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The paper focuses on the presence of colours in the anonymous hippiatry Chirurgia equorum, also called Albertusvorlage (/ 3m century), since it was the main source of Albertus Magnus ' De equis. Colours are present mainly in the chapters on diseases. Theoretical basis of the treatise is the humoral pathology: not only humans, but also animals have in their bodies four fluids (blood. phlegma, yellow bile, black bite), whose imbalance determines various diseases with specific chronultic features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the partial summary of a Degree Thesis in Nursing: the author briefly intends to reflect on the topic of Nursing assistance during voluntary interruption of pregnancy and point at underlining the importance of the ethical and deontological competence in the abortion-related nursing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "war of Gradisca" (1615-1617) was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Habsburg Empire. The conflict is also known as the "Uskok war". from the population whose acts of piracy against venetian ships sailing the Adriatic Sea represented the "casus belli." The Uskoks were refugees coming from Balkan countries to escape the Ottoman Empire advance who had found shelter in the Kvarner Gulf under the protection of the Habsburg Empire. In the spring of 1616, an epidemic disease began to claim victims among horses and thereafter among soldiers and civil populations; in autumn another infection #ave occurred. Modern reappraisals have largely interpreted those events as recurrent outbreaks of glanders, a zoonosis caused by Burkholderia mailei. We performed a reassessment of available historical documents, providing an overview of contextual and epidemiological data. Environmental conditions, modes of disease transmission and type of clinical manifestations suggest that, in addition to Burkholderia mallei, other agents - mainly including Salmonella, Shigella and Rickettsia - possibly generated multiple infectious outbreaks capable of establishing an epidemic. In the article, we also discuss issues related to infectious diseases that are of modern relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to examine two aspects of the use of memory in ancient medicine: a theoretical-methodological one (in Hippocratic texts) and a more technical one in the pharmacology of the imperial age. In the first case memory is the basis for recording symptoms, which must be collected and examined by the (theoretical reasoning) in order to formulate the prognosis; the is defined as a kind of memory that collects data grasped with perception and stores them up in itself and remembers (Precepts chap. 1). Pharmacology to facilitate mnemonic learning and the consultation of texts can follow various systems: the classification of faa according to the properties, supported by Dioscorides or the classification according to the alphabetical order approved by Galen or finally can use verses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Books 15 and 23 Of the Naturalis Historia by Plinitis the Elder are part of his opera dedicated to botany. Book 15 is a compendium relating to the observation and description of specific nature and characteristics of the olive tree and offruit trees, mostly cultivated; these trees are also analyzed in the book through digressions on the remedia. Book 23 is articulated as a broad rdection on medicinal properties (medicinae arborum) Of the trees described in Book 15. These two books. even if one independent from the other, can be read in parallel. Basically. f present my study about the two books following the original organization of the Plinian opera: it focuses not only on the investigation about the term colour itself, but also about the names of the different colours and other terms or attributions attributable to the colour/colours. The search for colour in the original texts is more emphasized in the analysis of Book 15: otherwise, I ojfer Book 23 as a reduced promptuarium medicinarum arborum, obviously based on the Plinian description. In the end, some brief considerations on the value of colour in Traditional Chinese Medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Themedical propertiesattributed tometals andstones wereconnectedtoaseries ofaspects that mingled with each other in a pedect harmonicfusion: astrology. religion, magic and alchemy. mineralogy and color that, besides to transmit energy and jascination, for some magical-sympathetic correspondences, it referred to parts of the human body and to specific diseases. This incomparable harmony, however, does not allow us to recognize the borders or prevalences Of one or the other Of these aspects without getting lost in the labyrinth ofsymbols of the vast world of Graeco-Ronian magic. From the reading of Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia, ancient Lapidari and some of the many studies on the magical-medical aspect of the amulets. it is a brief synthesis, privileging as far as possible, the color and symbolic aspect of the stones, without however being able to completely neglect the epigraphic-lexical and mythical-religious references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing therapeutic use of psychotropic drugs in the last decades of the 19th century led a number ofitalian storytellers tointroduce them to the plots Of their novels. Verga, D 'Anminzio and Serao were among the first, followed by Nbtari, Svevo and Papini, to continue with De CBspedes and Pavese. In these authors psychotropic drugs, -opium, morphine, chloral, cocaine and veronal - were used in a therapeutic context, but even more often as suicidal instruments. Especially in the latter case, the slow course of intoxication allowed the author to broaden the narrative at his will. These uses of psychotropic drugs are compared with the voluptuary one, which only later enters the Italian novel in accordance with the slow infiltration of such use in the Italian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First of all, this article illustrates the conceptions of vision and colors elaborated by Greek philosophers up to Aristotle. Then it shows that Aristotle in his theory of color profits from the reflection on this theme by previous thinkers, but at the same time formulates a conception of remarkable originality, which organically frames itself in his doctrine of sensation. and in particular of vision. For Aristotle, in fact. in order that the vision of an object can happen, a transparent (or diaphanous) body is needed. such as air or water, which acts as a medium between the object itself and the observer. ff there is a light source, the medium becomes actually transparent, and as a consequence, the object becomes actually visible and transmits its shape and color to the observer's eye. In the absence of light, on the other hand, the medium remains potentially transparent: in this case, although the object has its shape and color - which are its properties -, it is not actually visible, but only potentially, and so are its shape and its color. Aristotle believes that "real" colors are generated by mixing black and white, which constitute the extreme terms of the chromatic scale. According to him, the first colors are the following seven: white, yellow, red or scarlet, purple, green, blue, black/gray. In this list he tries to make the number of colors coincide with the number seven - to which Pythagoreans attributed an eminent value. Aristotle also investigates some specific phenomena that would seem to come up, at least in part, against his own theory: for example, the phenomenon of the colors of the rainbow (to which he attributes the character of purely "apparent" colors, in so much they restilt from the rdection of light in minute droplets dispersed in the air). In this way, his treatment of colors also demonstrates not only the flexibility of his approach to empirical reality, but also the powerfully dialectical character of his thought, open to all data of experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I show that Galen interpreted the rich vocabulary related to the skin colour in two passages Of Hippocrates ' Epidemics, in the framework of the four humours' doctrine. in particular the adjective Xle) O6g (together with its compounds and derivatives) was 'translated ' by Galen with its equivalent (i)Xeog, a colour that Galen uses for bile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an attempt at of edition, Greek, Arabic, Latin of the proem of Galen's Methodus Medendi, examining some features of the Arabic translation and of the Latin version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pedagogical path for actors proposed at the beginning of the twentieth century by Stanislavsky, is deepened by linking to concrete observable and manipulable psycho-physiological processes. In this operation, terms such as "human spirit", "imagination", "inner action"and "exterior action", "experiencing a role" will be analyzed so as to become a constituent part of a psycho-bodily thought. We will look at the physiological context in which gestures, actions and feelings are born, whose generative mechanisms will be focused on; the meaning of the definition "coherence of sensations" will be resumed in a clearer context and we will try to provide a definition of "I" - that can be operationally useful for actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution intends to present, in the form that will appear merely list-like, the main lines of research that has marked the development of biology, and in particular the neurobiological studies in Italy, from the last decade of the XIX century to more than half of the XX century. Those who are already familiar with the life and work of Giuseppe Levi, will notice that this text is inevitably indebted to two distinguished and unforgettable pupils of Giuseppe Levi, Proff. O. M. Olivo andR. Amprino, who have outlined in an unsurpassed way the figure and scientific work of their teacher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A portrait of professor Giuseppe Levi from letters to Rodolfo Amprino. Working from the 113 letters spanning the years 1956 - 1964 which Professor Giuseppe Levi wrote to Rodolfo Amprino and are preserved in the archive of the latter, we have made a selection of the most significant passages, those which best illustrate traits and attitudes of Professor Levi's personality. 1st) The professor's great devotion to his family and his deep friendship and esteem for his pupil. 2nd) His insight and clarity when evaluating people and scientific and didactic literature. 3rd) His interest and impassioned participation in questions of research. 4th) His lofty sense of respect and responsibility for the office to which he belonged. 5th) His engagement and active participation in the activities deriving from that office, such as academic competitions, awards, and committees, with evident care to contribute through discerning choices to raising the cultural and moral level . 6th) The stringent rigor of his critiques. 7th) His strong sense of personal dignity and his reserve when confronted with the problems of his old age. 8th) His indomitable will to move forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority o f the pupils of Giuseppe Levi were formed during his long years of scientific teaching in Turin (1919-1948). Of his numerous Turin pupils amongst whom are included T. Terni, O.M. Olivo, L. Bucciante, R. Amprino, A. Bairati, S. Luria, R. Dulbecco, R. Levi Montalcini, G. Godina, G. Filogamo, F. Vigliani, we recall in particular Rodolfo Amprino (1912- 2007, human anatomist at Bari University), and Giovanni Godina (1912- 2000, veterinary anatomist at Turin University), who remained close to Levi for over thirty years up to 1965. Amprino followed the teaching o f the Master from the age of seventeen and acquired renown for researches into cartilage tissue, bone tissue, and experimental embryology. In addition to being recalled for his works on bone tissue and nerve tissue, Godina is recalled for his researches into in vitro culture of various tissues and o f nerve tissue in particular, studied using phase-contrast microcinematography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this article is the observation of social dynamics and government policies related to the interpretation and management of diabetes in the rural district ofNaupan, located in the northeast of the Sierra de Puebla, Mexico. Based on the analysis of the relationship established between national healthcare institutions and the local population, the study will show, through a local étiologie connotations and understanding, how the nosological category of diabetes may be viewed based on to social conflicts, hierarchies, and inequalities within the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the first in vivo experimental antibiotic therapy in the history of Medicine. In 1895, in Ariano (Naples, Italy), the physician and scientist Vincenzo Tiberio discovered the bactericidal power of the molds. Tiberio analyzed three molds (i.e., Aspergillus flavescens, Pénicillium glaucum, Mucor mucedo) in the laboratory, first in vitro and then in vivo on mice and rabbits. He carried out the whole experimental cycle: from the discovery to the obsen'ation of the phenomenon, to the analysis in the laboratory, and to the production of the medicine. Vincenzo Tiberio discovered the penicillin almost thirty years earlier than Alexander Fleming. What he lacked was the mass production and industrialization of the drug. Why? Fault of the society? Economic and cultural backwardness of Italy? Probably the international scientific community was not ready for such a revolutionary discovery, that would have saved millions of lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article outlines the historico-philosophical and bio-juridical foundations of the "one world-one medicine - one health " model introduced by Schwabe, as an interdisciplinary' approach to govern the public health challenges. Virchow and Osier stated that no barriers between human and veterinary medicine should exist. Globalization, savage human activities, climate changes, new eating habits and livestock developments, leading to zoonoses, make this message urgent. The unity of medicine dates back to the dawn of humanity: the centaur Chiron represents the union of human and veterinary medicine, subsequently separated in a man's logic of domination over nature. The birth of comparative anatomy, the Romanticism and the Darwinism have affirmed the intrinsic value of animals; ethology, zooanthropology and zoosemiotics have led to the awareness of what it is like being-in-the world as an animal, together with a gradual bio-juridical recognition. Collaborating between doctors and veterinarians is crucial for the contemporary' challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first Italian law ruling the protection of animals used for research and testing dates back to 1913, when Italy was under the Vittorio Emanuele I ll's Kingdom. Before this period, the only rules about the protection of animals were in the various Penal Codes in force within the Italian territories. The legislation included in the Penal Codes mostly covered the cruelty to animals and regulation of the use of animals for scientific purposes were not even always provided. In the present paper, the author provides a synthetic historical overview of the main protection laws relating to animals used for research and testing between 1911 and 1941, highlighting the main juridical and ethical aspects of the use of animals for scientific purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modem concept of "nature" was horn in the XVIIIth Century: a nature as object, submitted to man's reason. A long tradition sees the origin of the modern notion of nature in the Greek phúsis. To go from phiisis invites us on the contrary to be critical towards the modern paradigm of a nature opposed to culture. Actually the domination of nature and the exploitation by man of what are for us "natural resources" is at the core of the ideological, economical and financial model imposed on us by neoliberal capitalism. This model shapes and destroys the communities of men as well as their environments. To face anthropologically the Greek phiisis invites us to break off with a technological capitalism based on a destroying productivism. Greek reflection on the relationships between phiisis and nomos leads us to consider the inevitable interactions between the human societies, their technical abilities, and their environments, in a perspective of "anthropopoiesis" and "ecopoiesis". This paper represents the Italian version of the first chapter and the last part of an essay devoted to the interactions mentioned above with an eco-socialistic approach'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until the so-called sanitary reform (1978), which introduced a Beveridge system, in Italy existed a peculiar kind of general practitioner, paid by municipalities, who ensured healthcare to those not covered by social insurance. In small towns those physicians also carried out the function of Health Officers, performing Public Health duties. We had the possibility to study the very large archive of one of them, doctor Sgandurra from Farindola, a village in the Abruzzi Region (central Italy): in the paper we briefly analyse six public health acts that he issued in the first half of the 1950s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perception of guilt and remorse is tied to the complicated question of what is an abortion. There is no doubt that abortion practices have had a long and complex history. Abortion is, in fact, a 'mobile' category, whose definition and identification depends on several factors and is related to the context and - not least - the complex question of identifying the actual voluntariness of the act. The frequency of spontaneous abortions, due to excessive force or working conditions, and the inevitability of the appeal to the interruption of pregnancy in the absence of other means of fertility control methods, allowed a widespread lack of guilt, testified also by language even in the mid-twenties, when the fascist regime begins to structure a policy that culminates, during the thirties, in unprecedented emphasis on the role and the female body in an exclusively procreative function and configuration of maternity as a patriotic duty particularly enshrined in the new Penal code of 1930. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the area of Rome object of study, the cremations account for 10% of total burials (522 cremation burials of 4758), unlike the contemporary cemeteries of French and Cispadane areas where they are well over 30%. Detailed analysis of the cemeteries, confirms that the indirect cremations (urns and graves) represent over 85% of the sample, while direct cremations (busta sepiliera) are under-represented. For a selected sample of 69 cremations, demographic analysis was performed and it shows a discrete prevalence of women and an almost equal distribution of males and subadults. Quantitative analysis of burned bones was conducted on cremations found perfectly intact during excavation, it indicates that cremations are generally completed and that they have all the anatomical regions represented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many diseases induce alterations in the human skeleton, leaving traces of their presence in ancient remains. Paleopathological examination of human remains not only allows the study of the history and evolution of the disease, but also the reconstruction of health conditions in the past populations. This paper describes the most interesting diseases observed in skeletal samples from the Roman Imperial Age necropoles found in urban and suburban areas of Rome during archaeological excavations in the last decades. The diseases observed were grouped into the following categories: articular diseases, traumas, infections, metabolic or nutritional diseases, congenital diseases and tumours, and some examples are reported for each group. Although extensive epidemiological investigation in ancient skeletal records is impossible, the palaeopathological study allowed to highlight the spread of numerous illnesses, many of which can be related to the life and health conditions of the Roman population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bone tissue remodeling due to strong physical/working activity is defined as ergonomic markers or MSM (Muscoloskeletal Stress Markers) (Capasso et al. 1999) and MOS (Markers of Occupational Stress). Among them we can find: enthesopaties, arthropaties, non metrical stress and traumas markers. In the present study, the analysis of these traits has been used to clarify habitual activity patterns of four imperial populations from Suburbium: Castel Malnome, Casal Bertone area Q, Via Padre Semeria e Quarto Cappello del Prete. The very high prevalence of activity-induced stress lesions occurred among the individuals of Castel Malnome and Casal Bertone area Q suggests that these groups were involved in strenuous occupations such as, respectively: the processing and storage of salt and the dyeing of textiles and hides discernible from the archaeological context. For the individuals of Via Padre Semeria and Quarto Cappello del Prete the alterations, instead, could be compatibles with agricultural work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyze Attilio Maggia's method of corpse conservation. His method was based on development of formaline vapours and preservation of corpse into a hermetically closed coffin (US..Patent 1150688-Aug. 17. 1915). The corpses preserved could also be hardened after the treatment, exposing them to the air. Attilio Maggia (1864-1945) treated the corpse of Italian writer Giovanni Verga (1840-1922). Some Maggia's preparations were preserved into obstetrical museum at Milan University: they are lost, but some records remain (an old inventory register) and attest us the industry of this physician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gorini Museum, later renamed Gorini Anatomical Collection, was founded in 1981 by pathologist Antonio Allegri. Many of the anatomical pieces created by scientist Paolo Gorini between 1843 and 1881 are held in the ancient chapterhouse of the Old Hospital of Lodi. These remains bear witness to Gorini 's preparation skills and represent a precious historical and scientific heritage. Beyond the Gorini anatomical collection, the Museum has recently acquired the specimens prepared by Giuseppe Paravicini, a scientist and physician who developed a preservation method for educational and funerary purposes. Both the Gorini and the Paravicini specimens represent a unique opportunity to assess the evolution of preparation arts in terms of materials employed and the results achieved, and will successfully engage the general public with the world of anatomical mummies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first specific techniques and triages for medical resuscitation developed in the XVIII century, specifically to rescue the drowned persons. The topic of resuscitation in strictly connected to the theme of the apparent death, to the dread of the "buried alive", to the progress of forensic medicine and to the administrative and legislative policies. The contribute aims to focus on the contribution of the medical and pathologic nosology about the conception of the apparent death, read as asphyxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work moves from the low mortality of the plague of Palermo in 1575- 1576 in comparison to similar outbreaks and contemporary analysis of the activity of Ingrassia, a man that the city government had wanted at his side. The extraordinary health interventions, including those to favor of the predisposition of health building to isolation, gears for a more wide-ranging than the traditional one. The isolation adopted by Ingrassia wasn't a novelty because it was already in use half a century earlier, as the Previdelli wrote. We assume that the population in crisis, hungry and out of work for the huge military expenditure of king Philip II, would have prompted the City government to use the outbreak for the purposes of ⪡social control⪢. At the same goal always answered in the sixteenth century the establishment of the parish, created to divide the territory in order to guide and control the practice of the faith of the people. Ingrassia, a man next to political power, which in turn welded with the spiritual power in order to implement the Catholic Counter-Reformation, justified the coercive initiatives towards the population. The practice o f medicine, as still happens today, is affected by the conditions of the policy, raising one of the fundamental principles of bioethics, the question of the independence o f the doctor: a physician divided by the duty to represent the legitimate interests of the patient and those of political power, perhaps not always shared. It is a new interpretation of the activity o f Ingrassia and his ⪡true⪢ results than the plague. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study conducted on varous developments in medical practices and knowledge in Nauha, Mexico. Topics discussed include the dialogue established between national health institutions and the population of various disadvantaged areas of Mexico; incorporation of biomedical tradition into new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of Mexico; and the use of biomedicine for the treatment of infectious diseases and preventing epidemics.

The author analyzes the development of the Holy Spirit hospital's economic power during the XIII century through some illustrative examples of original parchment documents, pontifical and private. After the hospital was founded by the pope Innocentius III and gifted of many properties, its charitable activity attracted the admiration and respect of many people, who, with donations and testamentary dispositions, not only around Rome, but also in several Italian regions and outside Italy, contributed to make it ever more powerful in an economic sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article regards the history of medical profession between the county of Fermo and Rome in the Early Modern period. During the Seventeenth century the medical faculty of the University of Fermo became an important academic centre in the Papal State. During the second half of the Seventeenth century the link between the county of Fermo and the Roman capital became much stronger in the field of medical education and medical practice. Many physicians from Fermo moved to Rome to practise and to improve their professional knowledge. The peregrinatio medica is a strategic factor towards understanding the development of the medical profession from an outlying area of the ecclesiastical territory to a centre of excellence as the Roman capital was for medicine in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth centuries. The medical licence was introduced by the Roman College of physicians as essential to qualifying for medical practice not only in Rome, but in all the provinces of the Papal State. This caused violent controversy between Rome and Fermo that lasted until the Early Nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 6th century Luxorius Text, wilth reference to poem number 302, and the connection between this poem and the schools of medicine in the Roman Empire. Topics discussed include background on the context of the poem and the history of the Roman Empire medical schools, the relevance of the works of 5th century Roman African medical writer Cassius Felix and 5th century Roman physician and medical writer Caelius Aurelianus; and references in the Luxorious Text to the 5th century anatomist Marinus of Alexandria.

The article discusses the medical history of Early Christianity, with a focus on the establishment of Christian based medical care and aid for the sick. Topics discussed include the theological basis of Christian medical care, locations established for providing care and aid to particular demographics, such as the sick, the elderly, and children without guardians; and the management and structures of Christian medical and aid institutions, such as hospitals, orphanages, and homes for the elderly.

The article discusses the history of Byzantine medicine, and the idea of the diagnostics of fluids as medical practice, relating to the concept of the diagnosis and medical treatment of imbalances in the bodily humors, during the period between the 4th and 12th centuries. Topics discussed include background on the history and historiography of Byzantine, with reference to the history and philosophy of medicine; the influence of Christianity on medicine during this period, and the philosophy of Hippocratic medicine.

The article discusses the medical history of the 4th century, with a focus on the establishment of proto-hospitals in the form of charitable institutions, and the work of the 4th century Christian Roman Saint Fabiola, as described in the Epistula 77 by 4th century writer and theologian, Saint Gerolamus. Topics discussed include background on the establishment of hospitals in the 4th century, the history of Christianity and persecution of Christians during the 4th century, and the relationship between Christian history and medical care.

The article presents the originality of Giovanni Jarvis' position regarding abolition of asylums. He affirmed the importance of history for the critique of the present. His warning remained crucial in the following years; as psychiatry looked at the past mostly in order to condemn it, Jervis emphasized the importance understanding historical change, both in the distant and recent past.

The article discusses the history of the treatment of acute leukemia in children at the university in Rome, Italy, called La Sapienza. up to the first successful cures documented in 1964. The author argues that this history serves as a model for among other things how to approach medical research in which children are involved, how the doctors and medical staff interact with children, and organization. The author emphasizes ethical issues, doctor-patient communication, and sanitation, among other aspects.

A list of sources on Italian medical literature during the period with descriptions and an introduction are presented, including among others "Intorno ad alcune opere di medicina stampate nella Stamperia Italiana e Francese," by S. Zeno, "Oriente e geografia medica: La Storia naturale e medica dell'isola di Corfu: 1797-1798," and "Da Corfù alle Alpi: 1798-1800: Le vicende di alcuni opuscoli e una cattedra mancata."

The article discusses the treatise "Breve saggio sulle virtù curative della calamita," by Italian physicist and Giuseppe Saverio Poli on magnetic therapy and printed in Palermo, Italy, in 1811. It describes historiography of medicine in Naples, Italy, scholarship on the subject, and the influence of medicine in other parts of Europe, especially in France due to a decade of French rule. A historical and scientific context of the work discussed in in this way established. Reactions to the work and its experimental approach are then addressed, especially the response of French mathematician Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace.

The article discusses medical care and sanitary conditions in Naples, Italy, during the latter half of the 18th century. Changes in the teaching of medicine during the period are also addressed. At the same time, the medical scholarship of Naples and its physicians is contrasted with the degree to which results of that scholarship were isolated from the rest of Europe. A number of epidemics during the period and scholarship on those events are also cited, as is the creation of a medical school out of one hospital.

The article discusses the academic reception of the medical treatise "De Morbis Artificum Diatriba" by early modern Italian physician Bernardino Ramazzini. Among other topics addressed are the dissemination of the work in the original and translation, how the work was written, and relevant details of the author's life.

The article discusses the cult of the minor Roman goddess Anna Peranna, a nymph associated with an annual cycle and festivals. In particular, it describes archaeological evidence uncovered at a foundation associated with the goddess and her cult. Literary references to the goddess and to her cult or its practices are also surveyed. The general nature of nymphs within Greek and Roman religion are also addressed. Then the nymph Anna Peranna is portrayed specifically in terms of ancient evidence and practices associated.

The article discusses the populations of women, as patients, medical personnel, and support staff, in the San Niccolò mental hospital and its associated village in Siena, Italy. Among other topics addressed are the hospital's associated psychiatric medical journal, buildings and construction including church facilities within the area, and types of jobs women did.

The article discusses the history and current status of the disease tuberculosis worldwide and the application of technologies for studying molecules such as microbacterial DNA to paleopathology, the study of past epidemics, in the context of the specific disease. Among other topics addressed are the reasons for global re-emergence of the disease, the evolution of the disease in humans over time, and the causes of the disease in humans and in animals.

The article discusses the influence of an ancient Greek medical treatise by ancient Greek physician Galen, known by the title of its Latin translation "Ars medicinalis" or "Ars parva", on Venetian medical humanist Niccolò Leoniceno. Among other topics addressed are the influence of the work of Galen on ancient and medieval medicine, and Leoniceno's own re-translation of Galen's work from the Greek into Latin.

The article discusses an essay "I Fisiologi" by Italian physician Matteo Borsa. The author contends that the essay on medical philosophy argues for a reform of medicine which the author views as associated with the Greek physician Hippocrates. Among other topics addressed are the nature of the essay, the importance it gives to human anatomy, and a view of medicine based on the views of Hippocrates.

The article discuses the life and work of Italian Renaissance anatomist and physician Andreas Vesalius. In particular, it attempts to reconstruct details of the doctor's time in Pisa, Italy, under sponsorship of Cosimo de' Medici when the doctor conducted basic medical research which the author contends is fundamental to modern medicine.

The article discusses archaeological evidence from the Roman necropolis Castel Malnome of the 1st and 2nd centuries of the Common Era in Italy. In particular, it describes analyses of skeletons from the archaeological excavation for evidence of among other things the population's demography, accustomed work activities, and evidence of dental hygiene.

The article discusses the ancient Greek approach to determining causes of diseases as reflected in the play "Oedipus the King" by ancient Greek playwright Sophocles. Among other topics addressed are the method of evidence associated with Italian historian Carlo Ginzburg, ancient Greek medical practices, and actions of the characters in the tragedy.