanoparticles. The experimental data and results reported by different researchers, however, are not all consistent and some even conflict with others. Many papers published in recent years have been reviewed and the associated experimental data have been analyzed in this paper in order to clarify the mechanisms of EOR by nanofluids. Wettability alteration may be one of the most accepted mechanisms for nanofluid EOR while reduction in IFT and other mechanisms have not been fully proven. The main reason for the inconsistency among the experimental data might be lack of control experiments in which the effect of nanoparticles on oil recovery would be singled out.
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- 2018
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37. Improvement of Heavy Oil Recovery in the VAPEX Process using Montmorillonite Nanoclays Amélioration de la récupération d’huile lourde par utilisation de nanoargiles de Montmorillonite dans le procédé VAPEX
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Pourabdollah K., Zarringhalam Moghaddam A., Kharrat R., and Mokhtari B.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
In this paper, the nanoclay particles were introduced as mobile adsorbents in oil reservoirs to adsorb the asphaltenes, reduce the viscosity and enhance the dispersion. The objective of this paper is experimental investigation of enhanced heavy oil recovery using in situ nanoparticles for the first time. Moreover, two thermal analysis methods (thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis) were used to analyze the asphaltene content of residue hydrocarbons in the swept chambers in nano-assisted and conventional VAPEX processes. Experiments were carried out using Iranian heavy oil and propane: the setup consisted of two sand-packed cells; one packed only with glass beads as the oil matrix and the other with glass beads and modified montmorillonite as the nanoclay, while they had similar porosity and permeability. The content of deposited asphaltene in swept matrixes, the propagation pattern of vapor chambers in heavy oil matrixes, and the rates of solvent consumption and oil production were determined. The results elucidated that montmorillonite changed the matrix heterogeneity and led to forming enhanced breakthroughs, to increasing the interfacial surface of vapor/bitumen and to accelerating the oil production. It was found that not only was the rate of vapor injection diminished, but the heavy oil recovery was also markedly enhanced by 30(±4)%. Dans cet article, on decrit l’utilisation de particules de nanoargile en tant qu’adsorbant mobile dans des reservoirs d’huile afin d’adsorber les asphaltenes, reduire la viscosite de l’huile et renforcer la dispersion. L’objectif de cet article consiste en la description d’une etude experimentale de recuperation amelioree d’huile lourde par l’utilisation de nanoparticules in situ. Ce qui constitue une premiere. En outre, deux methodes d’analyse thermique (thermogravimetrie et analyse thermique differentielle) ont ete utilisees pour analyser la teneur en asphaltene des residus d’hydrocarbures dans les chambres balayees au cours des procedes VAPEX nano-assiste et conventionnel. Les experiences ont ete realisees en utilisant une huile lourde iranienne et du propane : le dispositif experimental consistait en deux cellules garnies de sable, l’une garnie uniquement avec des billes de verre en tant que milieu poreux et l’autre avec des billes de verre et de la montmorillonite modifiee en tant que nanoargile; les deux avaient la meme porosite et la meme permeabilite. La teneur en asphaltene depose dans les zones balayees, le profil de propagation des chambres de vapeur ainsi que les taux de consommation de solvant et de production d’huile ont ete determines. Les resultats ont mis en evidence que la montmorillonite a modifie l’heterogeneite du milieu poreux et a conduit a former des percees accrues, a augmenter la surface interfaciale solvant/bitume et a accelerer la production d’huile. Il s’est avere que non seulement le debit d’injection de solvant a ete diminue, mais que la recuperation d’huile lourde a egalement ete sensiblement accrue de 30 (±4) %.
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- 2011
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38. A Design Framework for Predictive Engine Control Un cadre de conception pour la commande prédictive de moteurs
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Wang X., Waschl H., Alberer D., and del Re L.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Model Predictive Control (MPC) has been proposed several times for automotive control, with promising results, mostly based on a linear MPC approach. However, as most automotive systems are nonlinear, Nonlinear MPC (NMPC) would be an interesting option. Unfortunately, an optimal control design with a generic nonlinear model usually leads to a complex, non convex problem. Against this background, this paper presents two different schemes to take into account the system nonlinearity in the control design. First, a multi-linear MPC method is shown based on the segmentation of the system and then a control system design based on a nonlinear system identification using a quasi Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) structure is proposed, which is then used in a NMPC design framework. This paper presents the approaches and the application to a well studied system, the air path of a Diesel engine. La commande prédictive par modèle (Model Predictive Control; MPC) a été proposée plusieurs fois dans l’automatique pour l’automobile, avec des résultats prometteurs, principalement à partir d’une approche MPC linéaire. Toutefois, comme la plupart des systèmes automobiles sont non linéaires, la commande prédictive non linéaire (Nonlinear MPC; NMPC) pourrait représenter une option intéressante. Malheureusement, la conception d’une commande optimale à partir d’un modèle non linéaire générique conduit généralement à un problème non convexe complexe. Dans ce contexte, cet article présente deux schémas différents pour prendre en compte la non linéarité du système en vue de la conception de la commande. En premier lieu, une méthode MPC multilinéaire est présentée sur la base d’une segmentation du système et, en second lieu, une conception de système de commande basée sur une identification de système non linéaire utilisant une structure quasi linéaire à paramètres variants (Linear Parameter Varying; LPV) est proposée; celle-ci est alors utilisée dans un cadre de conception de NMPC. Cet article présente ces approches et leur application à un système bien connu, le module d’air (air path) d’un moteur Diesel.
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- 2011
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39. Practical Achievable Performance in Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Temperature Control Performances atteignables en pratique pour la commande de la température d’un catalyseur d’oxydation Diesel
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Lepreux O., Creff Y., and Petit N.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
This paper proposes a simple control-oriented model for a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC). This distributed parameter model accounts for spatially distributed heat generation due to oxidation of reductants. It aims at being used in the context of DOC outlet temperature control, which is required during Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) active regeneration process. The paper focuses particularly on phenomena involved during variations of gas flow rate through the DOC. These variations take place during changes of engine operating points due to driver’s requests: they are large and frequent, and cannot be avoided. Experimental results presented in this paper show that an increase in the gas flow rate, at constant inlet HC concentration, tends to make DOC outlet temperature overshoot. On the contrary, a decrease in the gas flow rate tends to make DOC outlet temperature undershoot. Using an intra-catalyst measurement, it is shown that these disturbances are related to the inherent distributed nature of the system. Compensating for observed outlet temperature variations is physically limited (by actuation limits and reasonable use of the system) and creates a delayed DOC outlet temperature disturbance. As a consequence, it seems that there exists a practical limit for the DOC outlet temperature control performance, which is, for the presented 4-inch long (1.65-L) DOC, approximately ±15°C around the desired outlet temperature. The proposed simple model, its experimental validation, and the obtained analysis of performance based on testbench results are the main contributions of the article. Ce papier propose un modèle simplifié pour la commande d’un catalyseur d’oxydation Diesel (DOC). Ce modèle à paramètres répartis prend en compte la génération de chaleur spatialement répartie liée à l’oxydation des réducteurs. Il vise à être utilisé pour la commande de la température en sortie du DOC. Cette commande est nécessaire lors des phases de régénération du filtre à particules (DPF). Le papier s’intéresse en particulier aux phénomènes impliqués par les variations de débit de gaz dans le DOC. Ces variations ont lieu pendant les changements de points de fonctionnement du moteur liés à la demande du conducteur : elles sont importantes et fréquentes et ne peuvent pas être évitées. Les résultats expérimentaux présentés dans ce papier montrent qu’une augmentation du débit de gaz – à concentration HC constante en entrée du DOC – a tendance à créer un dépassement positif de la température en sortie du DOC. Au contraire, une diminution du débit a tendance à créer un dépassement négatif de la température en sortie du DOC. L’utilisation d’une mesure de température au milieu du pain catalytique permet de montrer que ces perturbations sont inhérentes à la nature répartie du système. La compensation de ces variations de température en sortie est physiquement limitée (par les limites d’actionnement et d’utilisation raisonnable du système), ce qui crée une perturbation retardée de la température en sortie du DOC. En conséquence, il semble qu’il existe une limite pratique pour les performances de commande de la température en sortie du DOC, qui sont, pour le DOC présenté (4 pouces de long et 1,65 L de volume), d’environ +/-15 °C autour de la température de sortie souhaitée. Le modèle proposé, sa validation expérimentale, ainsi que les analyses des performances obtenues sur un banc d’essai constituent les contributions principales de cet article.
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- 2011
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40. Chemical Flooding in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs: Fundamental Aspects and Field-Scale Practices Inondation chimique dans les réservoirs naturellement fracturés : aspects fondamentaux et pratiques de plein champ
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Yadali Jamaloei B.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Appropriate methods should be employed to enhance the oil recovery from the Naturally Fractured Reservoirs (NFRs). One of the candidates for enhancing the oil recovery from these reservoirs is the surfactant-based chemical flooding. This paper highlights the technical achievements and challenges of the chemical flooding in the NFRs. The classification, production characteristics, recovery mechanisms of the NFRs and significant findings of the chemical flooding in these reservoirs are reviewed and analyzed. It is expected that this paper will serve as a helpful reference tool for the engineers interested in chemical flooding in the NFRs. Des méthodes appropriées devraient être utilisées pour augmenter la récupération d’huile des réservoirs naturellement fracturés (RNFs). Un des candidats pour augmenter cette récupération d’huile de ces réservoirs est l’injection d’eau contenant des agents chimiques. Cet article met en lumière les résultats techniques et les défis de cette technique. La classification, les caractéristiques de production, les mécanismes de rétablissement du RNFs et les résultats significatifs de l’injection d’eau contenant des agents chimiques dans ces réservoirs sont passés en revue et analysés. Ce papier vise à être un outil de référence utile aux ingénieurs intéressés par l’injection d’eau contenant des agents chimiques dans les RNFs.
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- 2011
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41. Have We Overestimated Saline Aquifer CO2 Storage Capacities? Avons-nous surestimé les capacités de stockage de CO2 des aquifères salins ?
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Thibeau S. and Mucha V.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
During future, large scale CO2 geological storage in saline aquifers, fluid pressure is expected to rise as a consequence of CO2 injection, but the pressure build up will have to stay below specified values to ensure a safe and long term containment of the CO2 in the storage site. The pressure build up is the result of two different effects. The first effect is a local overpressure around the injectors, which is due to the high CO2 velocities around the injectors, and which can be mitigated by adding CO2 injectors. The second effect is a regional scale pressure build up that will take place if the storage aquifer is closed or if the formation water that flows away from the pressurised area is not large enough to compensate volumetrically the CO2 injection. This second effect cannot be mitigated by adding additional injectors. In the first section of this paper, we review some major global and regional assessments of CO2 storage capacities in deep saline aquifers, in term of mass and storage efficiency. These storage capacities are primarily based on a volumetric approach: storage capacity is the volumetric sum of the CO2 that can be stored through various trapping mechanisms. We then discuss in Section 2 storage efficiencies derived from a pressure build up approach, as stated in the CO2STORE final report (Chadwick A. et al. (eds) (2008) Best Practice for the Storage of CO2 in Saline Aquifers, Observations and Guidelines from the SACS and CO2STORE Projects, Keyworth, Nottingham, BGS Occasional Publication No. 14) and detailed by Van der Meer and Egberts (van der Meer L.G.H., Egberts P.J.P. (2008) A General Method for Calculating Subsurface CO2 Storage Capacity, OTC Paper 19309, presented at the OTC Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 5-8 May). A quantitative range of such storage efficiency is presented, based on a review of orders of magnitudes of pore and water compressibilities and allowable pressure increase. To illustrate the relevance of this approach, it is applied to the Utsira aquifer in the North Sea. In Sections 3 and 4, we discuss possible effects that may lead to higher or lower CO2 storage efficiencies. Water production appears to be an attractive strategy in order to address regional scale pressure build up and, consequently, to increase the storage capacity. Following these quantitative applications, we recommend to evaluate the CO2 storage capacities of an aquifer, during a screening study for ranking purposes, using a pressure and compressibility formula rather than a volumetric approach, in order to avoid large overestimation of the aquifer storage capacity. Further studies are naturally required to validate the storage capacities at a qualification stage. Au cours d’opérations à grande échelle de stockage géologique de CO2 dans des aquifères salins, la pression des fluides dans les formations va augmenter, mais devra rester sous des limites définies par des contraintes d’intégrité des sites de stockage. La hausse de pression est la conséquence de deux effets distincts. Premièrement, la pression augmente localement autour des injecteurs de CO2 pour permettre l’injection du CO2 dans les nappes. Cet effet peut être contrôlé en ajoutant des injecteurs de CO2. Deuxièmement, la pression va augmenter à une échelle régionale, soit parce que l’aquifère est fermée, soit parce que le flux d’eau s’échappant de la zone pressurisée ne compense pas volumétriquement le CO2 injecté. Ce second effet ne peut pas être maîtrisé en augmentant le nombre d’injecteurs. Dans la première section du papier, nous discutons sur des évaluations mondiales ou régionales de capacités de stockage du CO2 en aquifère, tant du point de vue de la quantité que de l’efficacité de stockage. Ces capacités sont principalement basées sur une approche volumétrique : la capacité de stockage est la somme des volumes de CO2 pouvant être stockés par différents processus de piégeage. Dans la seconde section, nous présentons les efficacités de stockage calculées par une approche en pression, telles qu’établies dans le rapport final du projet CO2STORE (Chadwick A. et al. (eds) (2008) Best Practice for the Storage of CO2 in Saline Aquifers, Observations and Guidelines from the SACS and CO2STORE Projects, Keyworth, Nottingham, BGS Occasional Publication No. 14) et explicitées par Van der Meer et Egberts (van der Meer L.G.H., Egberts P.J.P. (2008) A General Method for Calculating Subsurface CO2 Storage Capacity, OTC Paper 19309, presented at the OTC Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 5-8 May). Une gamme d’efficacités de stockage est présentée, basée sur une revue des ordres de grandeur des compressibilités de pore et de l’eau de formation et des augmentations de pression admissibles. Pour illustrer l’importance de cette approche, elle est appliquée au cas de l’Utsira, dans la Mer du Nord. Dans les sections 3 et 4, les effets pouvant conduire à une augmentation ou une réduction des efficacités de stockage sont discutés. L’extraction d’eau de formation apparaît être une stratégie attractive pour relaxer les surpressions lors de stockage et donc augmenter la capacité de stockage d’un aquifère. En conséquence des applications numériques effectuées, il est recommandé, lors d’études de screening sur les capacités de stockage de nappes, d’établir la capacité de stockage sur la base d’une formule de compressibilité et de pressurisation plutôt que par une approche volumétrique intégrant différents processus de piégeage local du CO2. Ceci doit permettre d’éviter une surestimation importante des capacités de stockage. Des études complémentaires sont ensuite nécessaires pour valider les capacités de stockage lors d’une phase de qualification.
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- 2011
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42. Effects of Solvent Properties and Injection Strategies on Solvent-Enhanced Steam Flooding for Thin Heavy Oil Reservoirs with Semi-Analytical Approach
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Liu Hao, Cheng Linsong, Xiong Hao, and Huang Shijun
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Compared with conventional steam flooding and Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), Solvent-Enhanced Steam Flooding (SESF) is considered a more effective method for improving heavy oil recovery in thin reservoirs in terms of higher thermal efficiency and oil production rate. However, there remains a deficiency of accurate and efficient methods to evaluate and design an SESF project in the field. A semi-analytical model is proposed in this paper to predict the recovery performance of SESF and investigate the effects of solvent properties and injection strategies on the SESF process for thin heavy oil reservoirs. The proposed model provides a simple method to simulate not only single solvent injection but also multi-solvent injection by cooperating different values of solvent operating thickness and solvent solubility. To validate the model’s accuracy, comparisons are made between the proposed model results and the numerical simulation results for a specific heavy oil reservoir case. The results indicate that SESF can achieve a considerably higher oil production rate at the early recovery stage than steam flooding. Moreover, the paper also demonstrates that a higher injection rate results in a lower thermal efficiency increment when well spacing is constant. Nevertheless, a high injection rate may also be suitable for longer well spacing owing to the improvement of the viscosity profile beyond the edge of the steam zone caused by longer contact time between the solvent and crude oil.
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- 2017
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43. Intensification of Paraxylene Production using a Simulated Moving Bed Reactor Intensification de la production de paraxylène à l’aide du lit mobile simulé réactif
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Bergeot G., Leinekugel-Le-Cocq D., Wolff L., Muhr L., and Bailly M.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Multifunctional reactors, which combine a reaction step and a separation step in one single unit, constitute an important advance in design of sustainable processes to save energy and reduce environmental impact. They allow reductions of recycle flows and size units in order to have more safety and less expansive processes. This paper deals with separation by adsorption and reaction coupled in a Simulated Moving Bed reactor (SMBR) for paraxylene (PX) production. In the current industrial process, the major part of the separation step comes from a recycle flow where the C8 aromatics are isomerized. The SMBR, by decreasing this recycle stream, may reduce the energy needed to treat and convert the raffinate into a rich PX stream. As separation takes place in the liquid phase, the first part of this paper establishes the feasibility of liquid phase isomerization of xylene. Tests in a fixed bed reactor validate the use of a HZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. Paradiethylbenzene (paraDEB), the classical desorbent used in xylene separation, isomerizes into orthodiethylbenzene and metadiethylbenzene so it is replaced by toluene. Experimental data permit one to estimate the parameters used in a simple analytical model implemented in a classical True Moving Bed model. This TMBR model permits to find the various operating regimes of such a SMBR. The conditions found allow a 40% reduction of the recycle flow without any productivity loss. With this lower recycle flow, a reduction of investment and operating costs is expected on the global PX production process thanks to the SMBR process. Les réacteurs multifonctionnels, qui associent une étape de séparation et une étape de réaction dans une seule et même unité, constituent un axe de développement important dans le domaine de l’écoconception des procédés afin de réduire les coûts énergétiques et environnementaux. Ils permettent de réduire, voire d’éliminer, les flux de recyclage et la taille des unités afin d’obtenir des procédés moins coûteux et plus sûrs. Cet article présente l’étude d’un réacteur multifonctionnel couplant une réaction d’isomérisation et une séparation par adsorption : le Lit Mobile Simulé Réactif (LMSR). Ce procédé est appliqué à la séparation réactive des xylènes. Le procédé actuel permet de produire du paraxylène (PX) pur (à plus de 99,7 %) à partir d’un mélange d’isomères grâce à une étape de séparation par Lit Mobile Simulé (LMS) et une étape d’isomérisation en phase gaz. La majeure partie de l’alimentation du LMS provient du recyclage des isomères du paraxylène qui sont transformés dans le réacteur. La séparation réactive, en intégrant l’isomérisation dans le LMS, devrait permettre de réduire ce flux de recyclage et les utilités associées. La séparation des xylènes s’effectuant en phase liquide, la première étape de cette étude a donc été de vérifier la faisabilité de la réaction en phase liquide. Ces tests ont permis de valider l’utilisation de la zéolithe HZSM-5 comme catalyseur de la réaction et du toluène comme désorbant pour la séparation (à la place du paradiéthylbenzène, plus classiquement utilisé, mais qui s’isomérise au contact de ce catalyseur). Les données expérimentales ont permis d’estimer des paramètres cinétiques pour un modèle d’isomérisation en phase liquide des xylènes. Ce modèle a été ajouté à un modèle de séparation par Lit Mobile Vrai (LMV) pour obtenir un simulateur de Lit Mobile Vrai Réactif (LMVR). Grâce à ce simulateur de LMVR, les conditions de fonctionnement du procédé LMSR ont pu être déterminées. Ces conditions de fonctionnement montrent qu’il est possible de réduire le flux de recyclage de plus de 40 % tout en conservant la même productivité. Une étude comparative des deux schémas de production de PX dans leur globalité permet d’espérer une réduction des coûts d’investissement et des coûts opératoires grâce au procédé LMSR.
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- 2010
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44. Brine/CO2 Interfacial Properties and Effects on CO2 Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers Propriétés interfaciales saumure/CO2 et effets sur le stockage du CO2 dans des aquifères salins profonds
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Chalbaud C., Robin M., Lombard J.-M., Bertin H., and Egermann P.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
It has been long recognized that interfacial interactions (interfacial tension, wettability, capillarity and interfacial mass transfer) govern fluid distribution and behaviour in porous media. Therefore the interfacial interactions between CO2, brine and reservoir oil and/or gas have an important influence on the effectiveness of any CO2 storage operation. There is a lack of experimental data related to interfacial properties for all the geological storage options (oil & gas reservoirs, coalbeds, deep saline aquifers). In the case of deep saline aquifers, there is a gap in data and knowledge of brine-CO2 interfacial properties at storage conditions. More specifically, experimental interfacial tension values and experimental tests in porous media are necessary to better understand the wettability evolution as a function of thermodynamic conditions and it’s effects on fluid flow in the porous media. In this paper, a complete set of experimental values of brine-CO2 Interfaciale Tension (IFT) at pressure, temperature and salt concentration conditions representative of those of a CO2 storage operation. A correlation is derived from experimental data published in a companion paper [Chalbaud C., Robin M., Lombard J.-M., Egermann P., Bertin H. (2009) Interfacial Tension Measurements and Wettability Evaluation for Geological CO2 Storage, Adv. Water Resour. 32, 1, 1-109] to model IFT values. This paper pays particular attention to coreflooding experiments showing that the CO2 partially wets the surface in a Intermediate-Wet (IW) or Oil-Wet (OW) limestone rock. This wetting behavior of CO2 is coherent with observations at the pore scale in glass micromodels and presents a negative impact on the storage capacity of a given site. Il est admis depuis longtemps que les propriétés interfaciales (tension interfaciale, mouillabilité, capillarité et transfert de masse) régissent la distribution et le comportement des fluides au sein des milieux poreux. Par conséquent, les propriétés interfaciales entre le milieu poreux constituant le réservoir, le CO2, la saumure et/ou le gaz du réservoir jouent un rôle important sur l’efficacité de n’importe quelle opération de stockage de CO2. Dans le cas des aquifères salins profonds, il existe un manque de données certain en ce qui concerne les propriétés interfaciales saumure-CO2 en conditions de stockage. Plus spécifiquement, des données expérimentales de tension interfaciale saumure-CO2 et une meilleure compréhension du comportement de la mouillabilité en fonction des conditions thermodynamiques et ses effets sur l’écoulement dans le milieu poreux sont nécessaires. Dans cet article, nous présentons un jeu de données expérimentales complet de tensions interfaciales (IFT) en conditions de pression, température et salinité représentatives de celles d’un site de stockage, et une corrélation semi-analytique pour modéliser les valeurs expérimentales dont certaines ont été récemment publiées [Chalbaud C., Robin M., Lombard J.-M., Egermann P., Bertin H. (2009) Interfacial Tension Measurements and Wettability Evaluation for Geological CO2 Storage, Adv. Water Resour. 32, 1, 1-109]. Cet article porte un intérêt particulier sur des tests effectués avec des échantillons de roches qui montrent un comportement mouillant du CO2 pour des roches carbonatées de mouillabilité intermédiaire (IW) ou mouillables à l’huile (OW). Ces résultats sont cohérents avec les observations faites à l’échelle du pore en micromodèles. Ce comportement mouillant du CO2 a un effet négatif sur la capacité de stockage d’un site donné.
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- 2010
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45. Simulation of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs. State of the Art Simulation des réservoirs naturellement fracturés. État de l’art
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Lemonnier P. and Bourbiaux B.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Naturally fractured reservoirs contain a significant amount of the world oil reserves. The production of this type of reservoirs constitutes a challenge for reservoir engineers. Use of reservoir simulators can help reservoir engineers in the understanding of the main physical mechanisms and in the choice of the best recovery process and its optimization. Significant progress has been made since the first publications on the dual-porosity concept in the sixties. This paper and the preceding one (Part 1) present the current techniques of modeling used in industrial simulators. The optimal way to predict matrix-fracture transfers at the simulator cell scale has no definite answer and various methods are implemented in industrial simulators. This paper focuses on the modeling of physical mechanisms driving flows and interactions/ exchanges within and between fracture and matrix media for a better understanding of proposed flow formula and simulation methods. Typical features of fractured reservoir numerical simulations are also described with an overview of the implementation of geomechanics effects, an application of uncertainty assessment methodology to a fractured gas reservoir and finally a presentation of a history matching methodology for fractured reservoirs. Les réservoirs naturellement fracturés contiennent une partie significative des réserves en huile mondiales. La production de ce type de réservoirs constitue un défi pour les ingénieurs de réservoir. L’utilisation des simulateurs de réservoir peut aider l’ingénieur de réservoir à mieux comprendre les principaux mécanismes physiques, à choisir le procédé de récupération le mieux adapté et à l’optimiser. Des progrès sensibles ont été réalisés depuis les premières publications sur le concept double-milieu dans les années soixante. Cet article et le précédent (Partie 1) présentent les techniques actuelles de modélisation utilisées dans les simulateurs industriels. Il n’y a pas de réponse définitive pour simuler de manière optimale les échanges matricefracture, et, différentes méthodes sont mises en oeuvre dans les simulateurs industriels de réservoir. Ce papier se concentre sur la modélisation de la physique des écoulements au sein des milieux matrice et fracture et des échanges entre ces deux milieux afin de mieux comprendre les différentes formulations proposées dans la littérature. Plusieurs problèmes particuliers liés à la simulation numérique des réservoirs fracturés sont aussi abordés avec une présentation de la prise en compte des effets géomécaniques, une application de la méthodologie d’évaluation des incertitudes à un cas de réservoir à gaz fracturé, et enfin une présentation de la méthodologie de calage d’historique des réservoirs fracturés.
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- 2010
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46. Simulation of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs. State of the Art Simulation des réservoirs naturellement fracturés. État de l’art
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Lemonnier P. and Bourbiaux B.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Use of fractured reservoir simulators can help reservoir engineers in the understanding of the main physical mechanisms and in the choice of the best recovery process and its optimization. Significant progress has been made since the first publications on the dual porosity concept in the sixties. This paper presents the current techniques of modeling used in industrial simulators. Following a description of the recovery processes and of the main physical mechanisms involved, a history of the fractured reservoir simulation is presented. Then the general mathematical formulation of dual porosity simulators is described. The paper ends with a presentation of the numerical simulation of flow in fractures and faults and of well modeling. The matrix-fracture transfer formulations, as well as techniques for uncertainty analysis and geology&flow-constrained history matching, will be addressed in the companion paper, Part 2: Matrix-Fracture Transfers and Typical Features of Numerical Studies. L’utilisation des simulateurs de réservoir fracturé aide l’ingénieur de réservoir à mieux comprendre les principaux mécanismes physiques, à choisir le procédé de récupération le mieux adapté et à l’optimiser. Des progrès sensibles ont été réalisés depuis les premières publications sur le concept double-milieu dans les années soixante. Cet article présente les techniques actuelles de modélisation utilisées dans les simulateurs industriels. Après une description des procédés de récupération et des principaux mécanismes physiques associés, suit un historique de la simulation des réservoirs. La formulation mathématique générale des simulateurs double-milieu est ensuite décrite. L’article se termine sur une présentation de la simulation numérique de l’écoulement dans les fractures et les failles et de la modélisation des puits. La formulation des échanges matrice-fracture ainsi que les techniques d’analyse des incertitudes et de calage d’historique contraint par la géologie et l’écoulement sont traitées dans un second article, associé à celui-ci, Partie 2 : échanges matrice-fracture et spécificités des études numériques.
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- 2010
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47. Fractured Reservoir Simulation: a Challenging and Rewarding Issue Simulation des réservoirs fracturés : un défi et un enjeu
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Bourbiaux B.
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
The recent years have seen a growing awareness of the role played by fractures in petroleum reservoirs production and recovery. Hence, much effort was devoted to the diagnosis of fracture presence and impact on production. However, turning that diagnosis into field development decisions goes through reservoir simulation. This paper addresses some of the specificities of fractured reservoirs that make that their simulation is both challenging and rewarding. Indeed, the integration of fractures into a flow simulation model is not straightforward because of the existing gap between the geological fault/fracture network and the fingerprint of that network on often-complex recovery mechanisms. Considering that fractures may impede or enhance production, fractured reservoir simulation may be seen as a technical challenge with potentially-high reward. This paper underlines that specific framework as an introduction to two technical articles dedicated to dual-porosity reservoir simulation. Although it constitutes another major aspect of any fractured reservoir study, the geological characterization of fractures is not discussed herein, but only evoked because of more and more integration of static and dynamic aspects. Au cours des années récentes, la prise de conscience du rôle des fractures sur la production et la récupération des champs est devenue de plus en plus forte au sein de la communauté pétrolière. Aussi beaucoup d’efforts ont-ils été consacrés à la détection des fractures et à l’analyse de leur impact sur la production. Toutefois, la prise en considération de ces observations dans les choix de développement des champs passe par la simulation de réservoir. Cet article traite des spécificités propres aux réservoirs fracturés et qui font de leur simulation à la fois un défi et un enjeu. En effet, l’intégration des fractures dans un modèle de simulation des écoulements n’est pas immédiate en raison du difficile passage à opérer entre l’observation géologique du réseau de fractures/failles et le rôle exercé par ce réseau sur des mécanismes de récupération souvent complexes. Sachant de plus que les fractures peuvent aussi bien freiner que promouvoir la production, la simulation des réservoirs fracturés peut être considérée comme un défi technique de grand enjeu. Cet article décrit ce contexte propre aux réservoirs fracturés en tant qu’introduction à deux articles techniques dédiés à la simulation de réservoir en double milieu. Bien qu’elle constitue un autre aspect majeur de l’étude de tout réservoir fracturé, la caractérisation géologique des fractures n’est pas discutée ici, mais seulement évoquée en raison d’une intégration croissante des aspects statique et dynamique.
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- 2010
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48. Applied Technologies and Prospects of Conformance Control Treatments in China Technologies et perspectives pour l’amélioration du profil de balayage dans les champs pétroliers matures produits par injection d’eau en Chine
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Liu Yuzhang, Bai Baojun, and Wang Yefei
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Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
China is the largest user of chemical-based conformance control treatments and a series of technologies have been successfully developed and deployed in recent years. This paper first shows the milestones of development and application of conformance control technologies in China. Then integrated conformance control technologies are reviewed followed by the lessons we have learned, and then a few major specific conformance control technologies are addressed, including tracer injection and channels explanation, potentiometric testing to identify areal sweep efficiency, Pressure Index (PI) decisionmaking technology to select well candidate, complementary decision-making technology to select well candidate and design application parameters, and major chemicals for in-depth fluid diversion technologies. In addition, this paper also describes the principles and applications of some promising technologies of combined chemical-based conformance treatment with other EOR/IOR process, including the combination technology of surfactant and water shutoff, profile control and mini-scale surfactant flooding, acid treatment and profile control treatment. Finally, this paper summarizes the problems and challenges faced by mature water flooded oilfields in China. Based on recent well tests, tracer testing and interpretation, and previous water control treatment experience, it appears that channels or high permeability streaks are common in mature water flooded oilfields. Some research directions and promising technologies are suggested. La Chine est le plus grand utilisateur de méthodes chimiques pour l’amélioration du profil de balayage de l’eau pour l’exploitation des champs pétroliers matures. Toute une série de technologies y ont d’ailleurs été créées et déployées avec succès ces dernières années. Cet article commence par présenter les étapes du développement et de la mise en place de ces technologies de contrôle de profil en Chine. Les techniques permettant l’amélioration du profil de balayage sont passées en revue, ainsi que les leçons qui ont pu en être tirées. Le papier aborde ensuite quelques technologies majeures et spécifiques : l’injection de traceurs et l’identification de la présence de chenaux, l’analyse potentiométrique pour l’identification de l’efficacité superficielle de balayage, la technologie de prise de décision fondée sur l’indice de pression (IP) pour le choix d’un puits candidat, une technique de prise de décision complémentaire pour sélectionner des puits candidats et des paramètres de développement, et enfin les principaux produits chimiques utilisés pour la diversion des fluides en profondeur dans le réservoir. De plus, cet article décrit les principes et applications de quelques technologies prometteuses combinant les traitements par méthode chimique avec d’autres procédés EOR/IOR, comme la mise en oeuvre de tensioactifs et le traitement de venues d’eau, le contrôle de profil et l’injection de tensioactifs à petite échelle, le traitement à l’acide et le contrôle du profil. Enfin, ce papier résume les problèmes et défis auxquels doivent faire face les champs pétroliers matures balayés à l’eau en Chine. D’après de récents essais sur puits, des analyses de traceurs et de leurs interprétations, et l’expérience en matière de traitement de la gestion de l’eau, il apparaît que les canaux ou les drains de forte perméabilité soient courants dans les champs pétroliers matures balayés à l’eau. Des axes de recherche et des technologies prometteuses sont suggérés.
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- 2010
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49. Energy Management Strategies for a Pneumatic-Hybrid Engine Based on Sliding Window Pattern Recognition Stratégies de gestion de l’énergie pour un moteur hybride pneumatique basées sur la reconnaissance du cycle de conduite
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Ivanco A., Colin G., Chamaillard Y., Charlet A., and Higelin P.
- Subjects
Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
This paper presents energy management strategies for a new hybrid pneumatic engine concept which is specific by its configuration in that it is not the vehicle but only the engine itself which is hybridized. Different energy management strategies are proposed in this paper. The first is called Causal Strategy (CS) and implements a rule-based control technique. The second strategy, called Constant Penalty Coefficient (CPC), is based on the minimization of equivalent consumption, where the use of each energy source is formulated in a comparative unit. The balance between the consumption of different energy sources (chemical or pneumatic) is achieved by the introduction of an equivalence factor. The third strategy is called Variable Penalty Coefficient (VPC). In fact, it is beneficial to consider the equivalence coefficient as variable within the amount of pneumatic energy stored in the air-tank i.e. state of charge, because the choice of propulsion mode should be different if the tank is full or empty. In this case, the penalty coefficient appears as a non linear function of the air-tank state of charge. Another way to adapt the penalty coefficient is to recognize a reference pattern during the driving cycle. The coefficient value can then be changed according to an optimized value found for each of the reference cycles. This strategy is called Driving Pattern Recognition (DPR). It involves a technique of sliding window pattern recognition. The concept is to convert the whole driving cycle into smaller pieces to which the equivalence factor can be appropriately adapted. This strategy is based on the assumption that the current driving situation does not change rapidly and thus the pattern is likely to continue into the near future. The identification window size is a parameter which has to be adjusted to attain the maximum of identification success over the reference cycle. We propose to define reference patterns as statistical models. The pattern recognition method is based on a correlation function. To improve analysis, all the results obtained with different energy management strategies are compared with a Dynamic Programming approach (DP) considered as the optimal solution. Results show that about 40% of fuel saving can be achieved by DP. The VPC and DPR strategies give better results than the CPC strategy, not so far from the results obtained with DP. Cet article présente comparativement des stratégies de gestion de l’énergie pour un nouveau concept de moteur hybride : l’hybride pneumatique. Dans cette configuration spécifique, c’est le moteur lui-même qui est hybridé (et non le véhicule). Plusieurs stratégies de gestion d’énergie sont proposées dans cet article. La première est dite Causale (CS) car basée sur des principes heuristiques de décision. La deuxième est basée sur la minimisation d’un critère d’équivalence et est appelée stratégie à Coefficient de Pénalité Constant (CPC). Dans ce cas, les flux d’énergie (depuis chaque source chimique ou pneumatique) sont décrits dans des unités identiques. Ainsi, pour un même travail à produire, il est possible de faire une « balance » entre la consommation nécessaire selon chacune des deux sources d’énergie, et ceci avec un coefficient de pondération constant. La troisième stratégie utilise un coefficient de pondération variable selon la quantité d’air disponible dans le réservoir (i.e. état de charge) et est appelée stratégie à Coefficient de Pénalité Variable (VPC). Dans ce cas, le coefficient de pénalité est une fonction non-linéaire de la pression dans le réservoir. Un autre raisonnement consiste à considérer qu’il est nécessaire d’adapter également le coefficient à la situation de conduite (embouteillage, urbain, routier, autoroutier...), pour cela il est impératif de reconnaître la situation de conduite. Le coefficient peut alors être adapté, selon la situation reconnue à la valeur optimale prédéterminée pour des situations types. Cette stratégie, à reconnaissance de situation de conduite (DPR), se base sur une fenêtre glissante où la situation de conduite est considérée à changements lents (conservatisme). Une partie du travail a été d’optimiser la taille de la fenêtre d’identification.Les situations de conduite types sont décrites par des modèles statistiques (densité de présence). La reconnaissance du cycle est basée sur une fonction de corrélation. Afin de comparer les résultats obtenus sur différents cycles de conduite (homologués et Artemis) avec les différentes stratégies proposées, les consommations minimales atteignables obtenues par Programmation Dynamique (DP) sont également données. Les résultats montrent que 40% de gain de consommation peuvent être atteints sur certains cycles. Les résultats obtenus avec les stratégies « adaptatives » (VPC et DPR) sont meilleurs que ceux obtenus avec les stratégies « constantes » (CS et CPC). De plus, les résultats obtenus sont proches des résultats optimaux obtenus avec la programmation dynamique.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Fluid Sampling under Adverse Conditions Echantillonnage des fluides en conditions difficiles
- Author
-
Williams J. M.
- Subjects
Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
Valid samples are essential to the proper description of reservoir fluids; if the samples are not representative, all measurements on them will be invalid. This paper discusses the principal challenges facing fluid sampling including gas condensate reservoirs, compositional gradients, water content of hydrocarbon fluids, asphaltene deposition, wax formation, oil base mud contamination, and reactive components. It also reports the major technological advances recently made in this field. It reviews developments in sampling techniques such as MDT-type tools, new DST sampling tools, coiled tubing sampling, and isokinetic techniques, and it highlights common limitations. The value of making proper use of existing technology is emphasized, both with traditional techniques and new developments, with reference to correct well conditioning, interpretation of field data, and especially to optimum handling of samples. The paper emphasizes the need for better exchange of sampling knowledge between organizations, and highlights the lack of up-to-date industry standards with respect to fluid sampling. A solution is proposed in the form of a joint industry project to identify and document best practices. Des échantillons valables sont essentiels pour bien caractériser les fluides de gisements. Si les échantillons ne sont pas représentatifs, toutes les mesures ultérieures seront entachées d'erreurs. Cet article discute les principaux défis en matière d'échantillonnage, en particulier les réservoirs de gaz à condensats, les gradients compositionnels, la teneur en eau des fluides hydrocarbonés, les dépôts d'asphaltènes, les dépôts de paraffines, la contamination par les boues à base d'huile, et les constituants réactifs. Il relate également les principaux progrès technologiques récemment réalisés dans ce domaine et passe en revue les développements des techniques d'échantillonnage telles que les outils de type MDT, les nouveaux outils d'échantillonnage DST, l'échantillonnage par coiled tubing, et les méthodes isocinétiques. Il met également l'accent sur leurs limites. On insiste sur l'importance d'un usage optimal de la technologie existante, par combinaison des techniques traditionnelles et des développements nouveaux, qu'il s'agisse du conditionnement correct du puits, de l'interprétation des données du champ, ou surtout d'une manipulation adéquate des échantillons. Cet article insiste aussi sur le besoin d'un meilleur échange d'informations sur l'échantillonnage entre organisations, et rappelle le manque de normes industrielles à jour en matière d'échantillonnage des fluides. Il est proposé de constituer un projet industriel pour identifier et documenter les procédures adéquates.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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