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Recently, several reports addressed the associations of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene polymorphisms with abnormal adiponectin serum levels, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and diabetic nephropathy (DN); however, results are inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the possible association of ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms with T2DM and/or DN and whether they affect serum adiponectin levels in Egyptian population. Two hundred and ninety-six T2DM patients (100 normoalbuminuric patients, 103 microalbuminuric patients, and 93 macroalbuminuric patients) and 209 controls were enrolled in the present study. Polymorphisms of +45, -11391, and +276 of the ADIPOQ gene were detected using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. Serum adiponectin was measured using ELISA. Our results revealed that ADIPOQ +45 TG and GG genotypes and G allele were significantly associated with T2DM, micro/macroalbuminuria, and decreased serum adiponectin level. ADIPOQ -11391 AA genotype frequency was significantly increased in T2DM group. Moreover, GA and AA genotypes and A allele of ADIPOQ -11391 were significantly associated with susceptibility to macroalbuminuria despite increased serum adiponectin concentrations. While, ADIPOQ +276 TT genotype and T allele were protective factors regarding the susceptibility to T2DM and micro/macroalbuminuria, and they were significantly associated with increased adiponectin levels. We observed also that the decrease of the serum Adiponectin level was accompanied by an insulin resistance, albuminuria, as well as an increase of serum creatinine. We concluded that ADIPOQ +45; ADIPOQ -11391 gene polymorphisms are associated with T2DM and/or DN in Egyptian population. While, ADIPOQ +276 gene polymorphism is a protective factor regarding T2DM and/or DN susceptibility.

Adiponectin (ADIPOQ) modulates several biological processes including energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism. The bovine ADIPOQ gene was located near the QTL affecting marbling, ribeye muscle area and fat thickness on BTA1. The gene encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PPARGC1A) was located within the QTL region of the traits on BTA6. Moreover, its protein product has various biological functions such as cellular energy homeostasis, including adaptive thermogenesis, adipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. Therefore, the ADIPOQ and PPARGC1A genes are a positional and functional candidate gene for carcass traits in beef cattle. The objectives of this study were to identify polymorphisms in the bovine ADIPOQ and PPARGC1A genes, to evaluate their associations with carcass traits in Hanwoo (Korean cattle) population. We identified nine SNPs in the ADIPOQ gene. Two SNPs (DQ156119: g.1436T > C and DQ156119: g.1454A > G) in the promoter region were recognized as new SNPs identified in Hanwoo. Association analysis indicated that the g.1454A > G SNP genotype was significantly associated with effects on LMA (P = 0.004) and BF (P = 0.021). The ADIPOQ haplotype was also found to have significant effect on the LMA. In the PPARGC1A gene, we identified 11 SNPs in the two unexplored regions (intron 3 and 5). Among them, seven SNPs were located in intron 3 and four SNPs were located in intron 5. Of these 11 putative novel SNPs, two SNPs (AY839822: g.292C > T and AY839823: g.1064C > T) with minor allele frequency (MAF) > 0.20 were examined for associations with carcass traits. The association analysis revealed that both SNPs in PPARGC1A gene were significantly associated with LMA (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the SNPs of bovine ADIPOQ and PPARGC1A genes may be a useful molecular marker for selection of carcass traits in Hanwoo.

Studies have shown that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the ADIPOQ gene have been linked with obesity and with adiponectin levels in various populations. Here, we aimed to investigate the association of ADIPOQ rs17366568 and rs3774261 SNPs with obesity and with adiponectin levels in Malaysian Malays. Obesity parameters and adiponectin levels were measured in 574 subjects. Genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Sequenom MassARRAY. A significant genotypic association was observed between ADIPOQ rs17366568 and obesity. The frequencies of AG and AA genotypes were significantly higher in the obese group (11%) than in the non-obese group (5%) (P=0.024). The odds of A alleles occurring among the obese group were twice those among the non-obese group (odds ratio 2.15; 95% confidence interval 1.13-4.09). However, no significant association was found between allelic frequencies of ADIPOQ rs17366568 and obesity after Bonferroni correction (P>0.025) or between ADIPOQ rs3774261 and obesity both at allelic and genotypic levels. ADIPOQ SNPs were not significantly associated with log-adiponectin levels. GA, GG, and AG haplotypes of the ADIPOQ gene were not associated with obesity. We confirmed the previously reported association of ADIPOQ rs17366568 with the risk of obesity. ADIPOQ SNPs are not important modulators of adiponectin levels in this population.

The ADIPOQ gene has been implicated in the etiology of hypertension. However, the results have been inconsistent. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the associations of ADIPOQ polymorphisms with hypertension risk among the Chinese. Published literature from PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang Data were retrieved. Pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) was calculated using fixed- or random-effects model. Six studies (1,812 cases and 2,631 controls) for rs2241766 polymorphism and four studies (1,449 cases and 2,175 controls) for rs1501299 polymorphism were identified. A marginally significant association was observed for rs2241766 polymorphism under recessive genetic model (GG vs. GT+TT: OR = 1.22, 95 % CI 1.01–1.48) and for rs1501299 polymorphism under heterogeneous co-dominant model (TG vs. GG: OR = 0.86, 95 % CI 0.75–0.99) and dominant model (TT+TG vs. GG: OR = 0.85, 95 % CI 0.74–0.98). In addition, under other genetic models, there was no significant association for rs2241766 polymorphism (GG vs. TT: OR = 1.20, 95 % CI 0.98–1.48; GT vs. TT: OR = 0.97, 95 % CI 0.85–1.10; GG+GT vs. TT: OR = 1.01, 95 % CI 0.90–1.15) and for rs1501299 polymorphism (TT vs. GG: OR = 0.82, 95 % CI 0.62–1.08; TT vs. TG+GG: OR = 0.87, 95 % CI 0.66–1.14). However, the associations above were not robust by sensitivity analysis. The present meta-analysis indicated the limited evidence of the significant associations between ADIPOQ gene polymorphisms and hypertension susceptibility among the Chinese.

In this study, we explored whether polymorphisms in insulin receptor (INSR), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A total of 362 subjects, including 181 women with PCOS and 181 controls were enrolled in this case-control study. Two SNPs (rs2059806 and rs1799817) in the INSR gene, two SNPs (rs2241766 and rs1501299) in the ADIPOQ gene, one SNP (rs6256) in the PTH gene, and one SNP (rs757343) in the VDR gene were analyzed using PCR-RFLP method. We observed no significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies between the women with PCOS and controls for the rs2059806, rs1799817, rs1501299, rs6256, and rs757343 polymorphisms either before or after adjustment for confounding factors including age and BMI. However, the ADIPOQ rs2241766 "TT" genotype compared with "TG and GG" genotypes was associated with a 1.93-fold increased risk for PCOS (P = 0.006, OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.20-3.11), and the differences remained significant after adjustment for age and BMI (P = 0.039, OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.03-2.86). Furthermore, the ADIPOQ rs2241766 "T" allele was significantly overrepresented in women with PCOS than controls (P = 0.006; OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.18-2.70), and the difference remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Our findings suggest that the ADIPOQ rs2241766 "TT" genotype is a marker of increased PCOS susceptibility. This study also indicates for the first time that there are no significant association between INSR rs2059806, PTH rs6256, and VDR rs757343 gene polymorphisms and PCOS risk. However, these data remain to be confirmed in larger studies and in other populations.

Adiponectin is inversely associated with the risk of ischemic stroke through its anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects. Genetic variations in the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) have been shown to be associated with the risk of ischemic stroke in Caucasians and Japanese populations. However, it was unknown whether variations in the ADIPOQ gene were associated with the risk of ischemic stroke in Chinese population. A case-control study was performed among 302 patients with ischemic stroke and 338 unrelated controls in a Chinese Han population. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs266729 (−11377C/G), rs2241766 (+45T/G), rs1501299 (+276G/T) in the ADIPOQ gene were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The frequencies of GG genotype and G allele of rs266729 in the patients with ischemic stroke were significantly higher than those in the controls (P = 0.034, P = 0.010, respectively). In univariate logistic analysis, compared with CC genotype, GG genotype of rs266729 increased the risk of ischemic stroke (odds ratio (OR) = 2.062, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.145–3.715, P = 0.016). After adjustment for potential risk factors by the multivariate logistic analysis, rs266729 remained positive correlation with ischemic stroke (OR = 2.165; 95% CI = 1.116–4.197, P = 0.022). However, no significant association was observed among rs2241766, rs1501299 and ischemic stroke. In addition, no significant difference was found in haplotype frequencies between the patients with ischemic stroke and control subjects. The present study demonstrated that the promoter polymorphism rs266729 of the ADIPOQ gene was associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke in the Chinese Han population.

Genes encoding adipokines are considered as candidates for human obesity. In this study we analyzed the expression of leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADIPOQ) genes in relation to common 5′-flanking or 5′UTR variants: -2548G>A (LEP), 19A>G (LEP) and -11377C>G (ADIPOQ) in Polish obese children and adolescents. Relative transcription levels in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (real time RT–PCR) and serum protein concentrations (RIA) were measured in 48 obese subjects with known genotypes at three polymorphic sites and in five non-obese controls. None of the studied polymorphisms altered significantly the expression. Significantly elevated relative transcription levels of the LEP gene (P