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Discusses reaction to the British government's White Paper (policy statement) on the organization of science and technology, `Realising our Potential,' published last week in London, England. The lack of radical change; Additional information. INSETS: Waldegrave gets help, by D.D.;A global search, by D.D..

The article details researcher Daniel Stark's research into distant galaxies. In 2006, co-author Ian Smail of Durham University and his collaborators had discovered a galaxy called the Cosmic Eye using gravitational lensing. In 2007, Star, co-author Mark Swinbank and their colleagues measured the galaxy's internal structure on Hawaii's Keck telescope.

This article discusses the neurobiological research of Geoffrey Schoenbaum, which is presented elsewhere in this issue. The experiments that Schoenbaum carried out concerned the question of whether animals pursued specific expectations with their behavior. The inspiration for Schoenbaum's work is explored.

The article describes the conduct of a study by researcher Rasmus Voss at Radboud University in Nijmegen, the Netherlands on the formation of one type of supernova. Voss and a colleague and theoretical astronomer Gijs Nelemans sought to develop a model which suggested that the presence of X-ray signals could precede a type Ia supernova, which is an exploding star astronomers use to measure the expansion of the universe. Their work may help supernova specialists to use X-ray data in the conduct of their research.

The article focuses on the experiments on lead titanate performed by Ronald Cohen of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Geophysical Laboratory and colleague Zhigang Wu. Their experiment started on the revelation of an expected property, substances that convert electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa. It then led Cohen and Wu to discover that lead titanate could undergo unexpected phase transitions never before seen in piezoelectric materials. They had tested this revelation by conducting another experiment to determine whether simple compounds could be developed for similar applications. And to further the research on these, Cohen shared that next experiments will be done in order to design a compound that would have similar electro-mechanical properties to lead titanate.

The article discusses the study conducted by planetary scientist Steven Miller and his colleagues, which identifies the changes in the Jupiter-like gas giant planets as they approach the Sun. The research team created a three-dimensional model to examine the Jupiter-like atmosphere of HD209458b. The study found that the change of Jupiter-like atmosphere to an expanded atmosphere with hydrogen gas escaping in a bulk outflow of planetary wind occurs over a very short orbital distance. At 0.16 astronomical units (AU) the atmosphere is stable. However, the hydrogen breaks down with catastrophic results when the AU drops at 0.14.

The article discusses the experimentation of the neurobiologist Guoping Feng and his colleagues concerning the causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) through analyzing the mice which lacks one brain protein. The study has showed that the neurons of the mice have responded to glutamate which is different from the reactions of the neurons in human to dopamine or serotonin. The result of the research has illustrated significant implications for the discovery of drugs which has not focused on glutamate synapses.

The article presents a study by Oliver Höner and Bettina Wachter, who worked in Tanzania's Ngorongoro Crater, which found that female choices drive the dispersal of male spotted hyaenas. The study also revealed that dispersal of males is common in social and group-living mammals. According to the researchers, it is difficult to monitor the fate of dispersing individuals. The researchers investigated the factors that influence a young male's decision on where to start his reproductive career. Furthermore, they also found that male clan selection is influenced by the number of young females and not the number of unrelated adult females.

The article focuses on research investigating the chemical composition of the supergiant star VY Canis Majoris conducted at the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory in Tucson. Astronomers Lucy Ziurys, Nick Woolf and Stefanie Milam at the university, were discussing how gas clouds that surround old stars contribute to the origins of life. With the installation of a new receiver in their radio telescope they have explored into the oxygen-rich envelope of the said star.

The article focuses on the technique used by Karen Liu in completing her study on mouse embryonic development. She felt that she needed new tools for her to study more precisely of her subject, she later joined the Crabtree laboratory. The laboratory had developed an 89-amino-acid tag, the FRB, of which when drug rapamycin blends to the tag, it results to the stabilization of protein. To test the method, they set up mice containing FRB tagged glycogen synthase kinase which had been a success.

The article describes how Logan Grosenick, Tricia Clement and Russell Fernald developed an experiment to determine whether fish can know the social rank of other fish simply by observing how they interact. They employed a large, square tank which was partitioned into several compartments and the extremely territorial Astatotilapia burtoni.

The article describes how author Chad Nusbaum and his team of researchers finished their work on the mysteries of a human chromosome. Nusbaum and his team gathered chromosomes, including human chromosome 17. They used the sequence of the mouse chromosome, to unravel how chromosome 17 evolved, and they found out that the chromosome has undergone a radical shuffling.

The article reports on the experiment on the Sun conducted by Trevor Ireland and his colleagues at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. They studied the Sun by peering closely at microscopic metal gains grains collected from the Moon and they got results that contradict to theories of how the Solar System is formed.

Presents an article that assesses the work experiences of Ann Holbourn, a geoscientist at Christian Albrechts University in Kiel, Germany. Research study on Miocene epoch; Details of the study; Success of the drilling approach; Results of the study shows that Holbourn and her team found drastic changes in both oxygen and carbon isotopes.

Focuses on the work of Alison Smith, a plant scientist at the University of Cambridge in Great Britain, in exploring the idea that seaweed make Vitamin B12. Collaboration made with her constant collaborator Martin Warren to initiate the experiment; Inquiry made on the genomic sequences of the three types of algae; Examination on the mechanism by which the algae get the vitamin from the bacteria and also what the bacteria get from the transaction.

Reports that Robert Sauer and his colleagues offer an insight into what molecular machines work. Focus of the researchers on enzyme called ClpX; Interests of the groups in protein degradation to be unfolded by ClpX; Interpretation of the unfolding process of protein degradation.

Reports on the research study of molecular biologist Christopher Elvin for parasite vaccines in Australia. Culmination of a study focused on insect protein resilin; Elucidation of the resilience of the rubber-like molecule; Identification of the likely gene for resilin in fruitflies.

Examines the politics of scientific publication. Role of authors, reviewers and editors in protecting the quality of research; Trends in making decisions about the publication of a scientific paper; Implications for research and publication in biomedical science.

The article looks at research that uses online databases and network analysis to come up with some rules of thumb for productive collaborations. It discusses science's increasingly collaborative nature, and the factors that determine a team's success. The article highlights the results of a study by sociologist Brian Uzzi of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois and colleagues, which analyzed more than two million patents along with nearly 20 million papers published since 1955. It examines key issues relating to productive collaborations.

The article reports on the efforts of U.S. government to make scientific research available for all. It reports that the accessibility offered by the Internet has transformed science publishing over the past decade. The government of the U.S. is making efforts to make all federally funded research available for free. The new system will make huge numbers of scientific articles publicly available for all. It reports that such archives will basically contain the final versions of the manuscripts written by the authors. There was an increase in public access in late 2007 when the U.S. Congress passed a bill and made it compulsory for scientists funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) to deposit their papers within 12 months of publication.

The author reflects on the paper by David Baker and colleague published within the May 8, 2008 issue of the journal "Nature." It has been noted by the author that the researchers set their sights on the a well-characterized reaction for proton transfer from carbon known as the Kemp elimination. Baker and his team have produced eight synthetic enzymes that could catalyze the process.

Focuses on the research spending of various nations. Output and outcomes from research investments during the 1990s; Quality of research on national scales; Ways of evaluating the quality of scientific research; Number of published research papers and reviews; Countries that top research output and quality evaluation.

The article discusses a research misconduct case that damaged the reputation of the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) in Kobe, Japan. Topics include papers on pluripotent stem cells in the journal "Nature" that discussed the use of the stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) technique by biochemist Haruko Obokata, a committee report led by materials scientist Teruo Kishi, and the impact of media scrutiny on the scandal.

Reveals a survey by the Washington-based `Science Watch' journal of the `hottest' research papers coming out of Japan. Japan appears to be strongest in basic research in biochemistry, molecular biology and pharmacology, and weakest in engineering technology and applied science.

The article discusses about the research in science done by North American countries. Topics include the researchers and budget allocated for nature science and life science in the U.S. and Canada, National Institutes of Health of the countries, and the research profiles of Harvard University in Massachusetts and University of Toronto in Canada. Several charts of the research efficiency and strengths of U.S. and Canada, and articles published in journals of the universities.

The article discusses contributions by researchers in Australasia and Pacific Islands to science and technology research. Topics include research output and science spending in New Zealand and Australia. Budget cuts in Australia and increase in research budget by New Zealand is mentioned. Institutions including University of Sydney and Monash University in Australia and University of Auckland in New Zealand are mentioned. Charts presenting details of the research papers are included.

The article focuses on a book about discoveries that changed science. The book A Century of Nature: Twenty-One Discoveries That Changed Science and the World, published by the University of Chicago Press have attracted researchers. The book provides a solid basis for scientific literacy than the many popular books that are devoted to the latest scientific discoveries. Some of the original papers like the report in 1925 by scientist Raymond Dart of his discovery of Australopithecus africanus, the first fossil link between apes and man, presents a personal narrative.

The author reflects on the scientific research papers that are being retracted by periodicals. It states that the periodical "Nature" has published four retracted research papers in 2010. It mentions a survey which shows that the proportion of retracted research papers has increased tenfold since 1990, which was the time when the number of research papers has doubled. Furthermore, it says that "Nature" is well-aware of the damage that could be done to authors as a result of false allegations.

The article discusses contributions by researchers in East and Southeast Asia to science and technology research. Topics include investment in the science and technology research made in the East and Southeast Asia, total article count and research spending in China and Japan. Research in physical science and chemistry in institutions such as Peking University in China are mentioned. Charts presenting details of the research papers are included.

Focuses on the development of a rejected paper on involuntary unemployment into basic research. Occurrence of involuntary unemployment in a state of equilibrium in a free-market economy; Impact of fairness concerns with the functioning of the labor market; Implementation of the economic environment assumed in the theory paper.

The article discusses about the scientific breakthroughs and research in West Asian countries. Topics include the science papers published by Israeli scientists, the budget allocated for research and development, and its weighted fractional count (WFC). The quality of research in Saudi Arabia, its university KAUST, and comments by its vice president Jean Frechet are included. Charts for research efficiency and research strengths of West Asian countries are also given.

The article discusses contributions by researchers in Central and South Asia to science and technology research. Topics include research in physical sciences and chemistry and scientific output and investment in science and technology in India. Scientific institutions such as Indian Institutes of technology (IITs), L N Gumilyov Eurasian National University in Kazakhstan and Quaid-i-Azam University in Pakistan are mentioned. Charts presenting details of the research are included.

Scientific research in Brazil is mainly state-funded. Postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellows believe say that until and unless their published work is in good numbers and the same are made in popular English journals. They are frowned upon when the same is published in Brazilian journals. Most research fellows feel insecure since research funding in Brazil is mainly public.

The article offers information on the importance of enhancing the measure adopted to reward research program conducted in Australia. It states that publicly funded researchers faces significant pressure to generate academic papers at universities in Australia. Information on possible calculation of citation equivalents for issued patents in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines is also offered.

The article presents information on several reference-management software products, including EndNote, ReadCube, and Zotero.

This article discusses various issues related to risks and benefits of dual-use research. The article makes specific reference to bioterrorism. Scientists, security experts and journals have done a great deal to face up to the risk of bioterrorism, but there is still considerable uncertainty over how to handle "dual use" research with outcomes that might be used to do harm. It is important to develop clear guidelines about what research is considered sensitive, what is expected of researchers whose work produces dual-use outcomes, and how the government should in practice respond without losing the priceless virtues of open scientific scrutiny. Without such clarity, officials insensitive to those virtues may institute precautionary measures that reach far beyond what is appropriate.

The author criticizes the organization the European Commission for ending consideration of the initiative known as Science 2.0. He argues that a change in the commission's research programmes that were anticipating Science 2.0 could have assisted in the development of younger Europeans to approach knowledge development differently. The article discusses peer-reviewed papers and peer-reviewed single-investigator grants in the digital age, a programme initiated by European Commission research commissioner Carlos Moedas, and the organization the US National Institutes of Health.

The article discusses the Nature Index, a database of authors and their institutional affiliations used to track article contributions published in journals. Measures used by the index to track affiliation data include article count, fractional count, and weighted fractional count assigned to a country or institute for their authors' paper contributions. Altmetrics is used as alternative data source to measure the impact of a research paper by tracking the online sources that mention the paper.

The article presents Hangzhou, China's contribution to the Nature Index based on weighted fractional count of scientific articles published in 2013, with Zhejiang University as the city's largest contributing institution for papers on chemistry and physical sciences. The chemistry papers include the development of a special polymer to help detect gas leaks in refrigeration systems while the physics outputs include graphene and carbon aerogels with potential applications for thermal insulation.

The article discusses contributions by researchers in Central, East and South Europe to science and technology research. Topics include expanding research base, institutional organizations and physical sciences research. Institutions including Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) and Academy of Sciences (RAS) in Russia and National Science Center in Poland are discussed. Academy of Sciences in Hungary is mentioned. Charts presenting details of the research papers are included.

The article presents statistics concerning Spanish authors and researchers contributing to "Nature." 32 percent of researchers working in Spain have contributed to papers in the periodical in 2006. 86 percent of papers in the periodical with contributing authors from Spain are related to biological sciences.

The article focuses on the adverse effects of premature release of incomplete scientific information in the media. The premature release of incomplete information, without any form of peer review and without making it clear to journalists that the work had not been refereed, is contrary to good scientific practice. The paper could, in principle, be revised or even rejected after peer review, in which case the public would have been misinformed. Industrial companies already release claims to the media while keeping data confidential for commercial reasons.

Focuses on the conservatism in science highlighted by the increased account of rejected Nobel Prize winning discoveries in this field with reference to role played by journals and visionaries in this field as of October 16, 2003. Account of divergences of opinion that arise over truly innovative research before research papers are submitted to journals and applications sent to grant funding panels; Overview of hurdles faced by researchers in publishing their work in journals; Role played by journal in the suitable distribution of Nobel Prizes; Benefits gained by researchers in publishing their work in journals.

Comments on the issue of politics that goes into publication of research papers in popular journals. Motive behind the urge of scientists to publish in well-known journals; Criteria that ought to followed for selection of papers for publication; Need for change in the funding of scientific research.

The article focuses on the impact high-quality cooperative research is having in helping countries improve nascent science infrastructure. It comments on collaborative science in Africa and mentions universities in South Africa generate nearly two-thirds of the fractional count (FC). It reports on how annual regional economic growth has helped bolster science in South and Central America. It presents charts of science networks in Central and Southern America, and in Africa.

The article presents a discussion on issues related to scientific collaborations among researchers in the United States. The paper focuses on the agreement between biologist Paul Weldon and chemist Andrew Evans to confirm the compound content of the bovidic-acid samples, a suspected gaur's natural mosquito repellant. However, disagreement arose over who owned the samples. These consequences of failed collaboration is said to be a common conflict over biotechnology papers, publications, and data ownership. To avoid the problem, documented agreement at the start is suggested. Relevant questions to discuss before starting collaboration are also offered.

A letter to the editor is presented related to the requirement of reduction in innocent errors that are more commonplace than fraud in research papers.

The article offers the author's insights on the policy report called "Science as an Open Enterprise" from the Royal Society in London, England concerning access to scientific papers and theories. He mentions that open inquiry to scientific research and publication of scientific papers and theories allow others to identify errors, refine theories and reuse of data. He states that everyone will benefit from a more open information access.

In this article, the author discusses the need for China to improve the quality of its research publication. According to a 2011 report of the Londons's Royal Society, China produced the second highest quantity of scientific papers but is ranked ninth in the citation aspect. He presents several areas that must be addressed by China to improve its research's quality including the importance of wide data sharing, better data access, and international collaboration improvements.

The author reflects on the issues regarding the scientific claims of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on arsenic bacterium. The author criticizes the failure of the NASA to respond to blogs and online criticisms of their published research. The author argues that bloggers and online commentators play a significant role in assessing the research findings because they provide better analyses of the true value of a scientific finding appeared in the mainstream media.