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The construction industry had approached a critical limit which led to the increase of cement production. The production of cement would cause a broader environmental implication. Cement production is a major source of carbon dioxide emission. Carbon dioxide gas contributes about 63.33% of global warming since the production of one ton of cement would emit about one ton of carbon dioxide to the environment. To mitigate this issue, the research community has investigated the use of waste materials that possess similar chemical properties with cement content as a material for partial cement replacement. The use of rice husk ash has shown to be a contending candidate in the literature. Therefore, this paper attempts at reviewing the performance of rice husk ash as partial cement replacement. It could be observed from the literature that concrete with 5% up to 15% of rice husk ash showed an equivalent performance to ordinary concrete in compressive, flexural, and tensile strength. Thus, rice husk ash can be used as a material replacement in concrete and reduces pollution that originates from cement production and open burning of rice husk.

Cellulose triacetate (CTA) forward osmosis (FO) membrane from Hydration Technology Innovation (HTI), USA was tested in a locally fabricated FO system to concentrate synthetic and pulp and paper mill wastewater. The industry is among the 17 most polluted industries with intensive water consumption and wastewater generation (MoEFCC, Government of India). The CTA membrane was studied with deionized water as feed solution and 1 M NaCl as draw solution, which resulted into water flux of 5.8 L/m2h and reverse salt flux of 0.2 g/L. A concentration stepping method was used to determine the critical draw concentration with lignin solution as the model feed. There was no deviation in flux between the baseline (deionized water feed) and the lignin solution up to 1.5 M NaCl, but a marginal deviation (8% and 21% respectively at 2 M and 3 M) was seen thereafter. The average water flux after 24 h FO study with synthetic wastewater as feed solution (draw solution 2 M NaCl) was 8 L/m2h, and 80% water recovery. Similar study with pulp and paper wastewater as feed solution (draw solution of 1.5 M NaCl) was 5.4 L/m2h was with 62% water recovery. Lignin and COD rejection in pulp and paper mill wastewater was 90% and 64% respectively. The preliminary results indicate that FO is promising for water and lignin recovery from waste streams.

Virgin pulp is made by splitting up cellulose fibers from the woods by mechanical and chemical process without adding any recycled pulp content. The demand for trees, which are the basic raw material for making virgin pulp, increasing constantly in enormously growing paper manufacturing industry. The paper, which is made from virgin pulp is called as virgin paper and this is considered as better quality paper than the recycled paper. Now there is a need to increase the quality of recycled paper to equalize the quality of virgin paper, to reduce the demand for trees to make virgin pulp. In recycling, dispersive system is responsible for the de-inking process, which is one of the pulp purifying process which removes the printing ink from fibers. Chemicals are added in this deinking process which causes a serious problem by increasing the chemical concentration level of industrial outlet water. In conventional deinking technology, dispersive system is controlled by DCS which is quite complicated to control complex loop of operations. To overcome these problems, the dispersive system operations are controlled by PLC along with sensors which make the process easier and replacing the chemicals with enzymes will reduce the chemical concentration level of industrial outlet water and increases the quality of paper.

Wastewater containing heavy metal ions is considered as the serious environmental problem in human society. Adsorption as the widely used method plays an important role in wastewater treatment, which is based on the physical interaction between metal ions and sorbents. Drumsticks are reported to have efficient adsorbing property. It has been found that Moringa causes alteration in testosterone levels, preventing testicular damage and hence is capable of protecting against the toxic effect of hazardous material. Based on this phenomenon of adsorption by Moringa species, we are trying to remove heavy metals from aqueous sample. The bio sorption of heavy metals by non-living biomass of plant origin is an innovative and alternative technology for the removal of the pollutants from aqueous solution and offers several advantages such as low-cost bio sorbents, high efficiency, minimization of chemical and/or biological sludge, and regeneration of the bio sorbent. Moringa oleifera (drumsticks) has a number of advantages including low cost, biodegradable sludge production and lower sludge volume, and also it does not affect the pH of the water. Apart from turbidity removal, Moringa oleifera seeds also possess antimicrobial properties. Amount of adsorption is considerably larger when activated charcoal is used. Thus, this work reports preparation of activated charcoal from drumsticks seeds and fibres. These are generally part of kitchen waste; thus, its preparation and utilisation for heavy metal toxicity not only controls water pollution but also help in reduction of kitchen waste. It will serve as an effective, cheap and robust and green tool for toxicity control. The paper reports the removal of heavy metal (Pb, Ni, Cd, As in this study) by application of prepared activated charcoal tablets via MATLAB assisted paper based sensors. These tablets will surely serve as point-of- care devices for removal of heavy metal toxicity.

Edible oils form an integral component in the human diet as well as in the industrial preparations. Any adulteration in oil is concerning from nutritional as well as economical perspective. Although analytical techniques exist for detection of adulterants in oil, most of them require sophisticated instruments, and trained professionals. Microfluidic based lab-on-a-chip technologies have rapidly progressed over the recent years and offer promising alternatives in this regard. In this work, we report development of a paper-based microfluidic lab-on-a-chip for detection of palm oil contamination in sunflower oil. We use the paper-based microfluidic colorimetric detection approach that indicates the presence of adulteration in a visual manner. The data is analyzed using digitally acquired images along with ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. The paper-based microfluidic device is fabricated and tested for 10–50% (v/v) palm oil adulteration in sunflower oil. Further, we employ the device for free fatty acid content tests in oil samples. Visual signal acquired from the device is optimized by varying phenolphthalein proportions. The stability of visual colorimetric signal is examined over time and is found to remain steady over the trial period of six days considered in this work. The integration of the detection device with smartphone imaging can prove to be useful for onsite data collection. We believe the approach presented here can be extended to food quality monitoring portable platforms.

This work investigates the influence of blending waste paper and cement at fixed proportion with varying proportions of chicken feather fiber (CFF) and wood saw dust (WSD) as reinforcements. Samples produced were tested for flexural properties and water absorption potentials. The outcome showed that with increasing CFF content and reducing WSD content, water absorption reduced while flexural strength, modulus of ruptures (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) increases. MOR and MOE were at peaked when the ratio of CFF to WSD was 3:2 while flexural strength reached it crescendo at 4:1 of CFF to WSD. It was noticed that higher CCF content from 3 to 5 wt% gave better results in most of the investigated properties compared to WSD. Therefore, it was concluded that low quantity of WSD is needed to form a synergy with CFF in order to achieve optimum results. Well dispersed CFF-WSD phase in waste paper-cement based composites was observed to be responsible for the enhancement in the investigated properties.

The waste of paper or the paper dump is a serious problem and its occurrence is widespread in various institutions. Wastepaper can be recycled to produce some important and usable products that are ecological and biodegradable. For example, it is used to extract new paper from the old by chemical decomposition. Other products such as paper plates, paper cups, paper spoons, tiles, toys, crafts, etc. can be formed from the slurry. This project also initiates a mould that makes cups and plates from the wastepaper management circuit. With learning institutions being the main consumers, most paper are usually eliminated after its use. The waste remains undeveloped and unused, although is a valuable resource. Studying the design of a manual, economical and efficient paper recycling machine, it can be surmised that the design uses the integration of the knowledge gained about the recycling technology that exists manually from the paper recycling machines used to form a cheap but effective paper recycling system. The advantages of the machine are not only of recycled paper, but also the advantages of the interaction of the manual drive system, which will also reduce the high cost. As the design is not 100% effective, the transmission, belt and chain transmission correspond to the estimated 90% efficiency using the 90% for the design. The power consumption for the design is 450 W and since an average user can produce 100 W constant, it takes 5 people to drive the machine.

In recent years there has been increasing interest in the use of recycled paper waste in the production of concrete to reduce environmental pollution. This study aims to investigate the use of raw paper waste to produce lightweight cement mortar and to study the effect of the aluminium sulphate treatment of raw paper waste on the compressive strength, absorption ratio and hardened density of mortar. This study used raw paper waste as a replacement for fine aggregate, with percentages of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30%. The same percentages were examined for the aluminium-sulphate-treated paper waste. The study aims to achieve a similar workability and fixed flow rate for all mixes; therefore, the water–cement ratios were changed for mixes containing paper waste to balance the water absorbed by the paper waste. The study found that the treatment of paper waste with aluminium sulphate helps to reduce the amount of water absorbed by the paper waste and also reduces the amount of water required to maintain its workability, with a higher paper-waste content requiring a larger water content to achieve a similar workability. It was found that the higher the paper-waste content, the lower the wet and dry densities. The compressive strength at both an early and mature age decreased with the increased content of paper waste. Finally, the treatment of paper waste with aluminium sulphate increases the early age compressive strength for similar replacement percentages of up to 19%.

Cyanide ( CN - ) is a deleterious chemical and can cause serious health effects upon exposure even at low concentrations. Different sensors have been developed to monitor cyanide in water, which, however, suffers from complex mechanisms and high-cost. Curcuma longa or turmeric is a commercially available natural dye (usually in powder form) used as medicine. The phenolic substance curcumin is responsible for its yellow color and is capable of sensing environmentally significant analytes such as CN - . In this study, a colorimetric sensor for cyanide in aqueous solution was fabricated by the immobilization of crude curcumin on ordinary filter paper. The curcumin was extracted from locally available turmeric powder using a simple extraction method. Its successful integration in the filter paper was validated by FT-IR spectroscopy. UV–Vis analysis showed that the curcumin-based paper sensor was sensitive to CN - (down to 5.0 ppm), producing a visual change from yellow to dark red. The fabricated sensor also demonstrated high selectivity towards CN - in the presence of N a + , K + , and F - . Its response time was found to be inversely proportional to the concentration of the CN - in the solution. Assessment of reusability revealed that the sensor was reusable for up 8 cycles before significant changes in colorimetric response were observed. Importantly, the fabricated sensor exhibited applicability for actual cyanide monitoring in real water samples.

Enormous quantities of bagasse are being used as raw material in agro based large integrated pulp and paper mills. Anaerobic technology is an effective means of biodegradation of organic substance in wastewater and energy production of biogas that can be used as an alternative fuel. This study illustrates the effect of HRT on performance of lab scale hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (HUASB) reactor on treatment of pulp and paper mill bagasse wash water. The lab scale HUASB reactor was designed for an effective volume of 0.013 m3 with bio balls as packing media at the top of reactor and operated under mesophilic condition. After startup period, the reactor was operated with HRTs of 23.55, 15.98, 12.00, 10.03 and 7.97 h for the average influent COD concentrations of 2503.6 mg/L, 3918 mg/L, 5432 mg/L, 6608 mg/L and 7996 mg/L respectively. The results showed that the maximum COD removal efficiencies and TSS removal efficiencies were in the range of 68.60–92.19% and 89.56–94.66% respectively. The minimum and maximum biogas yield of 0.32 and 0.53 m3/kg CODa were obtained at influent concentration of 2503.6 mg/L and 7996 mg/L respectively.

SnO2 nanoparticles @ carbon nanoparticles (SnO2@carbon NPs) were synthesized by a facile route using SnCl2·2H2O and filter paper as precursors for lithium ion battery. The different sized nanoparticles of SnO2@carbon NPs were prepared at different temperatures (400, 450 and 500 °C). From the powder X-ray diffraction study the various size of prepared nanoparticles at different temperatures were found to be 16.5 nm (400 °C), 28.5 nm (450 °C), and 35.6 nm (500 °C). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) study reveals the particle nature of synthesized SnO2@carbon NPs. The presence of individual constituents such as Sn, O and C was confirmed by EDAX analysis. TG/DTA studies give assurance of the presence of carbon nanoparticles. FT-Raman spectral study also confirmed the phase and structure of SnO2 nanoparticles. The band gaps of SnO2@carbon NPs prepared at different temperatures (400, 450 and 500) were found to be 3.64 eV, 3.39 eV, and 3.17 eV, respectively by a UV–Vis spectral study. The capacity of SnO2@ carbon NPs prepared at 500 °C was found to be showing better electrochemical properties.

The application of pulp and paper fibers as reinforcement in thermoplastic composites involves several advantages, such as sustainability, constant fiber quality and high mechanical properties. This work compares three different processing methods for the production of paper-reinforced polypropylene composites. The composites were produced by (i) hot pressing, (ii) injection molding and (iii) a pre-coating process with fiber volume fractions between 10 and 65%. The mechanical properties were investigated by tensile and flexural testing. Furthermore, SEM analysis and porosity determination were carried out. The results were correlated with the according processing method and evaluated towards the highest composite performance. As a result, laminated composites with intact paper layers, showed significantly higher mechanical properties, due to the fiber orientation in the paper sheet and good adhesion between the matrix and the paper fibers. Compounded and injection molded composites showed a high degree of fiber agglomeration and less orientated fibers in the composite leading to reduced mechanical properties.

Eco-friendly oil–water separation substrates are mostly recommended in the present context of the world. In the present work, biodegradable and more economical ultrahydrophobic composite material was synthesized by sol–gel method using silica nanoparticles (SiO2) and poly (methyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylate) polymer (PMMA) with 1H,1H,2H,2H Perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (PFOTS) coupler, and coated on 40-grade cellulose filter paper with a dip-coating method. As-prepared surfaces achieved static contact angle more than 175° and sliding angle 3.8°. The microstructure and chemical composition of ultrahydrophobic filter paper were characterized by scanning electric microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Flourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The coated filter paper accomplished 98% oil–water separation efficiency by filtering different oils. Besides, the SiO2 nanoparticles were enhanced the thermal and UV aging resistance. The coated surfaces also showed excellent chemical inertness, and mechanical durability tested. This research work can be employed yet for domestic and industrial applications at a large scale for oil–water separation and self-cleaning.

In present investigation, electroless Ni-P-SiC/Ni-P-TiO2-ZrO2 nano-composite platings have been deposited upon mild steel substrate (AISI 1040). A homogeneous and consistent allocation of SiC, TiO2 and ZrO2 nano-particles into EL Ni-P matrix is recognized in as plated and heated (400°C) coupons respectively through SEM and EDAX methods. The investigated coupons exhibited resistance against corrosion in order as: 254SMO > SS2205 > Ni-P-TiO2-ZrO2 as-plated > Ni-P-TiO2-ZrO2 heat treated > Ni-P-SiC as-plated > Ni-P-SiC heat treated > SS316L. The corrosion resistance seems too dependent upon Cr, Mo and N content and hence correlate well with the PRE number of the respective alloys. The conventional materials of construction SS 316L are not suitable for both C and D washers. Avesta 254SMO shows immunity to attack in these environments. On the basis of corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and cost comparison, Avesta 254 SMO seems acceptable material for gaseous phase of C and D washers while duplex stainless steel 2205 and Ni-P-SiC/Ni-P-TiO2-ZrO2 as-plated and heated coatings seems acceptable for the other application in these washers.

Micro-cracks are inherently present in concrete, leads to debilitation of structures. Methods used for managing micro-cracks have a certain degree of toxicity and also possesses certain drawbacks that made them not completely efficient. Bacterial technique when used in fresh concretes results in calcite precipitation in voids and consequently improves the strength and lowers permeability of concrete. Bio- cement is the combination of Bacillus pasteurii 5% and nutrients Urea, Calcium Lactate 95%. In this study by adding 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% Bio- cement by weight of cement and observed compressive strength, flexural strength values after 7 and 28 days of curing for M25 grade of concrete.

Writing and presenting results is important for any research work. Publishing is not enough; it should be written clearly and consistently for others to read and cite. We present a review of different techniques, for improving the writing in research papers intended for publishing. These include how to write the title, whether to use active or passive voice, how long sentences should be, how to present the uncertainty, understanding the International System of Units (SI) writing conventions, how to assign authorship, how to effectively use references, how to present the work, and how to publish it in a journal. This paper is a summary of the main and most recent recommendations in the scientific field on how to write a research paper to increase its impact.

Paper industry wastewater is the significant source of water and soil contamination due to various unknown residual organic pollutants directly discharged into the environment without proper treatment. Therefore, the study has focused on the detection of residual organic pollutants (N-(1,2,2,2-tetrachloroethyl) trimethylacetamide, octadecane, 1-iodo, Oleic acid, trimethylsilyl ester, eicosane; hexadecane, 2-methyl-; octadecane, docosane; tricosane) from paper industry wastewater sources showed endocrine-disrupting compounds and their toxicity. This experiment were carried out the effect of paper mill sludge amendments with garden soil (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and garden soil was utilized as a control in a pot experiment. This study revealed the growth parameters of Triticum aestivum in seeds germination percentage and germination index values decreased with rising in sludge concentration. Further, soil amended with 25% paper industry sludge slightly reduced the growth in root length, shoot length, biomass, photosynthetic and 50% sludge amended soil had variable effects on the root, shoot, and photosynthetic pigment of T. aestivum. Moreover, the toxicity of paper industry wastewater on tubifex-tubifex worms after 48 h of exposure (>50% concentration), worms showed various changes such as movement; haemoglobin content disappeared, cell bursting, and the back of the body became white with body disintegration at the lethal concentrations of paper industry wastewater. This article has revealed that the toxicity of the organic pollutants in the terrestrial and aquatic life due to paper industry wastewater there is needed to treat adequately prior to discharge.

In recent times, it has been witnessed that wireless systems based on IoT-based have developed rapidly in various sectors. The IoT (Internet of Things) is the network in which physical devices, equipment, sensors and other objects can communicate among themselves without human involvement. The WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) is a central component of the IoT, which has proliferated into several different applications in real-time. The IoT and WSNs now have various critical and non-critical applications impacting nearly every area of our everyday life. WSN nodes are usually small and battery-driven machines. Thus, the energy effective data aggregation techniques that increase the lifespan of the network are highly significant. Various approaches and algorithms for energy-efficient data aggregation in IoT-WSN systems were presented. This paper reviews the literature with specific attention to aspects of wireless networking for the preservation of energy and aggregation of data.

Paper recycling is the process of turning waste paper into new paper products. The main objective of the current research work is to analyze the effectiveness of stainless steel based compact paper recycling machines for small scale industries and institutions such as schools, colleges, printing media, etc. At present paper recycling technology is being implemented in large scale industries as it requires enormous space and cost involved. In the current study, an attempt is made to design a compact recycling machine that is affordable for small scale industries and institutions to possess their paper recycling units. The mechanism comprises of hydro pulper, mould box, conveyors, rollers, and driers. It is capable of recycling the used papers and produce papers, cardboards, and egg trays. The thickness of the paper is controlled by setting the distance between the two finishing rollers using a spring set up. The process of recycling is broadly divided into three main categories that include collection of waste, manufacturing of new products, and purchasing. The main advantage of the machine is waste paper be converted into a useful product and thus reduce deforestation. The cost of recycling is reduced and is affordable by small industries. The simplicity of the operation of this machine ensures that a high level of technical skill is not essential for the process. The durability of the machine is high provided if adequately maintained. Since recycling is good for the environment, and if more and more people make use of it, it will address the problem of global warming.

This study focuses on the pre-treatment of paper mill sludge ash (PMSA) as a by-product of paper milling industry that contains high amount of calcium, yet low in silica. The presence of high calcium content in geopolymer system will accelerate the setting time of fresh geopolymer and may disrupt the development of its mechanical strength. Therefore, in this study, the refinement of PMSA properties was conducted by treating raw PMSA in hydrochloric acid solution with different molarities of 0.5 M, 1.0 M and 1.5 M. The pre-treatment process was mainly purposed to decrease the amount of calcium and other impurities through leaching mechanism. Characterization of raw materials and pre-treated PMSA was done based on ICPMS and XRF analysis for its leachate and oxide analysis, respectively, while the effect of pre-treated PMSA on geopolymer properties was conducted by adding the pre-treated ash as a replacement material for fly ash at various percentages of replacement (5%, 10%, and 15%). Based on the experimental results, 1.5 M hydrochloric acid solution (HCl) was determined as the optimum concentration due to its ability in removing higher amount of calcium from the ash, yet still able to increase the amount of silica. Testing on the hardened properties of geopolymer specimen also showed the deceleration of fresh fly ash based geopolymer and produced a more workable fresh geopolymer. Higher workability has led to a denser and more compact specimen, which contributed to the higher mechanical strength of hardened specimen, particularly in 5% pre-treated PMSA specimen. Therefore, the use of PMSA as an alternative source material for fly ash based geopolymer has presented a favourable potency, particularly after the pre-treatment process with HCl.

Liver disorders are a widespread health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The mortality rate due to liver disorders can be reduced significantly by systematic monitoring of proteins that act as liver function biomarkers. This paper demonstrates the design and fabrication of a paper based microfluidic device for the quantification of total protein in blood. The fabrication of microchannels was carried out using wax printing. The total protein concentration in the range of 0 to 14 g dL -1 were successfully measured using the fabricated paper device with the lower limit of detection being 0.5 g dL -1 . The device also showed excellent specificity and repeatability. Total protein in blood serum samples was tested using the device and the obtained results were validated with conventional laboratory methods.

In this pandemic, the requirements of PPE kits are increasing continuously. The doctors and health care workers are using the kits to protect themselves from the virus. After using, these kits become waste. The consumption of these kits becomes a very big challenge for the municipal corporation. Similarly, the papers which are used in offices become waste after use. The consumption of these papers is also a challenge as in the garbage of a city, the maximum percentage is available in the form of waste papers. The waste papers may be recycled after some recycling process and manufacture handmade papers. The quality of handmade papers will be not as good as traditional papers. By the use of waste medical PPE kits and pulp of used office papers, the quality of handmade papers may be increased. Recycling of used papers and medical PPE kits are also useful for the environment and forests. In this manuscript, it is seen that the combined pulp of waste papers and medical PPE kits in the various ratios may increase or decrease the hardness strength, reflection properties, and moisture properties of handmade papers.

Zero emission could be defined as using resources effectively and prevent resources depletion, or activities that are being carried out to curb waste generation, reduce emissions, in order to achieve the maximum usage of wastes through loop recycling. This research goes online with this concept in which paper sludge ash (PSA) was utilized as inorganic coagulant for the treatment of wastes from semiconductors industries. Coagulation and flocculation experiments were carried out to assess the ability of the inorganic coagulant to remove high concentration colloidal silica wastes from microelectronics industry. Three different parameters were investigated, pH, coagulant dosage, and temperature. Surprisingly high removal efficiency was obtained when pH was higher than 8. The optimum coagulant dosage was 0.25 g of inorganic coagulant per 1gram of silica at concentration of 1.8% colloidal silica. Temperature was carried out under mild conditions from (10-40 oC). Increasing the coagulant dose at 20 oC or lower could help to achieve clear effluent. Long-term operating data were gathered by using continuous flow with Hi Biah System (HBS) for treatment actual wastes. Average results obtained for the fluent for TN, TP, T. Si, COD, BOD and S.S were 11

Cellulose is modified by many organic and inorganic substances in order to improve the quality like smoothness, whiteness and mechanical strength. These substances can help improve cellulose deterioration towards biodegradation, photodegradation, acid hydrolysis and oxidation. In this research, filter paper, a representative of cellulose fiber, was coated by SiO 2 to improve fiber thermal durability and coated natural dye photo-stability. The surface of the cellulose was initially modified by various methods as follows:1. esterification by polycarboxylic acids like tartaric acid (TA) and butanetetra-carboxylic acid (BTCA) to obtain Fil-TA and Fil-BTCA respectively. 2. etherification by sodium monochloroacetate to obtain Fil-MCAA.3. coating by carboxymethylcellulose to obtain Fil-CMC.

Recently, naturally occurring biopolymers have gained interests in its application as adsorbent for the removal of metal ions. The graft copolymerization modification of acrylonitrile monomer in the presence of ceric ammonium nitrate was successfully done on extracted recycled papers. The fabricated grafted adsorbent was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), as well as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The parameters of the adsorption process were varied for the pH of the solution, concentration of Ni(II) ions, and time duration. As a result, the most optimum condition was achieved at pH 5 with 160 mg/L in a duration of 1 h, which reached 317.5 mg/g equivalent to 79.3% removal. The adsorption behavior tallied with Freundlich and Pseudo-second-order for adsorption and kinetic models, respectively. Convincingly, acrylonitrile-grafted recycled papers are able to be competitive and act as an efficient adsorbent in metal ions removal.

Burning joss paper is a traditional and long-term historical custom in Oriental countries. However, joss paper contains a lot of toxic components [1] , which can be released into the environment during the burning stage [2] , [3] and caused health risk [4] . The objective of this study is to assess the heavy metals in bottom ash and dust fume by using a burning chamber in the laboratory; thereby, it also assesses the ambient air from the incinerator – a case study at Thien Hau pagoda, District 5, HCM city. The initial result showed that there is a significant amount of heavy metals in the dust fume and bottom ash in order Al [5] ) with 236.21 ppm Cu, 4.93 ppm Cd, and 128 ppm Pb. Moreover, the results of assessing the ambient air quality at a pagoda indicated that the incinerator (S3) was the source with the highest of dust concentration and had a significant impact on air quality to the location around.

Friction stir welding is a solid state joining process that welds two or more similar or dissimilar materials having different melting points through a blend of heat created by friction and mechanical mixing of the materials in the locale of the joint. Different alloys having elements like aluminium, magnesium etc and hard materials like steels are generally welded by this method. These materials being light in weight are frequently used in transport and other such industries, where light weight materials having good mechanical properties are preferred. If the joining of these materials is done by any fusion welding techniques, the mechanical properties of the welds are reduced. In friction stir welding the mechanical properties of the materials to be joined are not reduced as welding takes place due to only the forging effect and no melting of materials takes place. This work contains the review of some important research papers on friction stir welding for similar or dissimilar materials. The papers for investigation in this work were considered since the invention of the friction stir welding process in 1991 with filing of a patent to till date and some important of them were selected for our work. The process parameters affecting the properties of welded products, applications and suggestions of the researchers were discussed in this work.

In the present study, life estimation of accelerated aged insulating papers used in rotating machines is estimated by Arrhenius model. Various types of insulating papers used in rotating machines such as Mylar, Nomex-Mylar-Nomex(NMN), Leatheroid, Dacron-Mylar-Dacron(DMD), Mica Tape, and Kapton are thermally aged at 90°C, 130°C and 170°C with 300hrs duration of each sample. These insulating materials wrapped on copper conductor with single and double layer. Then, breakdown voltage test is performed at each temperature for both single and double layer papers to determine their dielectric strength. Further, correlation analysis between breakdown voltage and different applied temperatures is performed for all paper samples. Popular Arrhenius plot is drawn by short term test data on breakdown voltage for an extrapolation to long term performance of various types of insulating paper used in rotating machines. The results showed that the performance of double layer insulation is almost twice than single layer performance. The aging analysis and testing of insulating papers was performed in TIFAC-Core centre of NIT Hamirpur, H.P., India.

Spinel ferrites are very popular due to their large flexible properties and loss eddy current loss. Among spinel ferrites, Ni-Zn nanoferrites plays vital in industry because of its numerous applications in r due to its high permeability and high mechanical strength. Ni – Zn are very good magnetic materials and its magnetic, electrical and structural properties can be varied by changing ions at tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Ni-Zn nano ferrites papers were studied and summarized the conclusions of different studied by varying synthesis methods, varying shape of nanomaterials, changing dopant, changing sintering temperature and changing annealing temperature.

Waste wig fibers, empty eggshell powder and waste paper were recycled in the development of composite boards as potential sustainable material for wall partitioning. Samples were produced by blending these wastes with cement in the presence of water and cured for 14 and 28 days. The samples produced were examined for density, porosity, thickness swelling, internal bonding strength, modulus of rupture and elasticity in line with standard procedures. From the result obtained, there was reduction in porosity, thickness swelling, while internal bonding strength and modulus of rupture and elasticity were enhanced. An optimum value for modulus of elasticity was attained at 0.96 g/cm3 (3.85 MPa for 14 day curing and 3.5 MPa for 28 day curing), even as internal bonding strength increases with increasing density. It was therefore concluded that recycling of these wastes is effective in the development of sustainable materials for wall partitioning.

Waste paper cups were employed as a source of carbon (P-carbon). Fluorescein molecules were immobilized on this carbon surface. The composite P-carbon/Fluorescein was investigated as an alternative supercapacitor material. The structure and properties of the synthesized materials are confirmed by some characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, EDX, UV and TGA. The functional group present in the material was confirmed by FT-IR and Raman spectral studies. The electrochemical behaviour of the material was analysed by Cyclic Voltametery (CV), Galavanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) studies. Organic compound DFT calculation was carried out for the immobilized organic compound to evaluate the theoretical band gap energy. The synthesized electro active composite P-carbon/Fluorescein shows an excellent capacitance value of 214 Fg−1 when compared to the individual materials P-carbon and Fluorescein, and it exhibited a good cyclic stability till 1000 cycle of charge discharge study. The study throws light on the fact that waste carbon materials can be modified for energy storage applications.

This review paper mainly focused on microstructural and mechanical properties ofultrafine grained nanocrystalline (Nc) Magnesium alloy fabricated by Severe Plastic Deformation(SPD) process. The influence of SPD over mechanical, microstructural, physical, optical, and corrosion properties of Nanocrystalline magnesium alloy are detailed and discussed. It has been observed that nanocrystalline (Nc) magnesium materials has shown superior properties over the bonding of grains while during the Extrusion, Annealing, quenching, Normalizing, Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) processes. The outcome based by many researchers showed that nanocrystalline Magnesium alloy processed by Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) showed an improved properties over the Hardness, Dislocation density, Compressive, Tensile and texture, and it’s found to be increased up to certain limit beyond that decrease of microstructural stability, micro hardness and dislocation density were seen to be observed. The Microstructural and Mechanical properties are well improved by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS), Extrusion, Annealing, Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) and High-Pressure Torsion (HPT) processes. Grain growth Mechanism, Energies Activation during grain growth, Thermal stability, Relative density and stress corrosion rate were observed by previous Researchers during Fractography analysis over several nanocrystalline (Nc) Magnesium alloy specimens.

LM14 alloy reinforced with paper sludge ash is fabricated using stir casting technique and also the effect of paper sludge ash on the composites with various weight percentages (2.5, 3.5, 5) was investigated. From SEM imaging the presence of the reinforcements were observed. EDS analysis confirms the particulates of the reinforcement in the elemental composition. The hardness is increased by 32.3 % from 3.5 wt. % PSA composite and the tensile strength are increased by 42.9% and for 3.5 what% PSA composite when compared to base. Further, addition of reinforcement beyond 3.5 wt. % of PSA with matrix causes reductions in hardness and strength. This effect was due to the non solubility of PSA with matrix. The hot tensile behavior of the composites was observed. The Impact energy of the composites decreased as the content of reinforcement increases. It is observed from the current study, the composites with 3.5 wt% PSA shows better properties.

This paper reports the development and fabrication of a low-cost handheld point of care device that can quantify the concentration of biomarkers using a paper microfluidic assay. The commercially available light-to-digital converting sensor was used to achieve this objective. This RGB sensor was efficient in the digital values of the red, green, and blue components of the sample or object. It has an inbuilt white LED source, an array of photodiodes with color filters, an analog-to-digital converter module, and also an IR blocking filter. The sensor was interfaced with the Arduino UNO board, and the corresponding results were displayed on the serial monitor. This device was tested for manually prepared primary color samples and also for total protein. The colorimetric detection of protein was performed for 1 g dL-1 to 14 g dL-1 concentrations on a paper microfluidic device. The change in color intensity of the paper device with an increase in total protein concentration was monitored and calibrated the device for real sample analysis.

Joining of materials with the help of submerged arc welding machine is widely used in the concerned industries. The quality of the weld is identified by several welding output parameters like weld width, re-inforcement height, depth of penetration, hardness, impact strength and tensile strength etc. The input welding parameters on which outputs depend are welding current, voltage, feed rate, speed of welding, electrode extension, diameter of electrode and electrode angle etc. All the researchers try to optimize these parameters according to the concerned requirement. In this review paper it was tried to consider different research papers containing the research and analysis made on input output parameters of submerged arc welding process. This paper also focused on analysis of some research papers containing heat input rate, cooling rate of weld, micro structure of weld and heat affected zone and their effect on the performance of the joint. Total 28 research papers were selected for our consideration after a thorough investigation of several such papers. After the analysis of the research papers the future scope of research was also suggested.

Agriculture is the important aspect of country economy. Farmers employ laborers for various purposes of works to be carried out on their farm. One of the important works is to make a ridge and furrow in their agricultural fields. In general, farmers use tractors, plowing machines, and other manual methods for making ridges and furrows in the agricultural field which increases the cost of operation to produce ridges and furrows. Further, the manual method of producing ridges and furrows needs more labor and takes more number of days to complete the work. Work. It also needs a lot of physical work. [1] . Plowing machines are costly and use power. This machine is highly economical and efficient which would replace the existing manual method of removal of furrows. Further, the machine is operated by freely available solar energy. The new machine is capable of reducing the physical work and also speed up the removal of wastages along the furrow. This furrow formation machine is mainly designed and fabricated to dug the tunnel and to form the furrows along the boundary of the land and along both the sides of the crops.

The aim of this study is to design a fully automatic Sundry board machine for reduction of congestion in the cardboard making process and increase the quality and quantity of production. For this purpose, the manual cutting and transfer of sheet is replaced by automated mechanism. The mechanisms include the incorporation of the cutting arrangement in the cutting drum itself, deployment of air pressure to separate the sheet edge from the cutting drum, a cross cutting mechanism and a mechatronic system to control these all mechanism. The initial review is done on the semi-automatic machine followed by the requirement definition. The required components are brainstormed and individually developed. A time based relation is designed such that a microcontroller can be programmed later on for the synchronism of all the components. Thisrelation is visually represented and the entire system is now ready for assembling.

Fatigue is a progressive brittle failure of a structural element under repeated, cyclic or fluctuating loads, which may reduce the life of structures. This paper gives a comprehensive information about the fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete beam with mineral admixtures. The fatigue behavior of reinforced concrete beam depends on the size of the beams, support conditions, number of fatigue cycles, loading limits, frequency and amplitude of loading applied. The influence of mineral admixtures in fatigue life of structure with respect to the relationship between the number of fatigue cycles and the stress developed in the beam due to fatigue loading.

Nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and Ni-Co nanosheets were successfully grown on carbon fiber paper (CFP) via hydrothermal method for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The interconnected Ni, Co and Ni-Co nanosheets have thickness in the range of 8.42 to 21.78 nm. However, all samples are poorly crystalline as evident from their diffused diffraction patterns. The Ni-Co nanocomposite exhibited the largest HER activity having the lowest overpotential of -0.313 V (vs RHE) at a current density of 10 mA/cm2, compared to pure Ni and Co samples having overpotential values of -0.632 V (vs RHE) and -0.441 V (vs RHE), respectively. This is attributed to the synergistic effect between the intrinsic HER catalytic property of Ni and high hydrogen adsorption of Co

The two level composite of co perpetual aluminium-alumina arrangement is to circumvent SiC particle which provides thermal conductivity. The Wear of CuSiCpMMC material is analysed by utilizing scam electron as well as optical microscopy of wear cicatrices. The tribological inadequacies of the single phase material and categorical function of sundry type of additives were outlined. The results of test withal show is that a friction material with the steel fiber is not well-matched with the Al-MMC disk because of astringent materials as well as erratic friction comportment through descending at elevated temperature.

The oil spillage incidents along the Malaysia coast show an increasing number in the last few years. Many technologies have been deployed in treating oil from seawater. However, the problem with oily-contaminated sands is still difficult to solve because it involves ultra-expensive cost and vigorous system. This study explains the concept of using chemical-free microbubbles in remediating the oily sand, simultaneously separating oil from an oil-in-water mixture. The microbubbles from the remediation system and oily water cleaning are generated using Air Jet Aerator (AJA) and Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF), respectively. The parameters are sand's weight, oil concentration, the washing medium, and the system's pressure. The analyses are TDS, TSS, and COD level. Based on preliminary results conducted for DAF, it shows that the hydrocarbon removal efficiency was found to be 81%.

In this study mainly concentrated on the automation method to produce new equipment. The Paper punching machine is one of the important equipment for to make holes for spiral binding process. The existing mechanism is a difficult one to form a hole based on the increasing of paper count, much more human effort is also needed. This study and design is to improve the equipment in the sense of automation, the automation help to improve spiral binding works with produce bulky spiral binding in the short period and also reduce the human effort. In this study replacing of pedal operated mechanism and introduces electric motor with drive mechanism, reduction gear box and cam mechanism.

The development of radiochromic indicator labels has recently become a fascinating research topic. In this experiment, carmoisine was used as a dye for paper indicator labels. This label was prepared by immersing paper in the carmoisine dye solution which has pH 2.0, 7.4 and 9.0. The prepared label was tested using a Co-60 source for doses of 5 to 100 kGy. The label's color stability was observed for 45 days. The labels color became more faded with increasing doses. The optical density and gray values increased linearly with increasing doses. The label color showed good stability for 45-day shelf life.

In this research work, the fabrication and mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials between pineapple fiber/ styrofoam particle and paper tissue were studied. The local natural fiber, pineapple fiber was used with the recycle styrofoam particles to play role of dispersed phase whereas the recycle of paper tissue was used as matrix phase. The composites samples were fabricated via hand lay-up technique and examined the mechanical properties for example, tensile strength, compressive strength and bending. From the results, it could be seen that the sample of 25wt% and 30wt% loading exhibited the best mechanical properties whereas the 40wt% loading showed the exellent sound properties which very closed to commercial products.

Non exhaust brake emission is one of the important issue concerns with health and environment. In brakes operation, wear debris are released in atmosphere and pollute the environment. Brake pad is classified in to three categories namely metallic, non-metallic and Non Asbestos Organic (NAO). Constituent elements of a brake pad are a reinforcement, binder, friction modifier, abrasive, filler and elanstomer. As per report of WHO and Environment Protection Agencies, some of the metals oxidised and produces toxic gaseous. Toxicity leads and creates bad effect on human health. The Environment Protection Agencies set a limit and ban on some elements. This paper focuses on remedies over environment and health issue because of brake pad emission. It is an important to reduce percentage of toxic elements at source and develop novel material compositions which are less dangerous to the environment and human health. Also, it satisfies all requirements of a brake pad material as per international standards.

This paper deals with overview of electrochemical machining process along with its principles. It is also focused on the literature survey to discuss various advantages, disadvantages and applications of ECM, PECM and Ultrasonic assisted PECM. Electrochemical and Pulse electro chemical machining processes have gained importance as major electro-machining processes with unique capabilities. These machining process offer a better alternative or sometimes the only alternative in generating accurate 3-D complex shaped macro, micro and Nano features and components of difficult–to-machine materials. Technological advances reported in ultrasonic assisted pulse electrochemical process, which reflect the state of the art in academic and industrial research and applications, are briefly reviewed in this paper.

Electric discharge machining (EDM) the one type of Electrical energy based Machining process, in a modern world EDM is has lot of challenge against to machine hard material and complex shape structure. In this investigation, the input parameters such as Pulse on time, Pulse off time, Peak current and output parameters such as Metal removal rate (MRR), Surface roughness (SR), Tool or electrode wear ratio (TWR) are deeply focused in the past researchers and investigation. The objective of this paper to review the past researches and develop the way for advance Research.

According to metallurgy, a stainless steel material can be characterized by the presence of a minimum of 10.5% alloying element in the form of Chromium, thereby providing excellent resistance to the adverse and corrosive environments. Stainless steels are divided into five families amongst which the Precipitation hardening alloys are characterized based on the heat treatment method deployed. Precipitation hardening, also referred to as age hardening is one of the heat treatment methods used to enhance the strength levels for most of the malleable materials including stainless steels. Custom 465® stainless is a martensitic precipitation hardenable alloy. This alloy can attain an ultimate tensile strength over 1724 MPa and has been a relatively newer addition to the category of Stainless steel under the precipitation hardenable family. This material finds potential interest with the structural members in aerospace, automotive, medical applications. The high strength characteristic and the composition of this alloy translate directly to machining challenges. This review paper summarizes a literature survey on the effect of various alloying elements present in this alloy, development of process parameters for the conventional turning operation on custom 465® alloy and their optimization by the implementation of Design of Experiments through the finite element analysis.

Electric discharge machining is a non-conventional thermal erosion process. In this article investigation has been done on the effect of different reinforcement (carbides, oxides and nitrides), dielectric (kerosene, distilled water and PMEDM) and methods (RSM and GRA) for machining of MMC materials and optimizing the responses. Variation in responses due to all these factors are properly examined and depicted in figures. Result shows that there are various reinforced materials available and different methods have been developed effectively and many more can be. These information and methods can be used to optimize the result according to their requirement

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including high specific strength, damping capacity, specific modulus and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. There has been an increasing interest in composites containing low density and cost reinforcements also their ability to be produced by conventional methods adds to the advantage. Aluminium matrix can be strengthened by reinforcing it with hard ceramic particles like SiC, Al2O3 and B4C, etc. This paper presents an overview of the effect of on B4C addition as reinforcement in aluminium alloy highlighting their merits and demerits. Major issues like, fiber-matrix bonding, agglomerating phenomenon and the problems related to distribution of particles is discussed in this paper. Effect of B4C reinforcement on AMCs mechanical properties like tensile strength, strain, hardness, wear and fatigue is also discussed in detail.