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777 results on '"Physique"'

1. Analog programing of conducting-polymer dendritic interconnections and control of their morphology

Author: Fabien Alibart, Anna Susloparova, Sébastien Pecqueur, Kamila Janzakova, Mahdi Ghazal, Yannick Coffinier, Ankush Kumar, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Nanostructures, nanoComponents & Molecules - IEMN (NCM - IEMN), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), NanoBioInterfaces - IEMN (NBI - IEMN), Laboratoire Nanotechnologies et Nanosystèmes [Sherbrooke] (LN2), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon (CPE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), European Commission: H2020-EU.1.1.ERC project IONOS (# GA 773228-recipient: F.A.)., Renatech Network, European Project: 773228,H2020,ERC-2017-COG,IONOS(2018), Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA)-Centrale Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-JUNIA (JUNIA), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École supérieure de Chimie Physique Electronique de Lyon (CPE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon)
Subjects: Bridging (networking), Computer science, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Image processing, 02 engineering and technology, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Electrochemistry, Electronic devices, Electronics, [PHYS.COND.CM-DS-NN]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Disordered Systems and Neural Networks [cond-mat.dis-nn], Biochip, Emulation, Multidisciplinary, Process (computing), General Chemistry, Physics - Applied Physics, Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn), [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Electrical and electronic engineering, 0104 chemical sciences, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, Neuromorphic engineering, Duty cycle, 0210 nano-technology, Biological system
Abstract: Although materials and processes are different from biological cells’, brain mimicries led to tremendous achievements in parallel information processing via neuromorphic engineering. Inexistent in electronics, we emulate dendritic morphogenesis by electropolymerization in water, aiming in operando material modification for hardware learning. Systematic study of applied voltage-pulse parameters details on tuning independently morphological aspects of micrometric dendrites’: fractal number, branching degree, asymmetry, density or length. Growths time-lapse image processing shows spatial features to be dynamically dependent, and expand distinctively before and after conductive bridging with two electro-generated dendrites. Circuit-element analysis and impedance spectroscopy confirms their morphological control in temporal windows where growth kinetics is finely perturbed by the input frequency and duty cycle. By the emulation of one’s most preponderant mechanisms for brain’s long-term memory, its implementation in vicinity of sensing arrays, neural probes or biochips shall greatly optimize computational costs and recognition required to classify high-dimensional patterns from complex environments., Despite advances in brain-inspired computing, existing electronics use top-down processes that do not compare with neural connections in the brain. Here, the authors report an electrically-tunable electropolymerization process that emulates and controls neural dendritic morphogenesis.
Published: 2021

2. Vacuum-field-induced THz transport gap in a carbon nanotube quantum dot

Author: Audrey Cottet, Matthieu C. Dartiailh, Jérôme Tignon, Takis Kontos, M. M. Desjardins, L. C. Contamin, Matthieu R. Delbecq, Kazushi Yoshida, S. Massabeau, Kazuhiko Hirakawa, Juliette Mangeney, Tino Cubaynes, Zaki Leghtas, Sébastien Balibar, Simon Messelot, Sukhdeep Dhillon, Federico Valmorra, Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Physique Mésoscopique, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Nano-THz, Centre Automatique et Systèmes (CAS), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Théorie de la Matière Condensée, Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS (UMR_8023)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: Photon, Electronic properties and materials, Band gap, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, Spontaneous emission, 010306 general physics, Single photons and quantum effects, Quantum fluctuation, Physics, Quantum optics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Multidisciplinary, business.industry, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Carbon nanotube quantum dot, Quantum technology, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: The control of light-matter interaction at the most elementary level has become an important resource for quantum technologies. Implementing such interfaces in the THz range remains an outstanding problem. Here, we couple a single electron trapped in a carbon nanotube quantum dot to a THz resonator. The resulting light-matter interaction reaches the deep strong coupling regime that induces a THz energy gap in the carbon nanotube solely by the vacuum fluctuations of the THz resonator. This is directly confirmed by transport measurements. Such a phenomenon which is the exact counterpart of inhibition of spontaneous emission in atomic physics opens the path to the readout of non-classical states of light using electrical current. This would be a particularly useful resource and perspective for THz quantum optics., Strong light-matter coupling has been realized at the level of single atoms and photons throughout most of the electromagnetic spectrum, except for the THz range. Here, the authors report a THz-scale transport gap, induced by vacuum fluctuations in carbon nanotube quantum dot through the deep strong coupling of a single electron to a THz resonator.
Published: 2021

3. Laboratory evidence of magnetic reconnection hampered in obliquely interacting flux tubes

Author: Simon Bolaños, Andrey Sladkov, Roch Smets, Sophia N. Chen, Alain Grisollet, Evgeny Filippov, Jose-Luis Henares, Viorel Nastasa, Sergey Pikuz, Raphël Riquier, Maria Safronova, Alexandre Severin, Mikhail Starodubtsev, Julien Fuchs, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nizhny Novgorod State University, DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract: Magnetic reconnection can occur when two plasmas, having anti-parallel components of the magnetic field, encounter each other. In the reconnection plane, the anti-parallel component of the field is annihilated and its energy released in the plasma. Here, we investigate through laboratory experiments the reconnection between two flux tubes that are not strictly anti-parallel. Compression of the anti-parallel component of the magnetic field is observed, as well as a decrease of the reconnection efficiency. Concomitantly, we observe delayed plasma heating and enhanced particle acceleration. Three-dimensional hybrid simulations support these observations and highlight the plasma heating inhibition and reconnection efficiency reduction for these obliquely oriented flux tubes.
Published: 2022

4. Porous functionalized polymers enable generating and transporting hyperpolarized mixtures of metabolites

Author: James G. Kempf, Jonas Milani, Sami Jannin, Morgan Ceillier, Quentin Stern, Basile Vuichoud, Damien Montarnal, Marc Schnell, Dmitry Eshchenko, Samuel F. Cousin, Roberto Melzi, Théo El Daraï, Aurélien Bornet, Olivier Cala, Laurent Gremillard, Catalyse, Polymérisation, Procédés et Matériaux (CP2M), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon (CPE)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de RMN à très hauts champs de Lyon (CRMN), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bruker BioSpin [Billerica, MA], Bruker Biospin, Bruker, Bruker BioSpin, Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École supérieure de Chimie Physique Electronique de Lyon (CPE)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL)
Subjects: Nitroxide mediated radical polymerization, Materials science, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hyperpolarization (physics), Polarization (electrochemistry), Dissolution, chemistry.chemical_classification, Multidisciplinary, Aqueous solution, Relaxation (NMR), [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, General Chemistry, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Spin diffusion, Polymer synthesis, 0210 nano-technology, Solution-state NMR
Abstract: Hyperpolarization by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) has enabled promising applications in spectroscopy and imaging, but remains poorly widespread due to experimental complexity. Broad democratization of dDNP could be realized by remote preparation and distribution of hyperpolarized samples from dedicated facilities. Here we show the synthesis of hyperpolarizing polymers (HYPOPs) that can generate radical- and contaminant-free hyperpolarized samples within minutes with lifetimes exceeding hours in the solid state. HYPOPs feature tunable macroporous porosity, with porous volumes up to 80% and concentration of nitroxide radicals grafted in the bulk matrix up to 285 μmol g−1. Analytes can be efficiently impregnated as aqueous/alcoholic solutions and hyperpolarized up to P(13C) = 25% within 8 min, through the combination of 1H spin diffusion and 1H → 13C cross polarization. Solutions of 13C-analytes of biological interest hyperpolarized in HYPOPs display a very long solid-state 13C relaxation times of 5.7 h at 3.8 K, thus prefiguring transportation over long distances., Hyperpolarization by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization has brought highly sensitive magnetic resonance to reality but there still remains severe limitations. Here the authors show an approach relying on the generation of hyperpolarizing polymers that bear a dual function.
Published: 2021

5. Stability of high-temperature salty ice suggests electrolyte permeability in water-rich exoplanet icy mantles

Author: Jean-Alexis Hernandez, Razvan Caracas, Stéphane Labrosse, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract: Electrolytes play an important role in the internal structure and dynamics of water-rich satellites and potentially water-rich exoplanets. However, in planets, the presence of a large high-pressure ice mantle is thought to hinder the exchange and transport of electrolytes between various liquid and solid deep layers. Here we show, using first-principles simulations, that up to 2.5 wt% NaCl can be dissolved in dense water ice at interior conditions of water-rich super-Earths and mini-Neptunes. The salt impurities enhance the diffusion of H atoms, extending the stability field of recently discovered superionic ice, and push towards higher pressures the transition to the stiffer ice X phase. Scaling laws for thermo-compositional convection show that salts entering the high pressure ice layer can be readily transported across. These findings suggest that the high-pressure ice mantle of water-rich exoplanets is permeable to the convective transport of electrolytes between the inner rocky core and the outer liquid layer.
Published: 2022

6. Millimeter wave photonics with terahertz semiconductor lasers

Author: Juliette Mangeney, Jérôme Tignon, Raffaele Colombelli, Katia Garrasi, Edmund H. Linfield, Sarah Houver, Valentino Pistore, Lianhe Li, P-B. Vigneron, S. S. Dhillon, Hanond Nong, Alexander Giles Davies, Miriam S. Vitiello, Nano-THz, Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST), Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (SNS)-Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa] (SSSUP)-Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Pisa] (CNR PISA), DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay [Palaiseau], ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay, University of Leeds, Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS (UMR_8023)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Photon, Nonlinear optics, Terahertz radiation, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Quantum cascade lasers, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Semiconductor laser theory, law.invention, 010309 optics, Quantum defect, law, 0103 physical sciences, Terahertz optics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Energy conversion efficiency, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Laser, Cascade, Extremely high frequency, Microwave photonics, Optoelectronics, Photonics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Ultrashort pulse
Abstract: Millimeter wave (mmWave) generation using photonic techniques has so far been limited to the use of near-infrared lasers that are down-converted to the mmWave region. However, such methodologies do not currently benefit from a monolithic architecture and suffer from the quantum defect i.e. the difference in photon energies between the near-infrared and mmWave region, which can ultimately limit the conversion efficiency. Miniaturized terahertz (THz) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have inherent advantages in this respect: their low energy photons, ultrafast gain relaxation and high nonlinearities open up the possibility of innovatively integrating both laser action and mmWave generation in a single device. Here, we demonstrate intracavity mmWave generation within THz QCLs over the unprecedented range of 25 GHz to 500 GHz. Through ultrafast time resolved techniques, we highlight the importance of modal phases and that the process is a result of a giant second-order nonlinearity combined with a phase matched process between the THz and mmWave emission. Importantly, this work opens up the possibility of compact, low noise mmWave generation using modelocked THz frequency combs., Photonic solutions for generating free space millimeter radiation is a fast developing field that combines optoelectronics and RF domains but has many challenges. Here the authors present a quantum cascade laser (QCL) based solution for THz laser emission and millimeter wave generation in a single device.
Published: 2021

7. Transition from simple to complex contagion in collective decision-making

Author: Nikolaj Horsevad, David Mateo, Robert E. Kooij, Alain Barrat, Roland Bouffanais, University of Ottawa [Ottawa], Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), CPT - E5 Physique statistique et systèmes complexes, Centre de Physique Théorique - UMR 7332 (CPT), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-19-CE46-0008,DataRedux,Réduction de données massives pour la simulation numérique prédictive(2019)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, Animals, General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, [PHYS.COND.CM-SM]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Statistical Mechanics [cond-mat.stat-mech], Models, Theoretical, Reinforcement, Psychology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Social Networking
Abstract: How does the spread of behavior affect consensus-based collective decision-making among animals, humans or swarming robots? In prior research, such propagation of behavior on social networks has been found to exhibit a transition from simple contagion—i.e, based on pairwise interactions—to a complex one—i.e., involving social influence and reinforcement. However, this rich phenomenology appears so far limited to threshold-based decision-making processes with binary options. Here, we show theoretically, and experimentally with a multi-robot system, that such a transition from simple to complex contagion can also be observed in an archetypal model of distributed decision-making devoid of any thresholds or nonlinearities. Specifically, we uncover two key results: the nature of the contagion—simple or complex—is tightly related to the intrinsic pace of the behavior that is spreading, and the network topology strongly influences the effectiveness of the behavioral transmission in ways that are reminiscent of threshold-based models. These results offer new directions for the empirical exploration of behavioral contagions in groups, and have significant ramifications for the design of cooperative and networked robot systems.
Published: 2022

8. Low thermal conductivity of iron-silicon alloys at Earth’s core conditions with implications for the geodynamo

Author: Irina Chuvashova, Alexander F. Goncharov, Frédéric Deschamps, Nicholas Holtgrewe, Jung-Fu Lin, Wen-Pin Hsieh, Sergey S. Lobanov, Stéphane Labrosse, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Silicon, Science, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Thermodynamics, chemistry.chemical_element, Conductivity, Geodynamics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Outer core, Physics::Geophysics, Thermal conductivity, Thermal, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Inner core, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), General Chemistry, Geochemistry, chemistry, Core processes, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Physics::Space Physics, lcsh:Q, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, Earth (classical element), Thermal energy
Abstract: Earth’s core is composed of iron (Fe) alloyed with light elements, e.g., silicon (Si). Its thermal conductivity critically affects Earth’s thermal structure, evolution, and dynamics, as it controls the magnitude of thermal and compositional sources required to sustain a geodynamo over Earth’s history. Here we directly measured thermal conductivities of solid Fe and Fe–Si alloys up to 144 GPa and 3300 K. 15 at% Si alloyed in Fe substantially reduces its conductivity by about 2 folds at 132 GPa and 3000 K. An outer core with 15 at% Si would have a conductivity of about 20 W m−1 K−1, lower than pure Fe at similar pressure–temperature conditions. This suggests a lower minimum heat flow, around 3 TW, across the core–mantle boundary than previously expected, and thus less thermal energy needed to operate the geodynamo. Our results provide key constraints on inner core age that could be older than two billion-years., Thermal conductivity of Earth’s core affects Earth’s thermal structure, evolution and dynamics. Based on thermal conductivity measurements of iron–silicon alloys at high pressure and temperature conditions, the authors here propose Earth’s inner core could be older than previously expected.
Published: 2020

9. A progesterone biosensor derived from microbial screening

Author: James E. Galagan, Mingfu Chen, Patricia Aquino, Thuy T. Nguyen, Xiaoman Zhang, Margaret Chern, Catherine M. Klapperich, Mario Cabodi, R C. Baer, Sébastien Lecommandoux, Marjon Zamani, Andy Fan, Mark W. Grinstaff, Uros Kuzmanovic, Allison M. Dennis, Chloé Grazon, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Team 3 LCPO : Polymer Self-Assembly & Life Sciences, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Boston University [Boston] (BU), National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering [Boston], Division of Materials Science and Engineering, DARPA (W911NF-16-C-0044), NIH U54EB015403, NIH CTSI 1KL2TR001411, NIH S10 OD016326, European Project: MSCA-IF-2016 749973,SENSHOR, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, de Biologie et de Physique (ENSCBP)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Analyte, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Computational biology, Biosensing Techniques, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Bioassays, 03 medical and health sciences, Synthetic biology, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, Base sequence, [SDV.IB.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering/Biomaterials, lcsh:Science, Progesterone, Multidisciplinary, Base Sequence, Chemistry, Extramural, Reproducibility of Results, General Chemistry, Genomics, [SDV.MHEP.EM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Endocrinology and metabolism, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Actinobacteria, 030104 developmental biology, Förster resonance energy transfer, Biosensors, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, Artificial urine, Point-of-Care Testing, Progesterone metabolism, lcsh:Q, 0210 nano-technology, Biosensor, Biomedical engineering, Transcription Factors
Abstract: Bacteria are an enormous and largely untapped reservoir of biosensing proteins. We describe an approach to identify and isolate bacterial allosteric transcription factors (aTFs) that recognize a target analyte and to develop these TFs into biosensor devices. Our approach utilizes a combination of genomic screens and functional assays to identify and isolate biosensing TFs, and a quantum-dot Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) strategy for transducing analyte recognition into real-time quantitative measurements. We use this approach to identify a progesterone-sensing bacterial aTF and to develop this TF into an optical sensor for progesterone. The sensor detects progesterone in artificial urine with sufficient sensitivity and specificity for clinical use, while being compatible with an inexpensive and portable electronic reader for point-of-care applications. Our results provide proof-of-concept for a paradigm of microbially-derived biosensors adaptable to inexpensive, real-time sensor devices., Bacteria represent an unexploited reservoir of biosensing proteins. Here the authors use genomic screens and functional assays to isolate a progesterone sensing allosteric transcription factor and use a FRET-based method to develop an optical progesterone sensor.
Published: 2020

10. Kinetics and detectability of the bridgmanite to post-perovskite transformation in the Earth's D″ layer

Author: Langrand, Christopher, Andrault, Denis, Durand, Stéphanie, Konôpková, Zuzana, Hilairet, Nadège, Thomas, Christine, Merkel, Sébastien, Université de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, Unité Matériaux et Transformations - UMR 8207 [UMET], Unité Matériaux et Transformations - UMR 8207 (UMET), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ANR-17-CE31-0025,TIMEleSS,Transformations de phase, microstructures, et leur signatures sismiques dans le manteau terrestre(2017), European Project: CALIPSO, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universite de Lille Region Hauts-de-France Programme National de Planetologie (PNP) of the CNRS bilateral PROCOPE Grant 40555PCFrench National Research Agency (ANR) TH 1530/18-1 SA 2585/3-1ARCHI-CM project Estonian Research Council FR 2638Region Hauts-de-France FR 2638European Union (EU) FR 2638German Research Foundation (DFG) HAADES DU1634/1-1project CALIPSOplus under EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020 730872, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
Subjects: [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Science, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Mineralogy, Article, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], lcsh:Q, ddc:500, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], lcsh:Science, Seismology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: Nature Communications 10(1), 5680 (2019). doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13482-x, Bridgmanite, the dominant mineral in the Earth’s lower mantle, crystallizes in the perovskite structure and transforms into post-perovskite at conditions relevant for the D′′ layer. This transformation affects the dynamics of the Earth’s lowermost mantle and can explain a range of seismic observations. The thickness over which the two phases coexist, however, can extend over 100 km, casting doubt on the assignment of the observed seismic boundaries. Here, experiments show that the bridgmanite to post-perovskite transition in (Mg0.86,Fe0.14)SiO3 is fast on geological timescales. The transformation kinetics, however, affects reflection coefficients of P and S waves by more than one order of magnitude. Thick layers of coexisting bridgmanite and post-perovskite can hence be detected using seismic reflections. Morever, the detection and wave period dependence of D′′ reflections can be used to constrain significant features of the Earth’s lowermost mantle, such as the thickness of the coexistence layer, and obtain information on temperature and grain sizes., Published by Nature Publishing Group UK, [London]
Published: 2019

11. 22 years of satellite imagery reveal a major destabilization structure at Piton de la Fournaise

Author: Quentin Dumont, Valérie Cayol, Jean-Luc Froger, Aline Peltier, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise (OVPF), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), ANR-10-LABX-0006,CLERVOLC,Clermont-Ferrand centre for research on volcanism(2010), and ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016)
Subjects: Satellite Imagery, Multidisciplinary, Geophysics, Natural hazards, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Earthquakes, General Physics and Astronomy, Volcanology, Geology, General Chemistry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract: Volcanic activity can induce flank failure, sometimes generating large earthquakes and tsunamis. However, the failure structures have never been fully characterized and the failure mechanism is still debated. Magmatic activity is a possible trigger, either through fault slip, which might be induced by dyke intrusions, or through sill intrusions, which might be undergoing coeval normal displacements and slip. At the Piton de la Fournaise volcano, satellite imagery combined with inverse modeling highlights the pathways of 57 magmatic intrusions that took place between 1998 and 2020. We show that a major arcuate dyke intrusion zone is connected at depth to a sill intrusion zone, which becomes a fault zone towards the sea, forming a spoon-shaped structure. Some sills are affected by coeval normal displacement and seaward slip. Overall, the structure is characterized by a continuum of displacement from no slip, to sheared sills and finally pure slip. Repeated intrusions into this spoon-shaped structure could trigger catastrophic collapses.
Published: 2021

12. Inflated pyroclasts in proximal fallout deposits reveal abrupt transitions in eruption behaviour

Author: Thomas J. Jones, Yannick Le Moigne, James K. Russell, Glyn Williams-Jones, Daniele Giordano, Donald B. Dingwell, Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)
Subjects: British Columbia, Cold Temperature, Disasters, Multidisciplinary, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract: During explosive eruption of low viscosity magmas, pyroclasts are cooled predominantly by forced convection. Depending on the cooling efficiency relative to other timescales, a spectrum of deposits can be formed. Deposition of hot clasts, above their glass transition temperature, can form spatter mounds, ramparts and clastogenic lava flows. Clasts may also be deposited cold, producing tephra cones and blankets. Thus, the deposit and pyroclast type can provide information about eruption dynamics and magma properties. Here we examine pyroclasts from Tseax volcano, British Columbia, Canada. These newly identified inflated pyroclasts, are fluidal in form, have undergone post-depositional expansion, and are found juxtaposed with scoria. Detailed field, chemical and textural observations, coupled with high temperature rheometry and thermal modelling, reveal that abrupt transitions in eruptive behaviour — from lava fountaining to low-energy bubble bursts — created these pyroclastic deposits. These findings should help identify transitions in eruptive behaviour at other mafic volcanoes worldwide.
Published: 2021

13. Position-controlled quantum emitters with reproducible emission wavelength in hexagonal boron nitride

Author: Fournier, Clarisse, Plaud, Alexandre, Roux, Sébastien, Pierret, Aurélie, Rosticher, Michael, Watanabe, Kenji, Taniguchi, Takashi, Buil, Stéphanie, Quélin, Xavier, Barjon, Julien, Hermier, Jean-Pierre, Delteil, Aymeric, Groupe d'Etude de la Matière Condensée (GEMAC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LEM, UMR 104, CNRS-ONERA, Université Paris-Saclay (Laboratoire d'étude des microstructures), ONERA-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS (UMR_8023)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), and T.T. acknowledge support from the Elemental Strategy Initiative conducted by the MEXT, Japan, Grant No. JPMXP0112101001, JSPS KAKENHI Grant No. JP20H00354 and the CREST (JPMJCR15F3), JST., ANR-14-CE08-0018,GoBN,Hétérostructures de graphènes blanc et noir(2014), European Project: 785219,H2020,GrapheneCore2(2018), European Project: 881603,H2020,H2020-SGA-FET-GRAPHENE-2019, GrapheneCore3(2020), Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: Quantum Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Two-dimensional materials, Article, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], [PHYS.COND.CM-GEN]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Other [cond-mat.other], Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Single photons and quantum effects, Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract: Single photon emitters (SPEs) in low-dimensional layered materials have recently gained a large interest owing to the auspicious perspectives of integration and extreme miniaturization offered by this class of materials. However, accurate control of both the spatial location and the emission wavelength of the quantum emitters is essentially lacking to date, thus hindering further technological steps towards scalable quantum photonic devices. Here, we evidence SPEs in high purity synthetic hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) that can be activated by an electron beam at chosen locations. SPE ensembles are generated with a spatial accuracy better than the cubed emission wavelength, thus opening the way to integration in optical microstructures. Stable and bright single photon emission is subsequently observed in the visible range up to room temperature upon non-resonant laser excitation. Moreover, the low-temperature emission wavelength is reproducible, with an ensemble distribution of width 3 meV, a statistical dispersion that is more than one order of magnitude lower than the narrowest wavelength spreads obtained in epitaxial hBN samples. Our findings constitute an essential step towards the realization of top-down integrated devices based on identical quantum emitters in 2D materials., Main text and supplementary information: 22 pages, 11 figures
Published: 2021

14. Uprooting defects to enable high-performance III–V optoelectronic devices on silicon

Author: Gilles Patriarche, Mourad Jellite, Nadi Braidy, Dominique Drouin, Richard Arès, Ali Soltani, Maksym Myronov, Abderraouf Boucherif, Youcef A. Bioud, Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique [Sherbrooke] (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2 ), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon (CPE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), University of Warwick [Coventry], Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Puissance - IEMN (PUISSANCE - IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Laboratoire de photonique et de nanostructures (LPN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-École supérieure de Chimie Physique Electronique de Lyon (CPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Silicon, Science, TK, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Substrate (electronics), 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Surfaces, interfaces and thin films, Etching (microfabrication), 0103 physical sciences, Lasers, LEDs and light sources, Porous materials, Wafer, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, QC, 010302 applied physics, Nanoscale materials, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, General Chemistry, Orders of magnitude (numbers), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, chemistry, Optoelectronics, lcsh:Q, Photonics, Dislocation, 0210 nano-technology, business, Layer (electronics), Materials for optics
Abstract: The monolithic integration of III-V compound semiconductor devices with silicon presents physical and technological challenges, linked to the creation of defects during the deposition process. Herein, a new defect elimination strategy in highly mismatched heteroepitaxy is demonstrated to achieve a ultra-low dislocation density, epi-ready Ge/Si virtual substrate on a wafer scale, using a highly scalable process. Dislocations are eliminated from the epilayer through dislocation-selective electrochemical deep etching followed by thermal annealing, which creates nanovoids that attract dislocations, facilitating their subsequent annihilation. The averaged dislocation density is reduced by over three orders of magnitude, from ~108 cm−2 to a lower-limit of ~104 cm−2 for 1.5 µm thick Ge layer. The optical properties indicate a strong enhancement of luminescence efficiency in GaAs grown on this virtual substrate. Collectively, this work demonstrates the promise for transfer of this technology to industrial-scale production of integrated photonic and optoelectronic devices on Si platforms in a cost-effective way., The use of promising group III-V materials for optoelectronic applications is hindered by the high density of threading dislocations when integrated with silicon technology. Here, the authors present an electrochemical deep etching strategy to drastically reduce the the defect density.
Published: 2019

15. Association of sleep duration in middle and old age with incidence of dementia

Author: Archana Singh-Manoux, Claire Paquet, Séverine Sabia, Andrew Sommerlad, Julien Dumurgier, Vincent T. van Hees, Aline Dugravot, Aurore Fayosse, Mika Kivimäki, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseases [Paris] (EpiAgeing), Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité (CRESS (U1153 / UMR_A_1125 / UMR_S_1153)), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (USPC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University College of London [London] (UCL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, ANR-19-CE36-0004,ActivHealth,Rôle de l'intensité, de la durée et des profils d'activité physique mesurés par accéléromètres pour la santé cardiométabolique(2019), Université Paris Cité, Equipe HAL, and Rôle de l'intensité, de la durée et des profils d'activité physique mesurés par accéléromètres pour la santé cardiométabolique - - ActivHealth2019 - ANR-19-CE36-0004 - AAPG2019 - VALID
Subjects: Male, Pediatrics, Longitudinal study, Time Factors, Epidemiology, proportional hazards model, very elderly, General Physics and Astronomy, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Cohort Studies, 0302 clinical medicine, cardiometabolic risk, time factor, Longitudinal Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, DISTURBANCE, sleep disorder, Aged, 80 and over, RISK, Multidisciplinary, sleep time, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Hazard ratio, longitudinal study, Age Factors, Middle Aged, IMPAIRMENT, cohort analysis, Sleep in non-human animals, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, risk factor, Female, mental health, Cohort study, Adult, Sleep Wake Disorders, medicine.medical_specialty, Science, complication, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, mental disorders, medicine, [SDV.EE.SANT] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Humans, Dementia, controlled study, Aged, Proportional Hazards Models, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Proportional hazards model, business.industry, disease association, 3112 Neurosciences, General Chemistry, medicine.disease, major clinical study, United Kingdom, Risk factors, physiology, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Sleep dysregulation is a feature of dementia but it remains unclear whether sleep duration prior to old age is associated with dementia incidence. Using data from 7959 participants of the Whitehall II study, we examined the association between sleep duration and incidence of dementia (521 diagnosed cases) using a 25-year follow-up. Here we report higher dementia risk associated with a sleep duration of six hours or less at age 50 and 60, compared with a normal (7 h) sleep duration, although this was imprecisely estimated for sleep duration at age 70 (hazard ratios (HR) 1.22 (95% confidence interval 1.01–1.48), 1.37 (1.10–1.72), and 1.24 (0.98–1.57), respectively). Persistent short sleep duration at age 50, 60, and 70 compared to persistent normal sleep duration was also associated with a 30% increased dementia risk independently of sociodemographic, behavioural, cardiometabolic, and mental health factors. These findings suggest that short sleep duration in midlife is associated with an increased risk of late-onset dementia., Sleep dysregulation has been linked to dementia, but it is unknown whether sleep duration earlier in life is associated with dementia risk. Here, the authors show higher dementia risk associated with short sleep duration (six hours or less) in a longitudinal study of middle and older age adults.
Published: 2021

16. A synaptic signal for novelty processing in the hippocampus

Author: Ruy Gómez-Ocádiz, Massimiliano Trippa, Chun-Lei Zhang, Lorenzo Posani, Simona Cocco, Rémi Monasson, Christoph Schmidt-Hieber, Circuits neuronaux de la navigation et de la mémoire spatiales - Neural circuits for spatial navigation and memory, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université (SU), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University [New York], Physique Statistique et Inférence pour la Biologie, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL, This work was supported by grants from the European Research Council (StG 678790 NEWRON to C.S.-H.), the Pasteur Weizmann Council (to C.S.-H.), the École Doctorale Cerveau-Cognition-Comportement (ED3C, ED n°158, contrat doctoral n°2802/2017 to R.G.-O.), the Human Frontier Science Program Organization (RGP 0057/2016 to R.M. and M.T.) and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Project Alert ANR-19-CE37-0016 to R.M. and M.T.)., ANR-19-CE37-0016,ALERT,Contrôle attentionnel du cortex auditif(2019), and European Project: 678790,H2020-EU.1.1. - EXCELLENT SCIENCE - European Research Council (ERC) ,NEWRON(2016)
Subjects: Neurons, Mice, Multidisciplinary, Memory, Episodic, Dentate Gyrus, Mental Recall, General Physics and Astronomy, Animals, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], General Chemistry, Hippocampus, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract: Episodic memory formation and recall are complementary processes that rely on opposing neuronal computations in the hippocampus. How this conflict is resolved in hippocampal circuits is unclear. To address this question, we obtained in vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from dentate gyrus granule cells in head-fixed mice trained to explore and distinguish between familiar and novel virtual environments. We find that granule cells consistently show a small transient depolarisation upon transition to a novel environment. This synaptic novelty signal is sensitive to local application of atropine, indicating that it depends on metabotropic acetylcholine receptors. A computational model suggests that the synaptic response to novelty may bias granule cell population activity, which can drive downstream attractor networks to a new state, favouring the switch from recall to new memory formation when faced with novelty. Such a novelty-driven switch may enable flexible encoding of new memories while preserving stable retrieval of familiar ones.
Published: 2021

17. Measuring 3D orientation of nanocrystals via polarized luminescence of rare-earth dopants

Author: Thierry Gacoin, Zijun Wang, Aymeric Leray, Jeongmo Kim, Jongwook Kim, Khalid Lahlil, Eric Larquet, Reinaldo Chacon, Gérard Colas-des-Francs, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (LPMC), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne [Dijon] (LICB), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée - UR UPJV 2081 (LPMC), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Laboratoire de physique de la matière condensée (LPMC), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)
Subjects: Spectrum analyzer, Materials science, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Imaging techniques, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Optics, Emission spectrum, Multidisciplinary, Dopant, Orientation (computer vision), business.industry, Imaging and sensing, General Chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Viewing angle, 0104 chemical sciences, Dipole, 0210 nano-technology, Luminescence, business, Magnetic dipole
Abstract: Orientation of nanoscale objects can be measured by examining the polarized emission of optical probes. To retrieve a three-dimensional (3D) orientation, it has been essential to observe the probe (a dipole) along multiple viewing angles and scan with a rotating analyzer. However, this method requires a sophisticated optical setup and is subject to various external sources of error. Here, we present a fundamentally different approach employing coupled multiple emission dipoles that are inherent in lanthanide-doped phosphors. Simultaneous observation of different dipoles and comparison of their relative intensities allow to determine the 3D orientation from a single viewing angle. Moreover, the distinct natures of electric and magnetic dipoles originating in lanthanide luminescence enable an instant orientation analysis with a single-shot emission spectrum. We demonstrate a straightforward orientation analysis of Eu3+-doped NaYF4 nanocrystals using a conventional fluorescence microscope. Direct imaging of the rod-shaped nanocrystals proved the high accuracy of the measurement. This methodology would provide insights into the mechanical behaviors of various nano- and biomolecular systems., Determining the orientation of nanoscale objects in three-dimensional space has typically required complicated optical setups. Here, the authors develop a simple method to retrieve the 3D orientation of luminescent, lanthanide-doped nanorods from a single-shot emission spectrum.
Published: 2021

18. Ultrafast time-evolution of chiral Néel magnetic domain walls probed by circular dichroism in x-ray resonant magnetic scattering

Author: Emanuele Pedersoli, O. S. Latcham, Emmanuelle Jal, Giovanni De Ninno, V. V. Kruglyak, Sarnjeet S. Dhesi, Cyril Léveillé, Yanis Sassi, Fernando Ajejas, Flavio Capotondi, Andrei Shytov, Valentin Chardonnet, D. M. Burn, Vincent Cros, Jean-Yves Chauleau, Francesco Maccherozzi, Nicolas Jaouen, Gerrit van der Laan, Michel Viret, Erick Burgos-Parra, Nicolas Reyren, Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique - Matière et Rayonnement (LCPMR), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité mixte de physique CNRS/Thales (UMPhy CNRS/THALES), THALES [France]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-17-CE24-0025,TOPSKY,Propriétés topologiques des skyrmions magnétiques et opportunitiés pour le dévelopement de nouveaux dispositifs spintroniques(2017), ANR-18-CE24-0018,SANTA,Spintronique avec des antiferromagnétiques pour de nouvelles applications au THz(2018), ANR-20-CE42-0012,MEDYNA,MEtrologie de la DYNamique d'Aimantation et de la chiralité dans les films minces(2020), ANR-15-GRFL-0005,SOgraph,Tailoring Spin-Orbit effects in Graphene for spin-orbitronic applications(2015), and European Project: 824123,SKYTOP
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Materials science, Multidisciplinary, Condensed matter physics, Magnetic domain, Spins, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Scattering, Texture (cosmology), Skyrmion, Demagnetizing field, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter, Ferromagnetism, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, Spin-½
Abstract: Non-collinear spin textures in ferromagnetic ultrathin films are attracting a renewed interest fueled by possible fine engineering of several magnetic interactions, notably the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. This allows the stabilization of complex chiral spin textures such as chiral magnetic domain walls (DWs), spin spirals, and magnetic skyrmions. We report here on the ultrafast behavior of chiral DWs after optical pumping in perpendicularly magnetized asymmetric multilayers, probed using time-resolved circular dichroism in x-ray resonant magnetic scattering (CD-XRMS). We observe a picosecond transient reduction of the CD-XRMS, which is attributed to the spin current-induced coherent and incoherent torques within the continuously dependent spin texture of the DWs. We argue that a specific demagnetization of the inner structure of the DW induces a flow of hot spins from the interior of the neighboring magnetic domains. We identify this time-varying change of the DW textures shortly after the laser pulse as a distortion of the homochiral N'eel shape toward a transient mixed Bloch-N\'eel-Bloch textures along a direction transverse to the DW. Our study highlights how time-resolved CD-XRMS can be a unique tool for studying the time evolution in other systems showing a non-collinear electric/magnetic ordering such as skyrmion lattices, conical/helical phases, as well as the recently observed antiskyrmion lattices, in metallic or insulating materials.
Published: 2021

19. Aβ(1-42) tetramer and octamer structures reveal edge conductivity pores as a mechanism for membrane damage

Author: Emad Tajkhorshid, Eduard Puig, Sonia Ciudad, Thomas Botzanowski, Mariam Bayoumi, Vladislav Yu. Orekhov, Benjamin Bardiaux, Giovanni Maglia, Sarah Cianférani, Andres S. Arango, Stéphane Chaignepain, Jimmy Do, Moeen Meigooni, Natàlia Carulla, Maxim Mayzel, Chemical Biology 1, Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets (CBMN), École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Research in Biomedicine [Barcelona, Spain] (IRB), University of Barcelona-Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System, University of Gothenburg (GU), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), University of Groningen [Groningen], Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique [Strasbourg] (LSMBO), Département Sciences Analytiques et Interactions Ioniques et Biomoléculaires (DSA-IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bioinformatique structurale - Structural Bioinformatics, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI), Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) (IRB), Institute for Research in Biomedicine, This study was supported by MINECO (SAF2015-68789), the Fondation Recherche Médicale (AJE20151234751) and the Counseil Régional d’Aquitaine Limousin Poitou-Charentes (1R30117-00007559) to N.C. The authors G.M and N.C. acknowledge funds from Fundació La Marató de TV3 (20140730). B.B research was supported by the INCEPTION project (ANR-16-CONV-0005). E.T. was supported by the National Institutes of Health (P41-GM104601 and R01-GM123455) and also acknowledges computing resources provided by Blue Waters at National Center for Supercomputing Applications, and Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment XSEDE (grant MCA06N060). V.O. research was supported by the Swedish Research Council Formas (2015-04614). S. Cianferani research was supported by Agence Nationale de la Recherche and the French Proteomic Infrastructure (ANR-10-INBS-08-03). N.C., S. Cianferani, T.B. and E.P. acknowledge the support of COST Action (BM1403). E.P. was a PhD fellow funded by MINECO (FPI). T.B. was a PhD fellow funded by Institut de Recherche Servier., ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), ANR-10-INBS-0008,ProFI,Infrastructure Française de Protéomique(2010), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs des Travaux Agricoles - Bordeaux (ENITAB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, AMYLOID-BETA-PEPTIDE, PROTEINS, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, COLLISION CROSS-SECTIONS, Conductivity, Oligomer, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, ATOMIC-RESOLUTION STRUCTURE, 03 medical and health sciences, Molecular dynamics, chemistry.chemical_compound, CONFORMATIONS, 0302 clinical medicine, Tetramer, Alzheimer Disease, Humans, Histone octamer, Lipid bilayer, lcsh:Science, A-BETA, Multidisciplinary, Amyloid beta-Peptides, CHANNELS, PURIFICATION, [SDV.BBM.BS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Structural Biology [q-bio.BM], Brain, Membrane structure and assembly, General Chemistry, Permeation, Peptide Fragments, NMR, [SDV.BBM.BP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biophysics, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, 030104 developmental biology, Membrane, chemistry, Biophysics, lcsh:Q, Solution-state NMR, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Formation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) oligomer pores in the membrane of neurons has been proposed to explain neurotoxicity in Alzheimerʼs disease (AD). Here, we present the three-dimensional structure of an Aβ oligomer formed in a membrane mimicking environment, namely an Aβ(1-42) tetramer, which comprises a six stranded β-sheet core. The two faces of the β-sheet core are hydrophobic and surrounded by the membrane-mimicking environment while the edges are hydrophilic and solvent-exposed. By increasing the concentration of Aβ(1-42) in the sample, Aβ(1-42) octamers are also formed, made by two Aβ(1-42) tetramers facing each other forming a β-sandwich structure. Notably, Aβ(1-42) tetramers and octamers inserted into lipid bilayers as well-defined pores. To establish oligomer structure-membrane activity relationships, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out. These studies revealed a mechanism of membrane disruption in which water permeation occurred through lipid-stabilized pores mediated by the hydrophilic residues located on the core β-sheets edges of the oligomers., Formation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) oligomer pores in the membrane of neurons has been proposed to explain neurotoxicity in Alzheimer´s disease. Here authors present the 3D- structure of an Aβ oligomer formed in a membrane mimicking environment and observe that Aβ tetramers and octamers inserted into lipid bilayers as well-defined pores.
Published: 2020

20. Flat epitaxial quasi-1D phosphorene chains

Author: Azzedine Bendounan, Gérald Dujardin, Alex Smogunov, Abdelkader Kara, Andrew J. Mayne, Hanna Enriquez, Yannick J. Dappe, Hamid Oughaddou, Wei Zhang, Yongfeng Tong, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe Modélisation et Théorie (GMT), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay
Subjects: Materials science, Photoemission spectroscopy, Band gap, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Substrate (electronics), Epitaxy, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 010306 general physics, Multidisciplinary, Condensed matter physics, Graphene, Synthesis and processing, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Surface chemistry, Phosphorene, chemistry, Scanning tunneling microscope, 0210 nano-technology, Molecular beam epitaxy
Abstract: The emergence of peculiar phenomena in 1D phosphorene chains (P chains) has been proposed in theoretical studies, notably the Stark and Seebeck effects, room temperature magnetism, and topological phase transitions. Attempts so far to fabricate P chains, using the top-down approach starting from a few layers of bulk black phosphorus, have failed to produce reliably precise control of P chains. We show that molecular beam epitaxy gives a controllable bottom-up approach to grow atomically thin, crystalline 1D flat P chains on a Ag(111) substrate. Scanning tunneling microscopy, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations reveal that the armchair-shaped chains are semiconducting with an intrinsic 1.80 ± 0.20 eV band gap. This could make these P chains an ideal material for opto-electronic devices., Similarly to graphene, attempts to fabricate phosphorene by epitaxy or starting from a few layers of bulk black phosphorus have failed so far. Here, the authors present a controllable bottom-up approach to grow atomically thin, crystalline 1D flat phosphorus chains on a Ag(111) substrate.
Published: 2020

21. Molecular hydrogen in minerals as a clue to interpret ∂D variations in the mantle

Author: Nathalie Bolfan-Casanova, Etienne Deloule, Dmitri A. Ionov, Bertrand Moine, I. B. Radu, Alexander V. Golovin, Gelu Costin, Andrey V. Korsakov, Jean-Yves Cottin, O. B. Oleinikov, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Cape Town, Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Rice University [Houston], Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy [Novosibirsk], Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Diamond and Precious Metal Geology Institute, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-10-LABX-0006,CLERVOLC,Clermont-Ferrand centre for research on volcanism(2010), ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Hydrogen, Science, Geochemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Geodynamics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Mantle (geology), Isotope fractionation, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Chemistry, General Chemistry, Mineralogy, Craton, Tectonics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Magmatism, lcsh:Q, Eclogite
Abstract: Trace amounts of water dissolved in minerals affect density, viscosity and melting behaviour of the Earth’s mantle and play an important role in global tectonics, magmatism and volatile cycle. Water concentrations and the ratios of hydrogen isotopes in the mantle give insight into these processes, as well as into the origin of terrestrial water. Here we show the presence of molecular H2 in minerals (omphacites) from eclogites from the Kaapvaal and Siberian cratons. These omphacites contain both high amounts of H2 (70 to 460 wt. ppm) and OH. Furthermore, their ∂D values increase with dehydration, suggesting a positive H isotope fractionation factor between minerals and H2–bearing fluid, contrary to what is expected in case of isotopic exchange between minerals and H2O-fluids. The possibility of incorporation of large quantities of H as H2 in nominally anhydrous minerals implies that the storage capacity of H in the mantle may have been underestimated, and sheds new light on H isotope variations in mantle magmas and minerals., Trace amounts of water dissolved in minerals play an important role in global tectonics through changing the density, viscosity and melting behaviour of the Earth’s mantle. Here, the authors identify the presence of molecular hydrogen in nominally anhydrous ecolgite minerals from the Kaapvaal and Siberian cratons, indicating that the storage capacity of H in the mantle may have been underestimated.
Published: 2020

22. Measuring the Hubble constant with a sample of kilonovae

Author: Nelson Christensen, J. Heinzel, Nandita Khetan, Michael W. Coughlin, David A. Coulter, Tim Dietrich, Ryan J. Foley, Mattia Bulla, Sarah Antier, Lina Issa, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Astrophysique Relativiste Théories Expériences Métrologie Instrumentation Signaux (ARTEMIS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Systematic error, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), High-energy astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Science, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), 02 engineering and technology, Astrophysics, Kilonova, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, NO, 03 medical and health sciences, symbols.namesake, lcsh:Science, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Coalescence (physics), Multidisciplinary, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Light curve, General relativity and gravity, Large sample, High-energy astrophysics, Neutron star, 030104 developmental biology, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], symbols, lcsh:Q, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 0210 nano-technology, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Hubble's law
Abstract: Kilonovae produced by the coalescence of compact binaries with at least one neutron star are promising standard sirens for an independent measurement of the Hubble constant (H0). Through their detection via follow-up of gravitational-wave (GW), short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs) or optical surveys, a large sample of kilonovae (even without GW data) can be used for H0 contraints. Here, we show measurement of H0 using light curves associated with four sGRBs, assuming these are attributable to kilonovae, combined with GW170817. Including a systematic uncertainty on the models that is as large as the statistical ones, we find \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${H}_{0}=73.{8}_{-5.8}^{+6.3}\ {\rm{km}}\ {{\rm{s}}}^{-1}\ {{\rm{Mpc}}}^{-1}$$\end{document}H0=73.8−5.8+6.3kms−1Mpc−1 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${H}_{0}=71.{2}_{-3.1}^{+3.2}\ {\rm{km}}\ {{\rm{s}}}^{-1}\ {{\rm{Mpc}}}^{-1}$$\end{document}H0=71.2−3.1+3.2kms−1Mpc−1 for two different kilonova models that are consistent with the local and inverse-distance ladder measurements. For a given model, this measurement is about a factor of 2-3 more precise than the standard-siren measurement for GW170817 using only GWs., Kilonovae observations can be used to out constraints on the Hubble constant (H0). Here, the authors show H0 measurements by combining light curves of four short gamma-ray burts with GW170817 are about a factor of 2-3 more precise than the standard-siren measurements using only gravitational-waves.
Published: 2020

23. Antiferromagnetic textures in BiFeO3 controlled by strain and electric field

Author: Daniel Sando, Vincent Jacques, Vincent Garcia, Michel Viret, A. Finco, W. Akhtar, Florian Godel, Jean-Yves Chauleau, Stéphane Fusil, Manuel Bibes, A. Haykal, C. Carrétéro, Yorick A. Birkhölzer, Nicolas Jaouen, J. Fischer, Inorganic Materials Science, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité mixte de physique CNRS/Thales (UMPhy CNRS/THALES), THALES [France]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Nano-Magnétisme et Oxydes (LNO), Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Nanotechnology (MESA+), University of Twente, Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-17-CE09-0030,PIAF,Imagerie et manipulation des antiferromagnétiques(2017), THALES-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), University of Twente [Netherlands], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-THALES, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique
Subjects: Ferroelectrics and multiferroics, Materials science, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Magnetic properties and materials, Electric field, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, 0103 physical sciences, Antiferromagnetism, Multiferroics, 010306 general physics, lcsh:Science, Spin-½, Magnonics, Multidisciplinary, Spintronics, Condensed matter physics, Condensed Matter::Other, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Ferroelectricity, Piezoresponse force microscopy, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], lcsh:Q, Condensed Matter::Strongly Correlated Electrons, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Antiferromagnetic thin films are currently generating considerable excitement for low dissipation magnonics and spintronics. However, while tuneable antiferromagnetic textures form the backbone of functional devices, they are virtually unknown at the submicron scale. Here we image a wide variety of antiferromagnetic spin textures in multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films that can be tuned by strain and manipulated by electric fields through room-temperature magnetoelectric coupling. Using piezoresponse force microscopy and scanning NV magnetometry in self-organized ferroelectric patterns of BiFeO3, we reveal how strain stabilizes different types of non-collinear antiferromagnetic states (bulk-like and exotic spin cycloids) as well as collinear antiferromagnetic textures. Beyond these local-scale observations, resonant elastic X-ray scattering confirms the existence of both types of spin cycloids. Finally, we show that electric-field control of the ferroelectric landscape induces transitions either between collinear and non-collinear states or between different cycloids, offering perspectives for the design of reconfigurable antiferromagnetic spin textures on demand., Tailoring antiferromagnetic domains is critical for the development of low-dissipative spintronic and magnonic devices. Here the authors demonstrate the control of antiferromagnetic spin textures in multiferroic bismuth ferrite thin films using strain and electric fields.
Published: 2020
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24. A robust zirconium amino acid metal-organic framework for proton conduction

Author: Jérôme Marrot, Guillaume Maurin, Antoine Tissot, Mohammad Wahiduzzaman, Sujing Wang, William Shepard, Christian Serre, Charlotte Martineau-Corcos, Djemel Hamdane, Sabine Devautour-Vinot, Louisa Davis, Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris (IMAP ), Département de Chimie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Lavoisier de Versailles (ILV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conditions Extrêmes et Matériaux : Haute Température et Irradiation (CEMHTI), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques (LCPB), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Project M4CO2, European Project: 608490,EC:FP7:ENERGY,FP7-ENERGY-2013-1,M4CO2(2014), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université d'Orléans (UO), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, Proton, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Conductivity, 010402 general chemistry, Crystallography, X-Ray, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Electrolytes, Nafion, Molecule, Amino Acids, lcsh:Science, Metal-Organic Frameworks, Zirconium, Multidisciplinary, Molecular Structure, Electric Conductivity, General Chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Fluorocarbon Polymers, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Yield (chemistry), Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Metal-organic framework, Chemical stability, lcsh:Q, Protons, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Proton conductive materials are of significant importance and highly desired for clean energy-related applications. Discovery of practical metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with high proton conduction remains a challenge due to the use of toxic chemicals, inconvenient ligand preparation and complication of production at scale for the state-of-the-art candidates. Herein, we report a zirconium-MOF, MIP-202(Zr), constructed from natural α-amino acid showing a high and steady proton conductivity of 0.011 S cm−1 at 363 K and under 95% relative humidity. This MOF features a cost-effective, green and scalable preparation with a very high space-time yield above 7000 kg m−3 day−1. It exhibits a good chemical stability under various conditions, including solutions of wide pH range and boiling water. Finally, a comprehensive molecular simulation was carried out to shed light on the proton conduction mechanism. All together these features make MIP-202(Zr) one of the most promising candidates to approach the commercial benchmark Nafion., Metal-organic frameworks are promising materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, but cumbersome ligand preparation and use of toxic metals or solvents hinders their application. Here, the authors report the green synthesis of a zirconium, amino acid-based MOF that displays high proton conductivity and excellent stability.
Published: 2018

25. Targeting RNA structure in SMN2 reverses spinal muscular atrophy molecular phenotypes

Author: Guy Fournet, Remo Perozzo, Gianpaolo Chiriano, Martin Ebeling, Modesto Orozco, Hendrik R. A. Jonker, Francesca Tessaro, Piotr Konieczny, Olivier Petermann, Ignacio Faustino, Roland Schmucki, BenoÃ®t. Joseph, Leonardo Scapozza, Christian Richter, Peter G. Goekjian, Friedrich Metzger, Daniel Sciarra, Amparo Garcia-Lopez, Nikolaos Berntenis, Harald Schwalbe, Ruben Artero, Klas Hatje, Anna Wacker, Arnaud Comte, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Synthèse de Molécules d'Intérêt Thérapeutique (SMITh), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Chimie Organique 2-Glycochimie (CO2GLYCO), Molecular Dynamics, and Universitat de Barcelona
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Indoles, COMPOUND LIBRARIES, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, General Physics and Astronomy, Biotecnologia, Animals, Genetically Modified, Exon, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional, lcsh:Science, HUMAN-DISEASE GENES, BIOACTIVE SMALL MOLECULES, Multidisciplinary, Chemistry, Drug discovery, [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, Imidazoles, MUTATION PATTERN, Exons, SMA, 3. Good health, Cell biology, Survival of Motor Neuron 2 Protein, Phenotype, Cribratge, RNA splicing, NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE, Drosophila, MESSENGER-RNA, COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS, Medical screening, MYOTONIC-DYSTROPHY, Science, Muscular atrophy, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genètica molecular, Muscular Atrophy, Spinal, 03 medical and health sciences, ddc:570, SPLICING MODIFIERS, medicine, Animals, Humans, HIV-1 TAR, RNA, Messenger, Atròfia muscular, Messenger RNA, Alternative splicing, RNA, General Chemistry, Spinal muscular atrophy, medicine.disease, Alternative Splicing, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Q, RNA Splice Sites, HeLa Cells
Abstract: Modification of SMN2 exon 7 (E7) splicing is a validated therapeutic strategy against spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). However, a target-based approach to identify small-molecule E7 splicing modifiers has not been attempted, which could reveal novel therapies with improved mechanistic insight. Here, we chose as a target the stem-loop RNA structure TSL2, which overlaps with the 5′ splicing site of E7. A small-molecule TSL2-binding compound, homocarbonyltopsentin (PK4C9), was identified that increases E7 splicing to therapeutic levels and rescues downstream molecular alterations in SMA cells. High-resolution NMR combined with molecular modelling revealed that PK4C9 binds to pentaloop conformations of TSL2 and promotes a shift to triloop conformations that display enhanced E7 splicing. Collectively, our study validates TSL2 as a target for small-molecule drug discovery in SMA, identifies a novel mechanism of action for an E7 splicing modifier, and sets a precedent for other splicing-mediated diseases where RNA structure could be similarly targeted., Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder with no present cure. Here the authors perform an in vitro screening leading to the identification of a small molecule that alters the conformational dynamics of the TSL2 RNA structure and acts as a modulator of SMN exon 7 splicing.
Published: 2018

26. Dynamics of a qubit while simultaneously monitoring its relaxation and dephasing

Author: Ficheux, Q., Jezouin, S., Leghtas, Z., Huard, B., Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Mathématiques et Calcul Scientifique (CERMICS), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), QUANTum Information Circuits (QUANTIC), Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre Automatique et Systèmes (CAS), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Computer Science::Emerging Technologies, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Science, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), FOS: Physical sciences, lcsh:Q, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, lcsh:Science
Abstract: Decoherence originates from the leakage of quantum information into external degrees of freedom. For a qubit the two main decoherence channels are relaxation and dephasing. Here, we report an experiment on a superconducting qubit where we retrieve part of the lost information in both of these channels. We demonstrate that raw averaging the corresponding measurement records provides a full quantum tomography of the qubit state where all three components of the effective spin-1/2 are simultaneously measured. From single realizations of the experiment, it is possible to infer the quantum trajectories followed by the qubit state conditioned on relaxation and/or dephasing channels. The incompatibility between these quantum measurements of the qubit leads to observable consequences in the statistics of quantum states. The high level of controllability of superconducting circuits enables us to explore many regimes from the Zeno effect to underdamped Rabi oscillations depending on the relative strengths of driving, dephasing and relaxation., Comment: Supplemental videos can be found at http://physinfo.fr/publications/Ficheux1710.html and supplemental information can be found as an ancillary file on arxiv
Published: 2018

27. Protein polarization driven by nucleoid exclusion of DnaK(HSP70)–substrate complexes

Author: Collet, Clémence, Thomassin, Jenny-Lee, Francetic, Olivera, Genevaux, Pierre, Tran Van Nhieu, Guy, Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en biologie (CIRB), Labex MemoLife, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires / Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires - UMR5100 (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was funded by the Inserm, the CNRS and the Collège de France, as well as grants from the Labex Memolife 'Microlife' and the PSL Idex 'Shigaforce'. C.C. is the recipient of an MERT grant attributed by the Université Paris-Diderot, Ecole Doctorale: B3MI. J.L.T. is the recipient of an NSERC postdoctoral fellowship., École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution)), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires (LMGM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and BENEDIC, Bénédicte
Subjects: Protein Folding, MESH: Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism, Intravital Microscopy, MESH: Protein Folding, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Science, MESH: Antigens, Bacterial/genetics, MESH: Escherichia coli Proteins, MESH: Host Microbial Interactions, Article, MESH: Recombinant Proteins, Protein Aggregates, MESH: Intravital Microscopy, [SDV.BBM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Escherichia coli, MESH: Protein Binding, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, lcsh:Science, MESH: HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins, Antigens, Bacterial, Host Microbial Interactions, MESH: Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli Proteins, MESH: Cell Division/physiology, Recombinant Proteins, MESH: Protein Aggregates, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], MESH: Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, bacteria, lcsh:Q, Cell Division, Protein Binding
Abstract: Many bacterial proteins require specific subcellular localization for function. How Escherichia coli proteins localize at one pole, however, is still not understood. Here, we show that the DnaK (HSP70) chaperone controls unipolar localization of the Shigella IpaC type III secretion substrate. While preventing the formation of lethal IpaC aggregates, DnaK promoted the incorporation of IpaC into large and dynamic complexes (LDCs) restricted at the bacterial pole through nucleoid occlusion. Unlike stable polymers and aggregates, LDCs show dynamic behavior indicating that nucleoid occlusion also applies to complexes formed through transient interactions. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis shows DnaK-IpaC exchanges between opposite poles and DnaKJE-mediated incorporation of immature substrates in LDCs. These findings reveal a key role for LDCs as reservoirs of functional DnaK-substrates that can be rapidly mobilized for secretion triggered upon bacterial contact with host cells., Many bacterial proteins exhibit spatially defined localization important for function. Here the authors show that the polar localization of Shigella IpaC type III secretion substrate is mediated by its interaction with the DnaK chaperone and occlusion by the bacterial nucleoid.
Published: 2018

28. Superfluid motion and drag-force cancellation in a fluid of light

Author: Michel, Claire, Boughdad, Omar, Albert, Mathias, Larré, Pierre-Élie, Bellec, Matthieu, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modélisation (LPTM - UMR 8089), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), and ANR-15-IDEX-0001,UCA JEDI,Idex UCA JEDI(2015)
Subjects: Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics::Optics, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, Article, Optics (physics.optics), Physics - Optics
Abstract: Quantum fluids of light merge many-body physics and nonlinear optics, revealing quantum hydrodynamic features of light when it propagates in nonlinear media. One of the most outstanding evidence of light behaving as an interacting fluid is its ability to carry itself as a superfluid. Here, we report a direct experimental detection of the transition to superfluidity in the flow of a fluid of light past an obstacle in a bulk nonlinear crystal. In this cavityless all-optical system, we extract a direct optical analog of the drag force exerted by the fluid of light and measure the associated displacement of the obstacle. Both quantities drop to zero in the superfluid regime characterized by a suppression of long-range radiation from the obstacle. The experimental capability to shape both the flow and the potential landscape paves the way for simulation of quantum transport in complex systems., Superfluidity of light enables movement without friction or, in optical terms, diffraction. Here, Michel et al. report the detection of the transition to superfluidity in the flow of a fluid of light past an obstacle in a bulk nonlinear crystal and extract the drag force exerted by the fluid of light.
Published: 2018

29. A large planetary body inferred from diamond inclusions in a ureilite meteorite

Author: Teresa Dennenwaldt, Farhang Nabiei, Philippe Gillet, Ahmed El Goresy, Jean-Alix Barrat, Marco Cantoni, Emad Oveisi, Cécile Hébert, James Badro, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), UMR CNRS 8179, Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics (Bayerisches Geoinstitut), Universität Bayreuth, Institut d'étude de la mer, Université de Brest (UBO), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bayerisches Geoinstitut (BGI), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bayerisches GeoInstitut, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)
Subjects: Solar System, Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], General Physics and Astronomy, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Ureilite, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Parent body, Article, Astrobiology, Meteoritics, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Planetary body, Multidisciplinary, Diamond, General Chemistry, Meteorite, engineering, Terrestrial planet, lcsh:Q
Abstract: Planetary formation models show that terrestrial planets are formed by the accretion of tens of Moon- to Mars-sized planetary embryos through energetic giant impacts. However, relics of these large proto-planets are yet to be found. Ureilites are one of the main families of achondritic meteorites and their parent body is believed to have been catastrophically disrupted by an impact during the first 10 million years of the solar system. Here we studied a section of the Almahata Sitta ureilite using transmission electron microscopy, where large diamonds were formed at high pressure inside the parent body. We discovered chromite, phosphate, and (Fe,Ni)-sulfide inclusions embedded in diamond. The composition and morphology of the inclusions can only be explained if the formation pressure was higher than 20 GPa. Such pressures suggest that the ureilite parent body was a Mercury- to Mars-sized planetary embryo., Ureilites are a type of meteorite that are believed to be derived from a parent body that was impacted in the early solar system. Here, the authors analyse inclusions within diamonds from a ureilite meteorite and find that they must have formed at above 20 GPa suggesting the parent body was Mercury- to Mars-sized.
Published: 2018

30. Asymmetric adhesion of rod-shaped bacteria controls microcolony morphogenesis

Author: Vincent Croquette, Marie-Cecilia Duvernoy, Catherine Quilliet, Martial Balland, Nicolas Desprat, Maxime Ardre, Sigolene Lecuyer, Christophe Beloin, David Bensimon, Jean-Marc Ghigo, Thierry Mora, Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l'ENS (LPS), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique [Saint Martin d’Hères] (LIPhy), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (UMR 8197/1024) (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California, Génétique des Biofilms, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), This work was supported by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche ANR-12-JSV5-0007-01 (to M.B.), ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID (to C.B. and J.-M.G.), and ANR-11-JSV5-005-01 (to N.D.) and by the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale grant Equipe FRM DEQ20140329508 (to C.B. and J.-M.G.)., We thank Paul Rainey, Roberto Kolter, Oskar Hallatscheck, and Jean-Baptiste Boulé for their comments on the manuscript. We thank Irene Wang for her help with force microscopy calculations. We thank Michael Elowitz for Schnitzcell. We thank José Quintas Da-Silva and Carlos Gonzales for design and construction of the mechanical parts. We thank Mathieu Coppey, Manuel Thery, Frederic Lechenault, and Sebastien Moulinet for stimulating discussions, ANR-12-JSV5-0007,DOCM,Etude des aspects dynamiques de la mecanotransduction cellulaire(2012), ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-11-JSV5-0005,COOPIRON,Aspects coopératifs de la régulation des sidérophores(2011), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris], ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID,IBEID,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases'(2010), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), HAL UPMC, Gestionnaire, Jeunes Chercheuses et Jeunes Chercheurs - Etude des aspects dynamiques de la mecanotransduction cellulaire - - DOCM2012 - ANR-12-JSV5-0007 - JC - VALID, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Jeunes Chercheuses et Jeunes Chercheurs - Aspects coopératifs de la régulation des sidérophores - - COOPIRON2011 - ANR-11-JSV5-0005 - JCJC - VALID, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Cell division, Science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph], education, Morphogenesis, Cellular level, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Time-Lapse Imaging, Bacterial Adhesion, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Cell Wall, Escherichia coli, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, biology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph], 030306 microbiology, Biofilm, Adhesion, Substrate (biology), biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Cell biology, Biofilms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, lcsh:Q, Stress, Mechanical, [SDV.MP.BAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Bacteria
Abstract: Surface colonization underpins microbial ecology on terrestrial environments. Although factors that mediate bacteria–substrate adhesion have been extensively studied, their spatiotemporal dynamics during the establishment of microcolonies remains largely unexplored. Here, we use laser ablation and force microscopy to monitor single-cell adhesion during the course of microcolony formation. We find that adhesion forces of the rod-shaped bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are polar. This asymmetry induces mechanical tension, and drives daughter cell rearrangements, which eventually determine the shape of the microcolonies. Informed by experimental data, we develop a quantitative model of microcolony morphogenesis that enables the prediction of bacterial adhesion strength from simple time-lapse measurements. Our results demonstrate how patterns of surface colonization derive from the spatial distribution of adhesive factors on the cell envelope., It is unclear how cell adhesion and elongation coordinate during formation of bacterial microcolonies. Here, Duvernoy et al. monitor microcolony formation in rod-shaped bacteria, and show that patterns of surface colonization derive from the spatial distribution of adhesive factors on the cell envelope.
Published: 2018

31. Highly-efficient quantum memory for polarization qubits in a spatially-multiplexed cold atomic ensemble

Author: Vernaz-Gris, Pierre, Huang, Kun, Cao, Mingtao, Sheremet, Alexandra S., Laurat, Julien, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Jussieu)), F??d??ration de recherche du D??partement de physique de l'Ecole Normale Sup??rieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-??cole normale sup??rieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-??cole normale sup??rieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Sorbonne Universite?? (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Australian National University (ANU), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel ( LKB (Jussieu) ), cole normale sup??rieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Universit?? Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Australian National University ( ANU ), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Quantum Physics, [ PHYS ] Physics [physics], Science, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, General Chemistry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, lcsh:Q, Hardware_ARITHMETICANDLOGICSTRUCTURES, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), lcsh:Science
Abstract: Quantum memory for flying optical qubits is a key enabler for a wide range of applications in quantum information. A critical figure of merit is the overall storage and retrieval efficiency. So far, despite the recent achievements of efficient memories for light pulses, the storage of qubits has suffered from limited efficiency. Here we report on a quantum memory for polarization qubits that combines an average conditional fidelity above 99% and efficiency around 68%, thereby demonstrating a reversible qubit mapping where more information is retrieved than lost. The qubits are encoded with weak coherent states at the single-photon level and the memory is based on electromagnetically-induced transparency in an elongated laser-cooled ensemble of cesium atoms, spatially multiplexed for dual-rail storage. This implementation preserves high optical depth on both rails, without compromise between multiplexing and storage efficiency. Our work provides an efficient node for future tests of quantum network functionalities and advanced photonic circuits., Future quantum networks will require quantum memories with effective storage-and-retrieval capabilities. Here, the authors use electromagnetically-induced transparency in a high optical-depth, spatially-multiplexed cold atom ensemble to store and retrieve polarization qubits with high efficiency.
Published: 2018

32. HTLV-1 Tax plugs and freezes UPF1 helicase leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay inhibition

Author: Fiorini, Francesca, Robin, Jean-Philippe, Kanaan, Joanne, Borowiak, Malgorzata, Croquette, Vincent, Le Hir, Hervé, Jalinot, Pierre, Mocquet, Vincent, Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l'ENS (LPS), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de génétique moléculaire (CGM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de génétique et biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (UMR 8197/1024) (IBENS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I
Subjects: Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, Science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Gene Products, tax, Article, Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay, Protein Transport, Adenosine Triphosphate, Protein Domains, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Mutation, Trans-Activators, Humans, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, RNA Helicases, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, HeLa Cells
Abstract: Up-Frameshift Suppressor 1 Homolog (UPF1) is a key factor for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a cellular process that can actively degrade mRNAs. Here, we study NMD inhibition during infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) and characterise the influence of the retroviral Tax factor on UPF1 activity. Tax interacts with the central helicase core domain of UPF1 and might plug the RNA channel of UPF1, reducing its affinity for nucleic acids. Furthermore, using a single-molecule approach, we show that the sequential interaction of Tax with a RNA-bound UPF1 freezes UPF1: this latter is less sensitive to the presence of ATP and shows translocation defects, highlighting the importance of this feature for NMD. These mechanistic insights reveal how HTLV-1 hijacks the central component of NMD to ensure expression of its own genome., UPF1 is a central protein in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), but contribution of its RNA processivity to NMD is unclear. Here, the authors show how the retroviral Tax protein interacts with and inhibits UPF1, and demonstrate that UPF1’s translocase activity contributes to NMD.
Published: 2018

33. Anomeric memory of the glycosidic bond upon fragmentation and its consequences for carbohydrate sequencing

Author: Schindler, Baptiste, Barnes, Loïc, Renois, Gina, Gray, Christopher, Chambert, Stéphane, Fort, Sébastien, Flitsch, Sabine, Loison, Claire, Allouche, Abdul-Rahman, Compagnon, Isabelle, Institut Lumière Matière [Villeurbanne] (ILM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Chemistry [Manchester], University of Manchester [Manchester], Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Chimie Organique et Bioorganique (COB), Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV ), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), and Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.)
Subjects: Carbohydrate Sequence, Isomerism, Science, Carbohydrate Conformation, Oligosaccharides, lcsh:Q, Glycosides, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-CHEM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Chemical Physics [physics.chem-ph], lcsh:Science, Sequence Analysis, Mass Spectrometry, Article
Abstract: Deciphering the carbohydrate alphabet is problematic due to its unique complexity among biomolecules. Strikingly, routine sequencing technologies—which are available for proteins and DNA and have revolutionised biology—do not exist for carbohydrates. This lack of structural tools is identified as a crucial bottleneck, limiting the full development of glycosciences and their considerable potential impact for the society. In this context, establishing generic carbohydrate sequencing methods is both a major scientific challenge and a strategic priority. Here we show that a hybrid analytical approach integrating molecular spectroscopy with mass spectrometry provides an adequate metric to resolve carbohydrate isomerisms, i.e the monosaccharide content, anomeric configuration, regiochemistry and stereochemistry of the glycosidic linkage. On the basis of the spectroscopic discrimination of MS fragments, we report the unexpected demonstration of the anomeric memory of the glycosidic bond upon fragmentation. This remarkable property is applied to de novo sequencing of underivatized oligosaccharides., Establishing generic carbohydrate sequencing methods is both a major scientific challenge and a strategic priority. Here the authors show a hybrid analytical approach integrating molecular spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to resolve carbohydrate isomerism, anomeric configuration, regiochemistry and stereochemistry.
Published: 2017

34. Evidence of reactivation of a hydrothermal system from seismic anisotropy changes

Author: M. Saade, Kohtaro Araragi, Florent Brenguier, Yosuke Aoki, Philippe Roux, Edouard Kaminski, Jean-Paul Montagner, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Seismic anisotropy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Science, Volcanology, General Physics and Astronomy, Seismic noise, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Seismic wave, Hydrothermal circulation, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, lcsh:Science, Anisotropy, Seismology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Crust, General Chemistry, Geophysics, Volcano, 13. Climate action, Epicenter, lcsh:Q, Geology
Abstract: Seismic velocity measurements have revealed that the Tohoku-Oki earthquake affected velocity structures of volcanic zones far from the epicenter. Using a seismological method based on ambient seismic noise interferometry, we monitored the anisotropy in the Mount Fuji area during the year 2011, in which the Tohoku-Oki earthquake occurred (Mw = 9.0). Here we show that even at 400 km from the epicenter, temporal variations of seismic anisotropy were observed. These variations can be explained by changes in the alignment of cracks or fluid inclusions beneath the volcanic area due to stress perturbations and the propagation of a hydrothermal fluid surge beneath the Hakone hydrothermal volcanic area. Our results demonstrate how a better understanding of the origin of anisotropy and its temporal changes beneath volcanoes and in the crust can provide insight into active processes, and can be used as part of a suite of volcanic monitoring and forecasting tools., In this study, the authors monitor a hydrothermal fluid surge through seismic anisotropy changes at the Hakone volcanic field, Japan. The authors find the anisotropy changes to be set off by the seismic waves of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, that reactivated the hydrothermal system.
Published: 2019

35. Local Josephson vortex generation and manipulation with a Magnetic Force Microscope

Author: Christophe Brun, Vasily S. Stolyarov, Denis S. Baranov, Sergey Yu. Grebenchuk, Razmik A. Hovhannisyan, Dimitri Roditchev, O. V. Skryabina, Alexander A. Golubov, V. I. Chichkov, Igor A. Golovchanskiy, Andrey G. Shishkin, Tristan Cren, Nickolay Lebedev, Viacheslav V. Dremov, Vladimir M. Krasnov, Interfaces and Correlated Electron Systems, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology [Moscow] (MIPT), Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (UMR 8213) (LPEM), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stockholm University, Spectroscopie des nouveaux états quantiques (INSP-E2), and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Superconducting properties and materials, 03 medical and health sciences, Atomic force microscopy, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Josephson vortex, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], lcsh:Science, Author Correction, Quantum, [PHYS.COND.CM-MSQHE]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect [cond-mat.mes-hall], Electronic circuit, Physics, Quantum optics, Superconductivity, Multidisciplinary, Condensed matter physics, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Vortex, [PHYS.COND.CM-S]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Superconductivity [cond-mat.supr-con], 030104 developmental biology, Superconducting devices, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Gravitational singularity, lcsh:Q, Magnetic force microscope, [PHYS.COND.CM-SCE]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Strongly Correlated Electrons [cond-mat.str-el], 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Josephson vortices play an essential role in superconducting quantum electronics devices. Often seen as purely conceptual topological objects, 2π-phase singularities, their observation and manipulation are challenging. Here we show that in Superconductor—Normal metal—Superconductor lateral junctions Josephson vortices have a peculiar magnetic fingerprint that we reveal in Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) experiments. Based on this discovery, we demonstrate the possibility of the Josephson vortex generation and manipulation by the magnetic tip of a MFM, thus paving a way for the remote inspection and control of individual nano-components of superconducting quantum circuits., Josephson vortices (JVs) play an important role in superconducting quantum devices, but they remain difficult to be observed and manipulated. Here, Dremov et al. report magnetic fingerprint of JVs in magnetic force microscopy experiments, which paves a way to generate and control JVs.
Published: 2019

36. Reply to: Ultrafast evolution and transient phases of a prototype out-of-equilibrium Mott-Hubbard material

Author: Michele Fabrizio, M. P. Hertlein, B. Mansart, Zahid Hussain, Thornton E. Glover, Jean-Pascal Rueff, Luca Perfetti, Gabriel Lantz, N. Nilforoushan, N. Moisan, Davide Boschetto, M. Zaghrioui, M. Weis, Vincent Jacques, Claire Laulhé, Daniel Grieger, D. Le Bolloc'h, J. Caillaux, Evangelos Papalazarou, J. Zhang, Sanghoon Song, M. Chollet, S. Ravy, Marino Marsi, Laboratoire d'optique appliquée (LOA), École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Solides (LPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati / International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA / ISAS), Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés (LSI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique - Matière et Rayonnement (LCPMR), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Stanford University, GREMAN (matériaux, microélectronique, acoustique et nanotechnologies) (GREMAN - UMR 7347), Université de Tours (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), Université de Tours-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire (INSA CVL), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Electronic properties and materials, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Settore FIS/03 - Fisica della Materia, Matters Arising, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Science, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Multidisciplinary, [PHYS.PHYS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics], Condensed matter physics, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Phase transitions and critical phenomena, lcsh:Q, Transient (oscillation), [PHYS.COND.CM-SCE]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Strongly Correlated Electrons [cond-mat.str-el], 0210 nano-technology, Ultrashort pulse
Abstract: International audience; Replying to D. Moreno-Mencía et al. Nature Communicationshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11743-3 (2019).
Published: 2019

37. Physiologically relevant reconstitution of iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis uncovers persulfide-processing functions of ferredoxin-2 and frataxin

Author: Omar Brun, Agnès Delaunay-Moisan, Ludovic Pecqueur, Christina S. Müller, Anna Grandas, Jordi Agramunt, Benoît D'Autréaux, Djabir Larkem, Gwenaelle Le Pavec, Sarah Cianférani, Christina Sizun, Volker Schünemann, Sylvain Gervason, Amir Ben Mansour, Michel B. Toledano, Marc Fontecave, Thomas Botzanowski, Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TU Kaiserslautern), Chaire Chimie des processus biologiques, Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques (LCPB), Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Universitat de Barcelona, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Collège de France - Chaire Chimie des processus biologiques, Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-17-CE11-0021,FRATAXUR,Bases moléculaires et structurales de la biogenèse des centres fer-soufre permettant d'élucider la fonction moléculaire de la frataxine(2017)
Subjects: Iron-Sulfur Proteins, 0301 basic medicine, Scaffold protein, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, hal-02276889, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Iron-Binding Proteins, lcsh:Science, Ferredoxin, Multidisciplinary, biology, Chemistry, Malalties neurodegeneratives, Neurodegenerative Diseases, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Recombinant Proteins, Cell biology, Carbon-Sulfur Lyases, Zinc, Enzyme mechanisms, Ferredoxins, 0210 nano-technology, Oxidation-Reduction, Bioquímica, Biosíntesi, Science, Iron, Multienzyme complexes, Sulfides, Sciences du Vivant [q-bio]/Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire, Biosynthesis, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Cofactor, 03 medical and health sciences, Metalloproteins, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular, Cysteine desulfurase, Mutagenesis, Proteins, General Chemistry, 030104 developmental biology, Friedreich Ataxia, Mutagenesis, Site-Directed, biology.protein, Frataxin, lcsh:Q, ISCU, Proteïnes
Abstract: Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential protein cofactors whose biosynthetic defects lead to severe diseases among which is Friedreich’s ataxia caused by impaired expression of frataxin (FXN). Fe-S clusters are biosynthesized on the scaffold protein ISCU, with cysteine desulfurase NFS1 providing sulfur as persulfide and ferredoxin FDX2 supplying electrons, in a process stimulated by FXN but not clearly understood. Here, we report the breakdown of this process, made possible by removing a zinc ion in ISCU that hinders iron insertion and promotes non-physiological Fe-S cluster synthesis from free sulfide in vitro. By binding zinc-free ISCU, iron drives persulfide uptake from NFS1 and allows persulfide reduction into sulfide by FDX2, thereby coordinating sulfide production with its availability to generate Fe-S clusters. FXN stimulates the whole process by accelerating persulfide transfer. We propose that this reconstitution recapitulates physiological conditions which provides a model for Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, clarifies the roles of FDX2 and FXN and may help develop Friedreich’s ataxia therapies., The mechanism of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster biosynthesis is not fully understood. Here, the authors develop a physiologically relevant in vitro model of Fe-S cluster assembly, allowing them to elucidate the sequence of Fe-S cluster synthesis along with the respective roles of ferredoxin-2 and frataxin.
Published: 2019

38. An optochemical tool for light-induced dissociation of adherens junctions to control mechanical coupling between cells

Author: Tim Pflästerer, Philippe Marcq, Elisabetta Ada Cavalcanti-Adam, Adam Shellard, Roberto Mayor, Richard Wombacher, Chiara Zambarda, Dirk Ollech, Joachim P. Spatz, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research [Heidelberg], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University College of London [London] (UCL), Physique et mécanique des milieux hétérogenes (UMR 7636) (PMMH), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Heidelberg University
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Light, Optical Phenomena, Science, Xenopus, Biophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Traction force microscopy, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Dissociation (chemistry), Article, Cell Line, Adherens junction, 03 medical and health sciences, Xenopus laevis, 0302 clinical medicine, Antigens, CD, Cell Movement, medicine, Animals, Humans, lcsh:Science, Author Correction, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Multidisciplinary, biology, Chemistry, Cell migration, Epithelial Cells, General Chemistry, Actomyosin, Adherens Junctions, biology.organism_classification, Cadherins, Photochemical Processes, Chemical biology, Epithelium, Biomechanical Phenomena, Transmembrane domain, Cytosol, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, lcsh:Q, alpha Catenin, Biotechnology
Abstract: The cadherin-catenin complex at adherens junctions (AJs) is essential for the formation of cell-cell adhesion and epithelium integrity; however, studying the dynamic regulation of AJs at high spatio-temporal resolution remains challenging. Here we present an optochemical tool which allows reconstitution of AJs by chemical dimerization of the force bearing structures and their precise light-induced dissociation. For the dimerization, we reconstitute acto-myosin connection of a tailless E-cadherin by two ways: direct recruitment of α-catenin, and linking its cytosolic tail to the transmembrane domain. Our approach enables a specific ON-OFF switch for mechanical coupling between cells that can be controlled spatially on subcellular or tissue scale via photocleavage. The combination with cell migration analysis and traction force microscopy shows a wide-range of applicability and confirms the mechanical contribution of the reconstituted AJs. Remarkably, in vivo our tool is able to control structural and functional integrity of the epidermal layer in developing Xenopus embryos., Adherens junctions (AJs) mediate cell-cell adhesion between epithelial cells but tools to study their dynamic regulation are lacking. Here the authors develop an optochemical tool to stimulate the assembly of AJs through addition of a photocleavable tool and their dissociation upon exposure to light.
Published: 2019

39. Controlling light in complex media beyond the acoustic diffraction-limit using the acousto-optic transmission matrix

Author: Katz, Ori, Ramaz, François, Gigan, Sylvain, Fink, Mathias, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Institut Langevin - Ondes et Images, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-ESPCI ParisTech-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB [Collège de France]), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Collège de France (CdF)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Langevin - Ondes et Images (UMR7587) (IL), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Science, FOS: Physical sciences, Physics::Optics, Imaging and sensing, Imaging techniques, Acoustics, Article, [PHYS.MECA.ACOU]Physics [physics]/Mechanics [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph], Optical physics, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, Physics - Optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract: Studying the internal structure of complex samples with light is an important task but a difficult challenge due to light scattering. While the complex optical distortions induced by scattering can be effectively undone if the medium’s scattering-matrix is known, this matrix generally cannot be retrieved without the presence of an invasive detector or guide-star at the target points of interest. To overcome this limitation, the current state-of-the-art approaches utilize focused ultrasound for generating acousto-optic guide-stars, in a variety of different techniques. Here, we introduce the acousto-optic transmission matrix (AOTM), which is an ultrasonically-encoded, spatially-resolved, optical scattering-matrix. The AOTM provides both a generalized framework to describe any acousto-optic based technique, and a tool for light control and focusing beyond the acoustic diffraction-limit inside complex samples. We experimentally demonstrate complex light control using the AOTM singular vectors, and utilize the AOTM framework to analyze the resolution limitation of acousto-optic guided focusing approaches., Various techniques combine light and ultrasound to study the inside of strongly scattering samples, beyond the reach of purely optical imaging. Here, Katz et al. introduce the acousto-optic transmission matrix framework that allows to control and focus light beyond the acoustic diffraction limit.
Published: 2019
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40. Anatomy and function of the vertebral column lymphatic network in mice

Author: Anne Eichmann, Seyoung Lee, Salli Antila, Yunling Xu, Eric Song, Kari Alitalo, Juliette Pestel, José Marques de Brito Neto, Thomas Mathivet, Harri Nurmi, Ligia Simoes Braga Boisserand, Besma Barka, Jean-Leon Thomas, Marie-Stéphane Aigrot, Luiz Henrique Medeiros Geraldo, Laurent Jacob, Nicolas Renier, Jean-Mickael Thomas, CAN-PRO - Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Kari Alitalo / Principal Investigator, HUSLAB, Gestionnaire, Hal Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut] (YSM), Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC - UMR-S U970), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Statistique en grande dimension pour la génomique, Département PEGASE [LBBE] (PEGASE), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), [GIN] Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Biologie des Interactions Neurones / Glie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Yale University School of Medicine, Translational Cancer Biology Program [Helsinki, Finland] (Wihuri Research Institute), University of Helsinki-Biomedicum Helsinki-Wihuri Research Institute [Helsinki, Finland], Institut de la Vision, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Angiogénèse embryonnaire et pathologique, Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en biologie (CIRB), Labex MemoLife, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Labex MemoLife, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (CRICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en biologie (CIRB), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Labex MemoLife, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, DECALCIFYING PROTOCOLS, [SDV.MHEP.PHY] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], FEATURES, General Physics and Astronomy, Fluorescence imaging, 0302 clinical medicine, VESSELS, VASCULATURE, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, lcsh:Science, Spinal cord injury, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Spine regulation and structure, Multidisciplinary, Microscopy, Confocal, integumentary system, Anatomy, Lymphangiogenesis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lymphatic system, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, TISSUES, [SDV.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Science, Central nervous system, Mice, Transgenic, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Thoracic duct, Article, Thoracic Duct, NEUROGENESIS, 03 medical and health sciences, CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID, medicine, [SDV.MHEP.PHY]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Tissues and Organs [q-bio.TO], Animals, Spinal Cord Injuries, Lymphatic Vessels, business.industry, General Chemistry, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, medicine.disease, Spinal cord, Epidural space, Cardiovascular biology, Spine, Mice, Inbred C57BL, 030104 developmental biology, Microscopy, Fluorescence, lcsh:Q, Lymph Nodes, 3111 Biomedicine, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Vertebral column, SYSTEM
Abstract: Cranial lymphatic vessels (LVs) are involved in the transport of fluids, macromolecules and central nervous system (CNS) immune responses. Little information about spinal LVs is available, because these delicate structures are embedded within vertebral tissues and difficult to visualize using traditional histology. Here we show an extended vertebral column LV network using three-dimensional imaging of decalcified iDISCO+-clarified spine segments. Vertebral LVs connect to peripheral sensory and sympathetic ganglia and form metameric vertebral circuits connecting to lymph nodes and the thoracic duct. They drain the epidural space and the dura mater around the spinal cord and associate with leukocytes. Vertebral LVs remodel extensively after spinal cord injury and VEGF-C-induced vertebral lymphangiogenesis exacerbates the inflammatory responses, T cell infiltration and demyelination following focal spinal cord lesion. Therefore, vertebral LVs add to skull meningeal LVs as gatekeepers of CNS immunity and may be potential targets to improve the maintenance and repair of spinal tissues., The lymphatic vasculature is essential to maintain fluid homeostasis and immune surveillance, including in the brain where lymphatic vessels were only recently identified. Here, Jacob et al. provide an anatomical map of lymphatic vessels in the vertebral column, where they find these contribute to fluid drainage and immune responses.
Published: 2019
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41. Prompt gravity signal induced by the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake

Author: Jan Harms, Bernard F. Whiting, M. Barsuglia, E. Chassande-Mottin, Kévin Juhel, Pascal Bernard, Philippe Lognonné, Jean-Paul Montagner, Eric Clévédé, Jean-Paul Ampuero, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA., National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Sezione Firenze, Via G Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 and Universita` degli Studi di Urbino ‘‘Carlo Bo‘‘, I-61029 Urbino, Italy, Department of Physics [Gainesville] (UF|Physics), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Department of Physics, 2001 Museum Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo'
Subjects: Seismometer, Peak ground acceleration, Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gravimeter, Science, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Supershear earthquake, General Chemistry, Seismic noise, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Seismic wave, Article, Physics::Geophysics, Earthquake simulation, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Earthquake rupture, Seismology, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Transient gravity changes are expected to occur at all distances during an earthquake rupture, even before the arrival of seismic waves. Here we report on the search of such a prompt gravity signal in data recorded by a superconducting gravimeter and broadband seismometers during the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. During the earthquake rupture, a signal exceeding the background noise is observed with a statistical significance higher than 99% and an amplitude of a fraction of μGal, consistent in sign and order of magnitude with theoretical predictions from a first-order model. While prompt gravity signal detection with state-of-the-art gravimeters and seismometers is challenged by background seismic noise, its robust detection with gravity gradiometers under development could open new directions in earthquake seismology, and overcome fundamental limitations of current earthquake early-warning systems imposed by the propagation speed of seismic waves., Earthquakes have been theorised to produce gravity signals that may arrive before seismic waves, but until now they had not been detected. Montagner et al. have detected prompt gravity signals from the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake thus allowing an early warning of earthquakes before seismic wave arrival.
Published: 2016

42. Activated desorption at heterogeneous interfaces and long-time kinetics of hydrocarbon recovery from nanoporous media

Author: Thomas Lee, Benoit Coasne, Lydéric Bocquet, Multi-Scale Material Science for Energy and Environment ((MSC)2 UMI3466 CNRS-MIT), CNRS-MIT, Laboratoire de Physique Statistique de l'ENS (LPS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique [Saint Martin d’Hères] (LIPhy), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lee, Thomas, Bocquet, Lyderic Benjamin, and Coasne, Benoit Alain
Subjects: Materials science, 020209 energy, Science, Kinetics, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Propane, Desorption, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Kerogen, Process engineering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], chemistry.chemical_classification, Multidisciplinary, Nanoporous, business.industry, Time decay, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Hydrocarbon, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Wetting, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Hydrocarbon recovery from unconventional reservoirs (shale gas) is debated due to its environmental impact and uncertainties on its predictability. But a lack of scientific knowledge impedes the proposal of reliable alternatives. The requirement of hydrofracking, fast recovery decay and ultra-low permeability—inherent to their nanoporosity—are specificities of these reservoirs, which challenge existing frameworks. Here we use molecular simulation and statistical models to show that recovery is hampered by interfacial effects at the wet kerogen surface. Recovery is shown to be thermally activated with an energy barrier modelled from the interface wetting properties. We build a statistical model of the recovery kinetics with a two-regime decline that is consistent with published data: a short time decay, consistent with Darcy description, followed by a fast algebraic decay resulting from increasingly unreachable energy barriers. Replacing water by CO2 or propane eliminates the barriers, therefore raising hopes for clean/efficient recovery., Hydrocarbon recovery from gas shale challenges existing frameworks for fluid transport due to the nanoporous nature of the shale. Here, the authors use molecular simulation and statistical models to show that gas recovery is thermally activated due to interfacial effects at the nanoporous surface.
Published: 2016

43. F-actin mechanics control spindle centring in the mouse zygote

Author: Nir S. Gov, Marie-Emilie Terret, Raphaël Voituriez, Cécile Sykes, Agathe Chaigne, Clément Campillo, Marie-Hélène Verlhac, Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en biologie (CIRB), Labex MemoLife, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College of London [London] (UCL), Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement (LAMBE), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de la Matière Condensée (LPTMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Departments of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Physico-Chimie-Curie (PCC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), HAL-UPMC, Gestionnaire, Collège de France (CdF)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement (LAMBE - UMR 8587), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Weizmann Institute of Science, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Curie-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Jean Perrin (LJP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Weizmann, and Department of Chemical Physics
Subjects: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Cell biology, Cell division, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph], Science, Biophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Fertilization in Vitro, Spindle Apparatus, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, macromolecular substances, Biology, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Animals, [SDV.BC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, Actin, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Multidisciplinary, Zygote, Pronucleus, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-BIO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Biological Physics [physics.bio-ph], General Chemistry, Mechanics, Oocyte, Spermatozoa, Actins, Spindle apparatus, Biological sciences, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Centrosome, Oocytes, Astral microtubules
Abstract: Mitotic spindle position relies on interactions between astral microtubules nucleated by centrosomes and a rigid cortex. Some cells, such as mouse oocytes, do not possess centrosomes and astral microtubules. These cells rely only on actin and on a soft cortex to position their spindle off-centre and undergo asymmetric divisions. While the first mouse embryonic division also occurs in the absence of centrosomes, it is symmetric and not much is known on how the spindle is positioned at the exact cell centre. Using interdisciplinary approaches, we demonstrate that zygotic spindle positioning follows a three-step process: (1) coarse centring of pronuclei relying on the dynamics of an F-actin/Myosin-Vb meshwork; (2) fine centring of the metaphase plate depending on a high cortical tension; (3) passive maintenance at the cell centre. Altogether, we show that F-actin-dependent mechanics operate the switch between asymmetric to symmetric division required at the oocyte to embryo transition., How the mitotic spindle is positioned in the centre of the cell during the first mitotic division is not clear. Here Chaigne et al. show that the pronucleus coarsely centres using F-actin/Myosin-Vb dynamics, and the metaphase plate is finely centred by an F-actin cage influenced by high cortical tension.
Published: 2016

44. Formation of bridgmanite-enriched layer at the top lower-mantle during magma ocean solidification

Author: Daisuke Yamazaki, Mario Scheel, Akira Yoneda, Longjian Xie, Andrew King, Denis Andrault, Yuji Higo, Yoshinori Tange, Geeth Manthilake, Nicolas Guignot, Institute for Planetary Materials [Misasa], Okayama University, Bayerisches Geoinstitut (BGI), Universität Bayreuth, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute [Hyogo] (JASRI), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-10-LABX-0006,CLERVOLC,Clermont-Ferrand centre for research on volcanism(2010), ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, Silicate perovskite, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, General Physics and Astronomy, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Mantle (geology), Article, lcsh:Science, Petrology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Diopside, Partial melting, Crust, General Chemistry, Forsterite, Mineralogy, Geochemistry, 13. Climate action, visual_art, Enstatite, engineering, visual_art.visual_art_medium, lcsh:Q, Protoplanet, Geology
Abstract: Thermochemical heterogeneities detected today in the Earth’s mantle could arise from ongoing partial melting in different mantle regions. A major open question, however, is the level of chemical stratification inherited from an early magma-ocean (MO) solidification. Here we show that the MO crystallized homogeneously in the deep mantle, but with chemical fractionation at depths around 1000 km and in the upper mantle. Our arguments are based on accurate measurements of the viscosity of melts with forsterite, enstatite and diopside compositions up to ~30 GPa and more than 3000 K at synchrotron X-ray facilities. Fractional solidification would induce the formation of a bridgmanite-enriched layer at ~1000 km depth. This layer may have resisted to mantle mixing by convection and cause the reported viscosity peak and anomalous dynamic impedance. On the other hand, fractional solidification in the upper mantle would have favored the formation of the first crust., Following the impact of the protoplanet Theia, planet Earth likely transformed into a magma ocean. New high temperature and pressure experiments by Xie et al. suggest that a layer enriched in bridgmanite formed during the magma ocean phase of Earth–remnants of this ancient layer today may be responsible for the viscosity peak between 660 and 1500 km in present solid mantle.
Published: 2020

45. Record of low-temperature aqueous alteration of Martian zircon during the late Amazonian

Author: Guitreau, Martin, Flahaut, Jessica, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-10-LABX-0006,CLERVOLC,Clermont-Ferrand centre for research on volcanism(2010), ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Science, Planetary science, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, Article
Abstract: Several lines of evidence support the presence of liquid water on Mars at different times. Among those, hydrated minerals testify to past aqueous weathering processes that can be precisely studied in Martian meteorites such as NWA 7533/7034. Bringing constraints on the timing of weathering of the Martian crust would help understand its evolution, the availability of liquid water, and the habitability of Mars. Here we present a new method based on U–Th–Pb isotope systems to assess if zircon crystals underwent low-temperature aqueous alteration, such as exemplified by Hadean-aged detrital crystals from Western Australia. Data for NWA 7533 zircons show evidence for aqueous alteration and modeling of U–Th–Pb isotope system evolution indicates that the latest alteration event occurred during the late Amazonian (227–56 Ma). This finding largely expands the time duration over which liquid water was available near the Martian surface, thereby suggesting that Mars might still be habitable., When liquid water was present on Mars is still debated. The authors here date the age of aqueous alteration experienced by zircons from a Martian meteorite and show that liquid water was present on Mars during the Late Amazonian, thus, in a recent past.
Published: 2018

46. Adhesion to nanofibers drives cell membrane remodeling through one-dimensional wetting

Author: Charles-Orszag, Arthur, Tsai, Feng-Ching, Bonazzi, Daria, Manriquez, Valeria, Sachse, Martin, Mallet, Adeline, Salles, Audrey, Melican, Keira, Staneva, Ralitza, Bertin, Aurélie, Millien, Corinne, Goussard, Sylvie, Lafaye, Pierre, Shorte, Spencer, Piel, Matthieu, Krijnse-Locker, Jacomine, Brochard-Wyart, Françoise, Bassereau, Patricia, Duménil, Guillaume, Pathogénèse des Infections vasculaires / Pathogenesis of Vascular Infections, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie [Institut Curie] (PCC), Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Microscopie ultrastructurale - Ultrapole (CITECH), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Biologie Cellulaire et Cancer, Institut Curie [Paris]-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris-Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC - UMR-S U970), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Ingénierie des Anticorps (plate-forme) - Antibody Engineering (Platform), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, Institut Curie [Paris], This work was supported by the French ministry for research and higher education (ACO), the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IBEID) laboratory of excellence (GD) and the VIP European Research Council starting grant (GD). We gratefully acknowledge the Imagopole—Citech of Institut Pasteur (Paris, France) as well as the France–BioImaging infrastructure network supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR-10–INSB–04, Investments for the Future), and the Région Ile-de-France (program Domaine d’Intérêt Majeur-Malinf) for the use of the Zeiss LSM 780 Elyra PS1 microscope and the Zeiss Auriga scanning electron microscope. The authors greatly acknowledge the Cell and Tissue Imaging (PICT-IBiSA), Institut Curie, member of the French National Research Infrastructure France-BioImaging (ANR10-INBS-04), and the PICT-IBiSA Institut Curie (Paris, France). This work was supported by Institut Curie, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM FDT20170437130) and Ecole Doctorale Frontières du Vivant (FdV)–Programme Bettencourt (RS), ERC StG grant STARLIN (DMV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and P. B. and F.B.-W. belong to the CNRS consortium CellTiss, to the Labex CelTisPhyBio (ANR-11-LABX0038) and to Paris Sciences et Lettres (). F.C.T. was funded by the EMBO Long-Term fellowship (ALTF 1527-2014) and Marie Curie actions (H2020-MSCA-IF-2014, project membrane-ezrin-actin)., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-11-LABX-0038,CelTisPhyBio,Des cellules aux tissus: au croisement de la Physique et de la Biologie(2011), European Project: 656442,H2020,H2020-MSCA-IF-2014,membrane-ezrin-actin(2016), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur [Paris], Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou [APHP] (HEGP), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Physico-Chimie-Curie (PCC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Lafaye, pierre, Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases - - IBEID2010 - ANR-10-LABX-0062 - LABX - VALID, Des cellules aux tissus: au croisement de la Physique et de la Biologie - - CelTisPhyBio2011 - ANR-11-LABX-0038 - LABX - VALID, Membrane-ezrin-actin interactions mediated by ezrin binding proteins in reconstituted systems - membrane-ezrin-actin - - H20202016-01-01 - 2018-01-01 - 656442 - VALID, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Science, Cell Membrane, Nanofibers, Mice, SCID, [SDV.IMM.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Immunotherapy, Neisseria meningitidis, Models, Biological, Bacterial Adhesion, Article, Liposomes, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, Wettability, Animals, Humans, lcsh:Q, Cell Surface Extensions, [SDV.IMM.IMM] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Immunotherapy, lcsh:Science
Abstract: The shape of cellular membranes is highly regulated by a set of conserved mechanisms that can be manipulated by bacterial pathogens to infect cells. Remodeling of the plasma membrane of endothelial cells by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis is thought to be essential during the blood phase of meningococcal infection, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we show that plasma membrane remodeling occurs independently of F-actin, along meningococcal type IV pili fibers, by a physical mechanism that we term ‘one-dimensional’ membrane wetting. We provide a theoretical model that describes the physical basis of one-dimensional wetting and show that this mechanism occurs in model membranes interacting with nanofibers, and in human cells interacting with extracellular matrix meshworks. We propose one-dimensional wetting as a new general principle driving the interaction of cells with their environment at the nanoscale that is diverted by meningococci during infection., Meningococci remodel the plasma membrane of host cells during infection. Here, Charles-Orszag et al. show that plasma membrane remodeling occurs independently of F-actin, along meningococcal type IV pili fibers, by a physical mechanism that they term ‘one-dimensional’ membrane wetting.
Published: 2018

47. Melting conditions in the modern Tibetan crust since the Miocene

Author: Guillaume Richard, Martyn Unsworth, Xiaosong Yang, Fabrice Gaillard, Jinyu Chen, Mickael Laumonier, Bruno Scaillet, Laurent Jolivet, Leila Hashim, Arnaud Villaros, Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Magma - UMR7327, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration (CEA)-China Earthquake Administration (CEA), Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Edmonton], University of Alberta, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), ANR-15-CE01-0001,VARPEG,Les pegmatites varisques: un nouveau type de ressources minérales(2015), European Project: 279790,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2011-StG_20101014,ELECTROLITH(2011), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], ANR-10-LABX-100-01/10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), ANR-15-CE01-0001,VARPEG, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)
Subjects: Complex field, geography, Multidisciplinary, Plateau, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Granitic rock, Science, Geochemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Crust, General Chemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Tectonics, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Abundant granitic rocks exposed in ancient mountain belts suggest that crustal melting plays a major role in orogenic processes. However, complex field relations and superposition of multiple tectonic events make it difficult to determine the role of melting in orogenesis. In contrast, geophysical measurements image present-day crustal conditions but cannot discriminate between partial melt and aqueous fluids. Here we connect pressure–temperature paths of Himalayan Miocene crustal rocks to the present-day conditions beneath the Tibetan plateau imaged with geophysical data. We use measurements of electrical conductivity to show that 4–16% water-rich melt is required to explain the crustal conductivity in the north-western Himalaya. In southern Tibet, higher melt fractions >30% reflect a crust that is either fluid-enriched (+1% H2O) or hotter (+100 °C) compared to the Miocene crust. These melt fractions are high enough for the partially molten rocks to be significantly weaker than the solid crust., Crustal melting may play a fundamental role in orogenic processes, but quantifying crustal melt remains difficult. Here, the authors combine pressure-temperature paths, electrical conductivity and geophysical data to elucidate the melting conditions in Tibet since the Miocene.
Published: 2018

48. Persistent CO2 emissions and hydrothermal unrest following the 2015 earthquake in Nepal

Author: Frédéric Girault, Laurent Bollinger, Christian France-Lanord, Frédéric Perrier, Mukunda Bhattarai, Sudhan S. Mahat, L. B. Adhikari, Bharat Prasad Koirala, Pierre Agrinier, Franco Rolfo, Chiara Groppo, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Seismological Centre, Katmandhu, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sanjen Jalavidhyut Company Limited, Nepal, CNR Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse (IGG ), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CNR IGG – Torino Unit, and via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125, Torino, Italy
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Science, Metamorphic rock, General Physics and Astronomy, Natural Hazards (all), 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Hydrothermal circulation, 12. Responsible consumption, Solid Earth Sciences (all), [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, lcsh:Science, Aftershock, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Hydrology (all), Moment magnitude scale, Crust, General Chemistry, Unrest, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, CO2, lcsh:Q, Seismology, Geology
Abstract: Fluid–earthquake interplay, as evidenced by aftershock distributions or earthquake-induced effects on near-surface aquifers, has suggested that earthquakes dynamically affect permeability of the Earth’s crust. The connection between the mid-crust and the surface was further supported by instances of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with seismic activity, so far only observed in magmatic context. Here we report spectacular non-volcanic CO2 emissions and hydrothermal disturbances at the front of the Nepal Himalayas following the deadly 25 April 2015 Gorkha earthquake (moment magnitude Mw = 7.8). The data show unambiguously the appearance, after the earthquake, sometimes with a delay of several months, of CO2 emissions at several sites separated by > 10 kilometres, associated with persistent changes in hydrothermal discharges, including a complete cessation. These observations reveal that Himalayan hydrothermal systems are sensitive to co- and post- seismic deformation, leading to non-stationary release of metamorphic CO2 from active orogens. Possible pre-seismic effects need further confirmation., Earthquakes rarely affect hydrothermal systems in non-magmatic context. Here the authors report outbursts of CO2 and hydrothermal disturbances triggered by the 2015 Nepal earthquake, revealing high sensitivity of Himalayan hydrothermal systems to co-, post- and possibly pre- seismic deformation.
Published: 2018

49. Expansion of a superconducting vortex core into a diffusive metal

Author: Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov, Igor A. Golovchanskiy, O. V. Skryabina, Alexander A. Golubov, M. M. Khapaev, Daniil I. Kasatonov, Dimitri Roditchev, Christophe Brun, Vasily S. Stolyarov, Tristan Cren, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology [Moscow] (MIPT), Spectroscopie des nouveaux états quantiques (INSP-E2), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (UMR 8213) (LPEM), Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Interfaces and Correlated Electron Systems
Subjects: Abrikosov vortex, Science, Scanning tunneling spectroscopy, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, lcsh:Science, Quantum, Superconductivity, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Condensed matter physics, Quantum vortex, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Coherence length, Magnetic field, Vortex, [PHYS.COND.CM-S]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Superconductivity [cond-mat.supr-con], lcsh:Q, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Vortices in quantum condensates exist owing to a macroscopic phase coherence. Here we show, both experimentally and theoretically, that a quantum vortex with a well-defined core can exist in a rather thick normal metal, proximized with a superconductor. Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy we reveal a proximity vortex lattice at the surface of 50 nm—thick Cu-layer deposited on Nb. We demonstrate that these vortices have regular round cores in the centers of which the proximity minigap vanishes. The cores are found to be significantly larger than the Abrikosov vortex cores in Nb, which is related to the effective coherence length in the proximity region. We develop a theoretical approach that provides a fully self-consistent picture of the evolution of the vortex with the distance from Cu/Nb interface, the interface impedance, applied magnetic field, and temperature. Our work opens a way for the accurate tuning of the superconducting properties of quantum hybrids., Quantum condensates may penetrate from one material to another due to the proximity effect. Here, Stolyarov et al. report the spatial evolution of quantum vortices from a superconducting Nb layer to a 50 nanometer thick diffusive metallic Cu-film, which is quite thick away from the interface.
Published: 2018

50. Aftershock sequences and seismic-like organization of acoustic events produced by a single propagating crack

Author: Jonathan Barés, Davy Dalmas, Daniel Bonamy, Alizée Dubois, Lamine Hattali, Systèmes Physiques Hors-équilibre, hYdrodynamique, éNergie et compleXes (SPHYNX), Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Moyens expérimentaux (Servex), Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fluides, automatique, systèmes thermiques (FAST), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes (LTDS), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Saint Etienne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-09-SYSC-0006,MEPHYSTAR,MEcanique et PHYsique STAtistique de la Rupture dans les matériaux fragiles hétérogènes(2009), ANR-11-IDEX-0003,IPS,Idex Paris-Saclay(2011), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Saint Etienne (ENISE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Richter-Gutemberg law, Science, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, statistical physics, Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter, [SPI.MECA.SOLID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Solid mechanics [physics.class-ph], Induced seismicity, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Physics - Geophysics, Brittleness, 0103 physical sciences, Material failure theory, lcsh:Science, 010306 general physics, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Aftershock, Time clustering, [SPI.ACOU]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Acoustics [physics.class-ph], Multidisciplinary, Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech), Omori law, crackling dynamics, Fracture mechanics, General Chemistry, time clustering, Geophysics (physics.geo-ph), fracture mechanics, Acoustic emission, Fracture (geology), Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft), lcsh:Q, seismicity, acoustic emission, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Geology, Seismology
Abstract: Brittle fractures of inhomogeneous materials like rocks, concrete, or ceramics are of two types: Nominally brittle and driven by the propagation of a single dominant crack or quasi-brittle and resulting from the accumulation of many microcracks. The latter goes along with acoustic noise, whose analysis has revealed that events form aftershock sequences obeying characteristic laws reminiscent of those in seismology. Yet, their origin lacks explanation. Here we show that such a statistical organization is not only specific to the multi-cracking situations of quasi-brittle failure and seismology, but also rules the acoustic events produced by a propagating crack. This simpler situation has permitted us to relate these laws to the overall scale-free distribution of inter-event time and energy and to uncover their selection by the crack speed. These results provide a comprehensive picture of how acoustic events are organized upon material failure in the most fundamental of fracture states: single propagating cracks., 30 pages
Published: 2018

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